MINERAL RESOURCE DEPARTMENT DIRECTORATE OF GEOLOGY AND MINING

CHHATTISGARH

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT

INTRODUCTION

Dantewada district is one of the Twenty Seven districts of State and Dantewada town is the administrative headquarters of this district. The occupies the southern part of Chhattisgarh state. Major part of the district falls in the Survey of Degree Sheet No.65 F and is bounded between latitudes 17˚48’32”:19˚24’33”N and longitudes 80˚14’46”:82˚15’35”E. The total area of the district is approximately 3410.50 km2.

Dantewada is connected with Jagadalpur the nearest town, by National Highway No.163 & 63. Dantewada is also connected by road with , the capital city of the neighboring state . Apart From Hyderabad Bus Connectivity is also available from two more major cities of Vijayawada & Vishaka Pattanam.

East coast Railway is running a regular train (Passanger) from Vishakha Pattanam to Bailadila which passes through the beautiful Araku Vally, and stops a while at Dantewada before reaching its destination Bailadila. The nearest Air terminal is .

District survey report has been prepared as per the guidelines mentioned in appendix-10 of the notification No. S.O. 3611 (E) New Delhi, 25 January, 2016 of Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change. This report has prepared by the Regional head, DGM as per instructions issued by the Director, Geology & Mining (C.G.), Raipur by its letter no.5103-05/ geology-1/f.no.11/2015- 16, dated 22/04/2016.

District survey report has been updated as per the guidelines mentioned in appendix-10 of the notification No. S.O. 3611 (E) New Delhi, 25 July, 2018 of Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change. This report has been updated by the Regional head, DGM Jagdalpur as per instructions issued by the Director, Geology & Mining (C.G.), Raipur by its letter no.1605-07/ Khani- 2/Rait(mool)/f.no.38/1996, dated 1/4/2019.

District Environment Impact Assessment Authority and District Environment Assessment Committee will utilize this report in favour of the environment concerned activities and act accordingly.

Also this report will act as reference for the lease holders of minerals and those willing to apply for lease.

OVERVIEV OF MINING ACTIVITY IN THE DISTRICT

Minerals of economic importance are found in Dantewada district mainly and Tin ore etc. Building materials like aggregate, sand, murrom, ordinary stone, brick clay are also found in enough quantity.

Five mines of Iron ore has been allotted to National Mineral Development Corporation Limited and eight mines of Tin ore has been allotted to Precious Minerals and Smelting Limited.

Beside these 15 Stone quarries at , , Dhurli, Gumda, Bade Kameli and Kadampal area have been leases out.

10 sand quarries have been leased out on the bank of river Shankhani-Dhankhni at different villages for sand mining.

Approximately 578.28 crore rupees royalty is earned from all minerals in the district in 2018-19.

PROCESS OF DEPOSITION OF SEDIMENTS IN THE RIVERS

Rivers have a lot of energy and because they have energy, they do stuff. The obvious things rivers do with their energy is flow but, besides this, they also transport load, erode load and erode the channel through which they flow. Erosion is the breaking down of material by an agent. In the case of a river, the agent is water. The water can erode the river’s channel and the river’s load. A river’s load is bits of eroded material, generally rocks, which the river transports until it deposits its load.

A river’s channel is eroded laterally and vertically making the channel wider and deeper. The intensity of lateral and vertical erosion is dictated by the stage in the river’s course, discussed in more detail here but essentially, in the upper stage of the river’s course (close to the source of the river) there is little horizontal erosion and lots of vertical erosion. In the middle and lower stages vertical erosion is reduced and more horizontal erosion takes place. There are several different ways that a river erodes its bed and banks. The first is hydraulic action, where the force of the water removes rock particles from the bed and banks. This type of erosion is strongest at rapids and waterfalls where the water has a high velocity. The next type of erosion is corrasion. This is where the river’s load acts almost like sand paper, removing pieces of rock as the load rubs against the bed & banks. This sort of erosion is strongest when the river is transporting large chunks of rock or after heavy rainfall when the river’s flow is turbulent.

Corrosion is a special type of erosion that only affects certain types of rocks. Water, being ever so slightly acidic, will react with certain rocks and dissolve them. Corrosion is highly effective if the rock type of the channel is chalk or limestone (anything containing calcium carbonate) otherwise, it doesn’t have much of an effect. Cavitations is an interesting method of erosion. Air bubbles trapped in the water get compressed into small spaces like cracks in the river’s banks. These bubbles eventually implode creating a small shockwave that weakens the rocks. The shockwaves are very weak but over time the rock will be weakened to the point at which it falls apart. The final type of erosion is attrition. Attrition is a way of eroding the river’s load, not the bed and banks. Attrition is where pieces of rock in the river’s load knock together, breaking chunks of rock off of one another and gradually rounding and shrinking the load.

Transportation, when a river erodes the eroded material becomes the river’s load and the river will then transport this load through its course until it deposits the load. There are a few different ways that a river will transport load depending on how much energy the river has and how big the load is. The largest of particles such as boulders are transported by traction. These particles are rolled along the bed of the river, eroding the bed and the particles in the process, because the river doesn’t have enough energy to move these large particles in any other way. Slightly smaller particles, such as pebbles and gravel, are transported by siltation. This is where the load bounces along the bed of the river because the river has enough energy to lift the particles off the bed but the particles are too heavy to travel by suspension. Fine particles like clay and silt are transported in suspension; they are suspended in the water. Most of a river’s load is transported by suspension.

Solution is a special method of transportation. This is where particles are dissolved into the water so only rocks that are soluble, such as limestone or chalk, can be transported in solution. Capacity & Competence Rivers can only carry so much load depending on their energy. The maximum volume of load that a river can carry at a specific point in its course is called the river’s capacity. The biggest sized particle that a river could carry at a specific point is called the river’s competence.

Deposition to transport load a river needs to have energy so when a river loses energy it is forced to deposit its load. There are several reasons why a river could lose energy. If the river’s discharge is reduced then the river will lose energy because it isn’t flowing as quickly anymore. This could happen because of a lack of precipitation or an increase in evaporation. Increased human use (abstraction) of a river could also reduce its discharge forcing it deposit its load. If the gradient of the river’s course flattens out, the river will deposit its load because it will be travelling a lot slower. When a river meets the sea a river will deposit its load because the gradient is generally reduced at sea level and the sea will absorb a lot of energy. As rivers get nearer to their mouths they flow in increasingly wide, gentle sided valleys. The channel increases in size to hold the extra water which the river has to receive from its tributaries. As the river gets bigger it can carry larger amounts of material. This material will be small in size, as larger rocks will have broken up on their way from the mountains. Much of the material will be carried in suspension and will erode the river banks by abrasion. When rivers flow over flatter land, they develop large bends called meanders. As a river goes around a bend most of the water is pushed towards the outside causing increased erosion. The river is now eroding sideways into its banks rather than downwards into its bed, a process called lateral erosion. On the inside of the bend, in contrast, there is much less water. The river will therefore be shallow and slow-flowing. It cannot carry as much material and so sand and shingle will be deposited. This is called a point bar or slip off slope. Due to erosion on the outside of a bend and deposition on the inside, the shape of a meander will change over a period of time. Notice how erosion narrows the neck of the land within the meander. In time, and usually during a flood, the river will cut right through the neck. The river will then take the new, shorter route. The fastest current, called the thawed, will now tend to be in the centre of the river, and so deposition is likely to occur in gentler water next to the banks.

Eventually deposition will block off the old meander to leave an oxbow lake. The oxbow lake will slowly dry up, only refilling after heavy rain or during a flood. Streams lose velocity and make deposits when their gradient decreases, when the volume of water decreases, when there is an increase in cross section, when they encounter obstructions, or when they enter still water. They deposit alluvial fans, alluvial cones, piedmont alluvial plains, channel fill, bars, flood plains and deltas.

DETAILS OF ROYALTY OR REVENUE RECEIVED IN LAST THREE YEAR MAJOR MINERALS

S. NO. MINERAL ROYALTY OR REVENUE RECEIVED 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 1 Iron Ore 6189167533.00 955365453.00 1402671756.00 2 Tin Ore 609685.00 1389914.00 1075642.00 Total 6189777218.00 9556755367.00 14027347398.00

DETAILS OF ROYALTY OR REVENUE RECEIVED IN LAST THREE YEAR MINOR MINERALS

S. NO. MINERAL ROYALTY OR REVENUE RECEIVED 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 1 Ordinary Stone 10800017.00 5739463.00 19909806.00 2 Clay for making Bricks 0.00 0.00 0.00 3 Sand 57060.00 60000.00 1210000.00 4 Murum 16781.00 119100.00 0.00 Total 1087385.00 5918563.00 21119806.00

DETAILS OF PRODUCTION & ROYALTY OF SAND IN LAST THREE YEAR ORDANARY SAND S. FINANCIAL PRODUCTION OF ROYALTY ROYALTY NO. YEAR SAND RECEIVED (in m3) (in Rs) 1 2016-17 100188 20.00 2003760.00 2 2017-18 59875 20.00 1197500.00 3 2018-19 78562 20.00 3928100.00 Total 238625 7129360.00

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fnukad 01-04-2019 dh fLFkfr esa ftys esa Lohd`r mR[kfuiV~Vksa dh lwph l- iV~Vk/kkjh dk [kfut Lohd`fr vkns'k fu"iknu dkykof/k xzke [kljk {ks=Qy fjekdZ dz- uke o irk ftlds fy, dz0 ,oa fnukad fnukad@iwjd iapk;r Øekad ¼gs- iV~Vk vuqca/k ,oa esa½ fn;k x;k fnukad rglhy gS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 ftyk dk;kZy; ¼[kfut Jh vCnqy oghn 'kk[kk½ 22-06-2006 ls 21-06- fl}hdh] fuoklh iRFkj 128@[kfut@m0i0 narsokM+k ls 22.06.2006 2016 rd 10 o"kZ 03- 1-47 fujLrh ds Ik'pkr~ fdjanqy ftyk n-c- dz'kj 03@06 fnukad fdjanqy 46 18.03.2017 04-1999 ls 02-04- gs0 lapkyuky; narsokM+k LFkkfir 08-05-2006 2029 rd 30 o"kZ HkkSfedh rFkk ¼N0x0½A [kfudeZ jk;iqj esa yafcr gSA 2 Jh vCnqy oghn 22-06-2006 ls 21-06- 2-024 fl}hdh] fuoklh iRFkj 130@[kfut@ m0i0 22.06.2006 2016 rd 10 o"kZ 05- gs0 5- fdjanqy ftyk n-c- dz'kj 02@06 fn0 08-05- fdjanqy 46 &&**&& 18.03.2017 04-1997 ls 04-04- 00 narsokM+k LFkkfir 2006 2027 rd 30 o"kZ ,dM+ ¼N0x0½A 3 Jh vCnqy oghn 23-06-2006 ls 22-06- 1-821 fl}hdh] fuoklh iRFkj 146@[kfut@ m0i0 23.06.2009 2016 rd 10 o"kZ 21- gs0 4- fdjanqy ftyk n-c- dz'kj 01@2006 fn0 11- fdjanqy 46 &&**&& 20.03.2017 02-1997 ls 22-02- 50 narsokM+k LFkkfir 05-2006 2027 rd ,dM+ ¼N0x0½A 4 Jh vCnqy oghn iRFkj 98@[kfut@m-i- 19-10-2006 ls 18-10- 8-35 fl}hdh] fuoklh dz'kj @2006 fn- 28-04- 25.09.2013 fdjanqy 46 &&**&& 2016 rd ,dM+ fdjanqy ftyk n-c- LFkkfir 2006 narsokM+k ¼N0x0½A

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14 15-06-2017 ls Lohd`r {ks= esa dz'kj es-;w-ds-LVksu 1961@[kfut@ 14-06-2047 rd 3-11 LFkkfir ugha djus ds izks- Jh deys'k iRFkj m0i0@2017 fnukad 15.06.2017 30 Ok"kZ 20-07- xqeMk 240@1 dkj.k [kuu dk;Z dh gs- jktiqfj;k 14-06-2017 2017 ls 19-07- vuqefr ugha fn;k x;k 2047 rd 30 o"kZ gSA 15 Jherh f=os.kh oekZ] es- oekZ 20-07-2017 ls daLVªD'ku 3131@[kfut@2017 2-22 iRFkj 20.07.2017 19-07-2047 30 fdjanqy 61 dk;Z'khy fdjanqy ftyk n-c- fnukad 20-07-2017 gs- o"kZ narsokM+k ¼N0x0½A 16 Jh ds-,- ikIiPpu] fuoklh fdjanqy 628@[kfut@m0i0@2017 03-06-2005 ls 2-000 ftyk n-c- iRFkj 05.02.2018 fdjanqy 61 dk;Z'khy fnukad 26-10-2017 02-06-2035 rd gs0 narsokMk ¼N0x0½A 17 Jh ds-,- ikIiPpu] Hkw&izos'k dh vuqefr fuoklh fdjanqy 16-10-2001 ls 3-000 i= dzekad iRFkj 16.10.2001 fdjanqy 61 962@[kfut@2019&20 ftyk n-c- 15-10-2031 rd gs- narsokM+k fnukad 30- narsokMk 05-2019 ds }kjk fn;k ¼N0x0½A x;k gSA

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MINERAL BASED INDUSTRIES IN DANTEWADA DISTRICT

S. NAME OF UNIT & ADD. REGISTRATION INVESTMENT PRODUCT PRODUCTION EMPLOYEE NO NO/ DATE (IN LAC) DATE 1 M/S Arti Cement Blocks 22/16/00198 Nirmad Pro. Harish Kumar 0.65 Cement Block 10.11.2001 03 29.11.2001 Sharma, New market Bacheli 2 M/S k. Papachand Stone Stone 22/16/00243 crusher 35.80 Chipstone 17.04.2003 25 31.01.2004 Pro. K.A. Papachand, Kirandul Dust 3 M/S Arihant Minerals, Gumda, Stone 22/16/00249 , Pro. Shri Jain 8.34 Chipstone 24.05.2003 22 13.05.2004 Dust 4 M/S KCM Industries, 22/16/11/00018 Dantewada Pro. Chabindra 7.00 Cement Bricks 15.02.2007 20 28.02.2008 Karma, Katiyaras Dantewada 5 M/S Pawan Bricks Industries, 22/16/11/00041 1.00 Cement Bricks 10.04.2011 07 Bacheli, Pro. Smt. Jhilkibai 05.07.2011 6 M/S Maa Bhitla Industries, 22/16/11/00053 Harampara, Geedam, Pro. 21.00 Flyesh Bricks 11.11.2011 14 16.11.2011 Jaiprakash Chauhan 7 M/S Kaveri Cement Bricks 22/16/11/00056 Cement Bricks Product, Pataras, Pro. Sanjay 3.50 10.01.2010 04 21.12.2011 Polls Kumar Vishvakarma 8 M/S Harsh Cement Bricks, 22/16/11/00058 Balud Dantewada, Pro. Smt. 3.00 Cement Bricks 01.10.2011 09 25.02.2012 Balmati Tati 9 M/S Umesh Bricks, Ghotpal 22/16/11/00062 Geedam, Pro. Umesh Kumar 2.20 Clay Bricks 18.04.2011 19 23.03.2012 Sethiya 10 M/S Parihar Industries, Hitawar 22/16/11/00063 Nakulnar, Pro. Vipin Singh 0.75 Clay Bricks 15.10.2011 13 23.03.2012 Parihar 11 M/S Danteshwari Enterprises, 22/16/11/00065 Barsoor, Pro. Sambhunath 7.00 Cement Bricks 06.03.2012 04 26.04.2012 Singh 12 M/S Somya Cement Bricks, 22/16/11/00067 Haram Geedam, Pro. Smt. 20.00 Flyesh Bricks 20.04.2012 10 21.06.2012 Padma Gupta 13 M/S Danteshwari Cement 22/016/11/00092 Bricks, Kuankonda Dantewada, 3.50 Cement Bricks 20.04.2014 10 10.07.2014 Pro. Smt. Prema Devi 14 M/S Thakur Cement Bricks, 22/016/11/00095 avrabhat, Dantewada, Pro. Smt. 3.00 Cement Bricks 10.04.2014 11 28.02.2015 Devshri Thakur 15 M/S Kiran Cement Bricks, Pro. 22/016/11/00096 Smt Daimati Thakur, Chitapur 1.50 Cement Bricks 10.02.2015 07 24.03.2015 Balud 16 M/S Yadav Cement Bricks 22/016/11/00105 Industries, Pro. Jaldhar, Chote 1.50 Cement Bricks 24.04.2015 11 31.07.2015 Tumnar Geedam

GENERAL PROFILE OF THE DISTRICT

S. NO. PARTICULARS STATISTICS 1 GENERAL INFORMATION Geographical Area 3410.50 km2 Geographical Position latitudes 17˚48’32”:19˚24’33”N longitudes 80˚14’46”:82˚15’35”E Administration Division/ No. of Tehsil 5 No. of Panchayat/ Villages 124/239 Population (as per Census 2011) 283479 Population Density (as per Census 2011) 45 2 GEOGRAPHOLOGY Major Strategraphic/ Rock Granite, BHQ, BHJ, Quartzite etc. Major Drainage Shankhani, Dankini and Haram River Temperature (in 0C Minimum 10 Maximum 45 3 LAND USE (km2) Forest area 1710.685 4 Major Soil Type 5 No. of GROUND WATER MONITORING STATION OF CGWB (10.05.2016) No. of Dugwells - Water level - No. of major bridges - 6 HYDROGEOLOGY Major water bearing formation Granite Pre-Monsoon depth of water level Enclosed Post-Monsoon depth of water level Enclosed 7 MINING SCENARIO Total No. of Mining Leases (Major Minerals) 13 Total area of Mining Leases (Major Minerals) 2669.635 Hact. Total Royalty or Revenue Received from Major Minerals 5772516908.00 in 2015-16 Total No. of Quarry Leases (Minor Minerals) 15 Total area of Quarry Leases (Minor Minerals) 33.001 Hact. Total Royalty or Revenue Received from Minor Minerals 8893283.00 in 2015-16 Total No. of Notified Sand Leases 10 Total area of Sand Leases 56.00 Hact. Total production of Sand in 2015-16 38135 m3 No. of Quarry Lease to be extended as per Amended 12 CGMMR 2015

LAD USE PATTERN IN THE DISTRICT

FOREST LAND

S. NAME OF FOREST PROTECTED RESERVE UNDEMARCATED TOTAL NO. RANGE FOREST FOREST FOREST (Hact.) (Hact.) (Hact.) (Hact.) 1 Dantewada 11263.769 9816.538 2352.108 23432.415 2 Geedam 17902.527 3757.748 3615.695 25275.970 3 Nelasnar 24839.088 23661.181 1769.724 50269.993 4 Basoor 1358.893 13261.699 1238.645 15859.237 5 Bacheli 26630.893 19399.542 10200.450 56230.885 Total 81995.170 69896.708 19176.622 171068.500

AGRICULTURE AND IRRIGATION LAND

1 Total Agriculture land 102472 Hact. 2 Name of the crops mostly cultivated Paddy 3 Source of Irrigation Canal, Tank, Tube well, Dugout well and other 4 Method of Irrigation Flood Irrigation method 5 Total Irrigation Land (in percent) 3860 Hact. (2.34%)

PHYSIOGRAPHY OF THE DISTRICT

The Dantewada district occupies the southern part of Chhattisgarh state. Major part of the district falls in the Survey of India Degree Sheet No.65 F and is bounded between latitudes 17˚48’32”:19˚24’33”N and longitudes 80˚14’46”:82˚15’35”E. The total area of the district is approximately 3410.50 km2. It is surrounded by in the north and north east, Bijapur district in the west, district in the south and south-east.

Physiographically, major part of the district exhibits pediment/pediplain landforms. Other landforms seen in the district are structural plateau of upper and lower level in the western part, structural plain in the south eastern part, structural hills and valleys in the northen and eastern part, denudational plateau in the eastern part and denudational hills and vallys in the centeral and western part. Most of the district area falls in Indravati, Shankhni and Dankini catchment. Indravati, Shankhni, Dankini rivers and their tributaries constitute the surface drainage network of the district. The general gradient is towards south, southeast and southwest. The maximum elevation in the area is -----1265 m above mean sea level as recorded in the Bailadila ranges in the northern part while the minimum elevation of ---99 m. above mean sea level is noted in the south western part of the district.

RAINFALL OF DISTRICT DANTEWADA (MONTH WISE)

WATER LEVEL OF PRE MONSSON & POST MONSOON DISTRICT DANTEWADA

S. NO. NAME OF NAME OF WATER LEVEL WATER LEVEL BLOCK TEHSIL POST MONSOON PRE MONSOON AUGUST-2015 APRIL-2016 (m) (m) 1 Dantewada Dantewada 8.75 10.90 2 Dantewada Bade Bacheli 8.50 11.00 3 Geedam Geedam 9.15 12.00 4 Kuankonda Kuankonda 8.00 10.90 5 Kateklyan Kateklyan 8.00 10.90

GEOLOGY

Physiographically, major part of the district exhibits pediment/pediplain landforms. Other landforms seen in the district are structural plateau of upper and lower level in the western part, structural plain in the south eastern part, structural hills and valleys in the northen and eastern part, denudational plateau in the eastern part and denudational hills and vallys in the centeral and western part. Most of the district area falls in Godavari, Indravati and Sabari catchment. Indravati, Godavari, Sabari rivers and their tributaries constitute the surface drainage network of the district. The general gradient is towards south, southeast and southwest. The maximum elevation in the area is -----1265 m above mean sea level as recorded in the Bailadila ranges in the northern part while the minimum elevation of ---99 m. above mean sea level is noted in the south western part of the district.

Rock formations belonging to Archaean to Neo Proterozoic, Cainozoic and Quaternary are exposed in the district. The olderst rocks in the area are represented by Eastern Ghat Supergroup and Bengpal group of Archaean age. Estern Ghat Supergroup is exposed from Mattimark, ,arwada to Pamed in the western part of district and comprises leptynite (garnetiferous granite gneiss), Charnockite, pyroxene granulite, khondalite and ulramafic granulite. Rock belonging to Bengapal group are exposed in the major part of the district and comprises various types of gneisses and schists, amphibolites, meta-basics, meta-ultramafics, migmatites and different varieties of quartzites e.g. pyroxene quartzite, cherty quartzite, ferruginous quartzite, sericitic quartzite,banded magnetite and grunerite-magnetite-quartzite.

Bailadila Group of Archaean to palaeo Proterozoic age are exposed from south of Kunjangwara to Kidindul in the north eastern part of the district and comprises hornblende schist, meta-basic, meta ultrabasic, talc- tremolite schist, banded magnetite quartzite, quartzite, meta-conglomerate, quartz-sericite schist, ferruginous shale, phyllite and meta-tuff. This group owes its importance due to the associated iron ore deposits which are being mined since long.

Dongarghar Granite of palaeo Proterozoic age is exposed in Madepur,Bairamghar, south of Kunjangwara and east of gangalur areas in the northern part of the district and include a variety of granite i.e. biotite granite, hornblende-biotite granite, amphibole granite, leucogranite etc.

Abujmar Group of rock of Palaeo to Meso proterozoic age are exposed from Thukanar, Murumwara to kunjangwara, Gawad in the northern part of the district. It is further divided into Gundal and maspur formations. Maspur Formation is a meta-volcanic sequence where as Gundal Formation is a sedimentaey sequence comprising conglomerate, sandstone and shale. Tulsi Dongar Group considered as equivalent to the Abujmar Group is exposed to the north east and south east of Chidpal in the eastern extent of the district. It is a volcanosedimentary sequence and comprises meta-basalt/gabbro, sandstone and quartzite.

The Bengpal and Abujmar group of rocks and Dongarghar Granite are profusely intruded by basic dykes/sills and quartz/pegmatite/aplite reefs/veins. The Albaka formation, which is directly classified under Pakhal supergroup and the Lakhanavaram formation and Pattipalli formation of Mulug Group of Pakhal Supergroup of Meso Proterozoic age are exposed from Timed to west of Lankapalli and Utlapalli to Kottapalle in the south western part of district. The Albaka formation is mainly composed of sandstone whereas Mulug formation is mainly a shale unit with minor quartzite. Pattipalle formation is mainly a quartzite unit.

Sabari Group of rocks of Meso Proterozoic age are exposed around Rokel, Talner, Sukma, Guttaguda and bot side of Sabri/Kolab River in the south eastern part of the district and comprises sub-arkose, orthoquartzite, siltstone, conglomerate, limestone and shale.

Doli and Usar formation of Sullavai Group of Neo Proterozoic age exposed from Lankapalli to Nambi in the south western part of the district. Doli formation comprises intraformational breccias, conglomerate, pebbly sandstone and sandstone. Usar formation is mainly a sandstone.

Laterite of Caonozoic age occurs mainly on Bailadila ranges as a fairly thick blanket. Alluvium of Quaternary age occur fro Kodta to Kukanar in the mid-eastern part of the district.

The district is richly endowed with mineral wealth. The major economic mineral deposits/occurrences reported in the district include gold,coper,iron ore,tin (cassiterite), radioactive mineral, chromite, asbestos, bauxite, clay, corundum, garnet, graphite, kyanite, magnesite, mica, sillimanite, and limestone. Primary gold mineralization has been reported from Puspal. Copper is reported from Modernar. Large deposits of haematitic iron ore occur associated with Bailadila Group and are reported from 3.5 km south east of Kondapal, southwest of bailaidila, 2.5 km west of Bacheli, --- 1265m, 4 km north east of Purngel and 4 km south west of kidindul. Cassiterite, the ore of tin occurs in pegmatite and also as colluvial deposit and is reported from Churwada, Govindpal, Mundval, Pushpal and Bodavada. Radioactive minerals are reported from Yenchawasa, Raiguda and Pushpal. Chromite in talc-tremolite schist is reported from Kondasanvali. Pockets and lenses of tremolite asbestos are reported from Kondasanvali and Gollapalli. Bauxite occurs associated with laterite and is reported from Taralimeta. Fairly large deposits of while/buff/variegated clay suitable for low grade pottery occur at Rokel and Sindigar. Corundum occurrence is reported from Bhopalpatnam and Kuchnoor. Granet crystals varying in size from 1 to 10 cm are reported from 12 km westnorth west of . Specks of flaky graphite are reported from Borakonda-Sanuali, 3 km south west of Kamaram, Palachelam and Bate Tongu. Kyanite occurs in schists and gneisses of Bengpal Group and is repoeted from Mura-Ka-Gutta and Nilamraia-Gutta thin veinlets of magnesite associated with talc-tremolite schist and tremolite schist are reported from nedra. Minor occurrences of lepidolite (mica) are reported from Mundaval and Kawargaon. Massive sillimanite is reported from Samsatta. Deposits of limestone associated with shale formation of Sabri Group are reported from Gudra, Ikmeras, Pujariras and Rokel.

GEOLOGICAL AND MINERAL MAP OF DANTEWADA DISTRICT

DRAINAGE SYSTEM WITH DESCRIPTION OF MAIN RIVER

S.NO. NAME OF TOTAL DISTANCE PLACE OF SOURCE HIGHT IN SOURCE RIVER / NALA IN DISTRICT (Height above MSL) (km) (m) 1 Dantewada River 17 Dantewada 400 (Sankni-Dankani Junction) 2 Sabguda River 26 - - 3 Dankani River 20 Dongrari Dongar - 4 Sankni River 25 Nandiraj Bailadila - 5 Temrujodi Nala 18 Bailadila 538 6 Bhogam Nala 17 Kanwalnar 440 7 Kerawpur Nala 15 - - 8 Pharaspal Nala 17 Bailadila 712 9 Goujodi Nala 16 - - 10 Kori River 28 - - 11 Mundipara Nala 19 - - 12 Gamawada River 16 Hill of Bailadila 750 13 Renganar Nala 15 Gadmiri Nikat 690 14 Kumharas Nala 17 Chandenar 650 15 Dugeli Nala 14 Hill of Bailadila 700 16 Maniya Nala 15 - - 17 Gudra River 20 Narayanpur - 18 Mandar River 30 Koder rain forest 720 19 Indravati River 80 Kalahandi - 20 Duman River 15 Dotra Dongri 760 21 Maach Nala 18 - - 22 Bengalur Madhya 16 Maggupara 640 Gandi Nala Bengalur 23 Alibahar Nala 13 Barsur 457 24 Lanka Bahar Nala 14 Bhalu Dongri 553 25 Ganesh Nala 30 Bhalu Dongri 560 26 Chimal Nala 12 - - 27 Gumalnar Nala 19 Gumalnar 412 28 Mafalnar Nala 15 Karli forest 611