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RIZIKI MASHAKA Child Labour and Schooling in Tanzania: Limitation

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RIZIKI MASHAKA Child Labour and Schooling in Tanzania: Limitation UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINAS INSTITUTO DE ECONOMIA RIZIKI MASHAKA Child labour and schooling in Tanzania: Limitation on accessing school education Trabalho infantil e escolaridade na Tanzânia: limitação ao acesso à educação escolar Campinas 2018 UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINAS INSTITUTO DE ECONOMIA RIZIKI MASHAKA Child labour and schooling in Tanzania: Limitation on accessing school education Trabalho infantil e escolaridade na Tanzânia: limitação ao acesso à educação escolar Prof.ª Dr.ª Eugenia Troncoso Leone – orientadora Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento Econômico do Instituto de Economia da Universidade Estadual de Campinas para obtenção do título de Mestre em Desenvolvimento Econômico, na área de Economia Social e do Trabalho. ESTE EXEMPLAR CORRESPONDE À VERSÃO FINAL DA DISSERTAÇÃO DEFENDIDA PELO ALUNO RIZIKI MASHAKA, ORIENTADA PELA PROF.ª DR.ª EUGENIA TRONCOSO LEONE. Campinas 2018 Agência(s) de fomento e nº(s) de processo(s): Não se aplica. Ficha catalográfica Universidade Estadual de Campinas Biblioteca do Instituto de Economia Mirian Clavico Alves - CRB 8/8708 Mashaka, Riziki, 1989- M377a Ajira za watoto na elimu Tanzania : changamoto zinazowakwamisha watoto katika suala la elimu / Riziki Mashaka. – Campinas, SP : [s.n.], 2018. Orientador: Eugenia Troncoso Leone. MasDissertação (mestrado) – Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia. 1. Menores - Emprego. 2. Pobreza. 3. Criança. I. Leone, Eugenia Troncoso, 1948-. II. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Instituto de Economia. III. Título. Informações para Biblioteca Digital Título em outro idioma: Child labour and schooling in Tanzania: limitation on accessing school education Palavras-chave em inglês: Child labour Poverty Child Área de concentração: Economia Social e do Trabalho Titulação: Mestre em Desenvolvimento Econômico Banca examinadora: Eugenia Troncoso Leone [Orientador] Marcelo Loural Lyggia Sabbag Fares Gibb Data de defesa: 09-08-2018 Programa de Pós-Graduação: Desenvolvimento Econômico UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINAS INSTITUTO DE ECONOMIA RIZIKI MASHAKA Child labour and schooling in Tanzania: Limitation on accessing school education Trabalho infantil e escolaridade na Tanzânia: limitação ao acesso à educação escolar Prof.ª Dr.ª Eugenia Troncoso Leone – orientadora Defendida em 09/08/2018 COMISSÃO JULGADORA Prof.ª Dr.ª Eugenia Troncoso Leone - PRESIDENTA Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) Prof.ª Dr.ª Lygia Sabbag Fares Gibb Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) Prof. Dr. Marcelo Sartório Loural Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU) A Ata de Defesa, assinada pelos membros da Comissão Examinadora, consta no processo de vida acadêmica do aluno. DEDICATION I dedicate this work to my mother (Mwanahamisi Mchimae) and my father (Mashaka Thomas) for their efforts in caring and supporting me since the beginning. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Conducting research is not an easy task as others perceive, it requires a lot of efforts and energy to successfully accomplish the task. Therefore, I would like to express my heartfelt appreciations and my deepest gratitude to all who in one or another have facilitate the successful accomplishment of this study, it may not be possible to mention all of them by names but it doesn‟t mean I didn‟t acknowledge their support and encouragement but I owe my sincere gratitude. Initially, I would like to thank almighty God who without his will nothing we as human beings could accomplish, he gave us wisdom, knowledge, health and strength in all things we are doing, However, I would like to express my appreciation to my family particularly my mother (Mwanahamisi Mchimae) and farther (Mashaka Thomas) for giving me moral and material supports, without their supports it could be very hard. However, my special thanks go to my supervisor, Professor Dr. Eugenia Leone for her inspirations, instructions and guidance which she gave me when doing this work, it is my believe that without her advices and guidance this study could not be achieved, therefore. I kindly appreciate her supports which enables me to achieve what I initially thought it would be impossible. Moreover, I am so thankful to other professors who played great contributions on this study, Professor Marcelo Loural, Professor Lygia Sabbag Fares Gibb, Professor Paulo Baltar, and others, I humbly appreciate their supports. Moreover, I am also expressing my deepest gratitude to my fellow classmates who worked with me hand on hand, Ebenezer Acheampong (Ghana), Monica Gachuki (Kenya) and Zamiwe Chikani (Zambia). I really appreciate their support all the time. ABSTRACT Child labour is a common problem in most of developing countries including Tanzania; the country has been selected not only based on the knowledge of a researcher but also because of the intensification of the problem which affect children particularly in rural areas where poverty is very higher. Despite of the information of child labour, the study went further by showing the important information of the country such as socio-economic features, political phases and other legal aspects related to child labor and school participation in Tanzania. The study focuses on child labour and school participation in Tanzania, and the researcher uses relevant information and accurate data to reveals how child labour hinders schools‟ education to the children, although there are strictly laws and policies which limit the practice of child labour in the country, the study reveals that, a number of children are involving on child labour and it affects their access and participation in schools‟ matters such as increasing drop out, poor performances and attendances and others. The study also describes other reasons which led to child labour in Tanzania such as poverty, lack of education to parents and households, cultural factors, cheap labour, in search for better life and falling in education standard. The writer reveals that, children especially at age 5-11 years do not access and participate in schools not only because of child labour but also difficult access of primary schools in rural areas and lack of secondary schools in urban areas, it is also estimated that, about 4.2 Million children aged 5-17 years are involved on child labour in Tanzania (Child Labour National Survey, 2014) the rate of the problem has declined from 31.1 to 28.8 percent but the issue of education is still big problem which affects children. Through research questions and objectives, the researcher reveals the facts of the problem by using statistical data to support his evidences, and showing the information on how child labour hinders schools‟ participation in Tanzania, on other hand, the study also shows other negative impacts of child labour in the country. The researcher believes that, it is possible to end child labour in Tanzania, and maintaining education to all children especially in rural areas where the problem is chronic. The conclusion drawn aim at showing the best ways to reduce gaps in the mechanisms which are used to combat child labour in Tanzania, and providing other possible solutions on how to end the problem in the country. Key words: Child Labour, Poverty and Child LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania 24 Figure 2. Historical political map of Tanzania 25 Figure 3. Tanzania GDP Annual Growth 31 Figure 4. Tanzania GDP Composition 34 Figure 5. A picture of 12-years of child working in child labour 66 LISTS OF TABLES Table 1. Demographic comparison between Tanzania and other countries 31 Table 2. Human Development Index of Tanzania (1990 – 1992) 35 Table 3. HDI features between Tanzania and other countries, 2015 36 Table 4. Proportion of poor people in Tanzania and other selected countries 38 Table 5. Concentration measures on Income in Tanzania 39 Table 6. Tanzania and other countries in the percentage of poor people below International poverty line 39 Table 7. Poverty trends in Tanzania (1991/92, 2000/01, 2011/12 (below poverty based on national poverty line) 40 Table 8. Gini Coefficient and support the description explained above 40 Table 9. Labour force participation rates, Minimum Age for work and Compulsory education in developing countries 54 Table 10. Study status of children by Income quintile in India, 1964 58 Table 11. Distribution of total population by Age group and Sex in Tanzania 69 Table 12. Distribution of total children by age group and sex in Tanzania 69 Table 13. Children attending schools in relation to total children by Age and Sex 70 Table 14. Children who have never attended schools in relation to children not attending school by Age and Sex in Tanzania 70 Table 15. Distribution of total children by Age group and Area in Tanzania 71 Table 16. Working children in relation to total children by Age group and Sex in Tanzania 71 Table 17. Distribution of working children age 5-17 by Economic activities, Sex and Age group 72 Table 18. Distribution of working children of age 5-17 years by Status in employment, Sex and Age group 73 Table 19. Distribution of working children of age 5-17 years by Status in employment, Sex and Age group 74 Table 20. Children not attending schools, working children and child labour by Age, Sex 75 Table 21. Children by Activity status, by Age group and Sex in Tanzania 76 Table 22. Distribution of total population and Area in Tanzania 76 Table 23. Distribution of total children by Age and Area in Tanzania 77 Table 24. Working children in relation to total children in Tanzania 77 Table 25. Child labour in
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