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The Trade Unions Performance in Tanzania: the Perceptions of School Teachers Union in Singida Municipality

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The Trade Unions Performance in Tanzania: the Perceptions of School Teachers Union in Singida Municipality Open Journal of Social Sciences, 2018, 6, 242-254 http://www.scirp.org/journal/jss ISSN Online: 2327-5960 ISSN Print: 2327-5952 The Trade Unions Performance in Tanzania: The Perceptions of School Teachers Union in Singida Municipality Ausi Nchimbi Tanzania Public Service College (TPSC), Singida, Tanzania How to cite this paper: Nchimbi, A. Abstract (2018) The Trade Unions Performance in Tanzania: The Perceptions of School This study explored the perception of teachers as members of trade unions on Teachers Union in Singida Municipality. the effectiveness of their trade union; using Tanzania Teacher’s Union, as a Open Journal of Social Sciences, 6, 242-254. case study. The study adopted a case study strategy where ten schools were https://doi.org/10.4236/jss.2018.64021 involved in the study. Both qualitative and quantitative methods and ap- Received: March 21, 2018 proaches were used in data collection and analysis. A total sample of 209 res- Accepted: April 27, 2018 pondents was involved in the study. Documentary review was also adopted, Published: April 30, 2018 where various documents related to the study were critically reviewed. The Copyright © 2018 by author and results demonstrated that members of TTU have positive perception on the Scientific Research Publishing Inc. effectiveness of TTU as a workers’ representation and do represents its mem- This work is licensed under the Creative bers. However respondents were skeptical on the issue of communication and Commons Attribution International keeping the members up to date on what is real going on within the union. License (CC BY 4.0). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Open Access Keywords Trade Unions, Effectiveness, Organizations, Performance 1. Introduction Trade unions can be described as the organized groupings of wage and salary earners with the purpose bringing to bear the economic, social, political and po- litical interests of their members in labor relations and political system (Schil- linger, 2005) [1]. The main purpose of trade unions is to maintain or improving the employment conditions of their members. Workers unions provides forum through which collective bargaining is used primary to secure worker’s econom- ic rights (Babeiya, 2011) [2]. As new type of organizations trade unions emerged during industrialization in Europe in the second half of 19th, century. They later developed into more comprehensive organizations of the rapidly growing indus- DOI: 10.4236/jss.2018.64021 Apr. 30, 2018 242 Open Journal of Social Sciences A. Nchimbi tries (Schillinger, 2005) [1]. In Africa the organizations of wage and salary earners started after the World War Two when some of the colonial administrators put in place the legal prere- quisites for the creation of indigenous labor organizations. Due to the absence of strong industrial base in Africa trade unions were mainly emerged in the public service and the public transport sector, mostly for teachers, railway and port workers. Labor organizations were also formed in the mining sector and to a lesser extent, in the plantation economy of east Africa (Thomas, 1999) [3]. Historically trade unionism in Africa were regarded as an important and driving force for the anti-colonial liberalization struggle, before they were trans- formed in to transmission belts of ruling parties. Most of the present literature on trade unions in Africa argues for reducing efficiency of trade unions (Schil- linger, 2005) [1]. In Tanzania like other African Countries labor Unions played a vital role in the economic, political and social evolution of the country since 1940’s (Mukandala, 1999) [4]. Apart from representing workers on issues of common interests, the labor movements also acted as a freedom fighting move- ments against British colonial rule. However after the independence trade un- ions experienced a weak influence and power to effectively represent its mem- bers (Kamugisha & Tefurukwa, 2015) [5]. On the other hand there is extensive literature on the effectiveness of trade unions in Africa there is a little empirical research on what makes unions effec- tive in the eyes of employees (members). Employees are rational actors in their decisions to join trade unions. The desire of nonmembers for membership and member’s satisfaction with representation by their unions are higher where the union is perceived as an effective organization capable of delivering better terms and conditions for employees (Bryson, 2003) [6]. If the union is perceived as ef- fective employees are more likely to think they have something tangible to gain from membership, either in terms of better wages, better non-pecuniary terms of employment or better assurance against arbitrary employer actions. Therefore in discussing the effectiveness of trade unions in Tanzania it is critical to focus on the perception of its members. It is from the above backdrop that this paper conceived to understand the effectiveness of trade unionism in Tanzania basing on the perception of teachers from Singida Municipality. Objectives of the Study The general objective of this study was to explore the perception of Tanzania teachers concerning the performance of their trade unions. More specifically the study attempted to: a) To assess the effectiveness of the trade union in communicating and shar- ing information with its members; b) To determine the responsiveness of the trade union towards members’ problems and complaints; c) To determine whether the employer; (Government) is in favor of the trade union (TTU); DOI: 10.4236/jss.2018.64021 243 Open Journal of Social Sciences A. Nchimbi d) To evaluate the performance of the union to fulfill its objective as a work- er’s representation 2. Literature Review 2.1. The Role of Trade Unions: General Perspective In order to further enlighten this study, it is important to include section on the role of trade unions since it is difficult to measure the effectiveness of trade un- ions if the main functions of unions are not clearly identified. According to Ghosh et al. (2009) [7] “Trade unions are legitmate system for organizing and promotion of worker’s rights and dealing with workers’ grievances”. According to Babeiya (2011) [2] trade unions have the responsibility of protecting the worker’s economic rights as their main responsibility. The exclusive purpose of a trade union is to protect the professional interests of its members. Babeiya (2011) [2] According to Ghosh et al (2009) [7], Babeya, 2011 [2], and International La- bour Organization (2013) [8] the following are the primary objectives of Trade unions; to improve working and living conditions and to represent worker’s in- terests in various for a (freeman & Medoff 1984 in Ghosh and et al 2009) [7], to offer responsive cooperation in improving levels of production and productivity, discipline and high standard of quality, to secure fair wages for workers, to en- large opportunities for promotion and training, to promote identity of worker’s interests with their industries, to cooperate in and facilitate technological ad- vancement by broadening worker understands of underlying issues, and to in- fluence the state by making it more concerned about worker’s rights (Babeiya, 2011) [2]. Apart from primary objectives of which trade unions play in the world of work, there are also other additional roles performed by the trade unions such as communication, welfare, education and research undertakings (Monappa, 2000, in Ghosh et al., 2009) [7]. Through communication, unions are able to propagate and clarify information about their activities and policy. Through welfare activities, the labor unions are able to help their members in such mat- ters as housing for example in quest to improve the member’s quality of life. 2.2. Conceptualization of Organization Effectiveness Organizational effectiveness has been defined in a countless of forms, and there seems to be no consensus as to what constitutes a more universally agreeable de- finition (Gibson et al. 1991) [9]. However, organizational effectiveness according to Zammuto [10] can be defined as the extent to which an organization is able to realize its objective goals in line with its mandate. Thus what is mean by effec- tiveness is the accomplishment of recognized objectives of cooperative effort. The degree of accomplishment indicates the degree of effectiveness” (Gibson et al., 9991) [9]. In organizational and management studies, this is named as the goal approach model and its construct is based on proposition that “an organi- zation is effective to the extent that it accomplishes its stated goals” (Cameron, DOI: 10.4236/jss.2018.64021 244 Open Journal of Social Sciences A. Nchimbi 1986) [11]. Thus, according to Cameron, the goal approach model thrives in sit- uations where the intended goals are unambiguous, universally agreeable, to be attained within a specified period and can be measured. Despite that other orga- nizational effectiveness models exist, like the systems model, internal process model among others, the goal-oriented model seems to be more relevant with this study. Also there is little research on what makes unions effective in the eyes of the employees. According to Bryson (2003) [6], unions need to identify prac- tical methods like improving the perception of employees regarding union effec- tiveness as one way to recruit and retain membership. Therefore this study aims to explore the effectiveness of trade unions in Tanzania basing on the perspec- tive of the employees/members. 2.3. Trade Unions in Tanzania: Background and Experience The advent of trade unionism in Tanzania can be dated back to colonial days following the introduction of permanent wage labours. The first organizational initiative to form a trade union, according to existing records in 1927 when African motor Drivers and Mechanics in Moshi formed the union and even at- tempted to stage a strike for the higher wages (Shivji, 1986) [12]. The union was silenced by the colonial government and was not heard any more. In 1930’s The Tanganyika African Government Servants Association was formed however it didn’t pose any threat to government (Mukandala, 1999) [4].
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