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Master Thesis 60 Credits UNIVERSITY OF OSLO Department of informatics Holmenkollen Time Travel Developing a Situated Simulation for a handheld device Master thesis 60 credits Vegard Fleischer Orkelbog 31. January 2012 II Abstract Holmenkollen is a ski jumping hill, a place and a structure of cultural and historical importance in Norway. This thesis describes the development of the situated simulation Holmenkollen Time Travel (HTT), an application made for iPad2. The HTT allows a user to “travel in time” to experience four different versions of the ski jumping hill, hence the name. The application is tested on location by different user groups and the feedback from the individuals shows how the HTT can enhance a user’s experience of Holmenkollen. The application introduces some new developments to the concept of situated simulations, and is further analyzed within the theoretical framework of Augmented Reality and Place Specific Computing. III IV Acknowledgements I would really like to thank my supervisor Gunnar Liestøl for his excellent support during the whole process; it’s been a pleasure working with you. I would also like to thank those affiliated with the INVENTIO-Project who has given me a hand, and a special thanks to Tomas Stenarson who has been a really helpful during the development phase. Thanks to my informants, especially to Klaus Kromann in the Ski Federation. You have been a great asset to me. Mikkel, my good friend and colleague, you have been great support. You have given me lots of valuable input and motivation when I needed it the most. Thank you for being there! What would the days have been like without good friends and lunch-buddies? Jenny and Ann Kristin, thanks for all the laughs. I will miss working next to you! A big thanks to the rest of my friends from the media department, I’m going to miss the Quiz-breaks. Last but not least, to the two women in my life! Thanks mom for cleaning up my grammatical mistakes, and for caring about my wellbeing. (You probably should have proofed this part as well…) Siv Helén, thank you for putting up with all my crap, for helping me structure my thesis, for making me dinner and turning the light back on every time it got dark. I love you! You’re the Best! V VI “Ett heligt berg...” Liksom Olympen i Grekland i sig innefattade icke blott berget med samma namn, utan hela gudomen, så får vi i våra dagar använda samma måttstock på Holmenkollen i Norge. Det är namnet på nationalsporten, nationalbacken, nationaldagen. Det är ett heligt berg. Den svenske avisen Svenska Dagbladet Stockholm 1920 “A holy mountain...” Like Mount Olympus in Greece, the name means more than the hill itself, it describes the divine. That is also how we see Holmenkollen, Norway. It is the name of the national sport, the national hill, the national day. It is a holy mountain. Den svenske avisen Svenska Dagbladet Stockholm 1920 VII VIII Table of Contents Abstract ........................................................................................................................... III Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................... V 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Research Question........................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Background ...................................................................................................................... 1 1.3 Motivation ....................................................................................................................... 3 1.4 Holmenkollen History ...................................................................................................... 3 1.5 Situated Simulation ......................................................................................................... 5 1.6 Holmenkollen as Situated Simulation ............................................................................. 5 1.7 iPad and iOS ..................................................................................................................... 6 2 General outline of the application .......................................................................... 10 2.1 Designing Holmenkollen Time Travel (HTT) .................................................................. 10 2.2 Development ................................................................................................................. 11 2.2.1 3D tool and modeling ........................................................................................................................................... 12 2.2.2 Architectural research......................................................................................................................................... 13 2.2.3 Map and terrain ...................................................................................................................................................... 14 2.2.4 Web content ............................................................................................................................................................. 16 2.2.5 Producing sound and video for HTT ............................................................................................................. 17 2.2.6 Collaboration with INVENTIO .......................................................................................................................... 18 2.2.7 Perspectives ............................................................................................................................................................. 18 2.2.8 Navigation ................................................................................................................................................................. 19 2.2.9 HTT web content ................................................................................................................................................... 22 3 Theoretical perspectives ........................................................................................ 25 3.1 Location Based Services ................................................................................................ 25 3.2 Augmented reality ......................................................................................................... 26 3.3 Situated simulation in an AR perspective ...................................................................... 33 3.4 Place oriented design .................................................................................................... 36 4 Methodology and testing ....................................................................................... 43 4.1 Early test phases and development .............................................................................. 43 4.1.1 Movement and Coverage .................................................................................................................................... 44 4.1.2 Global Positioning System ................................................................................................................................. 44 4.1.3 Testing 3D and positioning ............................................................................................................................... 46 4.1.4 User tests ................................................................................................................................................................... 46 IX 4.2 Methodological approach and user testing .................................................................. 48 4.2.1 Observation .............................................................................................................................................................. 51 4.2.2 Survey ......................................................................................................................................................................... 51 4.2.3 Focus groups ............................................................................................................................................................ 53 4.2.4 Interview ................................................................................................................................................................... 53 4.3 User-tests ...................................................................................................................... 53 4.3.1 Tourists ...................................................................................................................................................................... 53 4.3.2 Media students ....................................................................................................................................................... 54 4.3.3 Technological group ............................................................................................................................................. 54 4.3.4 Holmenkollen employee..................................................................................................................................... 54 5 Findings ................................................................................................................. 57 5.1 Location-Based Services ................................................................................................ 57 5.1.1
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