DOCSLIB.ORG

California Tiger Salamander (Ambystoma Californiense)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
California Tiger Salamander (Ambystoma Californiense) PETITION TO THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME COMMISSION SUPPORTING INFORMATION FOR The California Tiger Salamander (Ambystoma californiense) TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.................................................................................................................1 PROCEDURAL HISTORY ................................................................................................................2 THE CESA LISTING PROCESS AND THE STANDARD FOR ACCEPTANCE OF A PETITION ...5 DESCRIPTION, BIOLOGY, AND ECOLOGY OF THE CALIFORNIA TIGER SALAMANDER ....6 I. DESCRIPTION ...............................................................................................................................6 II. TAXONOMY .................................................................................................................................7 III. REPRODUCTION AND GROWTH .....................................................................................................7 IV. MOVEMENT.................................................................................................................................9 V. FEEDING ....................................................................................................................................10 VI. POPULATION GENETICS .............................................................................................................10 HABITAT REQUIREMENTS..........................................................................................................12 DISTRIBUTION ..............................................................................................................................13 I. HISTORICAL DISTRIBUTION ........................................................................................................13 II. CURRENT DISTRIBUTION ............................................................................................................14 A. Range-wide Distribution .......................................................................................................14 B. Sonoma County Distribution .................................................................................................17 C. Santa Barbara Distribution ...................................................................................................18 D. Central California Distribution .............................................................................................18 1. Bay Area Distribution........................................................................................................18 2. Central Valley Distribution................................................................................................19 3. Southern San Joaquin Distribution.....................................................................................19 4. Central Coast Range Distribution ......................................................................................19 ABUNDANCE AND POPULATION DECLINE..............................................................................20 NATURE AND DEGREE OF THREAT ...........................................................................................21 I. PRESENT OR THREATENED MODIFICATION OR DESTRUCTION OF HABITAT...................................22 A. Measures of Habitat Destruction Throughout the Range of the California Tiger Salamander23 1. Range-wide Decline ..........................................................................................................23 2. Continued Decline of Vernal Pools in California ...............................................................23 3. Other Studies of Habitat Conversion..................................................................................27 4. Destruction of Native Prairie Habitat.................................................................................28 5. Human Population Growth................................................................................................29 6. CNDDB and Environmental Review Documents...............................................................30 II. SPECIFIC THREATS BY POPULATION SEGMENT ............................................................................33 Page i A. Sonoma County .....................................................................................................................33 1. Status ................................................................................................................................33 2. Current Threats..................................................................................................................38 B. Santa Barbara.......................................................................................................................42 1. Specific Threats to the Santa Barbara County Population of the California Tiger Salamander as Presented by Sweet (1998)....................................................................................................46 C. Central California.................................................................................................................51 1. Current Threats..................................................................................................................51 a. Bay Area ..........................................................................................................................51 i. Alameda County........................................................................................................52 ii. Santa Clara County....................................................................................................54 iii. San Mateo County.....................................................................................................55 iv. San Benito County.....................................................................................................56 b. Central Valley ...............................................................................................................57 i. Contra Costa County..................................................................................................60 ii. Solano County...........................................................................................................63 iii. Sacramento County ...................................................................................................63 iv. Amador County.........................................................................................................63 v. San Joaquin County...................................................................................................64 vi. Stanislaus County......................................................................................................64 c. Southern San Joaquin Valley .........................................................................................64 d. Central Coast Range ......................................................................................................65 i. Monterey County.......................................................................................................65 ii. San Luis Obispo County............................................................................................66 III. REMAINING HABITAT ON EXISTING PROTECTED AND PUBLIC LAND IS INADEQUATE TO ENSURE THE LONG TERM SURVIVAL OF THE SPECIES.......................................................................................66 OVEREXPLOITATION...................................................................................................................72 PREDATION ...................................................................................................................................72 COMPETITION...............................................................................................................................73 DISEASE .........................................................................................................................................73 OTHER NATURAL EVENTS OR HUMAN-RELATED ACTIVITIES............................................74 I. HABITAT FRAGMENTATION ........................................................................................................74 II. HYBRIDIZATION WITH INTRODUCED TIGER SALAMANDERS ........................................................75 III. OTHER INTRODUCED SPECIES.....................................................................................................77 A. Mosquitofish..........................................................................................................................77 B. Other Introduced Fish Species...............................................................................................78 C. Bullfrogs ...............................................................................................................................78 C. Crayfish ................................................................................................................................78 D. Domestic Pets........................................................................................................................79 IV. CONTAMINANTS ........................................................................................................................79 A. Road Run-off.........................................................................................................................79 B. Agricultural Contaminants....................................................................................................80
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Identification of Mutant Genes and Introgressed Tiger Salamander
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Identification of Mutant Genes and Introgressed Tiger Salamander DNA in the Laboratory Axolotl, Received: 13 October 2016 Accepted: 19 December 2016 Ambystoma mexicanum Published: xx xx xxxx M. Ryan Woodcock1, Jennifer Vaughn-Wolfe1, Alexandra Elias2, D. Kevin Kump1, Katharina Denise Kendall1,5, Nataliya Timoshevskaya1, Vladimir Timoshevskiy1, Dustin W. Perry3, Jeramiah J. Smith1, Jessica E. Spiewak4, David M. Parichy4,6 & S. Randal Voss1 The molecular genetic toolkit of the Mexican axolotl, a classic model organism, has matured to the point where it is now possible to identify genes for mutant phenotypes. We used a positional cloning– candidate gene approach to identify molecular bases for two historic axolotl pigment phenotypes: white and albino. White (d/d) mutants have defects in pigment cell morphogenesis and differentiation, whereas albino (a/a) mutants lack melanin. We identified in white mutants a transcriptional defect in endothelin 3 (edn3), encoding a peptide factor that promotes pigment cell migration and differentiation in other vertebrates. Transgenic restoration of Edn3 expression rescued the homozygous white mutant phenotype. We mapped the albino locus to tyrosinase (tyr) and identified polymorphisms shared between the albino allele (tyra) and tyr alleles in a Minnesota population of tiger salamanders from which the albino trait was introgressed. tyra has a 142 bp deletion and similar engineered alleles recapitulated the albino phenotype. Finally, we show that historical introgression of tyra significantly altered genomic composition of the laboratory axolotl, yielding a distinct, hybrid strain of ambystomatid salamander. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of identifying genes for traits in the laboratory Mexican axolotl. The Mexican axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) is the primary salamander model in biological research.
    [Show full text]
  • Western Tiger Salamander,Ambystoma Mavortium
    COSEWIC Assessment and Status Report on the Western Tiger Salamander Ambystoma mavortium Southern Mountain population Prairie / Boreal population in Canada Southern Mountain population – ENDANGERED Prairie / Boreal population – SPECIAL CONCERN 2012 COSEWIC status reports are working documents used in assigning the status of wildlife species suspected of being at risk. This report may be cited as follows: COSEWIC. 2012. COSEWIC assessment and status report on the Western Tiger Salamander Ambystoma mavortium in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. xv + 63 pp. (www.registrelep-sararegistry.gc.ca/default_e.cfm). Previous report(s): COSEWIC. 2001. COSEWIC assessment and status report on the tiger salamander Ambystoma tigrinum in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. vi + 33 pp. (www.sararegistry.gc.ca/status/status_e.cfm). Schock, D.M. 2001. COSEWIC assessment and status report on the tiger salamander Ambystoma tigrinum in Canada, in COSEWIC assessment and status report on the tiger salamander Ambystoma tigrinum in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. 1-33 pp. Production note: COSEWIC would like to acknowledge Arthur Whiting for writing the status report on the Western Tiger Salamander, Ambystoma mavortium, in Canada, prepared under contract with Environment Canada. This report was overseen and edited by Kristiina Ovaska, Co-chair of the COSEWIC Amphibians and Reptiles Specialist Subcommittee. For additional copies contact: COSEWIC Secretariat c/o Canadian Wildlife Service Environment Canada Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3 Tel.: 819-953-3215 Fax: 819-994-3684 E-mail: COSEWIC/[email protected] http://www.cosewic.gc.ca Également disponible en français sous le titre Ếvaluation et Rapport de situation du COSEPAC sur la Salamandre tigrée de l’Ouest (Ambystoma mavortium) au Canada.
    [Show full text]
  • Sonora Tiger Salamander
    PETITION TO LIST THE HUACHUCA TIGER SALAMANDER Ambystoma tigrinum stebbinsi AS A FEDERALLY ENDANGERED SPECIES Mr. Bruce Babbitt Secretary of the Interior Office of the Secretary Department of the Interior 18th and "C" Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20240 Kieran Suckling, the Greater Gila Biodiversity Project, the Southwest Center For Biological Diversity, and the Biodiversity Legal Foundation, hereby formally petition to list the Huachuca Tiger Salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum stebbinsi) as endangered pursuant to the Endangered Species Act, 16 U.S.C. 1531 et seg. (hereafter referred to as "ESA"). This petition is filed under 5 U.S.C. 553(e) and 50 CFR 424.14 (1990), which grants interested parties the right to petition for issue of a rule from the Assistant Secretary of the Interior. Petitioners also request that Critical Habitat be designated concurrent with the listing, pursuant to 50 CFR 424.12, and pursuant to the Administrative Procedures Act (5 U.S.C. 553). Petitioners understand that this petition action sets in motion a specific process placing definite response requirements on the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and very specific time constraints upon those responses. Petitioners Kieran Suckling is a Doctoral Candidate, endangered species field researcher, and conservationist. He serves as the Director of the Greater Gila Biodiversity Project and has extensively studied the status and natural history of the Huachuca Tiger Salamander. The Greater Gila Biodiversity Project is a non-profit public interest organization created to protect imperiled species and habitats within the Greater Gila Ecosystem of southwest New Mexico and eastern Arizona. Through public education, Endangered Species Act petitions, appeals and litigation, it seeks to restore and protect the integrity of the Greater Gila Ecosystem.
    [Show full text]
  • Rinehart Lake
    Rinehart Lake Final Results Portage County Lake Study University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point Portage County Staff and Citizens April 5, 2005 What can you learn from this study? You can learn a wealth of valuable information about: • Critical habitat that fish, wildlife, and plants depend on • Water quality and quantity of your lake • The current diagnosis of your lake – good news and bad news What can you DO in your community? You can share this information with the other people who care about your lake and then plan together for the future. 9 Develop consensus about the local goals and objectives for your lake. 9 Identify available resources (people, expertise, time, funding). 9 Explore and choose implementation tools to achieve your goals. 9 Develop an action plan to achieve your lake goals. 9 Implement your plan. 9 Evaluate the results and then revise your goals and plans. 1 Portage County Lake Study – Final Results April 2005 2 Portage County Lake Study – Final Results April 2005 Rinehart Lake ~ Location Rinehart Lake Between County Road Q and T, North of the Town of New Hope Surface Area: 42 Maximum Depth: 27 feet Lake Volume: 744 Water Flow • Rinehart lake is a groundwater drainage lake • Water enters the lake primarily from groundwater, with Outlet some runoff, and precipitation • Water exits the lake to groundwater and to an outlet stream that flows only during peak runoff periods or during high groundwater levels. • The fluctuation of the groundwater table significantly impacts the water levels in Rhinehart Lake 3 Portage County Lake Study – Final Results April 2005 Rinehart Lake ~ Land Use in the Surface Watershed Surface Watershed: The land area where water runs off the surface of the land and drains toward the lake Cty Hwy T Hotvedt Rd.
    [Show full text]
  • AMPHIBIANS of OHIO F I E L D G U I D E DIVISION of WILDLIFE INTRODUCTION
    AMPHIBIANS OF OHIO f i e l d g u i d e DIVISION OF WILDLIFE INTRODUCTION Amphibians are typically shy, secre- Unlike reptiles, their skin is not scaly. Amphibian eggs must remain moist if tive animals. While a few amphibians Nor do they have claws on their toes. they are to hatch. The eggs do not have are relatively large, most are small, deli- Most amphibians prefer to come out at shells but rather are covered with a jelly- cately attractive, and brightly colored. night. like substance. Amphibians lay eggs sin- That some of these more vulnerable spe- gly, in masses, or in strings in the water The young undergo what is known cies survive at all is cause for wonder. or in some other moist place. as metamorphosis. They pass through Nearly 200 million years ago, amphib- a larval, usually aquatic, stage before As with all Ohio wildlife, the only ians were the first creatures to emerge drastically changing form and becoming real threat to their continued existence from the seas to begin life on land. The adults. is habitat degradation and destruction. term amphibian comes from the Greek Only by conserving suitable habitat to- Ohio is fortunate in having many spe- amphi, which means dual, and bios, day will we enable future generations to cies of amphibians. Although generally meaning life. While it is true that many study and enjoy Ohio’s amphibians. inconspicuous most of the year, during amphibians live a double life — spend- the breeding season, especially follow- ing part of their lives in water and the ing a warm, early spring rain, amphib- rest on land — some never go into the ians appear in great numbers seemingly water and others never leave it.
    [Show full text]
  • Tiger Salamander
    Rare Animal Fact Sheet AAAAA01140 Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Natural Heritage Program Ambystoma tigrinum Tiger Salamander Photo by J. Harding Identification: A dark salamander irregularly patterned with yellow spots along back; sometimes yellow patches or bars along sides. The belly is mottled gray and yellow. Measurements: Typically 7-8 inches in length, occasionally reaches 13 inches. Taxonomic comments: Populations in Louisiana may be an intermediate subspecies or a hybrid of the barred salamander Ambystoma tigrinum mavortium and eastern tiger salamander Ambystoma tigrinum tigrinum. Status: Global rank is G5 and state rank is S1. Habitat: Sandy areas near water in longleaf pine savannas and flatwoods. Reside underground, sometimes in abandoned rodent burrows or crawfish holes; emerges and breeds in still water that has no fish. Range: Eastern Tiger Salamanders range from Long island along the coast through the Gulf of Mexico, east through Texas, north to the western Ohio Valley as well as the southern Great Lakes basin, west to the Minnesota and onto the eastern plains states, and it is absent from the Appalachian highlands and lower Mississippi delta. Food habits: Adults: worms, insects, snails, frogs, snakes, tadpoles, nestling mice. Larvae: all aquatic prey; perhaps cannibalistic. Life expectancy: Can live up to 25 years. Reproduction: Reach sexual maturity in 2-7 years. Females lay 10-100 eggs in gelatinous enclosed clusters from September to December. Tadpoles transform into salamanders from March to late April. Reason for decline: 1) Habitat modification: Drainage of wetlands modifies and reduces breeding habitats. Terrestrial habitats that are also modified allowing adults little protection from the sun and predators.
    [Show full text]
  • Status of Long-Toed Salamander in Alberta 1999
    Status of the Long-toed Salamander (Ambystoma macrodactylum) in Alberta Karen L. Graham G. Lawrence Powell Alberta Wildlife Status Report No. 22 July 1999 Published By: i Publication No. T/463 ISBN: 0-7785-0646-3 ISSN: 1206-4912 Series Editor: Isabelle M. G. Michaud Senior Editor: David R. C. Prescott Illustrations: Brian Huffman For copies of this report, contact: Information Centre - Publications Alberta Environmental Protection Natural Resources Service Main Floor, Great West Life Building 9920 - 108 Street Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T5K 2M4 Telephone: (780) 422-2079 OR Information Service Alberta Environmental Protection #100, 3115 - 12 Street NE Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2E 7J2 Telephone: (403) 297-3362 This publication may be cited as: Graham, K. L., and G. L. Powell. 1999. Status of the Long-toed Salamander (Ambystoma macrodactylum) in Alberta. Alberta Environmental Protection, Fisheries and Wildlife Management Division, and Alberta Conservation Association, Wildlife Status Report No. 22, Edmonton, AB. 19 pp. ii PREFACE Every five years, the Fisheries and Wildlife Management Division of Alberta Natural Resources Service reviews the status of wildlife species in Alberta. These overviews, which have been conducted in 1991 and 1996, assign individual species to ‘colour’ lists that reflect the perceived level of risk to populations that occur in the province. Such designations are determined from extensive consultations with professional and amateur biologists, and from a variety of readily available sources of population data. A primary objective of these reviews is to identify species that may be considered for more detailed status determinations. The Alberta Wildlife Status Report Series is an extension of the 1996 Status of Alberta Wildlife review process, and provides comprehensive current summaries of the biological status of selected wildlife species in Alberta.
    [Show full text]
  • Exotic Animal Ownership and Regulations Amending New Jersey Species Restriction, Bans, and Requirements
    Exotic Animal Ownership and Regulations Amending New Jersey Species Restriction, Bans, and Requirements Tag Words: exotic animals; ownership Authors: Chris Dipiazza, Julie Haas with Julie M. Fagan, Ph.D. Summary The purpose of this whole project was to attempt to make a difference or at least get a better understanding of the issues surrounding the banning of owning certain kinds of exotic pets. Julie’s original concern went back to her not being able to transport her pet bird and lizard, Bearded Dragon, under her seat with her on a plane. Instead the airline insisted they be kept in storage beneath which can be extremely stressful especially for the bird, which is an African Gray Parrot, a species known for being extremely intelligent but also at the same time, very sensitive. My (Chris) issue had more to do with private responsible owners not being legally allowed to own certain species that really have no obvious reason for being unfit pets in the state of New Jersey. The species I was particularly focused on were salamanders belonging to the genus, amystoma. Their common names are the Tiger Salamander and the Axolotl. The first action we took to gain more information about transportation regulations and ownership regulations was to make a trip over to Hamburg, Pennsylvania to attend a reptile show, http://www.hamburgreptileshow.com/ , which is held there every other month. Reptile shows are gatherings for pet reptile enthusiasts to congregate, buy, trade, sell or just observe captive reptiles and other exotic pets. An educational seminar was also given on exotic animals, their ownership requirements, and their regulations.
    [Show full text]
  • Tiger Salamander
    TIGER SALAMANDER Ambystoma tigrinum Order Caudata Family Ambystomatidae Genus Ambystoma Species tigrinum Geographic Range Worldwide they are limited to North America, in California they live in the Central Valley and lower elevations along the coast. Habitat Wetlands and grasslands with long-lasting vernal pools which are free from predatory fish Niche Aquatic as larvae, terrestrial as adults, nocturnal, carnivorous Wild Diet Earthworms and other invertebrates Life Span 5 – 6 years in the wild, 12 – 15 in captivity Appearance Black with yellowish blotches or stripes which are unique for each individual, body length is between 3 – 8 inches, weight is between 60 – 100 grams. Adaptations Adults live almost exclusively on land, entering the water only to breed. Typically returning to its birthplace, its eggs are laid in clusters and attached to underwater vegetation. The larvae of the tiger salamander live in the water, developing limbs shortly after hatching. Dense populations of larvae can trigger cannibalism. The rate at which larvae metamorphose into adults is dependant on temperature, food level and numbers of other salamanders or competitors. Fun Facts Tiger salamanders have a tail gland which produces a toxic milky secretion for self-defense. They will curl up head and tail to display this gland as a warning. They also have specialized foot pads for burrowing. At the Zoo Our tiger salamanders live near the Family Farm in the Children’s Zoo. Comparison Metamorphosis is the process in which an amphibian transforms from its larval or tadpole stage to an adult. The process differs slightly between frogs and salamanders; adult salamanders can retain gills into sexual maturity.
    [Show full text]
  • California Tiger Salamander (Ambystoma Californiense)
    U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Recovery Plan for the Central California Distinct Population Segment of the California Tiger Salamander (Ambystoma californiense) California tiger salamander at Jepson Prairie, Solano County. Photograph by Adam Clause. Used with permission. Disclaimer Recovery plans delineate such reasonable actions as may be necessary, based upon the best scientific and commercial data available, for the conservation and survival of listed species. Plans are published by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service), sometimes prepared with the assistance of recovery teams, contractors, State agencies, and others. Recovery plans do not necessarily represent the view, official positions or approval of any individuals or agencies involved in the plan formulation, other than the Service. They represent the official position of the Service only after they have been signed by the Regional Director. Recovery plans are guidance and planning documents only; identification of an action to be implemented by any public or private party does not create a legal obligation beyond existing legal requirements. Nothing in this plan should be construed as a commitment or requirement that any Federal agency obligate or pay funds in any one fiscal year in excess of appropriations made by Congress for that fiscal year in contravention of the Anti-Deficiency Act, 31 U.S.C. 1341, or any other law or regulation. Approved recovery plans are subject to modification as dictated by new finding, changes in species status, and the completion of recovery actions. Literature Citation should read as follows: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2017. Recovery Plan for the Central California Distinct Population Segment of the California Tiger Salamander (Ambystoma californiense).
    [Show full text]
  • TIGER SALAMANDER Ambystoma Tigrinum Original Prepared by Mike Sarell
    TIGER SALAMANDER Ambystoma tigrinum Original prepared by Mike Sarell Species Information western United States (Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Montana, North and South Dakota, Wyoming, Taxonomy Nebraska, Colorado, Utah; Schock 2001). The Tiger Salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum, belongs British Columbia to the family Ambystomatidae (mole salamanders). In British Columbia, Tiger Salamanders occur in the Six subspecies are currently recognized (Green southern Okanagan, north to Peachland; in the 1999), although as many as 10 have been proposed lower Similkameen, west to Keremeos; and in the (Collins 1981). The taxonomy of Tiger Salamanders Sidley and Kettle River valley, east to Christina Lake is uncertain and further taxonomic research may (Orchard 1991; Sarell and Robertson 1994; Sarell differentiate A. tigrinum into several different 1996; Sarell et al. 1998). This relatively small species. The “Blotched” Tiger Salamander distribution in three drainages is weakly linked (A. tigrinum melanostictum) occurs in British north of the international boundary, but is Columbia (Green 1999). contiguous throughout its range to the south in Washington State (Leonard et al. 1993; Sarell 1996). Description Tiger Salamanders may occur in the southern part of Terrestrial adults are large (14–22 cm snout-vent- the East Kootenay Trench. A disjunct population length [svl]) and robust with small eyes, a broad (possibly introduced) was found very close to the rounded snout, 13 costal groves, two tubercles on border in Eureka, Montana (J. Reichel, pers. comm.). underside of feet, and no parotid glands. Colour Forest region and districts pattern and markings are extremely variable but may Southern Interior: Arrow Boundary, Okanagan be yellow or whitish mottling on a darker brown, Shuswap grey, or black background.
    [Show full text]
  • California Tiger Salamander Presentation
    Welcome to the Conservation Lecture Series www.dfg.ca.gov/habcon/lectures Questions? Contact [email protected] Lecture Schedule • Shasta Crayfish, Dr. Maria Ellis April 29, 10:00-11:30, Redding • Desert Tortoise, Rebecca Jones May 22, 1:00-3:00, Los Alamitos • Amargosa Vole, Dr. Janet Foley & Dr. Robert Klinger June 9, 1:00-3:00, Sacramento Conservation and Management of the California Tiger Salamander Searcy, C. A. University of Toronto Mississauga, Department of Biology Threatened and endangered salamanders Common Name Scientific Name Number of Papers California tiger salamander Ambystoma californiense 81 Ozark hellbender Cryptobranchus alleganiensis bishopi 53 Frosted flatwoods salamander Ambystoma cingulatum 39 San Marcos salamander Eurycea nana 31 Cheat Mountain salamander Plethodon nettingi 30 Red Hills salamander Phaeognathus hubrichti 29 Shenandoah salamander Plethodon shenandoah 28 Sonora tiger salamander Ambystoma tigrinum stebbinsi 20 Texas blind salamander Typhlomolge rathbuni 18 Santa Cruz long-toed salamander Ambystoma macrodactylum croceum 16 Barton Springs salamander Eurycea sosorum 13 Reticulated flatwoods salamander Ambystoma bishopi 10 Jollyville Plateau salamander Eurycea tonkawae 7 Desert slender salamander Batrachoseps aridus 5 Austin blind salamander Eurycea waterlooensis 2 Threatened and endangered salamanders Common Name Scientific Name Number of Papers California tiger salamander Ambystoma californiense 81 Ozark hellbender Cryptobranchus alleganiensis bishopi 53 Frosted flatwoods salamander Ambystoma
    [Show full text]