J. Crop Prot. 2014, 3 (3): 369-376 ______

Research Article A survey on hyperparasitoids of the poplar spiral gall , spyrothecae Passerini (: ) in Northwest Iran

Mostafa Ghafouri-Moghaddam1, Hossein Lotfalizadeh2 and Ehsan Rakhshani3*

1. Department of Plant Protection, College of Agricultural Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran. 2. Department of Plant Protection, East-Azarbaijan Research Center for Agriculture and Natural Resources, Tabriz, Iran. 3. Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, University of Zabol, Iran.

Abstract: A survey was carried out on the hyperparasitoids of the poplar spiral gall aphid, Passerini, 1860 in Ardabil province from 2012 to 2013. Two pteromalid species, including Pachyneuron solitarium (Hartig, 1838) and Asaphes suspensus (Nees, 1834) were reared from the mummified . Both species are hyperparasitoid of P. spyrothecae via Monoctonia vesicarii Tremblay, 1991 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Aphidiinae). Pachyneuron solitarium is newly recorded from Iran.

Keywords: Pemphigus, Monoctonia, Pachyneuron, Asaphes, new record

Introduction12 (Lotfalizadeh and Gharali, 2008; Mitroiu et al., 2011; Hasani et al., 2011: Hasani and Madjdzadeh, 2012; Mahdavi and Madjdzadeh, Aphid hyperparasitoids are found mainly in five 2013; Dehdar and Madjdzadeh, 2013). It families of three superfamilies of Hymenoptera: includes important natural enemies of numerous (i) Figitidae of Cynipoidea; (ii) Encyrtidae, pest , widely distributed in major Pteromalidae and Eulophidae of Chalcidoidea; orders such as Coleoptera, Diptera, Downloaded from jcp.modares.ac.ir at 5:05 IRST on Saturday September 25th 2021 and (iii) Megaspilidae of Ceraphronoidea Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera and Hemiptera (Sullivan, 1988). They are all solitary (Dzhanokmen, 1989). parasitoids except for a few gregarious species, Species of the family Pemphigidae are gall and either endoparasitic or ectoparasitic forming aphids on different host plants depending on the family (Sullivan and Völkl, (Blackman and Eastop, 1994), among them 1999). The family Pteromalidae Dalman, 1820 species of the genus Pemphigus Hartig, 1839 (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) with more than (Pemphiginae) have a specific affinity to poplars 3,500 described species ordered in 390 genera (Populus-species, Salicaceae) (Whitham, 1980). (Noyes, 2013) is one of the largest families Over 70 Pemphigus species have been described among parasitic Hymenoptera of the until now, of which 46 are known to form galls on superfamily Chalcidoidea. To date about 145 leaves or twigs of Populus species (Blackman and species of Pteromalidae are recorded from Iran Eastop, 1994). Seven species of the family Pemphigidae have been known in Iran in Handling Editor: Dr. Ali Asghar Talebi association with poplars as gall makers (Rezwani, ______2001). Pemphigus spyrothecae Passerini, 1860 is * Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] a holocyclic species that develops exclusively on Received: 22 January 2014, Accepted: 17 February 2014 its primary host (Urban, 2002). It is known from Published online: 17 February 2014

369 Hyperparasitoids of Pemphigus spyrothecae ______J. Crop Prot.

Poland (Heie, 1980), Hungary, Bulgaria, was sampled, and it was dissected Romania, Serbia, Croatia (Čamprag et al., 2003), in situ in order to inspect the presence of Greece (Ioannidis, 1996), Ukraine and Russia mummified aphid (Fig. 1). If present, the galls (Pisnya and Fedorenko, 1988). In addition to were collected and placed inside small plastic Europe, there are records from Asian countries boxes covered with muslin for ventilation. All including Georgia, Armenia, Kazakhstan the materials were subsequently transferred to (Čamprag et al., 2003) and Iran (Derakhshan- the nearest location with natural conditions Shadmehri et al., 2001). The specific environment similar to collecting area and monitored until the of the closed galls is a habitat inviting specific next year. The emerged parasitoids and natural enemies (Rakhshani et al., 2007; Urban, hyperparasitoids were carefully collected using 2002). Ghafouri-Moghaddam et al. (2012) an aspirator and placed into 75% ethanol for previously recorded the aphidiine parasitoid, further examination. External morphology was Monoctonia vesicarii Tremblay, 1991 in illustrated using an Olympus™ SZH, equipped association with P. spyrothecae on P. nigra in with a Canon™ A720 digital camera. The Iran. Takada et al. (2010) reported three specimens were identified according to the chalcidoid species consisting of Aprostocetus (A.) reliable keys and descriptions (Graham, 1969; doronokianus (Kamijo), Pachyneuron sp. and Doğanlar, 1986) by the second author. Eupelmus sp. as hyperparasitoids of Pemphigus Terminology and morphology follow Bouček matsumurai (Monzen) on Populus maximowiczii (1988) and Gibson (2001). The specimens were from Japan. The primary parasitoid has also been deposited in the insect collection of the recorded as M. vesicarii. Kurdjumov (1913) Department of Plant Protection, East-Azarbaijan reported Aprostocetus (A.) populi (Kurdjumov) as Research Center for Agriculture and Natural hyperparasitoid of P. populinigrae (Schrank) in Resources, Tabriz, Iran. General data regarding Ukraine. In General, the aphid hyperparasitoids geographical distribution, biology as well as are considered to be detrimental for biological brief taxonomic comments are given for each control efforts since, they reduce the efficiency of species. primary parasitoids (Starý, 1970). However, under certain circumstances they may even have a Results regulatory effect to maintain the balance between population of primary parasitoid and its host aphid Two following pteromalid species were reared (Bennet, 1981; Sullivan, 1988). The objective of from the mummified aphids. Both species were Downloaded from jcp.modares.ac.ir at 5:05 IRST on Saturday September 25th 2021 the present study was to identify the hyperparasitoids of P. spyrothecae via M. hyperparasitoid species attacking Monoctonia vesicarii. vesicarii in Ardabil province. Asaphes suspensus (Nees, 1834) Materials and Methods Material examined: IRAN, Ardabil province, Ardabil, 38°19'32"N, 48°25'28"E, 1315m, In order to investigate the occurrence of the 21.xi.2012; leg.: M. Ghafouri-Moghaddam, 6♀ aphid hyperparasitoids associated with & 3♂. Pemphigus aphids, a survey was carried out Distribution in Iran: It has already been during 2012-2013 in Ardabil province, where the recorded from Iran by Lotfalizadeh and Gharali poplars are naturally or artificially growing. First (2008) from East Azarbaijan province in author collected leaves with unopened galls from Northwest Iran and by Mitroiu et al. (2011) the branches at a height of 2.5 meter from these from Kerman province (Southeast Iran), as trees in mid-November 2012 and mid-September well as by Dehdar and Madjdzadeh (2013) 2013 and on the fallen leaves with unopened from Kurdestan province (Western Iran). galls beneath the same trees in late October There is only one species from this genus in 2013. The plant material with aphid galls from Iran.

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Figure 1 The leaf galls of Pemphigus spyrothecae on Populus nigra (A) and the mummified aphids with emergence hole of the primary and secondary parasitoids (B).

province in Northwest Iran and by Mitroiu et 19.ix.2013; Leg.: M. Ghafouri-Moghaddam, al. (2011) from Kerman province (Southeast 4♀, 3♂. Iran), as well as by Dehdar and Madjdzadeh Distribution in Iran: New record for Iran. (2013) from Kurdestan province (Western General distribution: Cosmopolitan. Iran). There is only one species from this Diagnosis. This species can be distinguished genus in Iran. from the closely related species, P. muscarum by General distribution: Asaphes suspensus is the combination of following characters: In P. widely distributed as a secondary parasitoid of solitarium the anterior margin of the clypeus is Braconidae (Aphidiinae) in the Holarctic region slightly produced, the produced part weakly (Noyes, 2013). Its distribution in the Neotropical emarginated or subtruncate, and the surface of region is regarded as doubtful by Gibson and clypeus only weakly convex, whereas in P. Vikberg (1998) who considered that these muscarum the anterior margin of the clypeus, records belong to the P. californicus complex. which is more strongly convex, has a blunt, Diagnosis. Head transverse in frontal view rounded median projection. (width 1.25 times of height); first funicular Brief description: Female. (Fig. 2A) Median segment transvers, second funicular segment produced portion of clypeus narrow, with anterior Downloaded from jcp.modares.ac.ir at 5:05 IRST on Saturday September 25th 2021 ring-like, the rest slightly transverse; margin slightly emarginate or truncate and its metapleuron bare, frenulum of scutellum surface virtually flat (Fig. 2D); head in dorsal smooth and shiny; petiole slightly longer than view with temples rounded posteriorly; scape wide, strongly carinate; basal cell of fore wing reaching upper edge of median ocellus, first with two rows of setae, speculum poorly funicular segment as long as the second, slightly developed, submarginal vein with several setae. longer than wide, following four segments a little Coloration: Head and mesosoma dark with longer than wide, and the sixth segment quadrate metallic green luster, legs (except coxae) yellow. or slightly longer than wide; middle lobe of Remark: Asaphes suspensus was considered mesoscutum coarsely reticulated, propodeum as a synonym of A. vulgaris until Graham sloping at a less steep angle, about 45° relative to (1969) revived the species and thus the the tangential plain of the mesoscutum and records published prior to 1969 should be scutellum, narrowed posteriorly and remarkably regarded with caution. produced beyond bases of hind coxae, median area of propodeum longitudinally and broadly Pachyneuron solitarium (Hartig, 1838) (Fig. 2) elevated, plicae indicated by elevation between Material examined: IRAN, Ardabil province, basal fovea and spiracular sulcus, so that a V- Ardabil, 38°19'32"N, 48°25'28"E, 1315m, shaped depression is formed between the median

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and lateral elevations, surface of propodeum the rest of legs yellowish brown, with tibiae densely reticulate and without carinae, nucha sometimes infuscate. finely reticulate, with front edge not distinctly Body length 1.4–2.1 mm. defined; fore wing with marginal vein as long as Male. Differs from the female in the antennae, stigmal vein, basal cell with 3–11 setae, speculum gaster and darker coloration (Fig. 2B); closed below; petiole slender; gaster about 1.5 flagellum as long as width of head, with longer times as long as wide. setae; first funicular segment as long as or Coloration: Head and mesosoma and sometimes slightly longer than the second, 1.7– metasoma metallic green (Fig. 2A); scape 1.9 times as long as wide; sixth funicular yellowish brown or dark brown, pedicel and segment shorter than preceding segments, 1.2 flagellum dark brown (Fig. 2C); coxae times as long as wide; gaster shorter and concolorous with thorax; femora dark brown, depressed. hind coxae usually with metallic reflections, Body length 1.2–1.9 mm.

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Figure 2 Pachyneuron solitarium: (A): female in lateral view, (B): male in lateral view, (C): female antenna, (D): clypeus in frontal view (E): Head in lateral view.

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Discussion from each other based on morphological characters and on the host range. He also stated Species of the genus Asaphes occur in the that the host range of P. solitarium is restricted Palaearctic, Oriental, Nearctic, and Neotropical to the eggs of Dendrolimus spp., whereas P. regions. Asaphes suspensus is a generalist muscarum is parasitic on the coccids. Our hyperparasitoid of four to five genera of findings have indicated that P. solitarium is not Aphidiinae and Aphelinidae (Hymenoptera) restricted to Dendrolimus, but it is also primary parasitoids (Chow and Mackauer, represented as an aphid hyperparasitoid. An 1999). It has also been regarded as a tertiary unknown species of Pachyneuron has already parasitoid of other aphid hyperparasitoids been recorded from Italy as a hyperparasitoid of (Carew and Sullivan, 1993). Many aphid genera Pemphigus vesicarius on P. nigra through M. are recorded in association with A. suspensus vesicarii (Tremblay, 1991). Pachyneuron nr (Noyes, 2013). Many species of the genus leucopiscida Mani was also recorded as Pachyneuron are hyperparasitoids of Aphididae hyperparasitoid of Pistachio gall making aphid, (Hemiptera) or of other plant sucking Smynthurodes betae (Westwood, 1849) through Hemiptera (Coccoidea, Psylloidea) through Monoctonia pistaciaecola Stary, 1962 (Wool their Braconidae (Ichneumonidae) or and Burstein, 1991). Aphelinidae and Encyrtidae (Chalcidoidea) primary parasitoids, and some are recorded as Acknowledgements pupal parasitoids of mining or gall forming Diptera or as egg parasitoids of several families This paper is part of the research by the first of Lepidoptera (apparently as hyperparasitoids) author at the University of Mohaghegh (Gibson, 2001; Noyes, 2013). Ardabili. The participation by E. Rakhshani A wide range patterns of host association was conducted by the grant No. 89-9198, have already been recorded for P. solitarium University of Zabol. including hyperparasitoids of aphids, coccids and also eggs of Dendrolimus spp. (Lep.: References Lasiocampidae). It has been recorded as parasitoid or hyperparasitoid of Lepidoptera Bennett, F. D. 1981. Hyperparasitism in the (Lasiocampidae, Lymantriidae), Hymenoptera practice of biological control, In: Rosen, D. (Aphelinidae, Braconidae, Encyrtidae, (Ed.), The Role of Hyperparasitism in

Downloaded from jcp.modares.ac.ir at 5:05 IRST on Saturday September 25th 2021 Scelionidae and Trichogrammatidae) and Biological Control: A Symposium. Hemiptera (Aphididae) as well as Coleoptera Publication 4103. Division of Agricultural (Coccinellidae) (Noyes, 2013). According to Sciences, University of California, pp: 43-49. Orlov (1962), this species parasitizes Ooencyrtus Blackman, R. L. and Eastop, V. F. 1994. (Hym.: Encyrtidae), Trichogramma (Hym.: Aphids on the World’s Crops, an Trichogrammatidae) and Telenomus (Hym.: Identification and Information Guide. 2nd Scelionidae) which are the main egg parasitoids ed. John Wiley and Sons Ltd, UK, 466 pp. of Dendrolimus sibiricus Tschetverikov, 1908. Bouček, Z. 1965. A review of the Chalcidoid Hirose (1969) also reported that it is a fauna of the Moldavian S. S. R., with hyperparasitioid of the eggs of D. spectabilis descriptions of new species (Hymenoptera). (Butler, 1877) through Trichogramma Acta Fauna Entomologica Musei Nationalis dendrolimi Matsumura, 1926 and/or Telenomus Pragae, 11: 5-37. dendrolimi (Matsumura). Bouček (1965) Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea considered that P. solitarium is synonymous (Hymenoptera). A Biosystematic Revision with P. concolor and the host range is of Genera of Fourteen Families, with a surprisingly wide. On the contrary, Graham Reclassification of Species. CAB (1969) stated that these two species are distinct International, Wallingford, 832 pp.

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Downloaded from jcp.modares.ac.ir at 5:05 IRST on Saturday September 25th 2021 Aphidiinae) associations on willows and Whitham, T. G. 1980. The theory of habitat poplars in the biocorridors of Iran. Acta selection: Examined and extended using Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Pemphigus aphids. The American Naturalist, Hungaricae, 53: 281-297. 115: 449-466. Rezwani, A., 2001. Identification key of aphids Wool, D. and Burstein, M. 1991. Parasitoids of in Iran. Publication of Agricultural the gall-forming aphid Smynthurodes betae Research, Education and Extension [Aphidoidea: Fordinae] in Israel. Organization, Tehran, Iran, 304 pp. [in Entomophaga, 36 (4): 531-538. Persian].

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ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻫﻴﭙﺮﭘﺎرازﻳﺘﻮﻳﻴﺪﻫﺎي ﺷﺘﻪ ﮔﺎل ﻣﺎرﭘﻴﭽﻲ ﺻﻨﻮﺑﺮ Pemphigus spyrothecae Passerini (Hem.: Aphididae) در اﻳﺮان

ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻲ ﻏﻔﻮري ﻣﻘﺪم1، ﺣﺴﻴﻦ ﻟﻄﻔﻌﻠﻲزاده2 و اﺣﺴﺎن رﺧﺸﺎﻧﻲ3*

1- ﮔﺮوه ﮔﻴﺎهﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ، داﻧﺸﻜﺪه ﻋﻠﻮم ﻛﺸﺎورزي، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻣﺤﻘﻖ اردﺑﻴﻠﻲ، اردﺑﻴﻞ. 2-ﺑﺨﺶ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﮔﻴﺎﻫﭙﺰﺷﻜﻲ، ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﻛﺸﺎورزي و ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ اﺳﺘﺎن آذرﺑﺎﻳﺤﺎنﺷﺮﻗﻲ. 3- ﮔﺮوه ﮔﻴﺎﻫﭙﺰﺷﻜﻲ، داﻧﺸﻜﺪه ﻛﺸﺎورزي، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه زاﺑﻞ. * ﭘﺴﺖ اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪه ﻣﺴﺌﻮل ﻣﻜﺎﺗﺒﻪ: [email protected] درﻳﺎﻓﺖ: 2 ﺑﻬﻤﻦ 1392؛ ﭘﺬﻳﺮش: 28 ﺑﻬﻤﻦ 1392

ﭼﻜﻴﺪه: اﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺑﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻫﻴﭙﺮﭘﺎرازﻳﺘﻮﻳﻴﺪﻫﺎي ﺷﺘﻪ ﮔﺎل ﻣﺎرﭘﻴﭽﻲ دﻣﺒﺮگ ﺻﻨﻮﺑﺮ، Pemphigus spyrothecae Passerini, 1860 ﻃﻲ ﺳﺎلﻫﺎي91-1390 در اردﺑﻴﻞ اﻧﺠﺎم ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. دو ﮔﻮﻧﻪ زﻧﺒﻮر از ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده Pteromalidae ﺷﺎﻣﻞ (Pachyneuron solitarium (Hartig, 1838 و Asaphes (suspensus (Nees, 1834 از ﺷﺘﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﻮﻣﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﺪه ﭘﺮورش ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻨﺪ. ﻫﺮ دو ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﻴﭙﺮﭘﺎرازﻳﺘﻮﻳﻴﺪ ﺷﺘﺔ .P spyrothecae ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ زﻧﺒﻮر ﭘﺎرازﻳﺘﻮﻳﻴﺪ اوﻟﻴﻪ، Monoctonia vesicarii Tremblay, 1991 (Hym., Braconidae, Aphidiinae) ﭘﺎرازﻳﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ. ﮔﻮﻧﺔ P. solitarium ﺑﺮاي اوﻟﻴﻦ ﺑﺎر از اﻳﺮان ﮔﺰارش ﻣﻲﺷﻮد.

واژﮔﺎن ﻛﻠﻴﺪي:Monoctonia ،Asaphes ،Pachyneuron ،Pemphigus، ﮔﺰارش ﺟﺪﻳﺪ

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