An Archeological Approach Towards Facial Reconstruction

From the Editor’s Desk

JINPAFO A Half Yearly Publication Volume 8, Number 2, July – December, 2019

Dear Friends,

It gives me great pleasure to present the Second Issue of 2019 to the Hon’ble Members of the Academy. I wish to thank all the authors and contributors of the scientific material published in this issue. The members of the Editorial Board and the Reviewers strive hard to bring up the standard of the journal. On behalf of the Editorial Team, once again thank you for giving us the opportunity to serve you and this Academy. May I take the opportunity to request all the members of our Academy to contribute to the journal with their research and also encourage your colleagues and students to submit their research for publication.

Jai Hind

Dr. Amandeep Singh Editor-in-chief Associate Professor Department of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology Government Medical College & Hospital, Chandigarh Email: [email protected]

Journal of Indo-Pacific Academy of Forensic Odontology Vol 8, No. 2, July-December, 2019

Original Research

AN ASSESSMENT OF INHERITANCE PATTERN OF LIP PRINTS IN NATIONAL CAPITAL RANGE POPULATION

Syed F Hasan1*, Puja Bansal2, Deepak Bhargava3, M.C Chhabra4

* 1 Postgraduate Student (2nd year), 2 Professor, +Professor and Head

Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, 4Associate Professor, Department of Biochemistry, Sharda School of Dental Sciences, Sharda University, Greater Noida, UP * Corresponding author: [email protected]

ABSTRACT Aims and Objectives- Lip prints are normal lines and fissures in the form of wrinkles and grooves present on the lips. They are unique to each person but basic lip prints patterns could still have similarities within the family. If established that there is a hereditary pattern in lip prints patterns, they can be an important tool in personal identification and determining familial lineage of a person. Therefore, present study was carried out to ascertain whether lip prints of mother match with their corresponding children. Methodology- The subjects for the investigation included 60 individuals of 30 families from NCR population. Mother and a daughter or son of each family was selected and the lip patterns of the 30 off springs were compared with the corresponding lip patterns of his or her mother. The lip prints were analyzed using magnifying lens and were classified using the criteria given by Suzuki and Tsuchihashi. The results were subjected to statistical analysis. Results- Hereditary resemblance was observed between mother and off springs in 17 out of 30 cases. Lip print types I, II & III among mothers were significantly more inherited by their children while lip print type IV & V were not inherited significantly (the level of significance was set at p < 0.05). Conclusions- The result indicates the role of heredity in lip patterns. This can be an aid for narrowing down investigations and also a basis for genetic and inheritance implications.

Key Words: Cheiloscopy, Inheritance, Grooves, Lip prints

Journal of Indo-Pacific Academy of Forensic Odontology Vol 8, No. 2, July-December, 2019

Introduction: range of methods are available for this As Forensic odontology, or forensic purpose out of which, the best and most dentistry,was defined by Keiser Neilson in often used is fingerprints. An alternative 1970 as “a branch of forensic medicine” method of identification is cheiloscopy. which in the interest of justice deals with the These grooves occur as distinct patterns or proper handling and examination of dental types and are unique to each individual and evidence and with the proper evaluation and thus can be used to fix the identity of a 1 presentation of the dental findings’. person.5 Sometimes lip print can be a basis The external surface of the lip has for crime detection. It is used to find the many elevations and depressions forming a situation on the basis of evidence characteristic pattern called lip prints, which surrounding the crime spot for identifying 3 are unique to an individual like finger prints. number of people involved, their nature, sex Lip prints are similar to fingerprints, palm as well as type of crime held during the prints and footprints in that it is an individual event.4 This present study was carried out to 2 characteristic. For a long time forensics ascertain whether lip prints of mother match have been using Fingerprints, DNA and with their corresponding children. Retina Pattern for identification of a person. Materials and Method: With advancement in technology many Subjects for the investigation innovations have come across for the help included 60 individuals of 30 families Mother of forensics.3 and Son/Daughter of National Captial Human identification from the study Range Population were taken. Written of their biometrics has gained much informed consent was taken from each popularity in recent times. In these subjects, In case of minor subject consent approaches human beings can be identified was taken from parent. based on their physical traits without the aid Following materials were used in of any external key. Several methods are recording lip prints. used for human identification such as face, Ø Red colored lipsticks and lipstick iris, retina, finger veins, skin, finger-nails brushes. recognition, palm vein, etc.4 Ø A cellophane tape. Personal identification is becoming Ø White colored bond papers. increasingly important not only in legal Ø A magnifying lens medicine but also in criminal investigation, Ø A scissor, pencil, cotton identification and Genetic Research. A wide Ø Gloves, a wall mirror.

Journal of Indo-Pacific Academy of Forensic Odontology Vol 8, No. 2, July - December., 2019

Criteria for sample selection: was placed on a white A-4 sheet where the The criteria for sample selection lip impression were analyzed with the help were subjects with no congenital facial of a magnifying glass. defects, no lesions on the lips and no known Results: hypersensitivity. The lip prints were Type I pattern was found to be 100% analyzed using magnifying lens and were inherited by the respective children (n=03). classified using the criteria given by Suzuki Significantly higher proportion (66.7%) of and Tsuchihashi,as follows:2 Type II lip pattern among mothers were Type I: Clear-cut vertical grooves that run inherited by their children. Significantly across the entire lips. higher proportion (71.4%) of Type III lip Type I': Similar to type I, but do not cover pattern among mothers were inherited by the entire lip. their children. Significantly lower proportion Type II: Branched grooves (branching Y- (14.3%) of Type IV lip pattern among shaped pattern). mothers were inherited by their children. Type III: Intersected grooves. Criss-cross There was only 1 mother having Type V lip pattern, reticular grooves. pattern which was not inherited by her Type IV: Reticular grooves. child.( Graph 1) Type V: Grooves do not fall into any of the Lip print types I, II & III among type I-IV and cannot be mothers were significantly more inherited by differentiated morphologically. their children while lip print type IV & V were (Undetermined). not inherited significantly. (Table 1,Graph 2) Method: Lip print types I, II & III among Subjects were asked to sit at relaxed mothers were significantly more inherited by position on a dental chair, their lips were their children while lip print type IV & V were cleaned with wet cotton, red colored lipstick not inherited significantly. was applied on the lips with the lip brush, Fig 1 - Child subjects were asked to rub both their lips to spread uniform application of lipstick, glued portion of the cellophane tape strip was placed and a lip impression was made by dabbing it in the center first and then slowly moving towards the corners of the lips, Cellophane tape strip with lip impression

Journal of Indo-Pacific Academy of Forensic Odontology Vol 8, No. 2, July - December., 2019

Fig 2 – Child Lip Print Fig 4 – Mother Lip Print

Fig 3 – Mother

Graph 1: Inheritance patterns of lip prints among the study groups

100.00% 100.00% 100.00%

80.00% 66.70% 57.10% 60.00%

40.00% 28.60% 16.70% 14.30% 14.30% Child's lippattern 20.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% Type I Type II Type III Type IV Type V Motehr's lip pattern

Type I Type II Type III Type IV Type V

Journal of Indo-Pacific Academy of Forensic Odontology Vol 8, No. 2, July - December., 2019

Table 1: Statistical significance of inherited lip patterns Similarity of lip print between mother & child Pattern of Lip Print Total Not Present present N 0 3 3 Type I % 0.0% 100.0% 100.0% N 4 8 12 Type II % 33.3% 66.7% 100.0% N 2 5 7 Type III % 28.6% 71.4% 100.0% n 6 1 7 Type IV % 85.7% 14.3% 100.0% n 1 0 1 Type V % 100.0% 0.0% 100.0% n 13 17 30 Total % 43.3% 56.7% 100.0% Chi square value 9.832 P value 0.043, S

Graph 2: Similarity of lip prints between mother and children.

Similarity of lip print between mother & child

100.00% 100.00% 90.00% 71.40% 80.00% 66.70% 70.00% 60.00% 50.00% 40.00% 30.00% 14.30% 20.00% 10.00% 0.00% 0.00% Type I Type II Type III Type IV Type V

Journal of Indo-Pacific Academy of Forensic Odontology Vol 8, No. 2, July - December., 2019

Discussion based on the patterns of the grooves of the Every human is distinct and unique lip prints”that The lips can be horizontal, in the pattern of characteristics they exhibit. elevated, or depressed, and according to Lip prints are lines and fissures that appear their thickness, it is possible to identify the as wrinkles and grooves in the zone of following four groups: 1. Thin lips (common transition between the inner labial mucosa in the European Caucasian),2. Medium lips and the outer skin of human lip. The (from 8 to 10 mm is the most common examination of these fissures is referred to type),3. Thick or very thick lip (usually as “cheiloscopy”.6 having an inversion of the lip cord and is Forensic science is defined as the usually seen in negroes),4. Mix lips (usually 1 application of scientific methods and seen in Orientals). techniques to matters Saxena S, Sharma P, Gupta N under investigation by a court of law. stated that Forensic odontology has played Forensic science in a broad sense deals a key role in identifcation of persons in with criminal mass disasters (aviation, earthquakes, investigations by identification of the body, Tsunamis), in crime investigations, in ethnic cause, and manner of death, etc. studies, and in identifcation of decomposed Identification and disfigured bodies like that of drowned of gender of an individual plays a significant persons, fire victims, and victims of motor role in the forensic investigation Dental, vehicle accidents. The various methods fingerprint and DNA comparisons are employed in forensic odontology include probably the most common techniques used tooth prints, radiographs, photographic in this context, allowing fast and secure study, rugoscopy, cheiloscopy and 9 identification processes. However, in certain molecular methods. circumstances related to the scene of the Vignesh R, Rekha CV, Annamalai S, crime, these techniques might be Norouzi P, Sharmin D conducted a study unavailable, so there is still an increasing on Cheiloscopic patterns where, lip patterns need for reliable alternative methods of were analyzed for skeletal malocclusions, establishing gender.7 but the literature search shows no studies Ranjan V, Sunil MK, Kumar R relating to terminal planes in primary founded in their study on “lip groove dentition. This study is an initial attempt to patterns in all the quadrants of both male relate them as the terminal plane of the and female subjects to identify the sex, primary second molars plays a signifcant

Journal of Indo-Pacific Academy of Forensic Odontology Vol 8, No. 2, July - December., 2019

role in determining the occlusion of the among mothers and their oﬀsprings. A permanent dentition.6 detailed analysis of diﬀerent aspects of lip Ghalaut P, Bhagwath S, Saxena S, prints should be done. Complete utilization also conducted a study where study was of this evidence can be achieved by carried out to ascertain whether there is any standardizing the methods and opining the hereditary pattern in lip prints patterns minimum matching points required, between parents and offspring's and their Extensive chemical methods and study showed Both mother and father sophisticated software tools should be showed strong positive & significant developed. Besides all this, the correlation between parents and their anthropological aspects of lip print patterns offspring's indicating that lip print patterns should be practiced, which can enable do have a family linkage.2 narrowing down of the investigation Research studies and information process. regarding the use of lip prints as evidence in Conflict of interest: None personal identification and criminal Financial assistance: None investigation in forensic dentistry is very much scanty. In spite of few studies REFERENCES available, the study of Tsuchihashi gives a 1. Ranjan V, Sunil MK, Kumar R. Study of standard classification of his own for lip prints: A forensic study. Journal of different types of lip prints. We kept this Indian Academy of Oral Medicine and classification as the basis, of the current Radiology. 2014 Jan 1;26(1):50. study. To study the lip print patterns 2. Ghalaut P, Bhagwath S, Saxena S. An indicating that there might be an inheritance Assessment Of Inheritance Pattern Of pattern for lip prints from parents to Lip Prints In North Indian Population. offspring's. A strong inheritance Indian Journal of Dental Sciences. 2013 phenomenon of lip patterns has also been Mar 1;5(1). proved by studies of Hirth et al (1975) and 3. Sharma SM, Shalini K, Akshari A. Schnuth et al (1992), who founded that CHELOSCOPY-A UNIQUE FORENSIC heredity plays an important role in lip print TOOL. Nitte University Journal of Health development. Science. 2013 Dec 1;3(4):74.

Conclusion: 4. Bandyopadhyay SK, Arunkumar S, The present study depicted that Bhattacharjee S. Feature extraction of there persists a similarity of lip print patterns

Journal of Indo-Pacific Academy of Forensic Odontology Vol 8, No. 2, July - December., 2019

human lip prints. arXiv preprint evaluation and comparison of various arXiv:1312.0852. 2013 Dec 3. methods of lip prints in gender determination and its stability over a 5. Ghimire N, Nepal P, Upadhyay S, period of time.Int J Anat Res 2018, Vol Budhathoki SS, Subba A, Kharel B. Lip 6(2.1):5167-71. ISSN 2321-4287 print pattern: an identification tool. Health Renaissance. 2013;11(3):229-33. 8. Saraswathi TR, Mishra G, Ranganathan K. Study of lip prints. Journal of forensic 6. Vignesh R, Rekha CV, Baghkomeh PN, dental sciences. 2009 Jan 1;1(1):28. Annamalai S, Sharmin D. Comparative evaluation of antimicrobial efficacy of an 9. Saxena S, Sharma P, Gupta N. alternative natural agent for disinfection Experimental studies of forensic of toothbrushes. European journal of odontology to aid in the identification dentistry. 2017 Jan;11(1):111. process. Journal of forensic dental sciences. 2010 Jul;2(2):69. 7. Aparna B, Ahmed Mujib B.R, Rashmi Naik , Shruthi K Patil , Arun Kumar N,

Journal of Indo-Pacific Academy of Forensic Odontology Vol 8, No. 2, July - December., 2019

Review Article RECONSTRUCT, REMODEL AND REINCARNATE: AN ARCHEOLOGICAL APPROACH TOWARDS FACIAL RECONSTRUCTION

* Suman Bisla1, Ankita2, Harneet Singh3 , Ambika Gupta4, Neeraj Taneja5 1& 2PG student, Dept of Oral Medicine and Radiology, 3Asst professor, Dept of Oral Medicine and Radiology, 4Sr. professor, Dept of Oral Medicine and Radiology Post Graduate Institute Of Dental Sciences, Rohtak 5Professor, Dept. of Oral Medicine and Radiology

* Corresponding author: [email protected]

ABSTRACT Severally injured, decapitated, and/or mutilated skeletal structures lead to the difficulty in identification of mortal remains. Since the inception of forensic sciences and forensic odontology it has posed a greater challenge in identification of the deceased through the remains. Over the years, various techniques have been applied for the identification of deceased individuals. Out of these techniques, the commonly used are the comparison of antemortem and post-mortem data by using clinical records, radiographs, or DNA. Still the identification of severely mutilated bodies poses a challenge for the forensic team. The advent of the twentieth century brought a revolution in the field of facial reconstruction, as the computers could completely change the methods of reconstruction. Forensic facial reconstruction is art and science to recreate the antemortem appearance of an individual in order to recognize and identify the decedent. Over the years, many techniques of FFR and imaging modalities that provide the basic data for FFR have evolved. This poster depicts different methods of facial reconstruction and its pragmatic use in the field of forensic odontology.

Key Words: Mutilated, Facial Reconstruction, Two-Dimensional, Three-Dimensional, Anthropometrical , Anatomical, Computerized

Journal of Indo-Pacific Academy of Forensic Odontology Vol 8, No. 2, July - December., 2019

INTRODUCTION: HISTORY Positive identification from the skeletal Unearthing of Tutankhamun’s remains has always fascinated the medical mummy and exploration of his mortal experts in recreating and reconstructing the remains opened up new horizons for the facial structures. With facial features playing forensic scientists in the field of a major role in identification of the human reconstruction. The process which has been remains, the gross facial reconstruction predominantly been used to identify the augments and accelerates the process of dead, to unveil the cause of death and identification. Skull is a rigid structure which recreate the facial structures, is now an can survive for centuries and the it proves to important adjunct. Attempts at building the be an effective archaeological biofact. The face on skull carried out since Neolithic bones of the skull form the basic framework period as a means of ancestor worship and 1 to which soft tissues are attached . preservation procedure. Anatomists were Severally mutilated, burned, decomposed the first to become interested in the process human remains are difficult to identity. The of facial reconstruction. Anatomist Welcker scientific art of creating appearance of an and Tandler, were the ones who individual near to the original with the help reconstructed the skulls of some historic of skull by reconstruction either through figures and compared with portraits, manual of digital methods is known as the sculptures and death masks4. The first 2 forensic facial reconstruction . However three–dimensional (3D) facial reconstruction forensic facial reconstructions will not was tried by His (1895) and Kollman (1898). produce perfect replica of an individual face Kollman and Buchly (1899) reconstructed instead it gives a gross approximation which Stone-Age woman face with soft tissue is an alternative in the identification when all thickness from women of that area which the usual methods of identification have was considered to be the first real scientific failed. In archaeological investigations, reconstruction4. United states of America facial reconstruction has been used to became the first country to attempt facial identify skeletal remains of famous people reconstruction in 1916 by the initiatives of 3 from the past . This article reviews all the medicolegal experts. But , the first methods implied in the process of three- documented medicolegal identification was dimensional facial reconstruction and relives done by Glaister and Brash (1937) by the history of a few famous cases sorted solving the mystery of missing Dr Ruxton’s through the same process. wife. Taking the lead, German physiologist

Journal of Indo-Pacific Academy of Forensic Odontology Vol 8, No. 2, July - December., 2019

and anatomist Welcker devised a method of depth markers marked accordingly. This is facial reconstruction by enumerating the further superimposed by the tracing paper varying tissue depths and named it as or any other transparent paper. The artist “Welcker’s Facial Reconstruction then draws on the transparent paper Technique”. carefully following the tissue depth markers METHODS OF FACIAL and contours of the skull. It is very important RECONSTRUCTION to follow the markers and shapes in An array of methods has been tried accordance to the skull, being extra vigilant and tested for the facial reconstruction over to the features such as teeth, orbital the ages. All those methods have eventually shapes, nose bridges and nasal apertures. been cumulated into the two major Computer assisted 2D reconstruction done modalities depending upon their procedural by using various computer software implication. These methods are: - programs like CARESTM or CARES (1) The two-dimensional representation of (Computer Assisted Recovery the face drawn over a photograph of the Enhancement System) and FACES skull. (Forensic Anthropology Computer (2) Three-dimensional facial reconstruction Enhancement System) which capture and using a sculptural technique. digitalize radiographs, photographs and (3) Three-dimensional computerized facial images of skulls and gives an electronically reconstruction. altered version of the image. TWO DIMENSIONAL THREE-DIMENSIONAL Two-dimensional facial RECONSTRUCTION reconstructions method was first developed This method also needs by Karen Taylor in Austin, Texas during the collaborative efforts from an artist and a 1980's. Based on ante mortem forensic anthropologist. In manual methods, photographs, and the skull5 this method facial reconstruction is done by using usually requires the collaboration of an artist various material like clay, plastic or wax on and a forensic anthropologist. 2-D facial the skull to remodel the facial structure reconstruction is a technique recreats and which further facilitates in identifying an remodels the facial appearance to that akin individual. It is similar to two dimensional to the features of the person who was once methods using tissue depth markers of alive. In the due process, photographs of specified lengths to represent different soft skull are taken with all the relevant tissues tissue depths at specific strategic points or

Journal of Indo-Pacific Academy of Forensic Odontology Vol 8, No. 2, July - December., 2019

landmarks. In the computerized method, modelling each facial muscle onto the skull computer software is used to produce layer by layer and then finally covering with reconstruction by using photographs a thin layer of clay to create the ﬁnished Anthropometrical American Method/ face. This method is much slower than the Tissue Depth Method American method and required greater American 3-D method was degree of anatomical knowledge. This is developed from the work of Krogman. In this used for reconstruction of fossilized skulls7. method Krogman photographed a cadaver head before it was deﬂeshed. The sculptor, Combination Manchester Method/ British McCue, produced a facial reconstruction Method using tissue depth data on the same skull Neave in 1977, developed a novel and recreated the facial structures technique which became instantaneously matching it to the sex and racial origin of the famous and it is the commonly used method individual. The results were promising as nowadays. This combination method reconstruction had a good resemblance to incorporates both the Russian and the individual when compared to the American methods of anthropometrical and photograph of the cadaver. In this technique anatomical application. Neave worked with soft tissue depth data obtained by the use of Manchester Mummy Team at the University needles, X-rays or ultrasound is taken into of Manchester, which was responsible for consideration. Facial muscles are recorded the forensic investigation of numerous in a proper anatomical manner, that Egyptian mummies housed at the requires highly trained personnel. Due to Manchester Museum. He used same sets of this technical working curve this technique mean tissue depths as the American is not preferred now a days. Previously, this method, but followed Gerasimov’s method was commonly used for anatomical approach, using the tissue reconstruction by law enforcement thickness points as guides when laying the agencies6. skin layer over the musculature. This Anatomical Russian Method technique takes into account the use of both This technique was given by the soft tissue thickness and facial muscles. Russian anthropologist, Gerasimov (1971), Facial tissue markers representing the who had attempted to recreate the mean tissue depth which are determined by appearance of deceased individuals. He the age, gender, build are added on to the developed an anatomical approach where skull at anatomical point, either by placing

Journal of Indo-Pacific Academy of Forensic Odontology Vol 8, No. 2, July - December., 2019

directly on the skull or by inserting them into digitized 3-D models of two pairs of skulls the drilled holes of 3mm diameter. The along with their facial data. First pair is used muscles of mastication and facial as a reference and the other skull is used expression are constructed on the skull for the validation of the same. An applicable based on their origin and insertion. The size parametric algorithm is categorically used to and shape of reconstructed muscles is convert the reference skull into the skull determined by the underlying hard which has to be reconstructed. To structures. Muscles are usually modelled on compensate the lack of understanding of the skull layer by layer with the help of clay. harmony between hard and soft tissue in To represent skin and subcutaneous tissue the previously used techniques, Nelson and a layer of clay is added over the Michael introduced a new approach of musculature to create the finished face reconstruction using the volume while maintaining the length of the pegs as deformation. In this technique unknown a guide to the final tissue guides over the skull and other reference skull are digitized. face. Then a set of control points are placed at Computerized 3D Forensic Facial specific anatomical positions on the heads Reconstruction and the skull. Out of them a single head is Computer-assisted facial deformed by calculating and comparing the reconstruction was first introduced by spatial distribution of the control points. Vanezis and his colleagues8. In this Finally, the selected head deformed with the technique skull images scanned through help of control points to the shape of the laser scanner are transformed into the skull and further adjustments of addition of faces. Skull digitalized by using laser and facial features, facial expressions and tissue fully shaded images are seen on the depth variations done by manipulating the computer. Tissue markers are digitally control points. placed on the garnered image at selected Till today, all computerized sites. A digital template from the previously reconstruction techniques use CT scanners scanned face of live subjects is masked for obtaining the virtual copy of the unknown over the skull facilitating it to specifically skull. In case of live subjects for the conform to the skull11. Technique by database, CT scanners allow both the skull Quatrehomme et al. (1997), describes facial and the face surface information to be reconstructions based on deformable obtained simultaneously and in the correct models. CT scan is used to obtain the spatial relationship to each other. Due to

Journal of Indo-Pacific Academy of Forensic Odontology Vol 8, No. 2, July - December., 2019

radiation hazards of CT scan a non-harmful by reconstructing, remodelling the facial alternative MRI is also being used. Off late, tissues with the help of the skull only. Cone-beam CT (CBCT) has also come into Sheena Bora murder case limelight to overcome certain disadvantages On May 23rd 2012, Raigad police of CT. Studies are also being done to test stumbled on a scorched body. Skull, bones, the reproducibility of CBCT scanners by tissue and teeth were sampled. Records measuring the soft tissue thickness at with dentist were enquired and different landmarks which revealed that corroborated. Forensics experts used digital thickness that can be measured with high superimposition photography and facial reproducibility. reconstruction for identification. They Computerized 3D is a fast, efficient and superimposed mugshots of the likely family cost-effective computer-aided forensic facial members over the dead people to look for reconstruction method. Models can be bone structure matches and finally the DNA manipulated and edited easily at several test followed for confirmation. This is how angles to identify an individual within a short with the help of 2D computerized technique duration. Sheena Bora emerged from her bones. FEW CASES AT A GLANCE The Nithari killings Forensic art is a tool used in law In the famous Nithari case police enforcement in different capacities. The faced the same problem of establishing the most popular form of forensic art that we identity of skulls found in drainage. The have seen is the police sketch which had investigating agency decided to go in for wonderful success in cases of missing DNA test and facial reconstruction and persons. Now a day’s artists are facial super imposition of all skulls found. In turning towards computer software’s for 2006 Noida police sent 19 skulls and DNA drawings. Facial reconstruction is a method samples for laboratory examination to used in the forensic field when a crime forensic science laboratory. The forensic involves unidentified remains. Over the past and DNA Experts using superimposition and few years, it has been of much help in crime 3D techniques identified 16 children. cases where there were no clues to track a Ambernath murder case person, or if a face has been damaged or Police found decapitated body in the the body decomposed. Recently few Ambernath hills with skin peeled. Police reported cases in India which were solved reached a team of forensic experts for the facial reconstruction. Forensic team used

Journal of Indo-Pacific Academy of Forensic Odontology Vol 8, No. 2, July - December., 2019

anthropometry measurements to construct a REFERENCES face on the skull within 4 weeks. With the 1. Bonda SM. Forensic Facial Reconstruction to help of that police arrested victim’s wife and Identify Skulls-A Review. Forensic Sci Add her lover. Res. 2018;3(2):1-3. CONCLUSION 2. Rinchon S, Arpita S, Mahipal S and Rajeev K. 3D Forensic Facial Reconstruction: A Forensic facial reconstruction is an Review of the Traditional Sculpting Methods evolving branch which plays role in the and Recent Computerised Developments. Int identification of severally injured, J of Forens Sci. 2018, 3(1): 000134. decapitated, mutilated and completely 3. Buhan M & Nardoni C. A facial reconstruction destroyed victims in homicides, genocides method based on new mesh deformation and/or mass causalities where identification techniques. Forensic sciences research. of an individual becomes difficult. Even in 2018 the aspect of archeological surveys where 4. The history of facial reconstruction. Available skeletal remains are often found, one can at page 45 https://books.google.co.in/ rely on the facial reconstruction technique to books?id=NKWm9Q0vbT4C&pg=PA45&lpg=P establish the identity of the bygones. A45&dq=Anatomist+Welcker+and+Tandler,+ With time, techniques are changing were+the+ones+who+reconstructed+the+sk gradually from artistic method to the ulls+of+some+historic+%EF%AC%81gures+an scientific ones. All techniques have their d+compared+with+portrait,+sculpture+and+ own advantages and disadvantages. Latest death+masks+4.&source=bl&ots=bzvNcYcUL 3D method using computer for facial G&sig=ACfU3U3s6JWQgJYziwvOwAQEgHRry reconstruction is widely used, but a Rnzig&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi75eHN08 computer system that interprets the muscle jnAhXSAnIKHaLqCyMQ6AEwAHoECAoQAQ#v structure of the face which can be altered =onepage&q=Anatomist%20Welcker%20and sculpturally would seems to be the most %20Tandler%2C%20were%20the%20ones%2 accurate way of developing facial 0who%20reconstructed%20the%20skulls%2 reconstruction in the coming future. Thus, it 0of%20some%20historic%20%EF%AC%81gur can be said that the scope of improvement es%20and%20compared%20with%20portrait and scientific advancement go hand in hand when it comes to bringing back the dead. %2C%20sculpture%20and%20death%20mas th ks%204.&f=false accessed on 29 Conflict of interest: None November, 2019 Financial assistance: None

Journal of Indo-Pacific Academy of Forensic Odontology Vol 8, No. 2, July - December., 2019

5. Gupta S, Gupta V, Vij H, Vij H, Tyagi N. Historical Development and a Review of Forensic Facial Reconstruction: The Final Current Practice. Med. Sci. Law. Frontier. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic 2000,40(3):197-205. Research. 2015;9(9): ZE26-ZE2826. 10. Myers JC, Okoye MI, Kiple D, Kimmerle EH. 6. Omstead J. Facial reconstruction. Uni West Three dimensional (3D) imaging in post- Ont Anthrol. 2011;10(1):37-46. mortem examinations: elucidation and 7. Kahler K, Haber J, Seidel H. Re-animating identification of cranial and facial fractures in the dead: Reconstruction of expressive faces victims of homicide utilizing 3-D computerized from skull data. ACM TOG. 2003;22(3):554- imaging reconstruction techniques. Int J 61. Legal Med. 1999;113(1):33-37. 8. Vanezis P, Blowes RW, Linney AD, Tan AC, 11. De Greef S, Willems G. Three-dimensional Richards R, et al. (1989) Application of 3D cranio-facial reconstruction in forensic computer graphics for facial reconstruction identification: latest progress and new and comparison with sculpting techniques. tendencies in the 21st century. Journal of Forensic Science International 42(1-2): 69- Forensic Science. 2005;50(1):12-17. 84. 9. Vanezis M, Vanezis M. Cranio-Facial Reconstruction in Forensic Identification

Journal of Indo-Pacific Academy of Forensic Odontology Vol 8, No. 2, July - December., 2019

Review Article

RECENT CONCEPTS IN FORENSIC ODONTOLOGY: A REVIEW

Shafali Singh 1*, Deepak Bhargava 2, Puja Bansal 3, Ritika Sharma4, Vidyadevi Chandavarkar5 , Mithilesh N Mihsra6, Taruna Kumari7 1Senior Lecturer, 2Professor & Head, 3Professor , Reader4,5,6

School of Dental Sciences Sharda University Greater Noida

Consulting Oral Pathologist7

* Corresponding author: [email protected]

ABSTRACT Forensic dentistry is an upcoming branch of dentistry that utilizes the dentist’s knowledge to serve the legal system. Despite breakthrough in science and technology, natural calamities and crimes continue to persist in human life. Identification of human remains is essential for various reasons including legal, criminal, humanitarian and social grounds. Dental remains can be used for identification. Forensic odontology analyzes dental evidence to overlap the dental and legal profession. Various methods have been developed to determine age, sex, and ethnicity of the person, using dental tissues. This article reviews the evolving trends in conventional methods and the recent advances in the field of forensic odontology.

Key Words: Current trends, dental identification, forensic odontology.

INTRODUCTION: the physical, chemical and biological “The Forensic odontology was changes that occur in living or dead man's defined by Keiser- Neilson in 1970 as “that skeleton and even human parts or facts.2 It branch of forensic medicine which in the involves dentist participation in assisting interest of justice deals with the proper legal and criminal issues.3 handling and examination of dental Forensic odontology has three evidence and with the proper evaluation and major areas of utilization: presentation of the dental findings”.1 It can be characterized as the field to determine

Journal of Indo-Pacific Academy of Forensic Odontology Vol 8, No. 2, July - December., 2019

(1) Diagnostic and therapeutic examination odontology. This article provides an and evaluation of injuries to jaws, overview of the evolving trends in teeth, and oral soft tissues. conventional methods and the recent (2) The identification of individuals, concepts used in forensic odontology. especially casualties in criminal investigations and/or mass disasters. METHODS USED IN FORENSIC (3) Identification, examination, and ODONTOLOGY evaluation of bite marks which occur Conventional Methods with some frequency in sexual Maintenance of dental records is assaults, child abuse cases, and in the duty of a dentist and is an essential 4 personal defense situations. component, serving as an information Some of common methods used source for the dentists and the patients, in for individual identification are visual, medico‑ legal, administrative, and for personal or medical information( height, forensic purposes. Forensic dental weight, build, age, presence or absence of identification most of the times are hair, eye colour , facial hair), specific dependent on the availability, adequacy, information (scars, tattoos, birthmarks, and accuracy of antemortem dental records. operations, implants, old injuries, medical Dental records are available in various conditions, body piercings), radiological forms such as dental notes, dental charts, information (foreign bodies - prostheses) , radiographs, photographs, and models.6 clothing, personal effects and Computer generated dental records gain documentation, dentistry , fingerprints and more importance due to the fact that it can DNA profiling.5 be easily networked and transferred for Evolving trends have been routine professional consultation or forensic observed in the conventional methods used cases requiring dental records for such as dental record maintenance, dental identification.7 imaging techniques, bite mark analysis, Dental imaging techniques DNA analysis using oral tissues, Historically, the application of cheiloscopy and rugoscopy. In addition, the radiology in forensic sciences was recent concepts such as facial introduced in 1896, just one year following reconstruction, denture identification, the x-ray discovery by Roentgen, to comparison microscopes and tongue prints demonstrate the presence of lead bullets have been introduced in the field of forensic inside the head of a victim.8In cases where

Journal of Indo-Pacific Academy of Forensic Odontology Vol 8, No. 2, July - December., 2019

the identification of a corpse is required, inanimate object. Bite marks change over a radiographic images of the deceased can time on living as well as dead. If the bite is be obtained and compared with any ante- on living person there will be post injury mortem radiographic image of the changes in the tissue, where bleeding, presumed person.9 swelling and discoloration can be seen. If The identification technique utilizing the bite is on dead person, then conventional radiography is based on the photographs of marks are taken with comparison between ante-mortem images standardized technique.12 recorded in dental offices and centers with The standard techniques for post-mortem radiographic images. This examining bite marks are based on method allows the observation of interpreting photographic evidence, in which anatomical characteristics such as coronal a bite is compared with the models of the shape and size, pulp anatomy, positioning teeth of suspects. There are a number of and shape of the alveolar bone crest, different ways to produce overlays from a besides unique and individual suspect’s dentition : Hand tracing from characteristics resulting from dental dental study casts, hand tracing from wax treatments.10 impressions, hand tracing from xerographic Computed tomography (CT) images, the radiopaque wax impression images reveal the cross-section of the areas method, and the computer‑based method.13 exposed and produce multiple images. DNA analysis Antemortem CT images provide information DNA analysis is a new tool used in which can be used in the construction of a the field of forensic odontology, gains postmortem facsimile image, considering importance when conventional identification that craniometrical points methods fail due to the effects of heat, can be precisely located and traumatism or autolytic processes, measurements can be accurately distortions, and difficulties in analysis. There 11 performed. are many biological materials such as Bite marks blood, semen, bones, teeth, hair, and saliva It is defined as the physical that can be used to accomplish DNA typing. alteration in or on a medium caused by the With the advent of polymerase chain contact of teeth. In few of criminal cases it is reaction (PCR) which allows enzymatic seen that suspect or victim has left his or amplification of a specific DNA sequence her teeth marks on another person or even in a negligible amount of source

Journal of Indo-Pacific Academy of Forensic Odontology Vol 8, No. 2, July - December., 2019

material, forensic identification using DNA injuries, diseases or environmental analysis becomes increasingly popular with changes. investigators. Applications of Cheiloscopy in In the field of forensic sciences, Modern Science- the genomic and mitochondrial DNA - A deterministic aid for forensic sex (mtDNA) are used.4 The genomic DNA is determination found in the nucleus of each cell in the - A tool in crime investigation human body. The teeth are an excellent - An aid for personal identification source of genomic DNA (Fig.1). mtDNA - Cheiloscopy and palatoscopy: aid for can be used when the extracted DNA human identification samples are too small or degraded, such as The following methods may be those obtained from skeletonized tissues. used for recording lip prints- on non porous The amplified DNA is then compared with flat surface such as mirror, enlarged and the antemortem samples such as stored overlay tracings made of the grooves, rouge blood, hairbrush, clothing, cervical smear, can be applied to the lips and then lips are and biopsy specimens.14 photographed, after applying lip stick the impression should be taken on a paper until the lipstick has exhausted or applying special creams on the lips (Fig.2).15

Figure 2: Impression fixed on bond Figure 1: Schematic photograph paper showing replication of DNA by PCR Cheiloscopy and palatoscopy The print taken is directly Cheiloscopy is the study of lip photographed or covered by a cellotape to prints. Lip prints remain the same maintain a permanent record. Nowadays, throughout life and are uninfluenced by softwares are used for the recording of lip

Journal of Indo-Pacific Academy of Forensic Odontology Vol 8, No. 2, July - December., 2019

prints.Recent studies have proven lip prints arch, computer software programs (for e.g., as a superior tool compared to fingerprints RUGFP‑ID), calcorrugoscopy or overlay and mandibular canine index in gender print, stereoscopy (through which three‑ determination. dimensional [3D] image of palatal rugae can Palatoscopy, or palatal be made), stereophotogrammetry (which is rugoscopy, is the name given to the study of comparatively accurate).4 palatal rugae in order to establish a person's identity. The palatal rugae are Recent Methods located on the anterior portion of the maxilla. Palatal rugae are irregular, Forensic Facial Reconstruction (FFR) asymmetric ridges of mucous membrane FFR refers to a process that aims extending lateral from the incisive papilla to recover the morphology of a face at the and the anterior part of the median palatal moment before death, from the observation raphe (Fig.3).12 Palatal rugae analysis may of a skull.16 It is the scientific art of serve as an important aid in forensic recreating the facial appearance of an odontology as they remain consistent in individual from the skull for the purpose of shape, pattern, direction and unification personal identification.It allows recognition throughout the life of an individual except and assists the process of human change in their size with growth of the identification when it is not possible to palate.4 obtain optimal conditions, as a comparison of ante-mortem and post-mortem data. There are currently two basic approaches – two-dimensional and three- dimensional types of reconstruction. Both techniques employ either a manual or a computerized approach. The earliest scientific endeavour towards facial reconstruction began in the late 19th

Figure 3: Delineated palatal rugae century with various measurements of the 17 patterns facial thickness from cadavers. Nowadays, Materials and methods used to the advancement in technology a new analyze the rugae patterns includes, computer-based techniques emerged that photographs and impression of maxillary claimed to be quicker and more flexible.

Journal of Indo-Pacific Academy of Forensic Odontology Vol 8, No. 2, July - December., 2019

With the advancement in 3D technology, transportation mishaps and identification of computerized 3D forensic facial mutilated and decomposed bodies when all reconstruction - a fast, efficient and cost other parameters like scars, tattoos, and effective computer aided forensic facial facial features have failed. reconstruction method was developed.18 Methods of denture labeling falls This method uses a laser video camera under two categories: the surface marking interfaced with a computer or with CT method and the inclusion method. The scanning. Skull data are then imaged as a surface marking methods include scribbling fully shaded 3D surface. The face can be or engraving the denture and marking with drawn with the help of computer software embossed letters. Inclusion methods (Fig.4).19 include metal identification bands, computer Denture identification ‑printed denture micro‑labeling system, Medicolegal importance of denture lead paper labeling, embedding the patient marking systems in identification of the photograph, denture bar coding, T‑bar, dead or deceased when all other means laser etching, lenticular card system (using have failed, identification of individuals for a forensic, social and legal reasons, victim polyethylene terephthalate, in which identification in case of mass disasters like the first flip shows patient’s name, sex, and terrorism, bombings, earthquakes, age, and the second flip shows address and hurricanes, typhoons, air crashes and other driving license number, when viewed from a different angle), radiofrequency identification tags, electronic microchips.4 Comparison Microscopes The use of microscopes in forensic sciences has an impact on the accuracy. Examination of teeth under microscope can confirm sex by the presence or absence of Y-chromatin. The phase contrast microscope is useful in analyzing the Figure 4: Facial reconstruction using cemental annulations for age estimation. computer software. The forensic technology has (Image courtesy of KoljaKähler, MPI Informatik developed a prototype virtual comparison Saarbruecken, Germany). microscope (VCM).4 VCM utilizes images of

Journal of Indo-Pacific Academy of Forensic Odontology Vol 8, No. 2, July - December., 2019

deformed bullets, bullet fragments, and To maximize dental application in various types of rifling from the company’s forensic cases, it is necessary to train BulletTrax‑3D system. With the VCM, it is dentists in the practical aspects of forensic easy to find significant markings in any odontology. And there is necessity in direction while maintaining a consistent exposing dentists to the basic principles and appearance.20 techniques of the subject. Tongue prints Hence dependence on latest Tongue is very unique vital organ technologies alone does not always help in and its vitality is well inscribed in Traditional solving cases.Thus a combination of reliable Chinese Medicine as “Tongue of life”. The conventional methods and potentialities of dorsal surface of the tongue is unique for advanced sciences can make wonders in each person. The characteristic features of the science of forensic dentistry. the tongue exhibit remarkable difference even between identical twins. Lingual Conflict of interest: None impressions (impression of the dorsal Financial assistance: None surface along with the lateral borders) together with its photographic image, have REFERENCES been proved to be useful in forensic 1. Jayanth Kumar Vadivel. Virtual Autopsy. dentistry identification when used in International Journal of Forensic Odontology, 2016. conjunction with methods such as 2. Moumita Sinha, I. Arjun Rao. Genetics and cheiloscopy and rugoscopy.4 Molecular Biology Techniques Applications in CONCLUSION Forensic Dentistry-A Review. Int. J. of Forensic dentistry plays a major role Multidisciplinary and Current research,2017, in identificatin of those individuals who 5: 316-19. cannot be identified. At the crime scene, the 3. Karanprakash Singh, Chitra Anandani, forensic odontologists play a major role in RamanPreet Kaur Bhullar, Anil Agrawal, investigating Harshvardhan Chaudhary, Ankur Thakral. and interpreting the dental evidence. Teeth and their Secrets – Forensic Dentistry. J Forensic Res 2012, 3:1. Recent tragedies and past and present 4. Nadeem Jeddy, Shivani Ravi, T. Radhika. situations have increased awareness Current trends in forensic odontology. J concerning the importance of forensic Forensic Dent Sci. 2017 Sep-Dec; 9(3): 115– dentistry in identification of victims. 119

Journal of Indo-Pacific Academy of Forensic Odontology Vol 8, No. 2, July - December., 2019

5. Zakirulla M, et al. Modern Tools in Forensic Inanimate Object: A Forensic‑Based Cross‑ Dentistry. IJCD ; 2011:2(3). sectional Study.IJFO;2018. 6. Balla SB. Forensic dental identification: 14. Mayall SS. Dental DNA finger‑printing in Practice in Indian context compared to identification of human remains. Ann Dent western countries. J Forensic Sci Med Spec 2013;1:16‑9. 2016;2:44‑7. 15. Chandramani More et al. Cheiloscopy – A 7. Hegde P et al. Role and Importance of Review. Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine forensic odontology in identification. Int Toxicology. 2009, Vol. 3, No. 1. Interdiscip J Sci Res 2014; 1:64‑9. 16. Lara Maria Herrera et al. Forensic Facial 8. Carvalho SP et al.Use of images for human Reconstruction: Review and Analysis of identification in forensic dentistry. Radiol Scientific Research in Brazil.Brazilian Journal Bras2009; 42:125‑30. of Forensic Sciences, 2013. 9. Suzana Papile Maciel Carvalho et al.Use of 17. Arpita S. 3D Forensic Facial Reconstruction: images for human identification in forensic A Review of the Traditional dentistry. Radiol Bras. 2009 Mar/Abr; 42 Sculpting Methods and Recent Computerised (2):125–130. Developments. Int J Forens Sci 2018,3(1): 10. Gruber J et al. O papel da radiologiaem 000134. odontologia legal. Pesqui Odontol Bras. 18. Sonia Gupta. Forensic Facial Reconstruction: 2001; 15: 263–8. The Final Frontier.Journal of Clinical and 11. Rocha Sdos S . Applicability of 3D‑CT facial Diagnostic Research. 2015 Sep, Vol-9. reconstruction for forensic individual 19. Arun Jacob Thomas et al. Advances in identification. PesquiOdontol Bras 2003; Forensic Odontology - An Overview. IJPCDR, 17:24‑8. April-June (Suppl) 2018; 5(2):79-81. 12. K. P. Divakar. Forensic Odontology: The New 20. Sumalatha S, Padmaja S, Prafulla Thumati. Dimension in Dental AnalysisInt J Biomed “Every contact leaves its trace” – Insight into Sci.2017. recent advances of forensic odontology. J 13. K Saraswathi Gopal l. Evaluation of Accuracy Cancer Treat Res 2015; 3:1‑7. of Human Bite Marks on Skin and an

Journal of Indo-Pacific Academy of Forensic Odontology Vol 8, No. 2, July - December., 2019

Review Article

THE SCIENTIFIC MAZE: DERMATOGLYPHICS

Roopika Handa1, M.K. Sunil2* 1Reader, 2Professor & Head

Dept of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Teerthanker Mahaveer Dental College and Research Center, Moradabd * Corresponding author: [email protected]

ABSTRACT Dermatoglyphics is defined as the scientific study of fingerprints on the surfaces of palms, soles, fingers and toes. The term is derived from Greek word ‘derma’ means skin and ‘glyphics’ meaning curved. Cummins and Midlo first coined this term in 1926. Harold Cummins is considered to be the father of dermatoglyphics. The fingerprints are comprised of epidermal ridges, which are of two types, namely, primary and secondary. These ridges are differentiated during the third and fourth month of fetal life. The primary ridges are mainly responsible for the characteristic dermatoglyphics pattern. Secondary ridges are present at regular intervals on the apex of primary ridges. They have distinct patterns to them mainly: loops, arch and whorls. Galton in 19th century stated that dermatoglyphics in every individual remains unchanged throughout the lifetime. They are unique for each individual, varying even in monozygotic twins. This uniqueness is thus considered as an important tool for the study of genetics, genetic disorders and also in forensics, as they are the last to decompose after a person dies. Its study has various uses in dentistry since a number of parameters can be determined because of their uniqueness that can help in diagnosing various dental anomalies.

Key Words: Dermatoglyphics, Forensic Dentistry, Fingerprints

INTRODUCTION: powerful tool for diagnosis of various According Humans are all unique psychological, genetic and medical and the major predictors of it have been our conditions. fingerprints. Decades of scientific research Dermatoglyphics have been applied have led to recognition of study of hand as a in various fields of medicine, genetics,

Journal of Indo-Pacific Academy of Forensic Odontology Vol 8, No. 2, July - December., 2019

education, human resources and topographic growth forces affecting volar management, etc. Lately there have been skin.1, 4 remarkable discoveries based on theory of PATTERNS AND CLASSIFICATION multi-intelligence forming the basics of There are three basic types of chirology. Inclusion of dermatoglyphics with patterns for fingerprints: physical examination can provide 1) Arch type: In these the ridges traverse information on otherwise difficult to from one side to another with no diagnose disorders. This scientific maze backward turns. These are of plain comprised of lines and patterns has been a and tented types. The ridges in plain tool of identification in forensics to type flow from one side to the other deciphering of future for traditional palmists side with rise or wave in center. In also. tented arches however the ridge in the Though Cummins and Midlo coined center forms angle or upthrust. the term first in 1926, the significance of 2) Loops comprise 60-70% of fingerprints had started with experiments fingerprints. The ridges terminate in conducted by William Hersched in 1858. the direction they entered after This furthermore led to demonstration of its recurving. The radial loops open on biological variations and hereditary the radial side and ulnar loops on the significance with different racial groups by ulnar side. Sir Francis Galton in 1892. The first book on 3) Whorls are of 6 types and comprise of classification and uses of fingerprints by Sir about 25-35% of fingerprint patterns. 1,2,3 Edward Henry was published in 1893. The concentric whorls are arranged as Since then it has been a series of concentric rings in succession. The evaluation and experiments on deciphering ones that spiral around a core are this code that our genetic system has given known as spiral whorl. A small whorl us right on our finger tips. enclosed by a loop is a central pocket EMBRYOGENESIS whorl. Any complex patterns are The configurations of dermal ridge included in accidental whorls. Variable are direct consequence of surface combinations are categorized as topography of fetal hand during dermal mixed. Two separate loop formations ridge development between thirteenth and with two shoulders and deltas nineteenth weeks of prenatal life. These are comprise of double loop whorl. Central the immediate results of physical and pocket whorl has recurving ridges or a

Journal of Indo-Pacific Academy of Forensic Odontology Vol 8, No. 2, July - December., 2019

right angle obstruction to the inner flow According to various studies a line. particular pattern has been correlated with a Alongwith these patterns there are type of learning behavior and each finger various ridge characteristics comprised of correlated with a brain lobe. High bifurcation, trifurcation, dots, spur, bridge, performers have been revealed to have a ridge crossing and ending ridge depending high average total ridge count with upon the terminations, intersections and percentages ranging from 65-100%, branching of the various ridges.5,6,7,8,9,10 average performers have 50-64% and low CORRELATION WITH INDIVIDUAL performers below 50% of average total CHARACTERISTICS AND DISEASE ridge count.12 An individual is defined by their Since time immemorial various unique set of functional, physical, psychic studies have been done to establish and pathological characteristics. Since correlation of various dental diseases with a fingerprints are a mirror to the unique particular fingerprint pattern. Individuals with genetic characteristics, their value has been high susceptibility to dental caries were established in identification at sites of mass found to have increased whorl pattern. disaster, at crime scenes, accidents, Decreased frequency of radial loops has uncertainty of paternity, gender identification been correlated with periodontitis. Oral and for national identification. 11 submucous fibrosis has been shown to be Nowadays there have been various present in individuals with increased arches. centers where dermatoglyphics is evaluated Presence of increased whorls in lower half to define the characteristics and intelligence of palm has been reported in squamous cell of an individual. Especially when parents carcinoma. Subsequent correlations have want to evaluate the capabilities of their been observed in cases of cleft lip and child so that a proper career for further palate with an increased frequency of ulnar persuasion can be chosen. These centers and radial loops. Breakthrough studies have are using dermatoglyphics multi-intelligence furthermore revealed dermatoglyphics as a tests to further evaluate the capabilities of mirror to many congenital anomalies and individuals and to help them in making a genetic disorders.6,9,14,15,16,17,18 right career choice. The fingerprint patterns have also been established as characteristic CONCLUSION for brain mapping and intelligence This review is a brief insight into the 12,13 quotient. simple yet complex scientific structure of

Journal of Indo-Pacific Academy of Forensic Odontology Vol 8, No. 2, July - December., 2019

dermatoglyphics. Though being just as 5. Lakshmi Prabha J, Thenmozhi R. A Short simple as fingerprints it gives an insight into Review on Dermatoglyphics. J. Pharm. Sci. many complexities of human body and & Res. Vol 6(4), 2014, 200-202. 6. Gh. Mohd. Bhat, M. Arif Mukhdhoomi, Bahir nature. There have been many correlative Ahmed Shah, Mohd Saleem Ittoo. studies, which have led to various Dermatoglyphics: in health and disease – a breakthroughs asserting the presence of review. Int J Res Med Sci 2014 Feb; 2(1): particular pattern of fingerprints with an 31-37. individualistic behavior or disease. The 7. Anu Sharma, Veena Sood, Poonam Singh, science of anything is an insight and Apoorva Sharma. Dermatoglyphics: A inquisitiveness into what may be hidden, review on fingerprints and their changing thus being a never ending quench for trends of use. CHRISMED J Health Res further evaluations and studies. 2018;5: 167-72. 8. Amit Soni, Siddharth Kumar Singh, Anjali Gupta. Implications of Dermatoglyphics in Conflict of interest: None Dentistry. www.journalofdentofacialsciences. Financial assistance: None com 2013; 2(2): 27-30.

9. Namdeo Prabhu, Rakhi Issrani, Saurabh REFERENCES Mathur, Gaurav Mishra, Shruti Sinha. 1. Garima Jain. “Dermatoglyphics” – The Dermatoglyphics in Health and Oral Science of Lines and Patterns and its Diseases-A Review. JSM Dent 2014; 2(4): Implications in Dentistry. International 1044. Journal of Contemporary Medical Research 10. Nichole A. Fournier and Ann H. Ross. Sex, 2016 Oct; 3(10): 2973-2977. Ancestral, and Pattern Type Variation of 2. Ceena Denny E., Junaid Ahmed, Nandita Fingerprint Minutae: A Forensic Perspective Shenoy, Almas Binnal. Dermatoglyphics in on Anthropological Dermatoglyphics. Am J Dentistry – A Review. Int J Cur Res Rev, PhysAnthropol 000:000-000, 2015. Nov 2013; 5(21): 30-33. 11. Surapaneni Ratheesh Kumar Nandan, 3. N S Priya, P Sharada, N Chaitanya Babu, H Brijesh Krishna Bandaru, Arvind Babu C Girish. Dermatoglyphics in Dentistry: An Rajendra Santosh, Prashanth Thankappan, Insight. World J Dent 2013;4(2): 144-147. Naga Sirisha Venkata Chundru, Rajesh 4. Nivedita Sahoo. A Comparative Study of Amudala. A study on association and Dermatoglyphics in Subjects with correlation of lip and finger print pattern Hypodivergent and Hyperdivergent Growth analysis for gender identification. J NTR Patterns. J IntSocPrev Community Dent. Univ Health Sci 2015; 4: 176-81. 2018 Nov-Dec; 8(6): 540-545.

Journal of Indo-Pacific Academy of Forensic Odontology Vol 8, No. 2, July - December., 2019

12. Madhumitha Prabhakaran, Sudakshina 15. Sharma A, Somani R. Dermatoglyphic Chakrabarti, Gunapriya Raghunath. interpretation of dental caries and its Dermatoglyphics and intelligence quotient correlation to salivary bacteria interactions: (IQ) in children of the age group 4 to 7 years An in vivo study. J Indian SocPedod Prevent in the South Indian population. J. Evolution Dent Jan-Mar 2009; 1(27): 17-21. Med. Dent. Sci. 2019; 8(14): 1178-1187. 16. Khokhar Vijender, Ghavri Tarannum, Pathak 13. Simeen R Khan, Heena R Kher. A Review Anuradha. Dermatoglyphics Interpretation of on Fingerprint Classification for Brain Dental Caries: An in vivo study. Int J Dent Mapping. GIT-Journal of Engineering and Med Res 2015;1(6):54-56. Technology, Ninth Volume, 2016, ISSN 17. NidhiMadan, ArunRathnam, Neeti Bajaj. 2249-6157. Palmistry: A tool for dental caries prediction! 14. Shruthi Chandrasekaran, Ramya Indian J Dent Res 2011; 22: 213-18. Chellammal, Dhanraj M. Ganapathy. 18. Mathew L., Hegde A. M., Rai K. Dermatoglyphics: A tool in dentistry. J Adv Dermatoglyphic peculiarities in children with Pharm Edu Res 2017; 7(3): 248-252. oral clefts. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent 2005 Dec: 179-182.

Journal of Indo-Pacific Academy of Forensic Odontology Vol 8, No. 2, July - December., 2019

Review Article

ROLE OF TONGUE-PRINTS IN FORENSIC ODONTOLOGY – A REVIEW

Shilpa Dutta Malik1*, Aparna K Sanath 2, Upender Malik 3 1,2Senior Lecturer, Dept. Of Oral Pathology & Microbiology

3Professor Dept of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Teerthanker Mahaveer Dental College and Research Center, Moradabd * Corresponding author: [email protected]

ABSTRACT Tongue is a vital organ that is well encased in the oral cavity. Tongue imprints in forensic odontology for person identification is a novel technique and can be used as a biometric tool too. The role of forensic odontologist is of utmost importance in forensic investigations. In case, all the sources of information are lost, tongue can be used as an effective alternative as it is difficult to be forged. However, few conditions such as developmental malformations, systemic illnesses and associated syndromes, limit the use of tongue as forensic tool. But few researches have been conducted which prove the efficacy of tongue-prints as an effective investigative tool.

Key Words: Personal identification; sexual dimorphism; tongue imprints; forensic dentistry

INTRODUCTION: imprints in forensic odontology for person Forensic odontology is an integral identification is a novel technique and can part of forensic science(1). Over the years, be used as biometric tool. The tongue is a dental and oro-facial characteristics have muscular organ situated in the floor of the been crucial in person identification in mouth. The tongue comprises of skeletal judicial system. Dentist have a major role in muscles that are voluntary and is maintaining all dental records so that legal associated with the functions of taste, authorities may recognize any abuse or speech, mastication and deglutition. Tongue fraud in the identity of person(2). Tongue has an oral part that lies in the mouth and

Journal of Indo-Pacific Academy of Forensic Odontology Vol 8, No. 2, July - December., 2019

pharyngeal part that lies in the pharynx. between males and females tongue Oral and pharyngeal part are separated by characteristics5. Various studies have a V- shaped sulcus called sulcus terminalis. proven efficacy of tongue impressions in Tongue is anchored to hyoid bone, assessing sexual dimorphism. Abraham mandible and soft palate. Four intrinsic and johnson et al6 conducted a study to evaluate three extrinsic muscles of tongue are tongue morphology and texture using supplied by hypoglossal nerve. Studies tongue impressions and photographs and have shown that even identical twins have concluded that features like color shape and different tongue morphology. This review texture can be used as an effective method focuses on the different techniques of in person identification. However, its use in tongue print collection and application of natural calamities is yet to be documented7. morphological characteristics of tongue in Tongue prints collection and Tongue forensic identification. assessment: There are various techniques Tongue as forensic tool: The by which tongue prints can be collected for tongue is the only internal organ which can evaluation and person identification. Visual be drawn out for the purpose of inspection examination done by the help of digital and palpation. On the basis of tongue imaging is a simple technique in which morphology, texture shape and color, the digital images of the tongue can be taken tongue can be analyzed. There are many and matched with the database for obvious differences from one individual to verification. Tongue images can also be other which can be studied using tongue used for identification of tongue shape impressions and tongue images. The which is done by joining 3 reference points7. individual tongue’s shape is constant and A study was conducted in Hong Kong physiological texture is invariable as it is polytechnic university in 2007 which was protected inside the oral cavity, so difficult to designed to develop tongue image forge(3). Lingual impressions (impression of database that included both tongue the dorsal surface along with lateral geometric shape and surface texture of borders) have been proved to be useful in individual8. For studying minute details and forensic dentistry for personal identification, 3 dimensional analysis of the tongue, when used along with methods such as alginate impressions can be done followed cheiloscopy and rugoscopy4. Various by cast preparation5,6. Alternate method studies have shown its role in sexual includes sublingual vein analysis9. An dimorphism on the basis of differences ultrasound technique has been employed

Journal of Indo-Pacific Academy of Forensic Odontology Vol 8, No. 2, July - December., 2019

using an ultrasound transducer placed in cough and cold. Retinal scans are sensitive the sublingual area to analyse the function and get affected by intensity of light. Among of the tongue10. Histological examination of all these biometric systems, tongue as a the tongue can also be used as a mode of biometric tool has several advantages as its tongue analysis. well encased in oral cavity and protected by Tongue print as biometrics: All the external environment, hence difficult to currently used biometric systems like forge and not subjected to alterations. So fingerprints, retinal scan, signature check, the physiological texture and shape remains face scan, voice recognition have their own constant throughout the life. Moreover, advantages and disadvantages they can be tongue is unique to every individual. easily forged; like fingerprints can be altered Therefore, tongue print is a novel technique surgically or by injuries and burn. Even which can be employed for biometric voice can be altered in various illnesses like authentication7. Advantages of tongue as diagnostic tool Limitations of tongue as diagnostic tool

• Well protected from the external • Role is not documented in deceased environment person

• Uniqueness in terms of surface texture and • Tongue characteristics altered due to any shape disorders

• Easy accessibility • Coated tongue

• Presence of evidence at crime site - • Any potentially malignant lesion unaltered

• It is resistant to decomposition and • Developmental deformity carbonization due to its location in the humid closed cavity and thus can be used in post-mortem evaluation.

• Physiological texture and shape remains • Known allergy to alginate constant throughout the life

• Difficult to forge \• with systemic illness like anemia, syphilis, hyperthyroidism, gigantism, dwarfism • Potential role in differentiating between • Pregnancy healthy and unhealthy individuals (colour)

• Can be used as for biometric • Associated syndromes like Melkerson-

Journal of Indo-Pacific Academy of Forensic Odontology Vol 8, No. 2, July - December., 2019

authentication Rosenthal syndrome, Down syndrome palatoscopy and odontometrics in sex CONCLUSION: prediction and discrimination – A comparative study. Open Dent J Forensic identification based on 2015;8:269-79. tongue imprints is a novel technique. Very 5. Jeddy N, Radhika T, Nithya S. Tongue prints few studies have been carried out on the in biometric authentication: A pilot study. J same. More studies are needed to validate Oral Maxillofac pathol 2017;21:176-179. the role of tongue in forensic investigations 6. Abraham J, Binita G, Sandra E J. A and in biometric authentication, thus Morphological Study of Tongue and its Role enhancing the role of forensic odontologists in Forensics Odontology. J Forensic Sci & in the same. Criminal Invest. 2018; 7(5): 555723. DOI: Conflict of interest: None 10.19080/JFSCI.2018.07.555723 7. Radhika T, Jeddy N, Nithya S. Tongue Financial assistance: None

prints: A novel biometric and potential REFERENCES forensic tool. J Forensic Dent Sci. 1. Dinkaran j, Dineshkumar T, Nandhini G, 2016;8(3):117-201. Priyadharshini N, Rajkumar K. Gender 8. Liu Z, Zhang D, Tang QL. A tongue-print determination using dentition. SRM J Res image database for recognition. Mach Learn Dent Sci. 2015;6:29-34. Cybern 2007;4:2235-8. 2. Verma AK, Kumar S, Rathore S, Pandey A. 9. Yan Z, Wang K, Li N. Computerized feature Role of dental expert in forensic odontology. quantification of sublingual veins from color Natl J Maxillofac Surg. 2014;5(1):2-5. sublingual images. Comput Methods 3. Stefanescu C L, Popa M F, Candea LS. Programs Biomed 2009;93:192-205. Preliminary study on the tongue-based 10. Menard L, Aubin J, Thibeault M, Richard G. forensic identification. Rom J Leg Med Measuring tongue shapes and positions with 2014; (22): 263-266. DOI: ultrasound imaging: A validation experiment 10.4323/rjlm.2014.263. using an articulatory model. Folia Phoniatr 4. Nagalaxmi V, Ugrappa S, Naga Jyothi M, Ch Logop 2012;64:64-72. L, Maloth KN, Kodangal S. Cheiloscopy,

Journal of Indo-Pacific Academy of Forensic Odontology Vol 8, No. 2, July - December., 2019

Conference Report

The International Conference of Forensic Odontology and Child Abuse (ICFO 2019) organized at King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, India

Over The International Conference from all over India, students as well as of Forensic Odontology and Child Abuse faculties of various colleges, forensic (ICFO 2019) organized at King George’s laboratories, social workers, lawyers, army Medical University (KGMU) from 31st July person, etc actively participated in the to 3rd August 2019 in association of IAOMP activities and scientific sessions of the (Indian Association of Oral & Maxillofacial conference. Pathologists) & other knowledge partners Day 1 of the conference was AFOHR (Association Forensic Odontology dedicated to 2 pre-conference workshops at for Human Rights), INPAFO (Indo-Pacific KGMU titled as DVI Lecture & Perspective Academy of Forensic Odontology), SPIC of Experiences on Practice Field and (Society for Prevention of Injuries & Pixel-scopic Analysis- A Workshop on Corporal Punishment). This conference was Morphometric Analysis in Research, gathering of experts of various fraternities organized in CP Govilla, New Dental from 10 countries across world, expressed Building KGMU. The inauguration of the their views, research work and discussed workshops was done by (Hon. Vice future work on the subject of forensic Chancellor) Prof M.L.B. Bhatt and the Chief odontology and child abuse. Apart from the guest Maj. Gen. (Dr.) A.K. Nandi (Director conference 6 pre-conference workshops, Command Hospital) along with Dr. scientific sessions and cultural competitions Prashanth Bhagawath (Forensic Advisor, were conducted. ICRC, SAARC Division) and guest of honor The conference was organized by Mr. Sudhir Mishra (Editor in Chief nav Forensic Odontology Unit, Department of Bharat Times) and dr. Shalini Gupta. Oral Pathology & Microbiology, Faculty of The workshop on DVI Lecture & Dental Sciences under the guidance of Prof. Perspective of Experiences on Practice Dr. Shaleen Chandra and Prof. Dr. Shalini Field was designed in such a manner to Gupta. They put their heart and soul into the benefit the army personal, police and success of this conference. This conference media. Delegates from National Disaster witnessed a large number of registrations

Journal of Indo-Pacific Academy of Forensic Odontology Vol 8, No. 2, July - December., 2019

Management Association, State Disaster of death through post-mortem and new and Management Association, State Disaster emerging aspects of forensic science. Relief Force, Police, Forensic Science Whereas the Pixel- scopic Laboratory, International Red Cross Analysis- A Workshop on Morphometric Society, Army personal and media Analysis in Research was conducted by representatives were invited and lectures Dr. Satyajit Tekade and Dr. Anmol Gadbail were delivered by Prof (Dr.) Adarsh Kumar along with Ms. Apoorva Singh who gave (In-charge Forensic Anthropology & Hands on experience during the workshop Forensic Radiology, AIIMS) Dr. Prashanth which focused on the use of morphometric Bhagavath (ICRC India), Dr. Emilio software in forensic odontology including Nuzzolese (HOD of Forensic Odontology, radiographic measurements for age Medico-legal Institute of Turin), Major estimation in different stages of dentition General A.K. Nandi (Director Command using the morphometric software which Dental Hospital), Mr. Sudhir Mishra helps in studies on bitemark analysis and (Resident editor of Nav Bharat Times), Dr. cheloiscopy. The workshop was attended by Archana Tripathi ( Director FSL, Lucknow). the students, researchers and the faculty The workshop encompassed the role of members of the dental sciences, pathology, above fraternities and practical use of anatomy, and medicine. The workshop forensic odontology in the scaling down covered some aspects of 3-D volumetric child abuse and disaster victim identification measurements of pulp, use of (DVI). During the workshop SAARC Histomorphometry and Digital Slide forensic division advisor Dr. Prashanth Analysis. Other than this it even focused on Bhagavath described during the event of the oral cancer detection using PET scans natural or man-made disaster how the using (Eclipse Software) and studying scans NDRF (National Disaster Management in 2D & 3D MATLAB predicting the chances Association) teams co-ordinate to prevent of tumor recurrence. Recent advancements loss of lives and difficulties arising in the in the field of the digital techniques have forensic investigation and personal increased the role of morphometric analysis identification of the cadaver and methods to in the field of forensic odontology which is overcome such issues. Dr. Emilio Nuzzoles laying new foundation for the advance discussed the techniques used by the studies in the field of dental sciences and doctors for prevention from infection, forensic odontology. identification of cadaver, estimation of time

Journal of Indo-Pacific Academy of Forensic Odontology Vol 8, No. 2, July - December., 2019

Organizing secretary of the ICFO by Dr. Evi Untoro (INTERPOL, Indonesia), and Professor in the department of Oral Dr. Emilio Nuzzoles, Dr. Adarsh Kumar, Dr. Pathology and Microbiology Dr. Shalini Ranjeet Singh. This workshop covered the Gupta stated that is first of its kind in India INTERPOL guidelines for disaster victim where representatives from media, forensic identification. This Guide has been expert, police personals, and students were endorsed by the INTERPOL DVI Standing trained in the field of medicine, child abuse Committee and INTERPOL DVI Working and neglect long with the methods and Group, for use by INTERPOL Member ways to scale then down. During the event Countries in the identification of disaster SDRF SSP Niharika Sharma and Shoaib victims. It can also be used to assist in Iqbal, Media cell Shiv Kishor Pandey and establishing DVI Teams and in the Head of Department of Pediatric Dentistry management of DVI operations by those Dr. R.K. Chak were amongst some eminent countries that either do not currently have a guests. Another workshop conducted on DVI capacity, or have never been Dental Skills in Dvi conducted by Dr. Selina confronted with such operational situations, Leow (Australia) at different venue should be of use to personnel from both law Saraswati Dental College. enforcement and forensic backgrounds. It should also be of use to national and local Day 2 of the conference was authorities, as well as to organisations that organized in the Kalam Center situate in the have responsibility for emergency campus of King George’s Medical College. contingency planning. Three workshops were conducted simultaneously for which students as well The DVI process is an internationally the faculty participated actively. recognized sequence of activities that has been developed over several years. It has Workshop on Dvi Procedures With been tested in large scale disasters in many Interpol Guide With Hands On, 3D regions across the world and has proven to SCANING AND PRINTING and Child be a reliable method by which victim data in Protection Workshop for Health the form of post-mortem material can be Professionals were organized on second matched against missing person data. The day of the conference. aim of this matching process is to positively Workshop on DVI Procedures With identify human remains. It is also essential Interpol Guide With Hands On conducted to respond to relatives’ needs with compassion, respect, and honesty, to

Journal of Indo-Pacific Academy of Forensic Odontology Vol 8, No. 2, July - December., 2019

provide answers and certainty as soon as by the ability to create its precise reasonably possible. The application of replications using 3D printing. Dr. Ludhwani open communication, respect and honesty even demonstrated the process of 3D are all hallmarks of the principles that printing. should underpin DVI operations and these Workshop topic Child Protection principles are supported and strongly Workshop for Health Professionals was promoted by INTERPOL. conducted by Dr. Hani Jahshan. The goal of The workshop included lecture on this workshop was to establish sensitize the disaster scene, introduction on INTERPOL health professionals to the importance of forms by Dr. Emilio Nuzzolese) followed by keeping violence against children in mind lecture on AM - PM data collection, during clinical practice. The objective of the repatriation system by Dr. Evi Untoro. Then workshop was to make the attendees hands-on fingerprinting by Dr. Ranjeet understand following Singh and lecture by Prof. Dr. Adarsh I. Comprehend the concepts of incidence Kumar on Forensic Anthropology with and prevalence of violence against Hands-On for identification of bones of children. unidentified person. Then Dr. Emilio Nuzzoloes delivered lecture Forensic II. Understand the demographics of violence Odontology and DVI with hands-on on against children. Dental Autopsy. Followed by embalming III. To get acquainted with the legal and hands-on and lecture on Forensic Pathology ethical issues related to child protection. & Forensic Genetic/ DNA, Autopsy Simulation Video/ Pictures by Dr. Evi Untoro IV. To identify traditional medical tools of history, physical examination, laboratory, The next workshop was conducted imaging, and consultation as the primary by Dr. Suresh Ludhwani on 3D SCANING tools for diagnosing violence against AND PRINTING in this workshop Dr. children. Suresh Ludhwani demonstrated the future perspective of this innovative technology V. Apprehend the short and long-term and its forensic relevance. He even outcomes of violence against children. demonstrated the printing and scanning VI. Enabling them to respond to identified techniques using multiple software and cases of violence against children including method of digital archiving of trace evidence

Journal of Indo-Pacific Academy of Forensic Odontology Vol 8, No. 2, July - December., 2019

their role in the national multi-sectorial child Later Prof. M.L.B. Bhatt vice protection system. chancellor (KGMU) appreciated that the government of Uttar Pradesh for Day 3 and 4 were reserved for the scientific establishing the forensic odontology unit in sessions. The scientific sessions along with King George’s Medical University for it is cultural events was participated by huge tremendously growing across globe. He number of participants. The competitions announced that forensic odontology unit is included poster and oral presentation, going to launch an app soon to educate Rangoli, documentary, soap carving and e- children and their guardians about child poster presentations. With active abuse. He expressed his views on the topic participation and enthusiasm of the faculty of child abuse and said that it is shameful as well as students makes it a colossal and unfortunate for a kid is deprived of his success. innocence and imparts negative effect on The inaugural ceremony for the him throughout his life. He further added conference was grand with Minister of Law that in last 10-15 years child abuse cases and Justice and Additional Energy reported have crossed all past records. Resources and Politicians Pension in Uttar Lastly concluded by wishing the government Pradesh Government Mr. Brajesh Pathak as for their efforts to bring justice to such kids chief guest of the conference and session and maintaining strong heads towards such started with lightening of lamp and then cases for in past these cases were not even scientific session started. He put forth his reported. views on the child abuse and his deep Later in the ceremony Mr. Brajesh regrets towards such cases. He further Pathak (Minister of Law and Justice and added that the government of Uttar Pradesh Additional Energy Resources and Politicians is not lenient towards such cases and is Pension in Uttar Pradesh) Prof. M.L.B. Bhatt heading with strong heads to deliver justice (Vice Chancellor, King George’s Medical and determined to promote and conducting University), Prof. Shadab Mohammad such events. He even congratulated Prof. (Dean, Dean Sciences) and Dr. Shalini M.L.B. Bhatt vice chancellor medical Gupta (Organizing secretory) released the college, Dr. Shalini Gupta and her team on souvenir. This was followed by IAOMP organizing this conference and asked to (Indian Association of Oral and Maxillofacial conduct similar conference in future for it Pathologists) oral cancer awareness torch helps the society. rally. Students preceded by faculty moved

Journal of Indo-Pacific Academy of Forensic Odontology Vol 8, No. 2, July - December., 2019

with placard with slogans and collages to scientific competitions were awarded by the spread awareness regarding the cause, esteemed faculty. Ending the 4 day repercussion and cure of oral cancer. conference with great energy and a reality check about the society where the future of While the scientific sessions this country is growing. included both national as well as international speakers who were experts The final outcome of the conference from various fraternities delivered lecture on was that we need to revise the laws against scaling down the cases of child abuse and the child abuse and it should be redefined cases of forensic odontology. The majority with modern definition including cyber of delegates were Dental and Law students bullying. Whereas India still needs to but many dentists, forensic odontologists, establish strict laws along with classes to scientist, anthropologist, paediatrician, help the children suffering from child abuse. psychologist and few people from judiciary, While in the context of forensic odontology it bureaucrats, politicians, police, military was established that India still needs to personals and state disaster management work in this field to reach the world authorities’ personals also attended the standards. With great scope of development conference. Therefore, the outcome of this India still lags research in this field, to tackle conference was fruitful for the people of this, modes of improvement and ways to various fraternities. The scientific sessions engage more people towards improvement included experts from different arenas in this field was discussed in the delivered their views and opinions on the conference. The International Conference of theme of the conference, the interactive Forensic Odontology & Child Abuse - 2019 audience uplifted these sessions. brought together participants from a wide range of disciplines, to meet, learn of the The last ceremony of the last day latest advances and trends in the field of was the valedictory ceremony where all the forensic odontology along with the burning speakers and winners of all the cultural and topic of child abuse, and exchanged ideas. Prof. Shalini Gupta, Prof. RK Gorea, Organizing Secretary (ICFO) President, Indo-Pacific Academy of Forensic Department of Oral Pathology & Odontology (INPAFO) Microbiology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Professor & head, Forensic Medicine & King George’s Medical University, Toxicology, Gian Sagar Medical College, Lucknow, India Banur, Punjab

Journal of Indo-Pacific Academy of Forensic Odontology Vol 8, No. 2, July - December., 2019