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Literature Review Literature Review: SEAGRASS AND MANGROVE HABITATS AS REEF FISH NURSERY HABITATS AND CUMULATIVE IMPACTS FROM COASTAL CONSTRUCTION IN FLORIDA, USA (CONTRACT ORDER #: GA133F06SE5828) FINAL Submitted to: Jocelyn Karazsia National Marine Fisheries Service 400 North Congress Ave, Suite 120 West Palm Beach, Florida 33401 561-616-8880 x207 [email protected] Submitted by: Stephanie Williams 22E Calle Muñoz Rivera PO BOX 360 Rincón, Puerto Rico 00677-0360 March 2007 INTRODUCTION: The 1996 amendments to the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act set forth a new mandate for the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), regional fishery management councils, and other Federal agencies to identify and protect important marine and anadromous fish habitat, such as mangroves, seagrasses, coral reefs, hard bottom reefs, and wetlands. The purpose of this project is to complete a literature review of references, including university theses and dissertations, scientific studies, reports, books, and gray literature, regarding the role of seagrasses and mangroves in coral reef ecology and reef fish productivity; and the impacts of coastal construction to reef fish nursery habitats, fish stocks, and the implications of these impacts for the fisheries of Florida, USA. Coastal construction includes beach nourishment, dredging, dock and marina construction, shoreline hardening, and the construction of other structures that result in the elimination or degradation of mangrove and seagrass habitats. This project supports local efforts to implement coastal construction best management practices and to provide information on cumulative impacts on coral reef fish nursery habitats in Florida, USA. References were compiled in the form of an annotated bibliography containing the complete citation of the work, a summarized abstract, the reference location, and keywords. The reference search included visiting offices, libraries, and computer/internet search engines of federal agencies, specifically NMFS, and U.S. Geological Survey’s and NOAA’s CoRIS Website; from local agencies, specifically the Florida Department of Environmental Protection and the Palm Beach County Department of Environmental Resources Management; from universities, specifically Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, Nova-Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, and the Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, Florida; and internet searches database searches and other gray literature. The literature review also provides a location of where the reference can be obtained, as well as keywords. The references for the literature review were organized into seven different sections: I. MANGROVES: ROLE/ STATUS/ TRENDS/ IMPACTS/ RESTORATION II. SEAGRASS: ROLE/ STATUS/ TRENDS/ IMPACTS/ RESTORATION III. COASTAL HABITATS: VALUE/ POLLUTION/ RESTORATION/ RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IV. CORAL REEF DIVERSITY & FISH PRODUCTIVITY: ROLE/ STATUS/ IMPACTS/ MITIGATION V. BEACH NOURISHMENT: STATUS/ IMPACTS/ MANAGEMENT VI. FISHERIES & MARINE NURSERIES GENERAL: IMPACTS/ MANAGEMENT VII. REFERENCES OF SPECIFIC STUDIES OUTSIDE OF FLORIDA All reference searches were focused on Florida within the past 10 years. Any other specific studies performed in other countries that are related and emphasize the importance of the topics of interest were placed in the section entitled: VII. REFERENCES OF SPECIFIC STUDIES OUTSIDE OF FLORIDA. References from past literature reviews developed for the NMFS were to be used as a complement to this report and are accessible on the CoRIS website. Therefore, repetitions should be minimal. This project builds on ongoing efforts of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) / National Marine Fisheries Service in the state of Florida, USA, to strengthen existing management of reef resources. This work addresses specific management needs identified by the NMFS. 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS: PAGE: I. MANGROVES: ROLE/ STATUS/ TRENDS/ IMPACTS/ RESTORATION . 4-13 II. SEAGRASS: ROLE/ STATUS/ TRENDS/ IMPACTS/ RESTORATION . 13-22 III. COASTAL HABITATS: VALUE/ POLLUTION/ RESTORATION/RESOURCE MANAGEMENT . 23-35 IV. CORAL REEF DIVERSITY & FISH PRODUCTIVITY: ROLE/STATUS/ IMPACTS/ MITIGATION . .35-54 V. BEACH NOURISHMENT: STATUS/ IMPACTS/ MANAGEMENT . .54-58 VI. FISHERIES & MARINE NURSERIES GENERAL: IMPACTS/ MANAGEMENT . 58-66 VII. REFERENCES OF SPECIFIC STUDIES OUTSIDE OF FLORIDA. 66-76 3 I. MANGROVES: ROLE/ STATUS/ TRENDS/ IMPACTS/ RESTORATION: Barr, J. G., T. L. O’Halloran, J. D. Fuentes, T. A. Frankovich, J. C. Zieman, and D. L. Childers. 2004. New flux tower facility tracks CO2 in the Florida coastal Everglades: Mangrove forest provides significant carbon sink. The Network Newsletter. 17(1). Spring 2004. Florida Coastal Everglades LTER. Abstract: Mangrove ecosystems represent a potentially significant carbon sink because of year- round physiologically active foliage, as well as carbon exchanges at the estuary interface and continuous accretion of sediments. During June 2003, a 30-m tall triangular tower was erected in a riverine mangrove forest to rise as a platform to set up flux measurement systems. The study site, located along the Shark River in the western region of the Florida Everglades, includes red (Rhizophora mangle), black (Avicennia germinans), and white (Languncularia lacemosa) mangroves. Continuous field measurements from an eddy covariance system provided the net exchange of carbon dioxide across the forest-atmosphere interface every half hour. The carbon dioxide fluxes to the mangrove forest showed strong diurnal variations and unusually high values, with maximum daytime fluxes reaching 30 micro-moles (CO2) m-2(ground area) s-1. Photosynthetically active irradiance and temperature mainly transform the diurnal patterns of carbon dioxide fluxes. This supports the hypothesis that mangrove forests constitute an important carbon sink. Reference Location: Internet Search: The Network News: LTER Network Newsletter http://intranet.lternet.edu/archives/documents/Newsletters/NetworkNews/spring04 /spring04_pg05.htm Keyword(s): Coastal Everglades, Florida, Carbon Sink, Biosphere Brooks. R. A., and S. S. Bell. 2005. A multivariate study of mangrove morphology (Rhizophora mangle) using both above and below-water plant architecture. Estuarine and Shelf Coast Science. 65(3): 440-448. Abstract: This descriptive study of the architecture of the red mangrove, Rhizophora mangle L., habitat of Tampa Bay, Florida, was conducted to observe if plant architecture could be used to discriminate overwash from fringing forest types. Seven above-water features, including tree height and leaf area, and ten below-water features, including root density and root complexity, were measured in eight mangrove stands. A multivariate technique was used to test the ability of different models comprising above-water, below-water, or whole tree architecture to classify forest type. Based on habitat architecture, the results of this study do not support a sharp distinction between overwash and fringing mangrove forests in Tampa Bay, but rather indicate that the two are architecturally undistinguishable. Within this northern portion of the geographic range of red mangroves, a more appropriate classification system based on architecture may be one in which overwash and fringing forest types are combined into a single, “tide dominated” category. Reference Location: Wimberly Library, Florida Atlantic University: Internet Database Search: Current Contents Connect, Boca Raton, Florida, USA Keyword(s): Mangrove, Fringing Mangrove, Habitat Classification, Prop Root, Morphology, Rhizophora mangle, Plant Architecture, Tampa Bay, Florida, Burton, M. L., K. J. Brennan, R. C, Munoz, and R. O . Parker, Jr. 2005. Preliminary evidence of increased spawning aggregations of mutton snapper (Lutjanus analis) at Riley’s Hump two years after establishment of Tortugas South Ecological Reserve. Fishery Bulletin. 103(2): 404-410. 4 Abstract: This study describes the re-formation of a spawning aggregation of mutton snapper (Lutjanus analis). A review of four consecutive years of survey data indicates that the aggregation may be increasing in size. Juveniles and subadults are found in a variety of habitats such as vegetated sand bottoms, bays, and mangrove estuaries. Adults are found offshore on coral reefs and other complex hardbottom habitat. Mutton snapper are highly prized by Florida fishermen for their size and fighting ability, and the majority of landings occur from Cape Canaveral to the Florida Keys, including the Dry Tortugas. Reference Location: Internet Search: ASFA: Aquatic Pollution and Environmental Quality, Green Library, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA Keyword(s): Resource Conservation, Fishery Surveys, Lutjanus analis, Reproductive Behaviour, Organism Aggregations, Fishery Management, Spawning Migrations, Coral Reefs, Marine Parks, Fishery Resources, Riley’s Hump, Tortugas South Ecological Reserve, Florida, Brazil Davis, S. M., D. L. Childers, J. J. Lorenz, H. R. Wanless, and T. E. Hopkins. 2005. A conceptual model of ecological interactions in the mangrove estuaries of the Florida Everglades. Wetlands. 25(4): 832-842. Abstract: Because of their location at the lower end of the Everglades drainage basin, Everglades mangrove estuaries have been affected by upstream water management practices that have altered the freshwater heads and flows and that affect salinity gradients. Two major
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