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Loggerhead Turtle (Caretta Caretta) and Green Turtle (Chelonia Mydas) – Cyprus

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Loggerhead Turtle (Caretta Caretta) and Green Turtle (Chelonia Mydas) – Cyprus Loggerhead Turtle (Caretta caretta) and Green Turtle (Chelonia mydas) – Cyprus Photographs: Left: Brocken Inaglory (Wikimedia Commons, 2008); Right: Turtle Excluder Devices (TEDs) (Wikimedia Commons, 2011) Loggerhead Turtle Green Turtle Conservation status IUCN Global: Vulnerable IUCN Global: Endangered CY: FV CY: U2 (+) Protection status HD: Annex II HD: Annex II CMS: Appendix I CMS: Appendix I Bern Convention: Appendix II Bern Convention: Appendix II Population (2007-12) EU27: > 150,000 – 230,000 individuals EU27: > 2,120 – 3,360 individuals CY: 800 – 1,600 individuals CY: 120 - 360 individuals MS with genuine improvement CY CY Other MS ES, FR, GR, IT, MT, NL, PT, SI, UK ES, FR, GR, IT, NL, PT, UK Summary: Massive over-exploitation of turtles for turtle soup and meat, on the Levant coast, from the Gulf of Iskenderun to Palestine/Israel, from the end of the First World War to about 1970 led to a virtual collapse of the turtle populations of the region and especially of the Green Turtle population. More recently both turtle species have been under pressure again, mainly from habitat loss and disturbance as well as from fishing bycatch. After 40 years of implementing conservation measures in Cyprus, steady and recently more rapid improvements have been seen in turtle populations. Time was the key to seeing results, keeping in mind that turtles need 20-30 years to mature, and more in the case of Green Turtles. Knowledge gained through these efforts has resulted in the designation of protected areas, the identification of harmful activities, and the targeted implementation of effective conservation measures. Joint action between dedicated NGOs, the Government, local authorities, supported by volunteers, ensures the continuation of conservation efforts and the spread of public awareness. Key measures to improve turtle breeding and reduce hatchling mortality have included legal protection, prohibiting cars, sunbeds and parasols on beaches, and caging nests to reduce natural predation by Red Foxes. Background Status and EU occurrence The Loggerhead Turtle (Caretta caretta)1 is a widespread marine turtle, occurring in the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans. In Europe, it occurs in the north-east Atlantic along the coast of Spain, Portugal, the Netherlands, and the UK, but primarily within the Mediterranean Sea (Casale and Tucker, 2017). Major nesting sites are located in Greece, in Zakynthos and Kyparissia Bay, and to a lesser extent in Turkey (Dalyan) and Cyprus (Chrysochou Bay) (Casale, 2015). The world population for the Loggerhead Turtle is difficult to estimate and is currently unknown. EU Member State reports for 2007-12 provided an estimate for the European 1 Natura 2000 species code 1224 1 Mediterranean of 140,800–184,100 individuals (ETC-BD, 2018a). However, the best way of quantifying the species’ population is annual nest counts. In 2013, an estimated total of over 200,000 clutches were laid annually, with 7,200 of these located in the Mediterranean (Demetropoulos pers comm, 2018). Overall, during the past three turtle generations (approx. 135 years), there has been a decrease of 47% in the species’ abundance, mainly due to losses in the NW Indian Ocean, and as a result the global status of the Loggerhead Turtle is considered to be vulnerable (Casale and Tucker, 2017). Although Mediterranean population trends have showed a slight positive increase of 7% (Casale and Tucker, 2017) the Article 17 assessments indicate that for 2007-2012 the species had an unfavourable conservation status in the majority of EU Member States, and Atlantic, Macaronesian and Mediterranean biogeographical regions overall (Annex 1). However, the Cyprus population of 800 – 1,000 individuals is considered to have a favourable conservation status, and this is a genuine improvement since the 2001-06 assessment (ETC-BD, 2018a). The Green Turtle (Chelonia mydas)2 has a similar global geographic presence to the Loggerhead Turtle, inhabiting the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans. In Europe, their main nesting ground is considered to be along the coasts of Turkey and Cyprus, with other smaller nesting sites in the Eastern Mediterranean (Kasparek et al., 2001; IUCN, 2010). Global population figures for the Green Turtle are lower than Loggerhead Turtles and show an overall decline of around 48% to 67% compared to 3 generations ago (approx. 1960-1970s). The species is therefore considered to be globally endangered (Seminoff, 2004). In the EU, Member State reports provide an estimate of over 2,120–3,360 individuals (ETC-BD, 2018b) and indicate that the species has an unfavourable or unknown conservation status in all countries (Annex 1). Its overall status in the Atlantic biogeographical region is unfavourable-bad, with a stable trend, unknown in the Macaronesian region, and unstable-bad with an unknown trend in the Mediterranean region. Although in Cyprus, the species’ conservation status for 2007-12 was unfavourable-bad, as it was for 2001-06, the estimated population of 120-160 individuals is believed represent a genuine increase (ETC/BD, 2017b). Currently, IUCN red list assessments of the conservation status for either turtle species are not available at a European regional scale. Uncertainties around whether or not the Green Turtle’s Mediterranean population is distinct from the Atlantic populations have led to a de-listing at a European scale (Seminoff and Shanker, 2008; Euroturtle, undated). Additional research is therefore required to determine whether the Mediterranean population is a distinct subpopulation (MEDASSET pers comm, 2018). Ecological requirements The Loggerhead Turtle and Green Turtle require beach areas for nesting sites, mainly on insular and mainland sandy beaches, in temperate and subtropical regions. In Cyprus, Loggerhead Turtles nest mainly on the beaches of Chrysochou Bay, but also on beaches north of Paphos, mainly in the area of the Lara/Toxeftra Turtle Reserve and on several other beaches on the south coast and elsewhere. Green Turtles largely breed on the beaches north of Paphos, in the Lara/Toxeftra Turtle Reserve. However, nesting of both species has ceased in some beaches mainly due to tourism, urban sprawl and recreation or to erosive degradation from sand extraction (including recently at Potima beach and Coral Bay north of Paphos and since 1978 at Ayia Napa) (Demetropoulos pers comm, 2018). Both Green and Loggerhead Turtles have smaller nesting sites on the north coast of the island, close to the Karpas peninsula and at Agia Eirini in Morphou Bay (About Cyprus, 2017). Both turtles are migratory species, using a wide range of areas and habitats throughout their lifetimes. For about four years, juvenile turtles use gyres as open-ocean developmental grounds and later move to neritic (between coast and continental shelf) developmental areas with benthic or epipelagic prey, seagrass and algae where they grow to maturity (at about 30 years in Loggerhead Turtles and more in Green Turtles). Once sexually mature, both male and female Loggerhead and Green Turtles migrate between foraging grounds and nesting sites at remigration intervals of a few years. Adults reside during non-breeding periods at coastal neritic feeding areas that occasionally coincide with juvenile developmental habitats (Casale and Tucker, 2017; Seminoff, 2004). Pressures and threats Pressures and threats to both Loggerhead and Green Turtles, apart from predation from Red Foxes (Vulpes vulpes), are mainly human-induced and include fishing (as bycatch) and other boating and sporting activities, driving on beaches, lights near the beaches, sky glow (i.e. distant light pollution), water pollution, and land activities (e.g. coastal constructions for urban areas and sea defences) that disturb breeding beaches (EEA, 2 Natura 2000 species code 1227 2 2017b, 2017c; Demetropoulos pers comm, 2018; Casale, 2015; IUCN, 2010). Coastal developments for tourism (including housing) and coastal defence purposes can destroy nesting locations. Both turtles have also been pressured by illegal taking of eggs and juvenile hatchlings for human consumption, though this is not considered to be a current threat to either species in the Mediterranean (EEA, 2017b; Seminoff, 2004; IUCN, 2010). Some scientific studies in Cyprus have also highlighted predation by Red Foxes, which smell and dig up the eggs (IUCN, 2010). Predation from these sources can impact between 8% and 38% of all clutches per year for both species along the North coast of Cyprus, and up to 80% of all nests in Chrysochou Bay and along the West Coast of Cyprus (Demetropoulos pers comm, 2018). To address this issue, nests are protected by cages and this has significantly reduced turtle mortalities over the years. After hatching, bird predation may also reduce juvenile populations, though this is not considered to be significant in the Mediterranean (IUCN, 2010). Drivers of improvements: actors, actions and their implementation approaches Organisers, partners, supporters and other stakeholders The Department of Fisheries and Marine Research (DFMR) of the Government of Cyprus started the Cyprus Turtle Conservation Project in 1976. The Cyprus Wildlife Society was set up in 1985 to help in the implementation of the project. In 2010, Cyprus Wildlife Society took on overall implementation of the project under a contract agreement with DFMR (Demetropoulos pers comm, 2018). In addition, the Society for the Protection of Turtles (SPOT), University of Exeter’s Marine Turtle Research Group (UK), and the North Cyprus Department
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