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The Late Proterozoic to Palaeozoic Tectonic Evolution of the Long Range Mountains in Southwestern Newfoundland

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The Late Proterozoic to Palaeozoic Tectonic Evolution of the Long Range Mountains in Southwestern Newfoundland The Late Proterozoic to Palaeozoic Tectonic Evolution of the Long Range Mountains in southwestern Newfoundland by Arjan Gerben Brem A thesis presented to the University of Waterloo in fulfillment of the thesis requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Earth Sciences Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 2007 © Arjan G. Brem, 2007 Author’s declaration I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. This is a true copy of the thesis, including any required final revisions, as accepted by my examiners. I understand that my thesis may be made electronically available to the public. ii Abstract Ever since the first plate-tectonic model for the Appalachians was proposed, the Laurentian margin has been interpreted as having experienced a collision-related dynamo-thermal event during the Middle Ordovician Taconic orogeny. In the western Newfoundland Appalachians, evidence for this collision is well-preserved in the Dashwoods subzone. Nevertheless, rocks of the neighbouring Corner Brook Lake block (CBLB), which is located in the heart of the Laurentian realm, did not show evidence for such an event. Instead, it was affected by Early Silurian Salinic deformation and associated peak metamorphism. Even though this difference in Early Palaeozoic tectonic history between the Dashwoods and the CBLB is widely known, it has not been satisfactorily explained. To better understand the Early Palaeozoic history of the region, in particular to test and better explain the lack of a Taconic dynamo-thermal event in the CBLB, field mapping, microscopic work, and U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar geochronological studies were undertaken in the western and northern part of the Dashwoods subzone, and in the southern part of the CBLB. In addition, the kinematic history of the Baie Verte-Brompton Line - Cabot Fault Zone (BCZ), the tectonic zone that separates the two unique tectonic fragments, was studied. The western and northern parts of the Dashwoods subzone contain variably foliated igneous units of Middle Ordovician age (ca. 460 Ma) that are associated with the regionally voluminous Notre Dame continental arc. A ca. 455 Ma conjugate set of late syn-tectonic pegmatite dykes in the BCZ demonstrates a dextral sense of shear along the BCZ (DBCZ-1) during the Late Ordovician to earliest Silurian, and constrains the minimum age of the main phase of ductile deformation in the Dashwoods subzone. The fault-bounded CBLB has been affected by a single west-vergent deformational event, constrained between ca. 434 and ca. 427 Ma. More importantly, no evidence – neither petrographic nor iii geochronological – is present that would indicate that the CBLB was affected by a significant Taconic dynamo-thermal event. Hence, the CBLB and Dashwoods could not have been juxtaposed until after the late Early Silurian. Furthermore, the basement to the CBLB is devoid of any Grenville (sensu lato; ca. 1.0-1.3 Ga) U-Pb ages, which is in sharp contrast with crystalline basement elsewhere in the region, such as the Long Range Inlier. Therefore, it is highly unlikely that the CBLB represents the para- autochthonous leading edge of the Laurentian craton in the Newfoundland Appalachians, as commonly accepted. The CBLB is interpreted as a suspect terrane that has moved over 500 km parallel to the strike of the orogen. Docking to the external Humber Zone is likely to have occurred during the Early Silurian. Final juxtaposition with the Dashwoods took place after the late Early Silurian (post-Salinic) as a result of protracted dextral movement along the BCZ (DBCZ-2 and DBCZ-5). Current tectonic models for the Newfoundland Appalachians mainly focus on well-documented Early Palaeozoic orthogonal convergence of various terranes with the Laurentian margin, but large- scale orogen-parallel movements have rarely been considered. The possibility of large-scale strike-slip tectonics documented here, in addition to the convergent motions, may have significant implications for the tectonic interpretation of the Early Palaeozoic evolution of the Newfoundland Appalachians. iv Acknowledgements The research in this thesis forms part of the “Red Indian Line” project funded by the Geological Survey of Canada’s Targeted Geoscience Initiative (TGI) 000018 and led by Dr. Cees van Staal. It is also supported by Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) grants to Drs. Shoufa Lin and Don Davis, and an Ontario Premier’s Research Excellence Award to Dr. Shoufa Lin. Additional funding came from the University of Waterloo in the form of International Graduate Student awards and a Doctoral Thesis Completion Award. I would like to take this opportunity to thank my thesis supervisors, Dr. Shoufa Lin and Dr. Cees van Staal for support, guidance and especially their patience during my years as a graduate student. I am very grateful for the opportunity that I have been able to participate in their personal project. Dr. Shoufa Lin is thanked for the many discussions on various topics of structural geology and tectonics, as well as supporting me in the pursuit of my own ideas. Dr. Cees van Staal is thanked for introducing me to the fascinating geology of the Newfoundland Appalachians and sharing his wealth of knowledge on Appalachian geology. Next my appreciation goes to Drs. Mario Coniglio, Don Davis, and Bob Linnen for being on my thesis committee and for giving their constructive criticism of this manuscript. Sue Fisher is thanked for helping out with all the bureaucratic issues; without her I would have long been lost in this Department. This research would not have been possible without the help of many people in the field and laboratory. Melissa Battler, Melodie Stone and Oliver Wendland are thanked for their competent field assistance. Thanks to Drs. Vicki McNicoll and Nancy Joyce at the Geological Survey of Canada in Ottawa for processing the U-Pb SHRIMP and Ar-Ar geochronology samples, respectively. I am very grateful to Dr. Don Davis and his staff at the Jack Satterly geochronology laboratory in Toronto for the many hours that I was allowed to spend in the intricate world of U-Pb (TIMS) geochronology. Special v thanks go to Kim Kwok and Dr. Mike Hamilton for their enthusiastic and sometimes late-night help and admirable patience during the long hours in the chemistry room and behind the mass spectrometer. George Kretschmann and Shawn McConville at the University of Toronto are thanked for their help with BSEM imaging. Greyhound Buslines® is acknowledged for their logistical support. Dr. Sandra Barr, Dr. Greg Dunning, Dr. Johan Lissenberg, Dr. Vicki McNicoll, Dr. Sally Pehrsson, Mr. Jeff Pollock, Dr. Joe Whalen and Dr. Alex Zagorevski are thanked for the numerous discussions on regional Appalachian geology. I could not have survived every-day life in Kitchener-Waterloo if it was not for my friends and barroom buddies in Canada: Matt Downey, Yvette Kuiper, Chad Macavelia, Jen Parks and many others. Also thanks to my friends back home: Desiree Bakker, Simone de Jong, Paul Mulder, and Martijn Sleutel, whose correspondance have meant a lot to me and who have kept my spirits up. Thanks to Waterloo County RFC and its members; weekdays may be schooldays, but Saturday is a rugby day! Last but not least, I would like to extend my warmest gratitude to Terri-lyn, as well as my beloved mother and sister for their encouragements and continued loving support. Thank you for believing in me, I could not have accomplished this feat without you. vi Dedication Voor mijn ouders. vii Table of Contents Abstract.............................................................................................................................. iii Acknowledgements............................................................................................................ v Dedication.......................................................................................................................... vii Table of Contents............................................................................................................... viii List of Figures.................................................................................................................... xii List of Tables..................................................................................................................... xiv Chapter 1: Introduction 1 1.1. General Introduction........................................................................................... 1 1.2. Thesis Objective and Summary of Results........................................................ 3 1.3. Thesis Outline...................................................................................................... 4 Chapter 2: The Middle Ordovician to Early Silurian Voyage of the Dashwoods Microcontinent, West Newfoundland; Based on 9 New U/Pb and 40Ar/39Ar Geochronological, and Kinematic Constraints 2.1. Abstract................................................................................................................ 9 2.2. Introduction......................................................................................................... 10 2.3. Geological Setting................................................................................................ 12 2.3.1. Dashwoods Subzone – the Dashwoods Micro-continent.............................. 12 2.3.2. Northwestern Notre Dame Subzone - the Baie Verte Oceanic Tract........... 13 2.3.3. (Internal) Humber Zone - Humber Margin of the Laurentian Continent..... 14 2.4. Dashwoods Boundaries – Observations and Interpretations.........................
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