THE GATEKEEPING of INTERNATIONAL NEWS at Safm
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Make your own notes. NEVER underline or write in a book. SELECTING STORIES TO TELL: THE GATEKEEPING OF INTERNATIONAL NEWS AT SAfm A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment for the degree of Master of Arts in JOURNALISM AND MEDIA STUDIES of RHODES UNIVERSITY by ABEL AKARA TICHA Supervisors: Robert Brand and Prof Guy Berger June 2006 Abstract The premise of this thesis is that the selection of international news to be aired on the bulletins of SAfm by SABC Radio News staff is influenced by more complex factors than could be seen solely from the prism of an empirical journalistic paradigm. Drawing from data obtained through participant observation and interviewing, it is noted that there has been a revolution from a propagandist approach during apartheid to a professional approach following the demise of apartheid, in the selection of international news for bulletins on SAfm. Using Lewin's theory of forces in decision making and locating it within four out of five levels of a framework of gatekeeping analysis provided by Shoemaker (1991) and Shoemaker et al (200 I), it is concluded that the delimiting well-tested routines of newsmaking act as powerful companions of individuals' selection decisions of international news broadcast on SAfm's bulletins. However, these routines are adapted to meet the organisational demands of the SABC, which as a Public Service Broadcaster (PBS) has embraced the discourse of South African nationalism/pan Africanism, as a major philosophy underpinning the Corporation's coverage of the world. Therefore, some individual, routine and organisational factors influencing the se lection of international news broadcast on SAfm's bulletins, are predetermined and co-determined by the social system (the ideological/discursive structure), which is promoted by certain social institutions. Instances of spokespersons of such institutions as governments, international governmental and non-governmental organisations, etc., officiating the news abound; the gatekeepers use them to meet routine professional standards of journalism. This potentially works to sustain the hegemonic discourses of the powerful in II international affairs (in tenns of core/peripheral nations relations, and elite classlruled majority relations) though there is a conscious oppositional effort to modify or dwarf stories that explicitly promote imperialism and to hold rulers accountable to the public. It is posited that the time is ripe for newsworkers responsible for the production of bulletins for SAfm to take the risk that may be necessary to inject a few changes in routine practices that could limit the engineering of consent to the powerful elites in the international arena. iii Acknowledgements I have accumulated so much debt to a number of people and institutions that helped in making this study materialise. I'm particularly grateful to my supervisors: Robert and Guy for their legendary commitment and rigour in making me concoct the right mixture of concrete for this scholarly foundation. I'm equally grateful to my lecturers Jeanne, Larry and Lynette whose inputs were critical in making me think critically. This research would not have been possible without access to the study site. Hence, to the Head of SABC Radio News, Solly Phetoe, I say kealeboga for your benevolence. To SABC Radio News staffers who accommodated me in their Auckland Park newsroom, I say God bless you. I salute also SAfm 's Manager Mapule Mbhalati for connecting me to the right people. And it's all about people that I got to Rhodes at the first instance; so thank you 'big bro' P. N. Tayong for that initial contact. But without the patronising gesture of the Deputy DG of the Cameroon Radio Television (CRTV) Prof F Wete, how would I have taken this leap? Thank you prof! To my parents, I say miaaka for the wonderful encouragements, understanding and visionary pieces of advice. Uncle Phil of Kumba, may God bless you and the entire fam ily for all the boosters. To every member of my family, from big bro Demy, to small sis Caro; and friends: Mah, Victor, Gideon, Ferdinand, Podif, Simon, Albert, George, Ma Glo and 'The Friends', merci beaucoup! To Dr and Mrs Ogundare, plus baby Tofunmi, I say ose. As for every member of the Rhodes JMS MA Class of 2006, two words convey my feelings about you: wonderful people! Research fellow Lilian N Fokwang, you were magnificent! Now, to the Supreme Intelligence of the Universe, thanks for giving me the inner balance and the pulsating thirst to sip from the bottomless pool of knowledge. IV Financial Assistance The financial assistance from the Belgian Government Scholarship towards this research is hereby acknowledged. Opinions expressed and conclusions arrived at are those of the author and are not necessarily to be attributed to Rhodes University or the donor. v List of Tables Title Page Table I: G IS and G16' s samples .. ... ... ...................................... .................... 50 Table I: News value criteria for selection ......... .... ..................................... 69 Table 2: Other factors informing selection (G 15 and G 16) ............................... 70 Table 3: News value criteria for rejection ..................... .............................. 72 Table 4: Other factors informing rejection (G 15 and G 16) ... ............ .. .. ....... ..... 73 vi . ..... , _, I J , , III ) ( ~';ellU \ I, oh 0' flrht Contents Abstract ..................................... ... .. ................. ... .......................................... ii Acknowledgements .... ............................ ............................................. .. ...... iv Financial Assistance .......................................... ........................................... v List of Tables ......................... .. ... .... ............................................... .... ......... vi Contents .. ... .. .................................... ............................................. .... ...... ... vii Chapter 1: Introduction ............................................................... ................. 1 1. 1 Statement of the Problem .. .. .. ........................... .... .. ........ ...................... .... .. ............... I 1.2 Context of the Site of this Study .......................... .. ...... .. .............. .. ............ ...... .. ....... 2 1.3 Research Objectives .......................................................... .......... ... ... ........................ 3 1.4 Theoretical Support for the Study .. ... .. .......... ....... .. ... .. .. ..... .. .. .. .. .. ........ ... ... .... .. ......... 4 1.5 Research Approach ........................................ .. ... .. .... ... ............ ... ... ............ ..... ... ....... 5 1.6 Significance of the Study ................................................................... ....................... 5 1.7 Thesis Outline ...... .. ............ .............. ... ....... ... ...... .. .... ... ...... .. ............. ...... ... ...... ... ...... 6 Chapter 2: Theoretical Framework and Review of Literature .............. .. ....... 7 2.0 Introduction ...................................................................... ....................... .................. 7 2.1 What is International News? .... ...................... .. ... .. ................ .. .................................. 7 2.2 The Structure of International News: Galtung and Ruge's Proposition .... .... ...... ... 10 2.3 Lewin's Theory of Forces ....................................................................................... 15 2.4 Expanding Lewin's Theoretical Scope: a Model of Gatekeeping by Shoemaker and Shoemaker et al ..... ...... ........... ................. ... ... ... ...... ............... ... .. .......... ...... ... ......... ....... 17 2.4.1 The individual level ..................................................................................... .. .. 18 2.4.2 Communication routines level ... .. .. ... .. ....... .. .... .. ................ ........ ...... ... .. ........ .. 19 2.4.3 Organisational level .... ..... .......... ... ......... ............ ... ............... ...... .. .... ..... ........... 19 2.4.4 Social-institutional level ............. .. ................................................................... 20 2.4.5 Social system level .. .... ...... ............ .... ... .. .. .... ... .. ... ... .... .. .......... ... ... .... .. ... .. ........ 20 2.5 Review of Literature on International and Other News Gatekeeping .. .. ................. 22 2.6 Conclusion .. ............. ........................... ..... ... ........... ...... ................... ........... .. ........... 24 Chapter 3: Background to International News on SAfm .................. ........... 25 3.0 Introduction .. .............................................................. ........... ... .................. ... .... ...... 25 3.1 South Africa: from Racialism to Democracy and Press Freedom ............ .. ..... .. .... 25 3.2 Development of Broadcasting in South Africa and the Road to SAfm ...... .. .......... 26 3.3 Examining the Possible Impact of SABC Editorial Policies on International News Gatekeeping for SAfm .. .. ............ ... .. .............................................................. .. ............. 32 3.4 Who is Responsible for International News on SAfm and how is the Selection Process Structured? ... ...... ... .... .... ... ............. .. ................... ... ... .. ...................................... 34 3.5 South Africa's Foreign Po li cy