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2-Peixes Ósseos-Pratica-Roteiro Zoologia Vertebrados - 2012 1 PEIXES ÓSSEOS – 1ª Parte Aula Prática - EXERCÍCIO PRÁTICO MORFOLOGIA - HABITAT Cada grupo de alunos vai trabalhar analisando as espécies de peixes disponíveis em uma bandeja . A partir do conjunto de características , envolvendo formato do corpo, formato das nadadeiras e posição da boca e olhos , é possível inferir, na maior parte dos casos com uma boa margem de acerto, o microhabitat . Baseado nas características apresentadas no quadro do verso classifique cada uma destas espécies de peixes quanto ao microhabitat (peixes de superfície, de meia- água e de fundo). Exercício forma-função – material apresentado FAMÍLIA ESPÉCIE NOME POPULAR SUPERFÍCIE Anablepidae Anableps anableps Tralhoto Exocoetidae Hemiramphus balao Panaguaiu Exocoetidae Cypselurus melanurus Voador Belonidae Ablennus hians Agulha Sphyraenidae Sphyraena tome Bicuda Osteoglossidae Osteoglossum bicirrhosum Aruanã Trichiuridae Trichiurus lepturus Peixe-espada MEIA-ÁGUA / TOCA Synbranchidae Synbranchus marmoratus Muçum Muraenidae Gymnothorax ocellatus Moréia-pintada MEIA-ÁGUA / VEGETAÇÃO Erythrinidae Hoplias malabaricus Traíra Gymnotidae Gymnotus carapo Tuvira MEIA-ÁGUA / ÁGUA ABERTA Scombridae Scomber japonicus Cavalinha Carangidae Oligoplites saurus Guaivira Carangidae Parona signata Viúva Characidae Serrasalminae Piranha Characidae Hollandichthys multifasciatus Lambari Characidae Astyanax pedri Lambari FUNDO Ogcocephalidae Ogcocephalus vespertilio Peixe-morcego Crenuchidae Characidium zebra Canivete Cynoglossidae Symphurus tessellatus Língua-de-mulata Achiridae Achirus lineatus Linguado Loricariidae Hypostomus sp . Cascudo Pimelodidae Pimelodus maculatus mandi Zoologia Vertebrados - 2012 2 Peixes de Peixes de meia-água Peixes de fundo superfície Em tocas Na vegetação Em água aberta Corpo Fusiforme Roliço (alongado) Fusiforme Fusiforme e Achatado dorso- Alongado achatado ventralmente ou lateralmente dorso arqueado e ventre achatado Cabeça Deprimida - - - - Formato Peitorais Ausentes ou Caudal truncada ou Caudal furcada Peitorais geralmente das nadadeiras geralmente amplas reduzidas arredondada, amplas podendo estar ausente Boca Ântero-superior Anterior Anterior Anterior Ântero-inferior Olhos Látero-dorsais Laterais Laterais Laterais Dorsais Zoologia Vertebrados - 2012 3 PEIXES ÓSSEOS – 2ª Parte Aula Prática Alguns exemplos de Peixes ósseos Teleostei 1 - Osteoglossomorpha (aruanã, pirarucu – Amazônicos) 2 - Elopomorpha (moréia) 3 - Clupeomorpha – Clupeidae (sardinha), Engraulidae (manjuba) – filtradores de plâncton, cardumes 4 - "Protacanthopterygii " – Salmoniformes – Salmonidae (truta) Paracanthopterygii 5 – Batrachoidiformes - Batrachoididae (mamanguá-liso – sem escamas, com fotóforos) 6 – Gadiformes - Gadidae (abrótea) 7 – Lophiiformes - Ogcocephalidae (peixe-morcego) Acanthopterygii Atheriniformes – 8 - Atherinidae (peixe-rei) Beloniformes – 9 - Belonidae (peixe-agulha) 10 - Exocoetidae (panaguaiú, voador) Cyprinodontiformes – 11 – Anablepidae (quatro-olhos) 12 – Poeciliidae (guaru) Mugiliformes – 13 – Mugilidae (tainha) Perciformes – 14 - Cichlidae (acará) 15 – Sciaenidae (corvina, pescada) Tetraodontiformes – 16 – Tetraodontidae (baiacu) Ostariophysii 17 - Characiformes (piranha, lambari) 18 - Cypriniformes (carpa) 19 - Siluriformes (bagre, cascudo) 20 - Gymnotiformes (tuvira) Zoologia Vertebrados - 2012 4 SEQUÊNCIA TAXONÔMICA (segue Pough et al., 2008) Filo Chordata - notocorda em algum estágio de vida 1 - Subfilo Urochordata Ascidiacea - ascídias Thaliacea - salpas, dolíolos Appendicularia (=Larvacea) 1 - Euchordata - retêm o esqueleto axial por toda a vida 2 - Subfilo Cephalochordata - anfioxo 2 - Craniata - eucordados com crânio 3 - Myxinoidea - feiticeira * 3 - Vertebrata - craniados com vértebras 4 - "Agnatha" - peixes sem maxilas "Ostracodermata" - Pteraspida, "Cephalaspida" (extintos) "Cyclostomata" - Myxinoidea *, Petromyzontoidea - lampréias 4 - Gnathostomata - vertebrados com maxilas 5 - Classe Chondrichthyes – peixes cartilaginosos 5 – Euteleostomi – vertebrados ósseos Classe Chondrichthyes Subclasse Holocephali - quimeras Subclasse Elasmobranchii Neoselachii - formas atuais = tubarões, cações e raias Euteleostomi – vertebrados ósseos Sarcopterygii - peixes de nadadeiras lobadas (e vertebrados terrestres) Dipnoi (atuais, água doce) = Neoceratodus , Protopterus , Lepidosiren Crossopterygii Rhipidistia = extintos Actinistia = formas extintas + Latimeria marinho, sem pulmão funcional Actinopterygii - peixes de nadadeiras raiadas Chondrostei (=Acipenseriformes) - esturjão e peixe-espátula – Hem. Norte Polypteriformes (=Cladistia) – bichirs - África Neopterygii primitivos (=Holostei) - gars, bowfins – A. Norte e Central Teleostei (=Neopterygii atuais) – 21.000 spp. Osteoglossomorpha (aruanã e pirarucu, peixe-elefante) – língua óssea Elopomorpha (tarpão, enguia) – com larvas leptocéfalas Clupeomorpha (sardinha, manjuba) – filtradores de plâncton Euteleostei "Protacanthopterygii" (ex. salmonídeos) Paracanthopterygii (ex.: peixe-morcego, mamanguá) “Neoteleosteos basais” (peixes meso e batipelágicos) Acanthopterygii (ex.: Perciformes) – nadadeira com espinho Ostariophysi – aparelho de Weber, substância de alarme Characiformes – só na A. Sul e África Cypriniformes – exceto na A. Sul, Antártica e Austrália Siluriformes – exceto Antártica Gymnotiformes – peixes elétricos da A. Sul .
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