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Experimental Study on the Effects of Spray-Wall Interaction on Partially Premixed Combustion (PPC) and Engine Emissions

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Experimental Study on the Effects of Spray-Wall Interaction on Partially Premixed Combustion (PPC) and Engine Emissions Experimental study on the effects of spray- wall interaction on partially premixed combustion (PPC) and engine emissions Item Type Article Authors Tang, Qinglong; An, Yanzhao; Raman, Vallinayagam; Shi, Hao; Sim, Jaeheon; Chang, Junseok; Magnotti, Gaetano; Johansson, Bengt Citation Tang Q, An Y, Raman V, Shi H, Sim J, et al. (2019) Experimental study on the effects of spray-wall interaction on partially premixed combustion (PPC) and engine emissions. Energy & Fuels. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ acs.energyfuels.9b00602. Eprint version Post-print DOI 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.9b00602 Publisher American Chemical Society (ACS) Journal Energy & Fuels Rights This document is the Accepted Manuscript version of a Published Work that appeared in final form in Energy & Fuels, copyright © American Chemical Society after peer review and technical editing by the publisher. To access the final edited and published work see https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/ acs.energyfuels.9b00602. Download date 24/09/2021 19:52:45 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10754/652851 Subscriber access provided by King Abdullah University of Science and Technology Library Combustion Experimental study on the effects of spray-wall interaction on partially premixed combustion (PPC) and engine emissions Qinglong Tang, Yanzhao An, Vallinayagam Raman, Hao Shi, Jaeheon Sim, Junseok Chang, Gaetano Magnotti, and Bengt Johansson Energy Fuels, Just Accepted Manuscript • DOI: 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.9b00602 • Publication Date (Web): 01 May 2019 Downloaded from http://pubs.acs.org on May 8, 2019 Just Accepted “Just Accepted” manuscripts have been peer-reviewed and accepted for publication. They are posted online prior to technical editing, formatting for publication and author proofing. The American Chemical Society provides “Just Accepted” as a service to the research community to expedite the dissemination of scientific material as soon as possible after acceptance. “Just Accepted” manuscripts appear in full in PDF format accompanied by an HTML abstract. “Just Accepted” manuscripts have been fully peer reviewed, but should not be considered the official version of record. They are citable by the Digital Object Identifier (DOI®). “Just Accepted” is an optional service offered to authors. Therefore, the “Just Accepted” Web site may not include all articles that will be published in the journal. After a manuscript is technically edited and formatted, it will be removed from the “Just Accepted” Web site and published as an ASAP article. Note that technical editing may introduce minor changes to the manuscript text and/or graphics which could affect content, and all legal disclaimers and ethical guidelines that apply to the journal pertain. ACS cannot be held responsible for errors or consequences arising from the use of information contained in these “Just Accepted” manuscripts. is published by the American Chemical Society. 1155 Sixteenth Street N.W., Washington, DC 20036 Published by American Chemical Society. Copyright © American Chemical Society. However, no copyright claim is made to original U.S. Government works, or works produced by employees of any Commonwealth realm Crown government in the course of their duties. Page 1 of 19 Energy & Fuels 1 2 Experimental study on the effects of spray-wall interaction on partially 3 4 premixed combustion (PPC) and engine emissions 5 6 Qinglong Tanga, Yanzhao Ana,*, Vallinayagam Ramanb, Hao Shia, Jaeheon Simb, 7 8 Junseok Changb, Gaetano Magnottia, Bengt Johanssona 9 a 10 Clean Combustion Research Center (CCRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology 11 (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia 12 bFuel Technology Division, R&DC, Saudi Aramco, Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia 13 14 15 Abstract 16 17 We investigated the detailed spray-wall interaction in partially premixed combustion (PPC) in an 18 19 optical engine with a wide-angle injector at low engine load. The fuel-trapping effect of the piston top- 20 21 land crevice was visualized by fuel-tracer planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) for the first time. In 22 23 24 agreement with the fuel distribution shown by PLIF, the combustion region first moves into the squish 25 26 region and then tends to move back to the piston bowl when advancing the injection timings. Results 27 28 indicate that a considerable portion of the fuel is trapped in the piston top-land crevice for the cases with 29 30 31 injection timings at -30° (SOI-30 case) and -40° (SOI-40 case) CA aTDC. The SOI-40 case with earlier 32 33 injection timing presents a backflow process of the trapped fuel from the piston top land crevice to the 34 35 squish region. However, there is not enough time for the fuel vapor to flow back before the start of 36 37 combustion for the SOI-30 case, resulting in a relatively lower fuel-air equivalence ratio in the squish 38 39 40 region and thus higher CO emission than the SOI-40 case. This study provides insights into the fuel 41 42 distribution characteristics in piston crevice and the potential effects on the engine emissions under PPC 43 44 condition. 45 46 47 Keywords: PPC; Spray-wall interaction; PLIF; Fuel-trapping effect; Piston top-land crevice 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 ACS Paragon Plus Environment Energy & Fuels Page 2 of 19 1 2 1. Introduction 3 4 Conventional diesel compression-ignition engine (CI) has high efficiency and excellent durability 5 but it suffers from increased NOx and soot emissions due to the feature of mixing-controlled combustion. 6 7 Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) can achieve lower NOx and soot emissions through 8 9 premixed fuel-air charge and low-temperature combustion. However, the combustion phasing of HCCI, 10 dominated by the chemical kinetics, is difficult to control. Besides, the excessive pressure rise rate (PRR) 11 12 at medium-high engine load limits the upper operating range of HCCI [1-3]. As an intermediate process 13 14 between HCCI and CI, partially premixed combustion (PPC) adopts earlier fuel injection timings than CI. 15 16 Therefore, the fuel has more time for pre-mixing before ignition, which favors the low-temperature 17 combustion. Meanwhile, a certain level of fuel stratification is maintained so that the combustion phasing 18 19 can be well controlled with a restrained peak PRR [4]. 20 21 The decoupling of the fuel injection and the ignition process, i.e. a positive ignition dwell, is crucial 22 23 for PPC. It is a sign of sufficient fuel-air mixing and normally could lead to low-temperature combustion. 24 Using fuels like diesel and n-heptane, PPC can be easily implemented with an early start-of-injection (SOI) 25 26 timing and a moderate exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) at low-medium engine load [5, 6]. However, at 27 28 high engine load, it requires too much EGR to get a positive ignition dwell. This results in lower 29 combustion efficiency and fuel penalty with a sharp increase in the unburned hydrocarbon (UHC) and 30 31 carbon monoxide (CO) emissions [7, 8]. On the other hand, for fuels like gasoline and iso-octane, a 32 33 positive ignition dwell can be realized at the medium-high engine load with a moderate EGR rate [9, 10]. 34 35 These fuels have a higher resistance to auto-ignition and prolong the ignition delay to enhance the fuel- 36 air mixing process. Engine experiments on gasoline PPC showed that an indicated engine efficiency higher 37 38 than 50% could be achieved [11]. However, a major challenge to PPC using gasoline-like fuels comes 39 40 from the combustion stability at low engine load when the overall fuel-air charge is overly lean [12, 13]. 41 The best fuel for PPC operation seems to be in between that of diesel and gasoline. Hildingsson et al. [14] 42 43 investigated the PPC engine performance and emissions using gasoline fuels with different research 44 45 octane number (RON). They observed that the optimum RON range was between 75 and 85 in the 46 47 conditions studied. Recently, PPC operated with low-octane fuel like dieseline (a mixture of the diesel 48 and gasoline) and naphtha at low load condition gained more attention due to the improvement of the 49 50 combustion stability and engine efficiency [15, 16]. 51 52 PPC adopts early fuel injection strategy that produces longer fuel spray penetration length due to the 53 54 relatively lower in-cylinder pressure and temperature at the time of injection [17]. This could result in an 55 interaction between fuel sprays and walls, especially when using a traditional diesel injector with a wide 56 57 spray angle [18, 19]. Herein, the “walls” refers to the surfaces of the piston top, cylinder wall and piston 58 59 60 ACS Paragon Plus Environment Page 3 of 19 Energy & Fuels 1 2 top-land. Many studies considered the spray-wall interaction to be closely related to the high emissions of 3 4 UHC and CO in PPC mode at low load [20, 21]. Peterson et al. [22] explored the fuel distribution in PPC 5 mode at a low engine load of 3 bar gross indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) using quantitative 6 7 fuel-tracer planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) imaging in an optical engine. The fuel injection 8 9 timing was at -23° crank angle after top dead center (CA aTDC) with a global fuel-air equivalence ratio 10 of 0.3. They found that a portion of the fuel was directly injected into the squish region forming a local 11 12 overly rich mixture with equivalence ratio from 1.0 to 1.4. Most of the fuel was directed into the lower 13 14 part of the piston bowl prior to ignition.
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