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Texas and the Union 1865–1877

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Texas and the Union 1865–1877 322-323_COTXSE_4_15_p 11/18/02 9:47 AM Page 322 Texas and the Union 1865–1877 SECTION 1 Presidential Reconstruction SECTION 2 Congressional Reconstruction SECTION 3 A New Constitution VIEW THE Texas on Tape CHAPTER 15 VIDEO LESSON. all persons held as slaves within any State or designated part of a State, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free. Emancipation Proclamation John Biggers, Shotguns, Fourth Ward 1865 1868 1871 1874 1877 1866 Constitution of 1866 1870 Texas is readmitted into 1876 Constitution of is adopted the United States 1876 is adopted 1865 Slaves are emancipated in Texas 1869 Constitution of 1869 is adopted 1874 Reconstruction ends in Texas 1869 Edmund Davis is elected as first 1873 Democrat Richard Coke is elected Republican governor of Texas governor of Texas 322 ✯ Chapter 15 322-323_COTXSE_4_15_p 11/18/02 9:47 AM Page 323 Before You Read Think about a time when you believed you or someone you knew was not being treated fairly. Perhaps you saw people who had opportunities or privileges that others did not have. How did you handle the situation? Did you find a way to persuade people to listen to you? Did you help find a way to make sure that everyone was treated equally? Think about • situations at home or at school that you believed were unfair • effects of unfairness on the people involved • effective ways to address injustice “The First Vote,” Harper’s Weekly As You Read Organizing Information After the Civil War the U.S. government had to RECONSTRUCTION PLANS find a way to bring the former Confederate states back into the Union. The federal government PLAN PROVISIONS believed it had the right and responsibility to • Johnson • eliminate slavery and promote equal rights for • African Americans. Confederate states, however, • RadicaL resisted. During this time government leaders • Republican • proposed several plans, each with its own provi- • sions. Completing this chart for Chapter 15 will Congressional • help you to understand some of the plans for • trying to reconstruct the state of Texas. • Davis • • Copy the chart in your Texas Notebook. • • As you read, complete the chart with each plan’s provisions for the reconstruction of Texas. Then describe the provisions of the Constitution • • • Constitution of 1876. of 1876 • Texas and the Union ✯ 323 328&330 11/18/02 9:48 AM Page 324 Why It Matters Now The effects of Reconstruction 1 Presidential Reconstruction would have an impact on Texans of all races for more than 100 years. TERMS & NAMES OBJECTIVES MAIN IDEA Reconstruction, Emancipation 1. Describe the Reconstruction When the Civil War ended, Texas Proclamation, Gordon Granger, period in Texas. and the other Southern states had freedman, Freedmen’s Bureau, 2. Explain the social effects of to meet certain requirements to Andrew Johnson, James W. Reconstruction. rejoin the Union. Throckmorton, Thirteenth 3. Analyze Andrew Johnson’s plan Amendment, civil rights, Constitution for Reconstruction. of 1866, amendment, Black Codes, Radical Republicans, veto WHAT Would You Do? Imagine that you are president of the United States after the Civil War. Write your response The war has ended, and you are faced with the task of bringing the to Interact with History nation back together. What requirements would you make the in your Texas Notebook. Confederate states meet before readmitting them to the Union? After the War The Confederate surrender in 1865 left Texans and other Southerners uncertain about their future. They had lost the war. Many had lost fathers, brothers, and sons. Their money was worthless. Now they had to make huge changes to their way of life to be allowed to rejoin the Union. This period in history is known as Reconstruction. Reconstruction affected political, economic, and social life. Political reconstruction meant writing a new state constitution that rejected seces- sion and did away with slavery. Economic reconstruction involved getting used to a new labor system not based on slavery and recovering from the war’s destruction. Social reconstruction involved developing the social, political, and economic status of African Americans. Emancipation President Lincoln had issued the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863. This proclamation freed all slaves in Confederate states still rebelling against the Union. Since Texans did not consider themselves to be under U.S. rule at that time, they ignored the proclamation. After the Confederate states surrendered, federal troops commanded by General Gordon Granger went to Galveston. On June 19, 1865, Granger, by the authority of the president, declared all slaves to 1865 newspaper be free. News of emancipation spread slowly to the estimated 250,000 324 ✯ Chapter 15 328&330 11/18/02 9:48 AM Page 325 slaves in Texas. However, June 19, called Juneteenth, has been celebrated in Texas since 1865 as a day of freedom among African Americans. Felix Haywood later recalled emancipation day in San Antonio. Juneteenth TEXAS VOICES Juneteenth celebrations were first used to teach freed African Soldiers, all of a sudden, was everywhere—coming in bunches, crossing and Americans about their voting walking and riding. Everyone was a-singing. We was all walking on golden rights. However, they quickly clouds. Hallelujah! ...Everybody went wild. We felt like heroes, and nobody became celebrations of freedom had made us that way but ourselves. We was free. Just like that, we was free. throughout Texas. The festivi- Right off colored folks started on the move. They seemed to want to get closer ties usually include picnics, to freedom, so they’d know what it was—like it was a place or a city.... public entertainment, pageants, We knowed freedom was on us, but we didn’t know what was to come with dramatic readings, ball games, it. We soon found out that freedom could make folks proud, but it didn’t and many other activities. In make ’em rich. 1979 Juneteenth was declared an official state holiday. ● Why Felix Haywood, quoted in America Firsthand is Juneteenth an important day for Texans? Life was not easy for freedmen. Many did not have homes or jobs. Some left their former masters and traveled to cities looking for work. They often established communities called “Freedtowns.” Others began looking for long-lost relatives. Some freedmen remained on the planta- tions and worked for wages or a portion of the crop. Freedmen’s Bureau The Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, com- monly called the Freedmen’s Bureau, was created by the U.S. Congress to help former slaves face the challenges that came with freedom. The freedman a person who has been agency provided food, shelter, and medicine to freed Texans. It also freed from slavery helped them find jobs and represented them in court. FREEDMEN’STOWN Freedmen’s Town in Houston was one of the many communities in Texas established by freedmen. Residents of Freedmen’s Town built the first schools, churches, and organizations for African Americans in Texas. The community grew into a cultural, intellectual, and economic center for the city’s African American population. It was home to many attorneys, doctors, and other professionals. In the 1900s many “shotgun” houses were built to house the growing population. The shotgun house was similar to a Texas dogtrot or breeze- way house turned sideways. In the late twentieth century many of these houses fell into disrepair. Today, the community is known as the Fourth Ward of Houston. The Houston City Hall and other government buildings now stand where the houses of freed- men once stood. Only a small portion of the original Fourth Ward community remains today. Some of the shotgun houses are being restored as a symbol of the determination and independence of newly freed African Americans. ● What diffi- culties do you think freed slaves faced as they formed their own communities? Freedmen’s Town, later the Fourth Ward Texas and the Union ✯ 325 328&330 11/18/02 9:48 AM Page 326 Freedmen’s Bureau agents in Texas often had a hard time carrying out their duties because of the state’s size and its poor transportation and communication networks. Also, many white Texans opposed the agents’ work. Several agents were killed and others were wounded as they worked FREEDMEN’S SCHOOLS to protect the rights of former slaves. One major contribution of the To better support their fami- Freedmen’s Bureau was the creation of schools for African American chil- lies, former slaves had to learn dren. By 1870 there were thousands of students in around 100 schools. to read and write. Children and adults flocked to freedmen’s schools set up across Texas to Johnson’s Plan for Reconstruction educate newly freed African Americans. Started by the On April 15, 1865, only days after the Civil War ended, President Freedmen’s Bureau, these Lincoln was assassinated. Vice-President Andrew Johnson became presi- schools offered classes from dent. Johnson was a Democrat from Tennessee who had supported the the elementary level through Union even though he had also supported slavery. Johnson’s plan for college. At first, teachers were Reconstruction included four requirements. First, states had to end slav- supplied by missionary groups. ery. Second, they had to declare that their secession had been illegal. Later, Southern whites and educated African Americans Third, they had to cancel all war debts. Finally, to get back the right to taught in these schools. Bren- vote, adult white males had to pledge loyalty to the United States. ham, Texas, became a regional Johnson named Andrew J. Hamilton, a Unionist who had left Texas education center when a freed- when it seceded, as temporary governor of Texas. His job was to begin men’s school was established Reconstruction in the state.
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