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Forest Vegetation Monitoring in Acadia National Park

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Forest Vegetation Monitoring in Acadia National Park Forest Vegetation Monitoring in Acadia National Park J.D. Eckhoff Post-Doctoral Research Associate G.B. Wiersma Professor of Forest Resources 200~ Department of Forest Ecosystem Science University of Maine Orono, Maine 04469 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This research was supported by a grant from the US Environmental Protection Agency with additional funding provided by the University of Maine Agricultural and Forest Experiment Station. A special thanks to the staff at Acadia National Park for their help and support of this research project. Table of Contents INTRODUCTION............... ........................... .................................... 1 METHODS ....................................................................................... 2 Research Site ........................................................................... 2 Plot Layout. .. 3 Plot Design .............................................................................. 3 Measurements Recorded..... .. .. .. .. 3 Foliar Analysis .......................................................................... 4 Statistical Analysis ...................................................................... 5 RESULTS ......................................................................................... 6 Cadillac Brook Watershed ............................................................ 6 Hadlock Brook Watershed...... .. .. .. 7 Foliar Chemical Analyses ............................................................ 9 DISSCUSSION .................................................................................. 9 Disturbance History and Vegetation Patterns at Acadia .......................... 9 Forest Vegetation at Acadia compared with BBWM .......................... ... 11 Foliar Chemical Analyses at Acadia ... ... ............. ....... .... .................. 12 Foliar Chemsitry at Acadia compared with BBWM ........................... ... 13 CONCLUSIONS/IMPLICATIONS ... ....... .............. ...... ....... ........ ...... ...... 14 LITERATURE CITED........................................................................ 15 TABLES Table 1. Vegetation types within the plots in Cadillac brook and Hadlock brook watersheds at Acadia National Park in 1999 .................................... 17 Table 2. Species composition of the trees, saplings, and seedlings within the deciduous and coniferous forest-types in Cadillac brook and Hadlock brook watersheds in Acadia National Park in 1999 ....... ..... ......... ... ..... 19 Table 3. Mean, median, range, standard deviation, and standard error for the tree dbh, height, live crown ratio, and tree corwn width in Cadillac and Hadlock watersheds at Acadia National Park in 1999... ..... ....... .... ....... 20 Table 4. Percent of trees, saplings, and seedlings grouped by crown vigor within the three crown classes in the deciduous forest in Cadillac brook watershed and the deciduous and coniferous forests in Hadlock brook watershed at Acadia National Park in 1999 ...... ... ...... ....... ......... ....... 21 Table 5. Percent of damage signs and symptoms recorded for the trees, all species combined, within the deciudous forest-type in Cadillac brook watershed and deciduous and coniferous forest-types in Hadlock brook watershed at Acadia National Park in Maine in 1999 ........................... 22 Table 6. Percent of damage signs and symptoms recorded for the saplings, all species combined, within the deciudous forest-type in Cadillac brook watershed and deciduous and coniferous forest-types in Hadlock brook watershed at Acadia National Park in Maine in 1999 .. ....... ... ... ... ...... .... 23 Table 7. Percent of seedlings with crowns exposed to high, moderate, limited, or poor direct overhead sunlight in Cadillac brook watershed and Hadlock brook watershed at Acadia National Park in 1999 .................. 24 Table 8. Mean, median, standard deviation, and standard error of nutrient concentrations in Acer rubrum and Picea rubens in Cadillac brook watershed and Hadlock brook watershed in Acadia National Park in 1999 .... ..... ..................... ...... ......... ........................ ... ........ 25 Table 9. Overall comparisons between Acadia National Park and Bear Brook Watershed in Maine.... .. .... 26 Table 10. Mean foliar concentration ratios for Ca:AI and Mn:AI for Acer rub rum and Picea rubens in Cadillac brook and Hadlock brook watersheds in Acadia National Park and East Bear brook and West Bear brook watersheds in BBBWM .......................................................... 27 Table 11 Cadillac brook watershed: tree mensuration, crown, and damage indicator data from Acadia National Park in 1999 ............ ......... ...... 28 Table 12 Cadillac brook watershed: sapling mensuration, crown, and damage indicator data from Acadia National Park in 1999 ... ..... ............... .... 33 Table 13. Cadillac Brook watershed: seedling mensuration and crown indicator data from Acadia National Park in 1999 ...................................... 34 Table 14. Hadlock Brook watershed: tree mensuration, crown, and damage indicator data from Acadia National Park in 1999 ... ...... ... ........ ....... 35 Table 15. Hadlock Brook watershed: sapling mensuration, crown, and damage indicator data from Acadia National Park in 1999 ...... ........ .... ...... .... 43 Table 16. Hadlock Brook watershed: seedling mensuration and crown indicator data from Acadia National Park in 1999 ....................................... 44 Table 17. Acer rub rum foliar chemistry analyses from Cadillac brook and Hadlock brook watersheds in Acadia National Park in 1999 ... ....... ...... 46 Table 18. Picea rubens foliar chemistry analyses from Cadillac brook and Hadlock brook watersheds in Acadia National Park in 1999 ...... ....... ... 48 Table 19. Cadillac brook watershed vegetation plot locations using GPS, slope, aspect and terrain position information.................................. 50 Table 20. Hadlock brook watershed vegetation plot locations using GPS, slope, aspect and terrain position information. .. ... .. .. ... 51 Table 21. PRIMENet Cadillac brook vegetation plot access and locations using distance and azimuth from trails, the stream, or other landmarks. ... 52 .Table 22. PRIMENet Hadlock brook vegetation plot access and locations using distance and azimuth from trails, the stream, or other landmarks... ... ... 55 Figures Figure 1. Location of Cadillac brook watershed and Hadlock brook watershed in Acadia National Park on Mount Desert Island in Maine...................... 58 Figure 2. Locations of the vegetation monitoring plots in Cadillac brook watershed in Acadia National Park ............................................................... 59 Figure 3. Locations of the vegetation monitoring plots in Hadlock brook watershed in Acadia National Park ... ... ...... ... ......... ... ... ... .......... ..... ... .... ....... 60 Figure 4 PRIMENET plot design for vegetation monitoring at Acadia National Park ...................................................................................... 61 Figure 5. Vegetation types within Cadillac brook watershed in Acadia National Park based on aerial photographs ground-truthed with plot data. ... 62 Figure 6. Vegetation types within Hadlock brook watershed in Acadia National Park based on aerial photographs ground-truthed with plot data. .. ... ... 63 1 INTRODUCTION Airborne pollutants that are being transported up the coastline from eastern states _and/or eastward from central states are impacting ecosystems along the coast of Maine. T'- The following research within Acadia National Park is part of the Park Research and Intensive Monitoring of Ecosystems Network (PRIMENet). PRIMENet was established in 1996 by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the USDI National Park Service (NPS) to examine long-term trends and linkages between environmental stressors and ecosystem responses (USDI NPS 2000). Environmental stressors being monitored in fourteen National Parks include air quality and deposition and toxic contaminants. The air quality monitoring (operated by the NPS Air Resources Division (ARD» includes aJlr~s ____ ~~ gaseous pollutants (e.g. ozone (03) and sulfur dioxide (S02»' and wet and dry f,tl, deposition.~Toxic contaminants screening (conducted by EPA-Las Vegas) includes wet deposition monitoring of mercury (Hg) in two National Parks: Acadia in Maine and Everglades in Florida. As a trace metal, mercury contamination is a major concern due to its deleterious effects on human health and on the wildlife food-chain, particularly in relation to consumption of mercury contaminated fish and shellfish (USA EPA 1994a). The first goal of this PRIME~et multidisciplinary long-term monitoring project at Acadia National Park was to examine the ecological consequences of atmospheric deposition of nitrogen (N) and mercury on surface waters, soils, and vegetation in two watersheds dominated by different forest-types (KahI2000). USDA Forest Service's Forest Health Monitoring (FHM) program indicators were employed in this project. The FHM program was developed jointly by the EPA, Forest Service, and several other agencies to address concerns about potential effects from air pollution, acid rain, global climate change, insect, disease, and other stressors (Alexander and Palmer 1999). Since the early 1990's these FHM indicators have been used across the USA as part of a national program to assess forest health (US EPA 1994b). The results of the vegetation data presented in this report include a survey of
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