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Politics, Policies, Challenges and Opportunities

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Politics, Policies, Challenges and Opportunities Master Thesis Political Science: International Relations The EU and its Neighbours: Politics, Policies, Challenges and Opportunities The EU and Conflict Resolution in Northern Ireland and Cyprus Eoin Watts 11695714 Supervisor: Dr. Dimitris Bouris Seconder Reader: Dr. Farid Boussaid Word Count: 24, 204 22nd June 2018 i Acknowledgements I would like to thank my supervisor Dr. Dimitris Bouris for guiding, encouraging and reassuring me throughout this process. Secondly, I wish to extend my gratitude to Dr. Farid Boussaid for agreeing to be my second reader. Also I extend my warmest thanks to all my interviewees. I will always appreciate the time and effort you offered me over the last few months. Without my family and friends this would not have been possible. Your constant unwavering support is greatly appreciated. Finally, to Jeske for advising and believing in me from the beginning. ii Abstract The primary objective of this thesis is to examine the impact that that the European Union, through the integration and accession process, has on identity in conflicts. The case studies of Northern Ireland and Cyprus are utilised as they have both experienced, and still experience, this subtle form of EU conflict resolution. In order to achieve this, this thesis incorporates two theoretical positions. Diez et al.’s (2008) conflict transformation theory is used to establish the impact that the EU has had on identity in the two conflicts. It is found that in both cases, EU integration and accession has not been the catalyst for the emergence of a shared identity which transcends the traditional conflicting identities. However, this thesis does demonstrate that EU integration has been more effective at encouraging a rapprochement between Nationalists/Catholics and Unionists/Protestants in Northern Ireland, than between Greek and Turkish Cypriots, in Cyprus. Whitman and Wolff’s (2012) conflict management theory is subsequently used to demonstrate that this is the result of a combination of internal and external factors. Firstly, Northern Ireland and Cyprus are extremely different conflicts, with one twenty years into a successful peace process and one conflict frozen in time. However, as witnessed in more conventional conflicts, internal decisions by the EU has also contributed to its ultimate success in softening the identity divide in Northern Ireland and Cyprus. Key Words: Conflict transformation, Cyprus, European Union, identity, integration and accession process, Northern Ireland iii Table of Contents Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................... ii Abstract .................................................................................................................................... iii List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................................ vi Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 1 Methodology .......................................................................................................................... 2 Research Questions............................................................................................................. 2 Research Design ................................................................................................................. 3 Overview ................................................................................................................................ 6 1. Literature Review................................................................................................................... 8 1.1 Conflict ............................................................................................................................. 8 1.2 Identity ............................................................................................................................. 9 1.3 Conflict Resolution ........................................................................................................ 10 1.3.1 Conflict Management .............................................................................................. 11 1.3.2 Interactive Conflict Resolution ................................................................................ 12 1.3.3 Conflict Transformation .......................................................................................... 13 1.4 The EU and Conflict Resolution .................................................................................... 14 1.4.1 The Integration and Accession Process and Conflict Resolution ............................ 17 1.5 Analytical Framework .................................................................................................... 23 1.6 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 25 2. The EU’s Involvement in Northern Ireland ......................................................................... 26 2.1 Historical Background.................................................................................................... 26 2.1.1 The Orange State (1921-1969) ................................................................................ 26 2.1.2 The Troubles (1969- 1998) ...................................................................................... 27 2.1.3 The Good Friday Agreement (1998-present) .......................................................... 28 2.3 The EU Dimension ......................................................................................................... 29 2.2.1 The EU’s Indirect Involvement ............................................................................... 31 2.2.2 The EU’s Direct Involvement .................................................................................. 34 3.3 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 36 3. The EU’s Involvement in Cyprus ........................................................................................ 38 3.1 Historical Background.................................................................................................... 38 3.1.1 The Seeds of the Conflict (1571-1960) ................................................................... 38 3.1.2 The Escalation of Conflict (1960-2000) .................................................................. 39 iv 3.1.3 The Annan Plan (2000-2004) .................................................................................. 40 3.2. The EU Dimension ........................................................................................................ 41 3.1.2 The Indirect Impact of EU Involvement .................................................................. 44 3.2.2 The Direct Impact of EU Involvement .................................................................... 47 3.3. Conclusion ..................................................................................................................... 49 4. Comparison .......................................................................................................................... 50 4.1 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 57 5. Conclusions .......................................................................................................................... 59 5.1 Empirical Findings ......................................................................................................... 59 5.2 Conceptual Findings ....................................................................................................... 63 Bibliography ............................................................................................................................ 65 v List of Abbreviations DUP Democratic Unionist Party EEC European Economic Community EOKA National Organisation of Cypriot Fighters (Ethniki Organosi Kyprion Agoniston) EU European Union IEF Integrated Education Fund IFI International Fund for Ireland IRA Irish Republican Army NILTS Northern Ireland LIFE & TIMES Survey PEACE Special European Union Programme for Peace and Reconciliation ROC Republic of Cyprus RUC Royal Ulster Constabulary TMT Turkish Resistance Organization (Türk Mukavemet Teşkilatı) TRNC Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus UK United Kingdom UNDP-ACT United Nations Development Programme- Action For Cooperation and Trust UNFICYP United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus US United States of America vi Introduction The European Union (EU) is increasingly being acknowledged for its conflict resolution capabilities. In 2012 the EU was awarded a Nobel Peace Prize for over six decades of contribution “to the advancement of peace and reconciliation, democracy and human rights in Europe” (Nobel Peace Prize 2012). While this award partly recognises the increasing involvement in conflicts in the European Neighbourhood through traditional conflict resolution means, it also acknowledges the more nuanced integration and accession process. The integration and accession process sees the EU impact conflicts through EU membership and the promise of this membership. In particular, EU integration is widely regarded as bridging the gap between long-time adversaries France and Germany in the wake
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