DOCSLIB.ORG

Sustainable Pest and Disease Management in Australian Olive Production

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Sustainable Pest and Disease Management in Australian Olive Production Sustainable Pest and Disease Management in Australian Olive Production A report for the Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation by Robert Spooner-Hart June 2005 RIRDC Publication No 05/080 RIRDC Project No UWS-17A © 2005 Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation. All rights reserved. ISBN 1 74151 143 7 ISSN 1440-6845 Sustainable Pest and Disease Management in Australian Olive Production Publication No. 05/080 Project No. UWS 17A The information contained in this publication is intended for general use to assist public knowledge and discussion and to help improve the development of sustainable industries. The information should not be relied upon for the purpose of a particular matter. Specialist and/or appropriate legal advice should be obtained before any action or decision is taken on the basis of any material in this document. The Commonwealth of Australia, Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation, the authors or contributors do not assume liability of any kind whatsoever resulting from any person's use or reliance upon the content of this document. This publication is copyright. However, RIRDC encourages wide dissemination of its research, providing the Corporation is clearly acknowledged. For any other enquiries concerning reproduction, contact the Publications Manager on phone 02 6272 3186. Researcher Contact Details Assoc. Prof. Robert Spooner-Hart Centre for Horticulture and Plant Sciences University of Western Sydney Locked Bag 1797 South Penrith DC NSW 1797 Phone: 02 45701429 Fax: 02 45701103 Email: [email protected] In submitting this report, the researcher has agreed to RIRDC publishing this material in its edited form. RIRDC Contact Details Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation Level 1, AMA House 42 Macquarie Street BARTON ACT 2600 PO Box 4776 KINGSTON ACT 2604 Phone: 02 6272 4819 Fax: 02 6272 5877 Email: [email protected]. Website: http://www.rirdc.gov.au Published in June 2005 Printed on environmentally friendly paper by Canprint ii Foreword This project is the first to address pests and diseases in Australian olives. Although Australia appears to be free of many cosmopolitan olive pests, the rapid expansion of the olive industry in all mainland states (particularly New South Wales and Queensland where the climate is not typically Mediterranean) has led to increased problems with pests and diseases not previously encountered. The relatively young stage of development of the olive industry meant that it was an opportune time for a project to provide a clear picture of the pest and disease complex in major olive-growing districts and to provide education on sustainable options for their management. The project had a national focus with a team comprised of researchers and extension personnel from all mainland olive-producing states. It conducted numerous workshops around Australia on pest and disease recognition and their sustainable management, monitored pest and beneficial species in groves and identified a number of previously unreported pests and diseases. This project was funded from RIRDC Core Funds which are provided by the Australian Government, and funding support was also provided by Southern Highlands Olive Growers Association. This report, an addition to RIRDC’s diverse range of over 1000 research publications, forms part of our New Plant Products R&D program, which aims to facilitate the development of new industries based on plants or plant products that have commercial potential for Australia. Most of our publications are available for viewing, downloading or purchasing online through our website: • downloads at www.rirdc.gov.au/fullreports/index.html • purchases at www.rirdc.gov.au/eshop Peter O’Brien Managing Director Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation iii Acknowledgments I gratefully acknowledge the contributions made by the following people: Members of the project team Len Tesoriero NSW DPI Barbara Hall SARDI Frank Page QDPI Stewart Learmonth WA Dept Agriculture Damian Conlan, Dick Taylor, Dan Ridley and Susan Sweeney for providing assistance in workshop organisation and for other project support Staff of the diagnostic laboratories in PHDS (in particular Dr Vera Sergeeva), and SARDI for undertaking much of the laboratory work associated with pathogen diagnoses. Barbara May for conducting much of sample inspections from the field monitoring and Rosalie Laing for assisting in communicating results to co-operating growers. Oleg Nicetic and Mary Cannard for assistance with field work on black scale and lace bug. Dr Michael Priest (Mycologist, OAI NSW DPI) for confirming fungal species identifications, Dr Ric Cother and Dorothy Noble (Bacteriologists, OAI NSW DPI) for bacterial identifications and Dr Andre Drenth (QDPI, Indooroopilly) for confirming species identifications for Phytophthora. The Southern Highlands Olive Growers Association (SHOGA) for funding support for this project. Growers for cooperating in grove monitoring: Peter and Jayne Bentivoglio, Marcelo Berlanda, Dennis Bishop, Mark and Maggie Edmonds, Tony and Jill James, Keith MacIntosh, Lisa and Lachlan Rountree. Various growers, horticulturists and crop consultants for the supply of diagnostic samples. Abbreviations AOA- Australian Olive Association APVMA- Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority IPDM- Integrated pest and disease management IPM- Integrated pest management NRA- National Registration Authority iv Contents Foreword............................................................................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgments ................................................................................................................................................ iv Abbreviations ....................................................................................................................................................... iv Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................................. vi 1. Introduction....................................................................................................................................................... 1 2. Objectives........................................................................................................................................................... 3 3. National Pest and Disease Survey.................................................................................................................... 4 3.1 Materials and methods.................................................................................................................................. 4 3.2 Results and discussion .................................................................................................................................. 4 4. National IPM Workshops................................................................................................................................. 9 5. Pest and disease monitoring ........................................................................................................................... 11 5.1 Disease diagnoses ....................................................................................................................................... 11 5.2 Grove monitoring........................................................................................................................................ 15 6. Other activities ................................................................................................................................................ 28 6.1 Integrated black scale control ..................................................................................................................... 28 6.2 Oil sprays for black scale control................................................................................................................ 29 6.3 Olive lace bug incursion in WA ................................................................................................................. 32 7. Implications ..................................................................................................................................................... 33 8. Recommendations ........................................................................................................................................... 34 9. Publications ..................................................................................................................................................... 36 10. References...................................................................................................................................................... 37 Appendix 1........................................................................................................................................................... 39 Appendix 2........................................................................................................................................................... 44 Appendix 3........................................................................................................................................................... 57 v Executive Summary This project is the first to comprehensively address pests and diseases in Australian olives. The rapid expansion of the olive industry together with
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Casual Cantharophily: the Meeting Between Astylus
    Journal of Pollination Ecology, 5(12), 2011, pp 86-89 — Short Communication — A CASUAL CANTHAROPHILY : THE MEETING BETWEEN ASTYLUS VARIEGATUS (C OLEOPTERA : MYLERIDAE ) AND OXYPETALUM BANKSII (A POCYNACEAE : ASCLEPIADOIDEAE ) Milene Faria Vieira* and Rúbia Santos Fonseca Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-000 Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil Abstract —Cantharophily is reported for the first time in a Brazilian asclepiad, involving the mylerid Astylus variegatus and the nectariferous flowers of Oxypetalum banksii , a plant mainly pollinated by wasps. The use of nectar as food by A. variegatus , considered pollinivorous and granivorous, is also novel. The mutual interaction described here is an example of a plant-pollinator interaction with generalist insects visiting a plant with a specialized pollination system. It’s also temporary and occasional and, therefore, is often overlooked in studies of plant-pollinator interactions. In this study, we found that the casual meeting between O. banksii and A. variegatus was a key event for the reproduction of both. Key words: Asclepiad, Atlantic Forest, Brazil, beetles, specialized pollination, wasps The asclepiads (Apocynaceae: Asclepiadoideae, sensu (Asclepias woodii , Sisyranthus trichostomus and Endress & Bruyns 2000) have highly elaborate and Xysmalobium involucratum ) and chafer beetles (Scarabaeidae: complicated flowers. There is an unusual synorganization Cetoniini). Shuttleworth and Johnson (2008) described, also between parts and also between organs of different categories in South Africa, a bimodal pollination system in the asclepiad (Endress 1994). This has led to the evolutionary origin of Xysmalobium undulatum ; its pollination is performed by two new organs that are not present in other angiosperm groups in unrelated species (or functional groups) of pollinators: chafer this combination: corona (more or less well developed beetles and pompilid wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae).
    [Show full text]
  • Classical Biological Control of Arthropods in Australia
    Classical Biological Contents Control of Arthropods Arthropod index in Australia General index List of targets D.F. Waterhouse D.P.A. Sands CSIRo Entomology Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research Canberra 2001 Back Forward Contents Arthropod index General index List of targets The Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) was established in June 1982 by an Act of the Australian Parliament. Its primary mandate is to help identify agricultural problems in developing countries and to commission collaborative research between Australian and developing country researchers in fields where Australia has special competence. Where trade names are used this constitutes neither endorsement of nor discrimination against any product by the Centre. ACIAR MONOGRAPH SERIES This peer-reviewed series contains the results of original research supported by ACIAR, or material deemed relevant to ACIAR’s research objectives. The series is distributed internationally, with an emphasis on the Third World. © Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, GPO Box 1571, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia Waterhouse, D.F. and Sands, D.P.A. 2001. Classical biological control of arthropods in Australia. ACIAR Monograph No. 77, 560 pages. ISBN 0 642 45709 3 (print) ISBN 0 642 45710 7 (electronic) Published in association with CSIRO Entomology (Canberra) and CSIRO Publishing (Melbourne) Scientific editing by Dr Mary Webb, Arawang Editorial, Canberra Design and typesetting by ClarusDesign, Canberra Printed by Brown Prior Anderson, Melbourne Cover: An ichneumonid parasitoid Megarhyssa nortoni ovipositing on a larva of sirex wood wasp, Sirex noctilio. Back Forward Contents Arthropod index General index Foreword List of targets WHEN THE CSIR Division of Economic Entomology, now Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Entomology, was established in 1928, classical biological control was given as one of its core activities.
    [Show full text]
  • COLEOPTERA COCCINELLIDAE) INTRODUCTIONS and ESTABLISHMENTS in HAWAII: 1885 to 2015
    AN ANNOTATED CHECKLIST OF THE COCCINELLID (COLEOPTERA COCCINELLIDAE) INTRODUCTIONS AND ESTABLISHMENTS IN HAWAII: 1885 to 2015 JOHN R. LEEPER PO Box 13086 Las Cruces, NM USA, 88013 [email protected] [1] Abstract. Blackburn & Sharp (1885: 146 & 147) described the first coccinellids found in Hawaii. The first documented introduction and successful establishment was of Rodolia cardinalis from Australia in 1890 (Swezey, 1923b: 300). This paper documents 167 coccinellid species as having been introduced to the Hawaiian Islands with forty-six (46) species considered established based on unpublished Hawaii State Department of Agriculture records and literature published in Hawaii. The paper also provides nomenclatural and taxonomic changes that have occurred in the Hawaiian records through time. INTRODUCTION The Coccinellidae comprise a large family in the Coleoptera with about 490 genera and 4200 species (Sasaji, 1971). The majority of coccinellid species introduced into Hawaii are predacious on insects and/or mites. Exceptions to this are two mycophagous coccinellids, Calvia decimguttata (Linnaeus) and Psyllobora vigintimaculata (Say). Of these, only P. vigintimaculata (Say) appears to be established, see discussion associated with that species’ listing. The members of the phytophagous subfamily Epilachninae are pests themselves and, to date, are not known to be established in Hawaii. None of the Coccinellidae in Hawaii are thought to be either endemic or indigenous. All have been either accidentally or purposely introduced. Three species, Scymnus discendens (= Diomus debilis LeConte), Scymnus ocellatus (=Scymnobius galapagoensis (Waterhouse)) and Scymnus vividus (= Scymnus (Pullus) loewii Mulsant) were described by Sharp (Blackburn & Sharp, 1885: 146 & 147) from specimens collected in the islands. There are, however, no records of introduction for these species prior to Sharp’s descriptions.
    [Show full text]
  • Rediscovery of the Rare Coccinellid Micraspis
    Australian Entomologist, 2015, 42 (2): 73-76 73 REDISCOVERY OF THE RARE COCCINELLID MICRASPIS FLAVOVITTATA (CROTCH, 1874) IN WESTERN VICTORIA (COLEOPTERA: COCCINELLIDAE) REINER RICHTER PO Box 37, Monbulk, Vic 3793 Abstract Micraspis flavovittata (Crotch, 1874), a distinctive yellow and black Australian ladybird that has not been collected for more than 60 years, is reported in numbers from western Victoria. Notes are provided on pollen-feeding and other aspects of its biology. Introduction The distinctive, yellow and black coccinellid beetle Micraspis flavovittata (Crotch, 1874) was described 141 years ago from one specimen from ‘Melbourne’ in the Natural History Museum, London (BMNH). Since then only three specimens have been recorded, all collected by the early Victorian coleopterist F. E. Wilson. Two are from Narbethong in 1949 (in Museum of Victoria (MV)) and one from Kallista in 1944 (specimen missing); both localities are a little to the north-east of Melbourne city (Pope 1989, Atlas of Living Australia 2015, Ken Walker pers. comm.). It is not represented in the Australian National Insect Collection (ANIC) and is not illustrated in a recent monograph of the family (Slipinski 2007). The original type is not dated but was clearly collected before 1853, which is when its accession was registered by the Natural History Museum (Pope 1989). The author visited the Discovery Bay Coastal Park (Fig. 1) in western Victoria in 2008 and discovered a thriving colony of the endangered Ancient Greenling damselfly, Hemiphlebia mirabilis Selys, 1869, in Long Swamp (Richter 2009). Other Odonata rare in Victoria were also found at Discovery Bay (e.g. Austroagrion cyane (Selys, 1876) and Austrothemis nigrescens (Martin, 1901)), many being species previously known only much further east.
    [Show full text]
  • Draft Policy Review
    Draft policy review A categorisation of invertebrate and pathogen organisms associated with fresh table grape bunches (Vitis spp.) imported from other Australian states and territories Supporting your success Draft pest categorisation report Contributing authors Bennington JM Research Officer – Biosecurity and Regulation, Plant Biosecurity Hammond NE Research Officer – Biosecurity and Regulation, Plant Biosecurity Hooper RG Research Officer – Biosecurity and Regulation, Plant Biosecurity Jackson SL Research Officer – Biosecurity and Regulation, Plant Biosecurity Poole MC Research Officer – Biosecurity and Regulation, Plant Biosecurity Tuten SJ Senior Policy Officer – Biosecurity and Regulation, Plant Biosecurity Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, December 2014 Document citation DAFWA 2015, Draft policy review: A categorisation of invertebrate and pathogen organisms associated with fresh table grape bunches (Vitis spp.) imported from other Australian states and territories. Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, South Perth. Copyright© Western Australian Agriculture Authority, 2015 Western Australian Government materials, including website pages, documents and online graphics, audio and video are protected by copyright law. Copyright of materials created by or for the Department of Agriculture and Food resides with the Western Australian Agriculture Authority established under the Biosecurity and Agriculture Management Act 2007. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of private study, research,
    [Show full text]
  • Kanunnah’ Commem­ Thylacines in Mainland Australia Were Dated at Orates the Tasmanian Aboriginal Word Used Just Over 3000 Years Old (Archer 1974)
    K ANUNNAH The Research Journal of the Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery VOLUME 6 Ka-nunnah – ‘Thylacine’ The oldest fossils of thylacines are Late Oligo­ and the North­west and Western Tribes called it cene to Middle Miocene in age (20–25 My B.P.) ‘Loarinnah’ (Milligan 1859). Famous Tasmanian and are from the Riversleigh deposits in north­ Aboriginal chief Mannalargenna from the East western Queensland (Vickers­Rich et al. 1991). Coast of Tasmania called the thylacine ‘Cab­ It is speculated that competition with introduced berr­one­nen­er’, while Truganinni and Worrady, dingoes in mainland Australia may have caused (Bruny Island) called it ‘Can­nen­ner’. their extinction in mainland Australia during The thylacine is the state logo for Tasmania. the last 5000 years. The most recent remains of The title of the journal ‘Kanunnah’ commem­ thylacines in mainland Australia were dated at orates the Tasmanian Aboriginal word used just over 3000 years old (Archer 1974). by tribes from southern Tasmania for the The thylacine (Thylacinus cynocephalus) in thylacine. Tasmania coexisted with Aboriginal people for millennia. The arrival of Europeans in Archer M (1974) New information about the Tasmania resulted, in just over a hundred years, Quaternary distribution of the thylacine in the extinction of thylacines from their last (Marsupialia: Thylacinidae) in Australia. refuge. The demise of the thylacine resulted in Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of the extinction of an entire lineage of marsupials Western Australia 57: 43–50. from the planet. Milligan J (1859) Vocabulary of dialects of To the Aboriginal people of Tasmania the Aboriginal Tribes of Tasmania.
    [Show full text]
  • Calodema Micraspis Frenata.Cwk (WP)
    Calodema, 144: 1-3 (2011) T.J. Hawkeswood- Micraspis frenata First record of Micraspis frenata (Erichson, 1842) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) feeding on pollen from Carex appressa R.Br. (Cyperaceae) in New South Wales, Australia by Dr T.J. Hawkeswood* *PO Box 842, Richmond, New South Wales, 2753, Australia (www.calodema.com) Hawkeswood, T.J. (2011). First record of Micraspis frenata (Erichson, 1842) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) feeding on pollen from Carex appressa R.Br. (Cyperaceae) in New South Wales, Australia. Calodema, 144: 1-3. Abstract: A new adult host plant, Carex appressa R.Br. (Cyperaceae) is recorded here for the Australian ladybird beetle, Micraspis frenata (Erichson, 1842) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) from near Wyong, New South Wales, Australia. The beetle has been previously recorded feeding on nectar from flowers of Asclepias curassavica L. and Gomphocarpus physocarpus E. Mey (Asclepiadaceae) in the Toowoomba area, south-eastern Queensland as well as on the pollen of numerous introduced grasses (Poaceae) in the Sydney region. Evidence is mounting that this beetle derives substantial nourishment from pollen of monocotyledonous plants. This appears to be the first record of an insect feeding on Carex pollen. Key words: Micraspis frenata, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, new feeding record, Carex appressa, Cyperaceae. Introduction The genus Micraspis Dejean, 1836 (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) is distributed within the Palaearctic, Oriental and Australian Regions (i.e. from Japan and China, west to India and Africa and east to Melanesia and Australia)(e.g. Pope, 1988; Hawkeswood, 1994; Hawkeswood & Turner, 2002; Turner & Hawkeswood, 2003). The genus contains at least 30 species and is represented in the Australian region by at least 6 species (Pope, 1988).
    [Show full text]
  • FNN 295 Digital.Pub
    Field Nats News 295 Page 1 Field Nats News No. 295 Newsletter of the Field Naturalists Club of Victoria Inc. Editor: Joan Broadberry 03 9846 1218 1 Gardenia Street, Blackburn Vic 3130 Founding editor: Dr Noel Schleiger Telephone 03 9877 9860 Understanding Reg. No. A0033611X Our Natural World P.O. Box 13, Blackburn 3130 www.fncv.org.au Patron: The Honourable Linda Dessau, AC Governor of Victoria Office Hours: Monday and Tuesday 9.30 am - 4 pm. April 2019 From the President We have had another very hot month perhaps indicating that we may be experiencing The deadline for FNN 296 will be some impacts of climate change. The extremely dry and combustible nature of the bush 10 am Tuesday April 2nd. FNN means that we will need to plan our field activities with caution. The recent bushfires will go to the printers on the 9th have affected areas that we often visit.. with collation on Tuesday 16th. April. There have not been a lot of invertebrates to photograph this past month. My garden remains relatively depauperate this year. There is a total absence of orb weaving Spiders and the huntsmen spiders have not presented themselves; I normally have dozens of them. Similarly, there are very few mantids. I have seen three in total over this summer period. There was a solitary Dainty Swallowtail caterpillar Papilio anactus (photo right) well on its way to defoliating our lemon tree. Un- fortunately, the same morning that I noticed it I suspect it was taken by one of our hungry birds. There was a small wet patch on the leaf it was eating.
    [Show full text]
  • Identification of Insects, Spiders and Mites in Vegetable Crops Sue Heisswolf, Iain Kay and Walsh Bronwyn Workshop Manual Second Edition PR10–5258
    Employment, Development Economic Innovation and Employment, Development Economic Innovation and Department of Identification of insects, spiders and mites in vegetable crops Workshop manual Second edition Sue Heisswolf, Iain Kay and Bronwyn Walsh PR10–5258 First published 1997 Second edition 2010 © The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2010. Commercial and non-commercial reproduction: The Queensland Government supports and encourages the dissemination and exchange of information. However, copyright protects this document. The State of Queensland has no objection to this material being reproduced or made available online or electronically, but only if it is recognised as the owner of the copyright and this material remains unaltered. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice. The copyright owner shall not be liable for technical or other errors or omissions contained herein. The reader/user accepts all risks and responsibility for losses, damages, costs and other consequences resulting directly or indirectly from using this information. Enquiries about reproduction, including downloading or printing the web version, should be directed to [email protected] or telephone 13 25 23 (Queensland residents) or +61 7 3404 6999. Contents Acknowledgements iii Introduction 1 Workshop summary 2 Field collection list 3 Collecting and preserving 4 Collecting techniques 4 Killing the insects 4 Mounting and preserving your insects 4 Labels 5 Collecting and preserving
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction and Assessment of Overseas Beneficials for Biocontrol
    Phase II: Native vegetation to enhance biodiversity, beneficial insects and pest control in horticulture systems Dr Nancy Schellhorn CSIRO Entomology Project Number: VG06024 VG06024 This report is published by Horticulture Australia Ltd to pass on information concerning horticultural research and development undertaken for the vegetables industry. The research contained in this report was funded by Horticulture Australia Ltd with the financial support of the vegetable industry. All expressions of opinion are not to be regarded as expressing the opinion of Horticulture Australia Ltd or any authority of the Australian Government. The Company and the Australian Government accept no responsibility for any of the opinions or the accuracy of the information contained in this report and readers should rely upon their own enquiries in making decisions concerning their own interests. ISBN 0 7341 1812 0 Published and distributed by: Horticulture Australia Ltd Level 7 179 Elizabeth Street Sydney NSW 2000 Telephone: (02) 8295 2300 Fax: (02) 8295 2399 E-Mail: [email protected] © Copyright 2008 Horticulture Australia Limited PROJECT # VG06024 (October 2006 – December 2007) FINAL REPORT Phase II: Native Vegetation to enhance biodiversity, beneficial insects and pest control in horticulture systems Dr. Nancy A. Schellhorn et al. CSIRO Entomology HAL Project VG06024 Project Leader: Dr. Nancy A. Schellhorn CSIRO Entomology 120 Meiers Road Indooroopilly, QLD 4068 Ph: 07 3214 2721 Fx: 07 3214 2881 [email protected] Portfolio Manager:
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 4 4. Suction Sampling of Arthropods In
    Chapter 4 Experimental Section 4. Suction Sampling of Arthropods in Cotton Crops 4.1 Introduction All investigations of arthropod populations rely on sampling methods. The prime objective is to reach a compromise between effort (or cost) and precision which is appropriate to the aims of the investigation (Southwood 1966). Generally, however, sampling methods for arthropods, especially predators in cotton, have been widely criticised because convenient relative methods are often used without satisfactory validation (Gonzalez et al. 1977, Byerly et al. 1978). There are two types of sampling methods; absolute and relative. Absolute methods collect all the individuals of interest in a small defined area and, if multiplied by the total area the sampling was designed to represent, give an estimate of the total population t o that area (Southwood 1966). Any absolute method would be expected to give the same result regardless of the sampling mechanism. On the other hand relative methods only collect a subsample of the individuals from a small defined area. Therefore the total population cannot be calculated from the results of a relative method without studies which correlate the relative method to an absolute one. Furthermore the results may vary between relative sampling methods depending on the efficiency of each method, for example a sweepnet may collect a different proportion of the insects in a given area than a suction sampler. Researchers must also be aware that differences in treatments may produce spurious results by influencing the efficiency of a relative method. For example a suction sampler may extract fewer arthropods from the bushy canopy of a crop growing in a high fertiliser treatment than from the sparser canopy of a low fertiliser treatment.
    [Show full text]
  • Predatory Arthropods in Australian Cotton Fields
    Predatory Arthropods in Australian Cotton Fields P.C. Gregg1, J.N. Stanley2, M.L.Johnson1 and M. Yee1 1Division of Agronomy & Soil Science, University of New England, Armidale NSW 2351, Australia 2 CSIRO Entomology, PMB 3, Indooroopilly, Qld 4068, Australia ABSTRACT Over 50 species of predatory arthropods have been recorded in Australian cotton fields. The complex of generalist predators in Australian cotton has similarities and differences to those in other countries. It is dominated by coccinelids and other beetle species, bugs, ants and spiders. These predators attack Helicoverpa armigera and H. punctigera, the key pests of Australian cotton but also affect other pests such as mites and aphids and prey species with little economic impact suck as leafhoppers. Helicoverpa spp. are primary pests in Australian cotton. Under most pest management regimes predators do not maintain Helicoverpa numbers below current economic thresholds and predator population densities do not appear to be related to Helicoverpa abundance. In contrast, mites and aphids are usually secondary pests whose abundance is determines in part by the impact of pesticides on their natural enemies. This paper will review the predatory species involved, their abundance and seasonal phenology in cotton other crops and non-crop vegetation and the relatively limited data on their impact on Helicoverpa spp. The prospects for enhancing the role of predators of IPM will be discussed in relation to current trends in Australian cotton pest management. Introduction given to ants as predators in Australia is much lower than in parts of the United States (McDaniel and Cotton yields in Australia are high due to the Sterling, 1982) or Africa (van den Berg et al., 1993).
    [Show full text]