THE ART AND SCIENCE OF SOMATIC PRAXIS INCORPORATING US ASSOCIATION FOR BODY PSYCHOTHERAPY JOURNAL volume thirteen ● number two ● fall 2014

E UROPEAN EABP A SSOCIATION FOR B ODY- P SYCHOTHERAPY 2 INTERNATIONAL BODY PSYCHOTHERAPY JOURNAL THE ART AND SCIENCE OF SOMATIC PRAXIS Daniel USA;Mark Lewis, Ludwig, USA;Narelle McKenzie, Rae Johnson, PhD, USA;Edmund Knighton,PhD, USA; Rubens Kignel,Brazil; Serbia; René Kostka, Switzerland; USA; Regina Hochmair, Austria; Inge Joachim, Germany; Sibylle Huerta Krefft, Germany; Lawrence E. Hedges, Germany; Claire Haiman, USA;Michel Heller, Switzerland; PhD, Germany; Elliot Greene, USA;Margit Grossmann, USA; ChristianGottwald, Germany; Herbert Grassmann, Ruella Frank, Giuffra, Glickman, USA;Mary USA;Gary France/USA; Marcel Duclos, USA;Nancy Eichhorn, USA; Chalfin, USA/France; Michael Changaris, USA; Will Davis, Caldwell, PhD, USA; Fabio Carbonari, Italy; Fanny Stephen Buehler, USA;Sheila Butler, UK;Christine Italy; Jeff Barlow, Australia; Sasa Bogdanovic, Serbia; Christina Bader-Johansson, Switzerland; Luisa Barbato, Peer Review Board: Halko Weiss, PhD, Germany; Courtenay Young, UK. Manfred Thielen, PhD, Germany; Joop Valstar, Netherlands; Professor Frank Röhricht,UK;Maurizio Stupiggia, Italy; Marcher, Denmark; Gustl Marlock, Dipl. Päd.,Germany; Levine, PhD, USA;ClorindaLubrano, Greece; Lisbeth USA; Rubens Kignel,Brazil; AliceLadas,EdD, USA;Peter Netherlands; Ulfried Geuter, PhD, Germany; Stanley Keleman, Davis, France; George Downing, PhD, France; LidyEvertsen, Fabio Carbonari,Italy; Margaret A.Crane PhD, USA; Will Bentzen, Denmark; Malcolm Brown, PhD, Switzerland; Australia; Prof. Joachim Bauer, MD,Germany; Marianne Regina Axt,MD,Netherlands; Jeff Barlow, BA,MEd, International Board: Advisory Christina Bader-Johansson, Thomas Harms, German Editorial committee: Elizabeth Marshall, AsafRolef Ben-Shahar, Jennifer Tantia. Debbie Cotton,Nancy Eichhorn, LidyEvertsen, Michel Heller, Editorial committee: Cover illustration:Dora Theodoropoulou Cover Design: Diana Houghton Whiting Design/Layout: Ronald Jeans Production Team [email protected] German Editorial Committee: [email protected] Submissions Editor: [email protected] Editor:Associate [email protected] Managing Editor: [email protected] Editor inChief: andpracticethrough ongoingdiscussion. theory exchangeinterdisciplinary withrelated fieldsofclinical field ofbodypsychotherapy as well astoencouragean the exchange ofideas,scholarshipandresearch withinthe The Journal’s promote andstimulate missionistosupport, http://www.ibpj.org/subscribe.php. which canbeordered through thewebsite a continuationoftheUSABPJournal thefirstten volumes of European Association forBodyPsychotherapy (EABP).It is States AssociationforBodyPsychotherapy (USABP)andthe spring andfall.It isacollaborative publicationoftheUnited a peer-reviewed, onlinejournal,publishedtwiceayear in The International BodyPsychotherapy Journal (IBPJ)is (formerly US Association forBodyPsychotherapy(formerly USAssociation Journal) International Body Psychotherapy Journal The ArtandScience ofSomaticPraxis Jacqueline A.Carleton,PhD Diane Cai Jill van derAa Rachel Vitale

Elizabeth Marshall, Publishers: retrieval system,without written permissionofthepublishers. photocopying, recording, orby anyinformationstorageand form orby anymeans,electronic ormechanical, including ofthisjournalmaybereproducedpart ortransmittedinany Copyright ©2012USABP/EABP. No Allrightsreserved. ISSN 2169-4745Printing, ISSN2168-1279Online EABP ortheirrespective Boards ofDirectors. necessarily represent theofficialbeliefsofUSABP, the NB The accuracyorpremises printeddoesnot ofarticles found intheoriginallanguage. mayalso be accepted forpublicationinEnglish, thefullarticle originallywritteninanotherlanguagehasbeen If anarticle http://www.ibpj.org/archive.php Portuguese, Russian, Serbian andSpanish. website inAlbanian,French, German, Greek, Hebrew, Italian, language. Abstracts are ofarticles tobefoundontheIBPJ Translation Advertising: Changes ofaddress: Payment through banktransfer, AmericanExpress orPayPal. Two-year subscription: Members Yearly subscription:Members Printed singleissueMembers Print subscriptions: The IBPJ Editor: [email protected] Correspondence Addresses FORUM Representative: Stefan Bischof COUNCIL Representative: Elfriede Kastenberger, MD Zimmermann, Michael Heller, PhD Ethics CommitteeRepresentatives: Ilse Schmidt Science &Research Committee:Herbert Grassmann, PhD Kastenberger, MD EAP Representatives: Thomas Riepenhausen,Elfriede Treasurer:Eva Wagner-Margetich General Secretary/Vice-President: Jill van derAa President: LidyEvertsen EABP Board ofDirectors Magazine Editor: Nancy Eichhorn, MA,MEd Journal Editor: Jacqueline A.Carleton,PhD Research: Jennifer Frank Tantia, PhD, BC-DMT Membership: Andrea Caplan,BA,LMT Treasurer: AlexDiaz, PhD Secretary: ChristineGindi, MDiv, MA Vice President: Dan Mingle, MBA President: Beth Haessig, Psy.D USABP Board ofDirectors Serbian, Maja Lekic;Spanish, David Trotzig. (Brazil) Ronaldo Destri deMoura; Russian, Evgeniya Soboleva; Hebrew, RachelShalit; Italian, Fabio Carbonari; Portuguese DuClos; German, Elizabeth Marshall; Greek, Eleni Stavroulaki; Abstract Translators: USA; Nick Totton, UK;Courtenay Young, UK. Stopforth, Canada;Maurizio Stupiggia, Italy; Jennifer Tantia, Kathrin Stauffer, PhD, UK;LauraSteckler, PhD, UK;Sharon Israel/UK; Talia Shafir, USA; Homayoun Shahri, PhD, USA; Bernhard Schlage,Germany; AsafRolef Ben-Shahar, PhD, Marjorie Rand,PhD, USA;Professor Frank Röhricht,UK; Susan McConnell, USA;Mark Rackelman,Germany; Australia; LindaMarks, USA;Elizabeth Marshall, Germany; isavailable free online.

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3 INTERNATIONAL BODY PSYCHOTHERAPY JOURNAL THE ART AND SCIENCE OF SOMATIC PRAXIS 86 INTERNATIONAL BODY PSYCHOTHERAPY JOURNAL THE ART AND SCIENCE OF SOMATIC PRAXIS * feedback, questions,andcomments. themes around whichtodialogue.gathering material(andwriters)forfurther similarities anddifferentness. We hopethatthisproject willcontinueandare engagedin in thisproject andare thatourreaders certain willappreciate thevariety and conviction,the delighted andproud thatsuchprominent membersofourcommunitywere willingto partake Ikemi, oneofthemostseniorcliniciansinFocusing Oriented Psychotherapy today. We are pioneer ofFormative Psychology; Will Davis, whocreated Functional Analysis;and Akira dialoguing with Totton’s. Finally, Totton commentedaboutthoseresponses. hasshortly four leadingfigures inthefieldofbodypsychotherapy toeachwritea respondingpaper, (ERT). Following Totton’s lucidfoundationofhisideasandunderstanding,we have asked in relationships, from his own theoretical and clinical stance, Embodied Relational Therapy Totton to write about embodiedrelating, the connection between being bodies and being share theirthoughtsandfeelingsaboutthemesthatconcernusall. discussionsthroughinterdisciplinary aplatformforcliniciansfrom different modalitiesto dialogue. exists alotofsegregation, dissociation,andprimarily, lackofrigorous interdisciplinary we are oftentimesfragmentedandisolated—thateven withinbody-psychotherapy there left wonderingaboutthebodythatwe are; whatkindofbodydowe have? Sadly, itfeelsthat working withthebodyintherapy. Lookingatthebodypsychotherapeutic communityIam only addressing thebodyinpsychotherapy, butalsorelating tosomaticmethodologiesof and we are to be living in a different fortunate era. Most psychoanalytic journals are not tobeacknowledgedof hisstudentshadtostruggle aslegitimatetheoreticians andclinicians, exist alongsidethemore mainstream therapeuticmodalities.Reich andthefirstgeneration ofostracisingandmarginalising.Ithas apainfulhistory oftenhadtofightforitsright families, organisations,communities. The bodyofourcommunityaspsychotherapists © Author andUSABP/EABP. Reprints [email protected] Volume 13,Number 2autumn2014 International BodyPsychotherapy Journal ASAF ROLEFBEN-SHAHAR,PHD Mind Medicine Director, The Relational Body-Psychotherapy Programme, The Israeli Centre for Body Editorial Committee, International Body-Psychotherapy Journal Big bodies interest me — by which I don’t mean heavy-built people, but big bodies – We hopethatyou enjoy therichness ofthisunravelling bodyand,asalways,invite The four respondents are David Boadella, founder of Biosynthesis; Stanley Keleman, This colloquiumisthefirstdialogueinwhat we hopetobemany. We have asked Nick We attheIBPJwantedtohelpusembodyourcommunalbodyby facilitating Somatic Colloquium:Embodied Relating Asaf Rolef Ben-Shahar, PhD* I pp 86-87. The Art andScienceofSomaticPraxis Introduction SSN 2169-4745Printing, ISSN2168-1279Online Email: [email protected] Website: www.imt.co.il. tattoos. Contact:AsafRolefnew Ben-Shahar, Ph.D., Europe. Asidefrom hisprofessional career, heenjoys music,watchingwildlifeandgetting He practicesinIsrael andteachesinavariety ofclinicalandacademicsettingsinIsrael and published papersonbodypsychotherapy, hypnosis,traumaandrelational psychotherapy. psychotherapist, integratingbodypsychotherapy andtranceworkinhisclinicalwork. He has Group Coaching,Shoham. Asafisafatheroftwolovely girls,ahusband,andrelational Israeli Centre forBody-Mind Medicine, Ramat-Hasharon and The Israeli Centre for Asaf Rolef Ben-Shahar istheDirector oftheBodyPsychotherapy Programme atthe BIOGRAPHY SOMATIC COLLOQUIUM: EMBODIEDRELATING 87 INTERNATIONAL BODY PSYCHOTHERAPY JOURNAL THE ART AND SCIENCE OF SOMATIC PRAXIS 88 INTERNATIONAL BODY PSYCHOTHERAPY JOURNAL THE ART AND SCIENCE OF SOMATIC PRAXIS it. Ihopethatreaders willbeabletoconnectittheir own clinicalexperience. Where itperhaps Maurice Merleau-Ponty. Daniel Stern andtheBostonChangeProcess Study Group; andalsofrom thephenomenologyof neuroscientists,the work notablyStephen ofcertain Porges, andrelational psychoanalysts, notably including Shoshi Asheri,Roz Carroll, AsafRolef Ben-Shahar andMichael Soth; from assimilating formepersonally,effort; themost valuable work hascomefrom agroup ofUKpractitioners whichabovetheory allisfoundedin lived experience.Many practitionersare involved inthis throughviewpoint conscious,criticalownership ofbodypsychotherapy’s historicalpositions—a thinkingandresearch, itsunique butatthesametimeasserts dialogues withothercontemporary for some years now: theproject ofdeveloping © Author andUSABP/EABP. Reprints andpermissions [email protected] Volume 13,Number 2autumn2014pp88-103. International BodyPsychotherapy Journal NICK TOTTON,MA subject andanother. into questiontheseparationbetween worldandperceiving subject,aswell asbetween one embodied socialandculturalprocesses. The conclusionisthatanembodiedtherapythrows of these two themes, an argument for thinking of therapy as play. There is also a note on of embodiedcognitionandonthework ofMaurice Merleau-Ponty; and,following out account ofrelational patterns;atheoretical contextforthisaccount,whichdrawsontheories that afullyembodiedtherapymustbereconceived from theground up. It offersanembodied traditional conceptsof transference, countertransference, and projection, or viceversa, but This paperarguesandtriestodemonstratethatembodimentcannotsimplybeboltedonto What follows will be primarily a piece of theory, with only a little clinical anecdote to enliven This paper is intended as a contribution to a collective project which has been underway Keywords: These questionsare allinterrelated. initially assignedmainlytohandicappedorautisticpatients as second-classtreatments? most movement-related therapiessplitofffrom thetalkingtherapiesforsolong, and given sucharemarkably elevated andprotected status?And,inthesamevein, whywere and acting,between verbal andnon-verbal, andwhywastheword, thesymbolic, illness (the“neurosis”) ofthepatient? Why wasasharpcleavage establishedbetween talking Why wasthetherapeuticrelationship conceived ofasprimarilyamanifestationthe largeinterestdisproportionately intheintra-psychic, attheexpenseofinter-psychic? Why didpsychoanalysis develop asa“one-person psychology”, i.e.ashavinga Embodied Relating: TheGround of Psychotherapy embodiment,phenomenology, embodiedcognition,relationship The Art andScienceofSomaticPraxis Nick Totton, MA ISSN 2169-4745Printing, ISSN2168-1279Online Introduction Abstract a contemporary theory ofbodypsychotherapya contemporary theory Daniel Stern (2010,p. 119) , which , which negotiations around emancipatingsomesegmentofthepopulation—women,say, orblacks.For extraordinarily radical results oftakingembodimentreally seriously. It reminds of mesomewhat However, it seems to me that much of this writing does not have enough commitment to the strengthen theirgrounding inthecore positionsofbodypsychotherapy. can passontotheirscepticaloruninformedverbal colleagues,andthattheycanalsouseto among otherusesthisisapaperthatbodypsychotherapists, especiallyrelationally orientedones, therapists thatembodimentiscentraltowhatthey, aswell todo. aswe, are Ihopethat trying much —andthatwe mightnow usefullyfocuson from verbal psychotherapy. Isuggestthatwe have learntenough—insomecases,rathertoo breaks ground new isinmore orlessdropping bodypsychotherapy’s tolearn long-standingeffort how ithasbecomedissociated. is wider phenomenon;itisthething itself. We mightmore usefully callcountertransference which psychotherapy. ‘Embodied countertransference’, ofa forexample,isnotaspecialsub-category embodied relating ofmore-than-two, i.e.embodiedsocialandculturalprocesses. the questionsposedby Daniel Stern intheepigraphtothispaper. Iwillalsoaddanoteonthe two themes,forthinkingoftherapyas patterns; a theoretical context for this account; and an argument, which follows from the previous making thisclaiminarationalandverbal style. that embodiedrelationship canbeintegrated.Iamquiteaware oftheirony ofthefactthatIam privileging —thoughnotthecontributionofrationalandverbal iswhollysurrendered and keepultimatecontrol ofhow emancipatedgroup thenewly willbehave. It isonlywhenthe a considerabletimethehegemonicgroup oftenstillsomehow believes thatitcanmaintainaveto from theground upasafullyembodied account—notjustofbodypsychotherapy, butof matrix ofhumanrelating. ofthetherapeuticrelationship Our current needstobe remade theory our embodiedpractice. projection have beenadoptedandadapted from verbal therapy, andboltedon,oftencrudely, to Correspondingly, within body psychotherapy concepts like transference-countertransference and implications of‘sensitive’ —cangaininformationabouttheirclients’ psychological processes. through whichpractitioners—perhapsonlyunusually sensitive ones,withalltheambiguous exotic optionalextra,relatively marginaltothecore themesofverbal therapy—anadditionalchannel not I am of course not the first person to write about this, and more is being written all the time. I amofcoursenotthefirstpersontowriteaboutthis,andmore isbeingwrittenallthetime. In whatfollows, Iwilladdress themes:anembodiedaccountofrelational three primary I willarguethatwe should think the other wayaround andrecognise embodimentasthe The embodiedtherapeuticrelationship isfrequently treated asaninteresting andsomewhat experiencedinthepractitioner’s body‘disembodied countertransference’, andask whyand accurately say, an overblown, overgrown, blown-up pretend woman figure suchasare sold though Iwere aminiature. Doreen appeared as ablow-up dollor, perhapsIshould more For Ibegantofeelrathertiny. mypart, LikeAlice...I feltmyselfgrow down andgrow inas Orbach: Here isasuperbly vividdescriptionofanembodiedcounter-transference, from Susie interprets itself. interpretation in relation to the perception of one’s own body, we shall have to say that it I amnotinfront ofmybody, Iaminitorratherit...If we canstillspeakof The Embodiment Matrix EMBODIED RELATING: THEGROUNDOFPSYCHOTHERAPY play. In thecourseofallthis,Ihopetoshedsomelighton teaching, by whichImeanteachingverbal (Merleau-Ponty, 1962,p. 150) all

89 INTERNATIONAL BODY PSYCHOTHERAPY JOURNAL THE ART AND SCIENCE OF SOMATIC PRAXIS 90 INTERNATIONAL BODY PSYCHOTHERAPY JOURNAL THE ART AND SCIENCE OF SOMATIC PRAXIS our clients. refusewe atleastpartially theotherandthusweaken ourcapacitytoconnectdeeplywith countertransference’ is nothing but a special case of embodied relating; if we refuse one, then full enactments,itlimitsthepotentialfortransformative relational experience.‘Embodied the therapisttostayapparently incommandofthesituation,but,justaswhenwe resist relationship, theabstractionandintellectualisationofthesevisceralexperiences. This allows in Orbach’s account,tothepreconscious erasure ofthemost embodiedaspectsoftherapeutic vulnerable andirresponsible. This naturaldefensive reaction leadsinmanycases,thoughnot sometimes anexception). It outofcontrol, andhenceboth canmakeonefeeluncomfortably extricate themselves from mostformsofembodiedcountertransference (sexualdesire is body’s dream; tointerpret itcanoftenbetodenyit. 1979, pp. 2,4). ofthe given, part The embodiedtherapeuticrelationship isalsoaprimary wrong thedream, we wrong thesoul”, because”dreams givens” are theprimary (Hillman, similar to what James Hillman (1979) says about dreams: that when we it was 49-50). AsOrbach makesexquisitely clear, herhelplessnesswasadirect functionofDoreen’s; dissociate oneself, inanysenseofthephrase,from the intersubjective nexus(Soth, 2005,pp. the client’s presence; andaswith full-blown enactments, itisneitherpossiblenordesirableto countertransference is a micro-enactment, in which the therapistis helplessly acted-upon by transcription of from the“physical storm” inwhichOrbach wascaughtup—positioningitasarecord or perhaps begintooccurasOrbach interprets her experience: therapist’s perception ofherselfandherperception oftheclient”. Andthisdistancingdoes by re-centring inthetherapist’s subjectivity, by sayingthat“something ishappeningtothe todistanceoneselffromboth tothetherapistandclient.Or this onecouldstart NICK TOTTON,MA We neednocontexttograspthe “A visceralrendition”, “a version” —phrasesliketheseare surely attemptsatwithdrawal My suggestion,then,isthattherapistsexperienceanaturaland inevitable desire to necessary latent form.(Heron, 1992, p. 20) which istheroot andfundamentof alltheothermodesandcontains themintacitor The ground ofthe psyche istheaffective modeinits most expansive form as feeling, her. (2003,p. 4) herself thatcouldmooritselfby findingaplaceinthephysicalstormthatsurrounded I experiencedinthecountertransference was aversion ofthesearch forabody over her. She couldn’t getthemtobeinfocus,and thevolatility ofthebodysize stable forhertofindordevelop abodyherselffrom. She aroundexperience ofbodies too largeandyet herbeing notsufficiently robust or My body countertransference with Doreen was a visceral rendition of her early in herdaintyshoes,andyet almostmenacinglylargeandsolid.(Orbach, 2003,p. 4) toomuchwatertoletherfeetsitcomfortably substantial andpuffedout,carrying breath astheywere toprickanddeflateher. poisedtoshootforward She wasatonce underneath her, andthensensingmylungsexpandtotakeametaphoricalhearty betweenI went feelingteetered backandforth over asthoughIwasthislittlething for sexualpurposesontheinternet.My diminutionwasnotaltogetherunpleasant. forhertoexperienceitinorder tocomeintorelationship withherclient.It’s something else , ofanexperiencewhichwas The Up-Hierarchy mutuality oftheexperience:somethingishappening not the practitioner’s. Embodied did feelthemteetering interpret them “we cultural context, which will be to varying degrees “body-friendly”.cultural context, whichwillbetovarying For there everyone, are degrees in different people at different to conditioning by times, due in part social and the psyche. This isa process in which we are all involved, but which is realised to different (though there sometimes seems tobe),andequallynoseparatebodilyrealm divorced from organism, and that there really is no separate psychological realm divorced from the body other hand,itrefers tothe meta-level a self-aware organism,something whichalllivinghumanbeingsshare, corporeality. On the causality’: acontinuousfeedbackloopratherthanunidirectional arrow. ecological and other cybernetic systems, and what Gregory Bateson (e.g. 1971) calls ‘circular emerging from and dependingon culture. This exemplifies whatis afrequent feature of (Haraway,embodiment inturnissociallyconstructed 1991;Grosz, 1994;Evans, 2002), —itisundeniablethat 1987,pp.while theoppositeisnotcase(Wilden, 73ff) emerges from anddependson embodiment—there couldbenoculture withoutbodies, anywhere nearanadequatedepiction.For example,althoughinonesenseculture clearly in manydimensions,andinterpenetratinghierarchies, wouldberequired tocome sense inwhichtheupperlevels oftheup-hierarchy are “better” thanthelower ones. and flowering outof, of, andbearingthefruit thelower” (1992, p. 20). Hence there isno thelower,higher controlling andruling as inadown-hierarchy, butofthehigherbranching oftheonebelow.properties AsHeron says,“In anup-hierarchy itisnotamatterofthe many otherintermediatelevels whichcouldinprinciplebedistinguished,expresses emergent what iscalledthe‘physical’ towhatiscalledthe‘psychological’. Eachoftheselevels, likethe systems, includingHeron’s, leave outofthepicture entirely ortreat asaseparatesubstrate. withthelevel ofourphysiology,continuum, starting whichmostpsychologically-oriented Conceptual →Practical. Ihave adaptedthisby selectingadifferent setofmomentsoutthe the fourfundamentalmodesofhumanexperience:from thebottom,Affective →Imaginal → shape anddeterminetheupperones.Heron’s basicup-hierarchy consistsofwhatheseesas relations, I want to use John Heron’s ‘up-hierarchy’, in which the lower elements sequentially ‘embodiment’. totheusualtop-down Asacounterweight wayofperceiving mind-body So ‘embodiment’ senses.On theonehanditrefers hastwoimportant tothe The up-hierarchy Ihave illustrated, however, isplainlyover-simplified; manylevels These fourlevels represent momentsinwhatisreally asmoothandcontinuousshiftfrom To understandembodiedrelating, we needtobeclearaboutwhatwe meanby EMBODIED RELATING: THEGROUNDOFPSYCHOTHERAPY Physiological activation Thoughts andbeliefs process Fantasies Feelings ofknowing andexperiencingthatoneisthis state ofbeing 91 INTERNATIONAL BODY PSYCHOTHERAPY JOURNAL THE ART AND SCIENCE OF SOMATIC PRAXIS 92 INTERNATIONAL BODY PSYCHOTHERAPY JOURNAL THE ART AND SCIENCE OF SOMATIC PRAXIS both Focusing. What especiallyappealsto meaboutthephraseisitsdouble-sidedness: itnames Akira Ikemi (2005;2013)whoworks atthemeeting pointofperson-centred therapyand that Ihadcoinedthisexpression, butitturnsouttobeusedby several people,inparticular we might,drawing on Gendlin (e.g.1998),call‘the feltsenseoftheother’. I thoughtbriefly which enables,andinsomewaysactually conception ofembodiment.Much ofitalsoaddresses embodiedcognitionofotherpeople, & Smith,(Thielen 1994). All of this material considerably enriches body psychotherapy’s (Gibson, 1979;Sewall, 1999);anddynamicsystemsasappliedtohumandevelopment Craighero, intelligenceand robotics (Clark, 2004);artificial 1997);ecologicalperception theoretical work around mirror neurons (Oberman andRamachandran, 2007;Rizzolatti and and arejection thatthebodyisperipheraltomentalprocesses. ofthetraditionalview they share isabeliefthatcognitionintegrallyboundupwiththeembodiednature ofbeing, of suchapproaches isknown as‘embodied cognitive science’ &Foglia, (Wilson 2011);what more mainstream intheirpicture ofreality, converge onthesameposition. The ensemble Thompson &Roche, 1991,pp. 217-35).Awholerangeofapproaches, manyofthemmuch and other phenomenologists, as well as to the Madhayamika school of Buddhism (Varela, from thephrase‘embodied action’: to thoughts. This entailswhat Varela, Thompson andRosch (1991) call practical awareness ofthewholeup-hierarchy from physiologythrough feelingsandfantasies andeven toattackeachother.apart and momentsofalienationordissociationwhentheseaspectsexperienceseemtopeel moments ofexaltationorsufferingwhenone NICK TOTTON,MA Embodiment inthissecondsensecanbeunderstoodas(aspirationtoward) afulland Among themanystrandswhichmakeupembodiedcognitive scienceare research and muchindebtedtothework ofMerleau-Ponty isvery This viewpoint (1962,1964,1968) Embodied relating, then,isaspecialisedarea ofembodied cognitionwhichinvolves what my The feltsenseisaninteraction withthepresence oftheother. It isthrough mybodythatIunderstandotherpeople. embodied action system thatexistsindependentoftheworld. We ofcognitionas outlineinsteadaview of aworldthatisindependentourperceptual andcognitive capacitiesby acognitive We…call intoquestiontheassumption…thatcognitionconsistsofrepresentation understanding ofselfandworld.(Taylor, 1995,p. 170) is, ourbodilyknow-how andthewaywe actandmove canencode componentsofour factors which shape our representations. Our understanding itself is embodied. That Our bodyisnotjusttheexecutant ofthegoalswe frameorjustthelocusofcausal feltsense of theotherperson … (1991,p. xx) The Felt Sense oftheOther Embodied knowing , and constitutes, the other’s knows embodiedrelating. feltsense oneselftobeunifiedbodymindspirit, (Merleau-Ponty, 1962,pp. 184-5) of me —bothcentral tothe (Ikemi, 2005,p. 286) enaction , acoinage what Merleau-Ponty calls‘flesh’. counter-transferences, andsoon. The mediuminwhichallthesetransactionscirculate is therapeutic apparatusofidentifications,introjections, projections, transferences and (Merleau-Ponty 1968,pp. 264-5). perception…is anactwithtwofaces,onenolongerknows whospeaksandlistens” Varela etal.,1991).AsMerleau-Ponty says,“Every perception doubledwithacounter- substance, braidedtogetherinatrans-causalprocess ofmutualco-arising(Totton, 2011; transference matrix,where transference andcounter-transference are woven outofthesame and Ihave written: encounters.AsAllisonPriestmanor worse,asblueprintsineachattempttonegotiatenew relational engrams, then, are formed in our earliest relationships; and we use them, for better as holographic. The term‘engram’ literallymeanssomething unit ofmemory, whichwasnever pinpointedinneuralstructures andisnow conceived have chosentocallsuchpatterns‘engrams’, alongstandingneurological termforthephysical relating (Boston Change Process Study Group, 2008).Following Juhane (2003, ch.9), I (Straub & Williams, 1984). procedural habits,whichhave tobe brought intoawareness before theycanbechanged know well, itisextremely instructors very 1994). Assports hard toaffecttheseimplicit and behaviourwhichare(Thielen and developed whenthe activitywasfirstlearned Smith, to formingarelationship, humansrely onpreconscious orunconsciouspatternsofactivation of implicitknowledge in humanlearning.For repeated activityfrom every riding a bicycle psychotherapy isperhapstheplacewhere thiscanbebrought most clearlyintoawareness. (Crossley, 1995,p. 57).Embodiment, orflesh,isthematrixforhuman relationship; and by theirbelongingnesstoacommonworld.Furthermore...they ‘open’ ontoeachother” understanding; no onecan touch the other without (1968, p. 173). Through embodiment,we are immediatelyandinherently linkedinshared p. 19;1968,p. 143),afleshlyintersubjectivity, andalsowrote of ‘carnal intersubjectivity’ it specificallyinhuman relating, where henamesit usefully applied to ecopsychology: Abram, 1997; Cataldi & Hamrick, 2007). He also finds This sentenceseemstomeencapsulateandgive acontextforthewholeelaborate Some ofthedeepestembodied,implicitpatternswe holdseemtobethosearound A pointthatemergesstrongly role outofwork onembodiedcognitionistheimportant Merleau-Ponty discovers thisreciprocity inthewholeofreality (andthishasbeen perceiver andtheperceived asinterdependent aspectsofitsown spontaneousactivity. The Flesh isthemysterioustissueormatrixthatunderliesandgives risetoboth the p. 66) perceiving self, withoutimplicitlyaffirmingtheexistenceofother. (Abram, 1997, have never beenabletoaffirmoneofthephenomena,perceivable world orthe ofwhichwe have always,atleasttacitly,sentient, amystery beenaware sincewe It isthereciprocal presence ofthesentientinsensibleand physiological dance. (Totton &Priestman, 2012,p. 39) anout-of-awarenesspart reaction totheclient’s transference engram:joining inthe language oftransference and projection. The therapist’s countertransference isinlarge engrams, andthisprocess inatherapeuticcontextistraditionallydescribed inthe human bodiesconstantlyrespond toandbecomeentrainedwitheach other’s relational powerful inshapingourexperience...and,equally, otherpeople’s experienceofus: The embodiedengramswhich store ourearlyexperiencesofrelationship are enormously EMBODIED RELATING: THEGROUNDOFPSYCHOTHERAPY intercorporeality being touched. “Subjects are joined inscribed within (Merleau-Ponty, 1964, . Embodied 93 INTERNATIONAL BODY PSYCHOTHERAPY JOURNAL THE ART AND SCIENCE OF SOMATIC PRAXIS 94 INTERNATIONAL BODY PSYCHOTHERAPY JOURNAL THE ART AND SCIENCE OF SOMATIC PRAXIS cognition. Paraphrasing Stephen Gallagher (2005), Jessica Lindblomwrites: immediate knowing (e.g. Gallese andGoldman, 1998;Oberman andRamachandran,2007),but ofinternal“simulation”some sort oftheother’s actionorexpression, asitisoftentheorised to neither Merleau-Ponty waswriting). However, torealise itisimportant thatmirror neuron theory within theconceptofmirror neurons (whichhad,ofcourse,notbeenidentifiedwhen mutual co-arising. in whicheachconstitutesanexogram fortheother. Againwe encountercircular causality, playing ourtune:thedanceisa unique synthesis ofthe two partners’ relational engrams, takes its meaning from, abackward movement of the other, andviceversa. Listen, they’re movementeach forward of one dancer’s limbs implies and elicits, gives meaning to and Each subject’s engramisan‘exogram’ fortheother. that itisthetherapist’s countertransference engramwhich elicitstheclient’s transference. way.straightforward We could equally say, as Jacques Lacan does in an early paper (1950), transference componentscannotbeseparatedoutand linearcausalityallottedinsucha NICK TOTTON,MA underwrite Interrelating individualsare inthephysiologicaldancereferred equalpartners toearlier: I now wanttotakethisastepfurther, andsuggestthatthetransference andcounter- Mirror comestolifewhenincorporatedintothewider fieldofembodied neuron theory Merleau-Ponty ofcore isdescribing thesort humanexperiencenow generallyframed intersubjective interaction toemerge.(Lindblom,2007, p. 128) with theother’s bodyatunconsciousand perceptual levels thatare sufficient for simulate itontheirown faces. This means, one’s own bodyisalready communicating the facialgesture internally, asanextrastep, sincethrough actuallyseeingit,theyalready in theimitationoffacialexpression, emphasizingthatinfantshave noneed to simulate but the Mirror neurons and shared representations are not primarily the mediators of simulation pp. 184-5) his… It isthrough mybodythatIunderstandotherpeople.(Merleau-Ponty, 1962, own account…It isasiftheotherperson’s intentionsinhabitedmybodyandmine it, torecall thefeelingswhichImyselfexperiencedwhenusedthesegestures onmy Faced orthreatening gesture, withanangry Ihave noneed,inorder tounderstand The firstepigraphtotheprevious ofalongerpassage: sectionofthispaperispart categories subjectandobject,innerouter, Iandworld. altogether. There remains themutualexclusivity nobasisforpreserving ofthe This move tosituatesubjectivityinthelived bodyjeopardizes dualisticmetaphysics materiality canhave manydifferent kindsof causal efficacy. (Sutton, 2008, p. 43) no wayexhaustthemediainwhichcognitionandremembering are situatedandthat acting asexograms forus,itbecomesclearthatpassive externalwords andimagesin fields, with their own dynamic engrams potentially of our externalmemory part …as soonaswe acknowledge circumstances) form thatotherpeoplemay(incertain defines the lived experience, to licence belief init. And that lived experience is not theexperienceitrefers to,nor, really, enactment (Gallagher, 2005,2012;Lindblom,2007). ofdirect intersubjective perception. [Gallagher] exemplifies thisview Embodied Relating andMutuality illuminates it;mostofitseffectissimply (Young, 1990,p. 161) a direct and now standsoutfrom anothersurface. embossed image on the paper. into one surface, An image (engram), which has been carved sheet ofpaperispressed intotheimagewitharoller, andthisintimatecontactproduces an and coincide. With anintaglioprint,imageiscutinto ametalplateandtheninked; in whichtheconvex andconcave, “receiver” and“transmitter” facesofthesameimagematch image ofembodiedmirroring isperhapsbetterconceived more tactilely, asan responds expressions (Meltzoff & Moore, 1995). There are two interwoven aspects to this: the infant to reproduce adultfacial —willspontaneouslytry five minutesafterbirth! soon asthirty Martin Stanton summarisesthethinkingofJean Laplanche: (Laplanche 1976; Totton, 2002),helplesslyimprintedupon just asby a facial expression. As andassimilatetheinvasion ofthis“foreignhow tosurvive theinfantinturnstruggles body” intaglio imprintofanadult’s earlywoundingasitisheldintheadult’s characterstructure, and alienation is possible contingentcircumstances, see Totton 2011,ch.5). and Reich forexample the latter(see Freud. 1930; Reich, 1945; fora speculative narrative of imperfection” and“contingent circumstances”, withFreud forexamplepreferring theformer one’s own temperamental preference. These answers can be briefly summed up as “innate a questionwithonlytwoanswers, between whichtheonlywaytochooseisby following this isanunanswerable questionaboutthenature ofhumanexistence;onanother, itisrather connected withthebarriersthatarisebetween eachsingleegoandtheothers”? On onelevel — whatFreud (1908,p. 153)describedas“the feelingofrepulsion inuswhichisundoubtedly misunderstanding, oflonelinessandisolation, and alsowithattemptstoavoid closecontact each other? Why are we not of one flesh? Why is human lifesuffused with experiences of two bodyminds. combined engram/exogram, an intaglio imprinting which fuses together the experience of which thiswholepaperturns:theimageofembodiedrelating as“an actwithtwofaces”, a how centralembodiedenactionistoanexperienceofrelationship. Here isthehingeon with othersandtheworld. The exampleofinfantimitationdemonstrates mostclearly back totheexperienceoftouchingone’s own body, andappliesitequallytoone’s relationships speaks andwholistens” (Merleau-Ponty, 1968,pp. 264-5).Merleau-Ponty constantlyrefers doubled withacounter-perception…is anactwithtwofaces,onenolongerknows who pp. 12-13.)It returns ustotheMerleau-Ponty passageIquotedearlier:“Every perception Laplanche’s conceptof“embossed” and“hollowed out” transference (e.g.Laplanche,1992, This metaphorofanintaglioisvaguely inspired by, thoughquitedistinctfrom, Jean Gallagher andLindblomare referring tothewell-established factthatinfants—as Laplanche, like Freud, ofthehumancondition; Iprefer seesthisaspart toseeit,like Staying closer to the immediate situation, though, there is a lotto be said about how this whyareIf anyofthisistrue, we not —aswe appearnottobe— transparent to 1997, p. 38) – theinnerbodyistherefore an‘innerforeign body’ processing oftheinside ofthebodyistherefore also primarilymarked outas‘other’ with projective oftheother. elaboration,but experienced asan intrusion The affective The firstintakeofmessagesfrom theotherisneithernaturallyassimilated,nor greeted totheadultinactof transmitted through thegenerations.One canthinkofaninfantexperiencingthe EMBODIED RELATING: THEGROUNDOFPSYCHOTHERAPY receiving The Obvious Question theadult’s expressed emotion. The at-a-distance (corps etranger interne) intaglioprint, . (Stanton,

95 INTERNATIONAL BODY PSYCHOTHERAPY JOURNAL THE ART AND SCIENCE OF SOMATIC PRAXIS 96 INTERNATIONAL BODY PSYCHOTHERAPY JOURNAL THE ART AND SCIENCE OF SOMATIC PRAXIS as therapistare approached influences our own experience ofthesituation,as we inturn mis senses even skillful. As withallhumanactivity, ourfirst resource ispattern recognition. transformative.) So lockingourinteractionintoafamiliar patternisparsimonious, in some so tospeak.(It isonlyifandwhenthismelting-down takesplace thatthetherapycanbe emotionally and energetically expensive: it requires a melting-down and recasting of armouring, for using an existing engram rather than developing one, because the latter process a new is and testourinteractionwiththetherapisttoseewhere itbestfits. We have aninbuiltpreference engrams developed through previous interactions.It isagainsttheseengramsthatwe measure andmaintainingthisengram. constructing Sternable tounearth. suggeststhat relational engramswork: born intoby beingbornintoembodiedrelating. because theyare messagesaboutintolerablewounds.Either way, itistheconditionwe are Reich, asaproduct ofsocialconditions—themessagesothercannotbeassimilated NICK TOTTON,MA recognition. Andbecauserelationship isalways In hislastbook, The shortcoming ofpatternrecognition,The shortcoming ofcourse, isthatitopensthedoorto When asclientwe cometomeetatherapist,we deploy anensembleofembodied-relational Stern alsoemphasisesthatembodieddynamicpatterns,‘vitality forms’, are central in This interactioncreates arelational engramwhichnoamountofverbal therapywillbe addition, itwillcomeintoplayintheconsultingroom. (Stern, 2010,p. 148). He willspendtherest ofhislifeexpandingknowledge ofhow todothis.In was already learningnon-verbally aboutthenegotiationofauthenticitydesire. [t]he whole scene...was a lesson in how to negotiate with a woman.… The infant… slightly contemptuousvoice shesaid,“It’s onlycardboard, doesthattastegood? She thenmadehimpayforhisvictory. With adisgustedwrinklingofhernoseand He thenputthepuzzlepieceinhismouth. “Does thattastegood?” softened andbroke intoaslightlyseductive smile.She said,withamelodic voice, tohim. SheAt this point she gave sat back, her face up and conceded the victory He thenover-escalated her, yet again,andsaid“UUUGGGHHH!!!” YOUR MOTHER. ISAIDNO!” with no melody and much vocal tension (as in anger), “DON’T YOU YELL AT She toward thenleanedforward him,lowered hereyebrows, andsaidinaflat voice He escalatedeven further, “UUGGHH!!” NOTShe escalatedeven higherandsaid,“NO,IT’S TO EAT!!!” His response was“Uuggh!” She repeated, inafirmer voice thistime,“No!” The boy answered “Ugh.” Then hetriedagaintogetthepiecehismouth. stopped hismovement withherhand. Hi mothersaidinanormalvoice “No, it’s (ofthepuzzle).She nottoeat,it’s aleaf” The boy pickedupapieceofpuzzleandbrought ittohismouth. a cardboard jigsawpuzzle. A motherandher9-montholdsonwere sittingsideby sideonthefloorplayingwith Forms of Vitality (2010),Daniel Stern gives anexcellent exampleofhow between theentitiesrelating, how we (Stern, 2010,pp. 146-7) matching etc. todo,therefore,What we astherapisttry istosurrender tothisprocess ofengram- mobilization engrams are Four constructed. ofthesestatesare: as species-wide(infact,mammalian-wide)engrams,ancient scaffoldsonwhichourpersonal Porges (2011, p. 278)identifiesfive physiologicalstatesofactivation, whichcanbethought of between thesetwoattractors. We play. information isgained.LiketheFool inthe Tarot pack,we danceprecariously onanedge is gained;ifwe surrender totallyandloseawareness, nothingusefulhappenseither, no find ourselves givingembodiedassurancesthatinfact we tofititintoourensembleofpreviously experiencedsituations.parsimoniously try We often relational work atplay—bothclientand therapistneedtoexperience deeppositive and without fear;butIwanttofocushere onplay, whichPorges describeslikethis: of mobilizationwithsocialengagement. in various formsofintimacy). The fifthstateis going topickoutonefairlytangentialaspectofthework, concernedwiththerole of transitionfrom physiologyto feeling.Forcrucial thepurposesofthispaper, though,Iam adults, asystemforabsorbingrelational nourishmentfrom asocialcontext. brought togetherwithvisual,facial,andvocal interactionwithacaretaker tobecome,in from themother’sinto asystemforabsorbingfoodandcomfort breast, andthen,inhumans, was originallydevoted toabsorbingoxygen from water, graduallydeveloped inmammals Porges describes a complex interactive and functional systems that network of cranial nerves organisms have aninherent andskilfultendencytowards formingrelationships withothers. usinbelievingwhatwe already itsupports knowtheory: from direct experience,thatour well-known. Its relationship tobodypsychotherapy issimilartothatofmirror neuron Isn’t characterof psychotherapy, relevant thisvery tothe“as-if” where —ifthere is All ofthesestatesare ofenormousinterest inrelation totherapy, especiallyimmobilization In termsoftheup-hierarchy discussedearlier, Porges’ work islargelyconcernedwiththe The work ofStephen Porges (2011)ontheSocial Engagement System isincreasingly The resemblance between theprocess oftherapyandthephenomenonplayis,in are usuallycommunicatingaboutsomethingwhichdoesnotexist. Not only do the playing animals not quite mean what they are saying but, also, they fact, profound. behaviors tobecontained.(2011, p. 276) recruits another circuit [socialengagement]thatenablesaggressive anddefensive do not require reciprocal interactions and an ability torestrain mobilization. Play behaviors. Althoughfight-flight behaviorsoften require anawareness ofothers, they and aconstantawareness oftheactionsothers.Play isdifferent thanfight-flight and notaggression. …A‘polyvagal’ definitionofplay requires reciprocal interactions Access tothesocialengagementsystemiscriticalindefiningmobilizationas play with awareness (fight-flight), . If we don’t surrender to it, nothing useful happens, no information immobilization EMBODIED RELATING: THEGROUNDOFPSYCHOTHERAPY Therapy asPlay (freeze), play, and immobilizationwithoutfear social engagement whichPorges suggestsisa combination are liketheclient’s mother, father, (thepolyvagal system), (Bateson, 1954,p. 182) (Bateson, 1954,p. 191) (involved play.

97 INTERNATIONAL BODY PSYCHOTHERAPY JOURNAL THE ART AND SCIENCE OF SOMATIC PRAXIS 98 INTERNATIONAL BODY PSYCHOTHERAPY JOURNAL THE ART AND SCIENCE OF SOMATIC PRAXIS (Macy, 1991, p. 1995).In factitwouldseemasthough therelaxed physiological stateof ecological andothercybernetic systems,andare thefoundationofBuddhist ontology but suchchainsofmutual or circular causationare commonfrom theperspective of through (Lindblom, 2007,p. 246). mind rather than merely linkingorbridging them from these twodifferent perspectives” p. 144).Hence, “embodiment istheunderlyingfoundationforindividualandsocial its sensorimotorprocesses functionasasocial resonance mechanism” (Lindblom,2007, length, more embodiedconceptionoffleshly intersubjectivity, implying that “the bodyand Craighero, 2004;Oberman &Ramachandran,2007).Merleau-Ponty provides alessarms- other capacitiestocreate aninternalmodelofsomeoneelse’s internalstate(Rizzolatti & facilitated by theabilityto essential totherapy. What elsecouldkeepusinourchairsforanhour? state of“immobilizationwithoutfear” alsodescribedby Porges (2011,pp. 178-9)andalso signals” ratherthanreality (Bateson, 1954,p. 178). This stateofrelaxation connectswiththe relaxation, activation, transmittedthrough theflesh. kindofWe couldthinkofthisasaparticular message flashingbetween theprotagonists, butaboutacontagiousstateofphysiological signalling fact distinctlydisembodied. When we combineitwithPorges’s descriptionofthe therapy, different ideaoftherapyasplay.) butaboutthevery and psychotherapy. (Hopefully itisclearthatIamnotwritingabout Winnicottian play this toanumberofotherhumanactivities,includingthreat, deceit,dramatization,ritual, isnotwhatitseems”.matter ofmeta-signals,whichconvey themessage,“This He relates therapy. Bateson argued(1954,pp. 178-80)thatplayinhumansandothermammalsisa play andfantasy(1954)whichwasakeydocumentinthedevelopment ofsystemicfamily though I perspective whichreminds them,“Iamnot be impliedby suchdeepfeelings?Must notclientandtherapistalikeholdsomemeta- negative feelingstowards ofactionsthatwouldnormally eachotherwhileinhibitingthesort NICK TOTTON,MA Bateson’s andabstract,in insightisextremely butinitsoriginalformquitedry important We are brought back again to the work of Gregory Bateson, this time to his paper on However while embodiment istheground ofsocialrelations itisalsoconstructed As mentionedabove, manytheoristsofembodiedcognitionseehumansocialinteraction nevertheless part ofmyinheritance. part nevertheless thatisnotofmymaking butis these practices,mybodyhastakenonahistory evolved ininteractionwithotherpracticesover time. Through itsengagementin norms, responding to the constraints and restraints ofthose practices as they have bicycle, ways, conforming to or rejecting my body is oriented in particular particular araceorteachoneofmychildren whenIrun howwhen Iwritethisarticle, toridea Social at the level practices are of the body. the sedimentation of history When I teach, socialrelations. This isparadoxical fromofformal theviewpoint Western logic, am of play, different tone. Porges it takes onavery isn’t of coded talking about somesort which translates further uptheup-hierarchy asthe“realization whichtranslatesfurther thatsignalsare feeling real love orhate”? simulate Social Embodiment theexperienceofothers,tousemirror neurons and really loving orhatingthispersoninfront ofme, (May, 2005,p. 524) embodied in in but alsotothesocialworld: Gregory Bateson’s 1980insights)asapplyingnotonlytothebodyandphysicalworld treated theconceptof‘extended mind’ (Clark &Chalmers,1998;previously oneof Zen tradition(Watts, 1969,1973). from theterritory, ofwhatcanbereached is apart through meditation,especiallyin the play describedearlier, whichallows onetodistinguishthesignfrom thereality, themap destructive effect; butonlywhenthetherapist isprepareddestructive to join intheseriousgame. it issometimespossibletoexpose andexplore deadlydefencesagainstopenness without anddeadly.directions totheworldand toothers,itisbothillusory In theplayoftherapy, one makesone’s self. But isanopensystem, inboth unless theselfthatisconstructed world intowhichonecomes. They are thestuffoutofwhichoneismade, minted (Totton, 2009,2010).Bothtraumaandnurture are whatone elements, ofteninthesame engram, andinheritedthrough generationsaswell asnewly tohumanexperience.fundamentally unhelpfulanduntrue either disembodiedlanguageandsocietyortheunlanguaged, unsocialisedorganism,is into “and”, and acknowledge that cuttingthecircle ofcausationatanypoint,privileging produced through thework ofthebody” (Crossley, 1995,pp. 50-51). Time toturn“but” language, equally, isinherently embodied—“discourse itselfisafleshyprocess.... It is self-aware corporeality) isinherently languaged(Merleau-Ponty, 1968,p. 155),but world, setstheconditionsofembodiedcognition.Embodiment (inthesenseofconsciously Embodied cognitionenacts ourworld,buttheincludingsocialconstructed. of the organism”, but what we conceive to be those necessities are themselves socially mean. would beaninadequatetoolforcommunicationifwe didn’t already know whateachother flesh thatunderliesandgives meaningtooursocialworld.Ashasoftenbeensaid,language bodyminds. “Mind” cannotbeseparatedfrom “body”. It istheknowing continuumof and between us,expressing themselves indifferent waysatdifferent momentsindifferent exposed astosomedegree illusory. Rather, there are collective projects flowing through by others,theconceptofone’s own mind,likeone’s own body, isthrown intoquestion, exograms, extensionsoftheirminds.But sincepeopleare also being usedinthesameway Returning tothethemeofsocialembodiment,Shawn Gallagher (2013)hasrecently What is constructed asembodiedsubjectivity combinestraumaticandnon-traumaticWhat isconstructed Embodiment, asSapir writesinthecaseofgesture, “roots inthereactive necessities In otherwords, peopleare continuouslyusingeachotherandtheirenvironment as may offer structures that support andextendourcognitivemay offerstructures abilities.(Gallagher, thatsupport especially inthecontextofvarious institutionalprocedures andsocialpractices way toenhanceorextendourmentalpossibilities,soencounterswithothers, Just as a notebook or a hand-heldpieceof technology may be viewedas affording a social tradition.(1949,p. 556) code ofgestured messagesandresponses, istheanonymouswork ofanelaborate in thereactive necessitiesoftheorganism,butlawsgesture, theunwritten else in human conduct, gesturenone and understood by all.... Like everything roots accordance withanelaborateandsecret codethatiswrittennowhere, known to We respond togestures withanextreme and,onemightalmostsay, alertness in The linguistEdward Sapir sayssomethingsimilaraboutgesture: 2013, p. 4) EMBODIED RELATING: THEGROUNDOFPSYCHOTHERAPY takes in from the 99 INTERNATIONAL BODY PSYCHOTHERAPY JOURNAL THE ART AND SCIENCE OF SOMATIC PRAXIS 100 INTERNATIONAL BODY PSYCHOTHERAPY JOURNAL THE ART AND SCIENCE OF SOMATIC PRAXIS Website: www.nicktotton.net. Email: [email protected]. postgraduate courseinEmbodied-Relational Therapy (www.erthworks.co.uk). Therapy: Undomesticating Inner andOuter Worlds. in BodyPsychotherapy; The Water intheGlass: BodyandMind inPsychoanalysis; editor ofanumberbooks,including an MAinPsychoanalytic Studies andhastrainedincraniosacraltherapy. He istheauthoror UK. His originaltraining wasinPost-Reichian Therapy with William West. He alsoholds Nick Totton andtrainerinprivate isabodypsychotherapist, practiceinCornwall, supervisor BIOGRAPHY final product are ofcoursemy responsibility. Helene Fletcher, Kamalamani,AllisonPriestman, Andrew Samuels. Anydeficienciesinthe would work from a detailedclinicalpointofview, though,isasubjectforanotherpaper. priorities, andthinkingworking from theembodied-relational ground up. How this as Ihopethiswholepaperhasdone—forconsideringchanging theoretical andclinical be elicitedinmanywaysincludingthrough talking.However, itdoessuggestreasons — hinder); here Stern istalkingaboutmotor learning: elementthatactualisesnew isthecrucial researchers thatmotorimagery structure or“form ofvitality”. The centralrole thesenseofmany ofdynamicstructure supports can beexpressed inmanydifferent channels,butalwayswiththesameunderlyingdynamic stuckness andchangeare fundamentally cross-modal (Stern, 1985,2010)—apattern,which becoming clearer andclearer that,asDaniel Stern indicatesintheepigraphtothissection,both medium through which,potentially, changecanbegeneratedandstuckpatternsreleased. It is through whichpatternsofcreativity anddefence are reproduced inthetherapyroom; andthe It isthemedium through whichinfantsassimilatebothnurture andtrauma;themedium intothestratosphere.of theory the ground, embodiedrelating caneasilybeforgotten orignored, aswe hurlgreat skyscrapers growswhich therapystands(orfalls),thesoilineverything (orfailstogrow). Andlike is thewholeofpsychotherapy. Iamintendingafairlyprecise on claim:thatitisthesurface NICK TOTTON,MA Like soil, embodied relating is a medium: the flesh as it manifests in human relationship. In describingembodiedrelating astheground ofpsychotherapy, Iamnotsayingthatit Thanks tothefollowing forreading andcommentingonearlierdraftsofthispaper: This is not tosay that actualbodilymovement is required doesn’t (thoughit certainly need notbereflected uponand verbalized. (Stern, 2010,pp. 134-5) occur onlywhenone‘does’, i.e.,enactsanaspectoftherelationship way. inanew It ‘real’ orimaginedactionatthelocallevel.… Changesin‘implicitrelational knowing’ There isagrowing notionthattherapeuticchangecannothappenifthere isnot a realize thatitallhastopass by wayofimaginedmovement. walls separatingdifferent modesofexperiencingare tocomedown starting aswe imagining it differently, seeing another doing it, or by hearing about it in words. The Mental modelsandneuralnetworks canbereshaped by doingsomethingdifferently, Body Psychotherapy: An Introduction; New Dimensions Conclusion imagery, He isfounderofand co-trainerwiththe forming new neuralcircuits formingnew whichcan (Stern, 2010,p. 135) and Wild Wild Hillman, J.(1979). Lacan, J.(1950).Presentation ontransference. In B.Fink (Tr.), Juhane, D.(2003). Ikemi, A.(2013). You caninspire Explicating metolive pre-reflexive further: bridges Ikemi, A.(2005).CarlRogers andEugene Gendlin onthebodilyfelt sense: What theyshare Heron, J.(1992). Haraway, D.(1991).Simians, cyborgsandwomen: Grosz, E.(1994). Gibson, J.J.(1979). Gallese, V., andGoldman, A.(1998).Mirror ofmind- neurons andthesimulationtheory Gallagher, S.(2013). The sociallyextendedmind. Cataldi, S.L.&Hamrick, W.S. (2007). Boston ChangeProcess Study Group (2008).Forms ofrelational meaning:Issues inthe Bateson, G.(1980). ofalcoholism. Atheory Bateson, G.(1971). 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. 101 INTERNATIONAL BODY PSYCHOTHERAPY JOURNAL THE ART AND SCIENCE OF SOMATIC PRAXIS 102 INTERNATIONAL BODY PSYCHOTHERAPY JOURNAL THE ART AND SCIENCE OF SOMATIC PRAXIS Taylor, C,(1995). Sutton, J.(2008).Material agency, Distributed cognitionandthe skillsandhistory: Straub, W.F., & Williams, J.M.(Eds.) (1984). Stern, D.N.(2010). Soth, M.(2005).Embodied countertransference. In N. Totton (Ed.), Sewall, L.(1999). Rizzolatti, G.,andCraighero, L.(2004). The mirror-neuron system. Reich, W.(1975). Porges, S.W. (2011). Orbach, S.(2003). There isnosuchthingasabody. Oberman, L.M.,andRamachandran, V.S. (2007). The simulatingsocialmind: The role of Merleau-Ponty, M.(1968). Merleau-Ponty, M.(1964). Merleau-Ponty, M.(1962). Meltzoff, A.N.,&Moore, M.K.(1995).Infants’ understandingofpeople andthings:From May, T. (2005). To changetheworld,tocelebratelife:Merleau-Ponty andFoucault onthe Macy, J.(1995). Macy, J.(1991). Lindblom, J.(2007). Laplanche, J.(1992). Laplanche, J.(1976). NICK TOTTON,MA Body andtheself body imitationtofolkpsychology. In J.L.Bermudez, A.Marcel &N.Eilan (Eds.), body. natural systems. Retrieved from http://liu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:23965/FULLTEXT01. Sweden: ofComputerandInformation Department Science,Linköpingsuniversitet. Linköping Studies inScienceand Technology Dissertation No. 1112.Linköping, University Press. Retrieved from http://www.johnsutton.net/SuttonMaterialAgency.pdf. Towards anon-anthropocentric approach archaeology ofmemory. In CKnappettandLMalafouris (Eds.), Science Associates. psychotherapy, anddevelopment. body psychotherapy Tarcher Putnam. Neuroscience, attachment, communication,andself-regulation. 3-15. work publishedin1945). disorders.autism spectrum the mirror neuron systemandsimulationinthesocialcommunicative deficitsof Northwestern University Press. University Press. Paul. London: ICA. Philosophy &SocialCriticism, 27,169–192. Mutual causalityinbuddhismandgeneral systemstheory: ofThe dharma World aslover, world asself. Sight andsensibility: ofperception. The ecopsychology offascism. The masspsychology Philosophical arguments. Columbia,MO:South AsiaBooks. (pp. 43-69).Cambridge,MA:MITPress. Forms ofvitality:Exploring dynamicexperienceinpsychology, thearts, Seduction, translation, drives. Life anddeathinpsychoanalysis. The polyvagal theory: NeurophysiologicalThe polyvagal theory: foundationsofemotions, (pp. 40-55).Maidenhead: Open University Press. Minding thebody:Interacting sociallythrough embodiedaction. The visibleandtheinvisible. The primacyofperception. ofperception. The phenomenology Psychological Bulletin, Oxford: Oxford University Press. 31(5–6),517–531. Cambridge,MA: Harvard University Press. (pp37-55).New York, NY: Springer Verlag. Berkeley, CA:Parallax Press. Cognitive sport psychology.Cognitive sport Harmondsworth: Penguin Harmondsworth: Books.Original New York, NY: W.W. Norton.. J.Fletcher &M.Stanton (Eds.) 133(2),310–327. British Journal ofPsychotherapy, Baltimore MD:Johns Hopkins Evanston, IL:North-Western C. Lefort (Ed.). Evanston,C. Lefort IL: London:Routledge &Kegan Material agency: Annual Review of New dimensionsin New York, NY: Lansing,MI:Sport

20(1), The Young, I.(1990). Wilson, R.A.,&Foglia, L.(2011).Embodied cognition.In E.N.Zalta (Ed.), Wilden, A.(1987). Totton, N.,&Priestman, A.(2012).Embodiment andrelationship: Two halves ofone Totton, N.(2011). Totton, N.(2010).Being, havingandbecomingbodies.Body, Totton, N.(2009).Bodypsychotherapy andsocialtheory. Totton, N.(2002).Foreign bodies:Recovering ofbodypsychotherapy. thehistory In T. Watts, A.(1973). Watts, A.(1969). Varela, F.J., Thompson, E.,&Rosch, E.(1993). Thielen, E.,andSmith, L.B.(1994). Bloomington: Indiana University Press. edu/archives/fall2011/entries/embodied-cognition/. Encyclopedia ofPhilosophy Routledge &Kergan Paul. PCCS Books. Psychotherapy, Psychotherapy, Staunton (Ed.), Cape. human experience. Galashiels: BodyPsychotherapy Publications. whole. In C. Young (Ed.), cognition andaction. 4(3),1-14. Psychotherapy eastandwest. 5(1), 21-30. Throwing likeagirl andotheressaysinfeministphilosophysocialtheory. The book:On thetabooagainstknowing whoyou are. Bodypsychotherapy areThe rules nogame: ofcommunication. The strategy Wild Therapy: Undomesticating ourinnerandouterworlds. Cambridge, MA:MITPress. Cambridge,MA:MITPress. (Fall 2011Edition). Retrieved from http://plato.stanford. About Relational BodyPsychotherapy EMBODIED RELATING: THEGROUNDOFPSYCHOTHERAPY A dynamicsystemsapproach tothedevelopment of (pp 7-26).London:Brunner Routledge. Harmondsworth: Pelican. Harmondsworth: The embodiedmind:Cognitive scienceand Body, Movement andDance in Movement andDance in (pp. 35-68).Stow, London: Joanathan London: Ross-on-Wye: The Stanford

103 INTERNATIONAL BODY PSYCHOTHERAPY JOURNAL THE ART AND SCIENCE OF SOMATIC PRAXIS 104 INTERNATIONAL BODY PSYCHOTHERAPY JOURNAL THE ART AND SCIENCE OF SOMATIC PRAXIS relating isoffundamental importance. This is another reason why Totton’s emphasis on clear contact as the basis of embodied published in Stanley Keleman andIhave continuallyemphasisedthisformanyyears (inaseriesofpapers (personal communication),Reich’s Norwegian ago. colleaguepointedthisouthalfacentury with highly chargedemotionalenergy states, in order to avoid re-traumatisation. Nic Waal for emotionalcontactisessentialallbodypsychotherapists, whendealing inparticular balanced muscletone. which have three mainconnections: parasympathetic resignation. The ventral vagal systeminvolves neurons inthebrainstem called ‘ventral vagal’, which mediates between the extremes of sympatheticstress and psychotherapists. He discovered athird system,theso- branchofthevegetative nervous Totton ofSteven linksthethemeoftherapyasplaywithsocialengagementtheory Porges. brain whichhave becomedysfunctionalinmanyneurotic states, moststrongly indepression. and thevitalityaffectoftwoormore peoplecanbeshared. There are playcentres inthe and play. Play isacreative sharingbetween individuals,inwhichresources canbeactivated retreating toomuchintooneself). caring (where onelosesoneselfinthe other)oregocentricity(where onelosestheotherby is thebalancebetween “you” and“I”. This isessentialinorder toavoid theextremes ofover- “anti mirror neurons”. In anyrelationship, thebalancebetween mirroring andanti-mirroring ofmirrorview neurons couldbeaddedtherecent research, by Tognioli andothers(2007). on empathyincontact. the brain,butalsoinhigherlimbicsystem,whichsupports To his embodied relating, naturally, tomirror neurons. ofThese existnotonlyinthemotoricpart to widentheunderstandingofwhatDaniel Stern (2010)calls“vitality forms”. Totton links He deepensthereader’s interest by introducing conceptssuchas‘engrams’ and‘intaglios’ roots inphenomenologicalphilosophy (Merleau-Ponty) to broaden the basis of his view. identification’, andenrichestheconceptsofsomatictransference. Totton drawsondeep psychotherapy. It advances ourunderstandingofwhat Wilhelm Reich called‘vegetative © Author andUSABP/EABP. Reprints [email protected] Volume 13,Number 2autumn2014pp104-105. International BodyPsychotherapy Journal DAVID BOADELLA, BA,MED,DSCHON Nick Totton has given of the embodiedrelationship us an admirable view in body Totton’s paperquotesawiderangeofothervaluable sources. Establishingtherightframe - - - Porges is a brilliant neurologist whose work should be fundamental for all body Totton drawsonGregory Bateson resemblances toemphasiseimportant between therapy and tothemusclespindlesofmajormuscles body, leadingtomore to thefaceandvoice muscles,leadingtomore contactandempathicdialogue; leadingtomoreto thelungsandheart, centred breathing rhythms; andheart Energy andCharacter.Energy Response to NickTotton’s Embodied Relating, David Boadella,BA, MEd, DScHon The Ground ofPsychotherapy The Art andScienceofSomaticPraxis This background isdescribedindetailBoadella,2014). ISSN 2169-4745Printing, ISSN2168-1279Online Stern, D.N.(2010). Forms ofvitality: REFERENCES Email: [email protected] Character, theJournal ofBiosynthesis years ofpracticehefounded as anindividualtherapistin1957.Afterthirteen David Boadellawastrainedinvegetotherapy intheearlynineteenfifties,and beganwork BIOGRAPHY Tognioli E.,Lagarde, J.,DeGuzman, G.C.&ScottKelso, J.A.(2007). The phi-complex Boadella, D.(2014).From Fragmentation to Wholeness. In C. Young (Ed.), psychotherapy, anddevelopment. Sciences, 104 as aneuromarker ofhumansocialcoordination. Body Psychotherapy Publications (19). Oxford: Oxford University Press. . Forthcoming. , in1970. Exploring dynamicexperienceinpsychology, thearts, RESPONSE TONICKTOTTON’SEMBODIEDRELATING Proceedings oftheNational Academy of About Trauma, Energy and Energy 105 INTERNATIONAL BODY PSYCHOTHERAPY JOURNAL THE ART AND SCIENCE OF SOMATIC PRAXIS STANLEY KELEMAN EMBODYING RESPONSE TO NICK

Embodying oneself, and the relationship (Keleman, 1985; 1987). Totton uses and refers often to engrams Response to Nick Totton’s Embodied Relating, without identifying these as synaptic neural-muscular re-embodied maps and thus a somatic process of a particular kind of relationship between the muscular and neural body (Koob, 2009). The Ground of Psychotherapy I think that being bodied is not only a relationship of the organism to the world but of the Stanley Keleman organism with itself. The human, like all animals, adapts its structure to the world it finds itself in. A developmental response that emerged was to change the world through domesticating International Body Psychotherapy Journal The Art and Science of Somatic Praxis animals, building shelters, cultivating plants, and rearing children. These practiced voluntary Volume 13, Number 2 autumn 2014 pp 106-109. ISSN 2169-4745 Printing, ISSN 2168-1279 Online acts bring about anatomic behavioral changes, from influencing reflex acts to differentiating © Author and USABP/EABP. Reprints and permissions [email protected] them, through the reorganizing, rehearsing, planning, and voluntarily applying that brought about the new behavior. This voluntarily developed behavior forms culture, civil codes of practiced muscular behavior that results in embodying new anatomic realties. It is a process Introduction of voluntary muscular effort to preserve and differentiate new expressions and transmit them,

THE ART AND SCIENCE OF SOMATIC PRAXIS and is the relationship that constitutes an embodied life and the development of values and THE ART AND SCIENCE OF SOMATIC PRAXIS

The human situation is such that our inherited patterns of action for satisfying needs or meanings which enrich human existence. resolving conflicts do not match the modern situations in which we live. The notion of being The evolution of the body through the voluntary motor acts governed by the cortex develops natural as a guide for how to behave is passé. The human cortex’s ability to respond to and imagine an organismic interior relationship of the body with itself and with others (Sheets-Johnstone, situations as well as to invent times of action and duration goes beyond the responses of the 1990). The voluntary muscular effort forms new motor patterns from inherited ones, by brainstem and limbic system. reassembling them, editing them, and applying them to create new anatomic relationships that The cortex uses voluntary muscular effort to influence so many levels of the organism’s result in a personal awareness of being an embodying process. This is an animate forming process expressions. This ability creates tools and new relationships that alter how the body relates to of creating situations which extend our somatic presence over time. itself and others. The human cortex and its muscular organs have invented many skills that have Voluntary muscular efforts develop motor, muscular-neural-synaptic memories. The body redefined how we use our body at work, in sexuality and love relationships, as well as in society. that is able to grow from its voluntary muscular and cortical efforts begins to know itself as a Since the human enterprise has made great progress in preventing unnatural deaths and personal formative agent of metamorphosis and morphogenesis, as an embodying agent of its life. extending longevity, all stages of the human organism’s cycle of shapes — childhood, adolescence, Sigmund Freud told us, “Anatomy is destiny” — but anatomy is more than destiny. It is also early adulthood, full-grown adult, and the maturing and older adult somatic shapes — have a behavior, a developing agent of expressions, experiencing, knowing, and understanding that come more and more under the influence of the cortex and voluntary muscular effort to be is able to voluntarily influence relationships within itself and with the world of others. One is developmental and learning dynamics. born bodied, but forming and embodying oneself through this process of voluntary forming is The human ability to make transitions in its age-shapes, as well as a result of personal and what creates a personal embodied life (Keleman, 2012). This orientation offers a way not only to social demands, produces stress that can be found in the organism’s underforming of a specific address human dilemmas, but also to voluntarily change soma, to develop inherited possibilities set of preserved behavioral patterns. This can create anxiety and doubt as to how to behave, and and create educational and clinical tools. This is what it is to form personal and interpersonal an over-reliance on instinctual responses to carry one through. Being confronted by somatic- relationships enriched by the values and meaning that are grounded in an experiential knowing of INTERNATIONAL BODY PSYCHOTHERAPY JOURNAL PSYCHOTHERAPY BODY INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL PSYCHOTHERAPY BODY INTERNATIONAL emotional-cognitive transitions from one stage of instinctual existence to another — or through the embodying process and forming a personal embodied existence. important situations like personal relationships — without the experience of outside guidance Totton is fond of Merleau Ponty, who deserves praise, but does not actually articulate that the can create cortical, emotional, and muscular pain. With the evolution to voluntary muscular- organism is a primarily expressive architecture. Totton may not realize that he’s implicitly saying cortical effot, one no longer needs to rely on the instinctual, that is involuntary, management of that there is an unembodied realm influencing the bodied realm. Nina Bull (1951) has pointed patterns of inherited responses. This change from involuntary regulation to voluntary muscular- out that feelings are feedback from uncompleted or delayed motor patterns. cortical effort for managing behavior and introducing voluntary forming behaviors, makes vivid The primary layer of the organism’s structure is a pulsatory, cellular-molecular organization the formative dynamic of the human being. of behavioral interactions. These cellular chemical-electrical patterns are also organized structures that are neural maps and muscular expressive images, which include thought (Fields, 2009). All Embodying these acts — motor, muscular, cortical and neural — are anatomic behaviors, on a micro or macro, voluntary or involuntary level. In Nick Totton’s article about Embodied Relating, Totton talks about the need to reconceive embodiment from the view of relational patterns and embodied cognition. Totton also speaks Forming and Living an Embodied Life about the relational aspects of embodiment, without grasping the notion that these relationships are somatic patterns of behaving that cue responses between infants and adults. Formative Experiencing and being aware of inherited soma do not by themselves constitute an embodied Psychology® has pointed out how somatic postures and emotional attitudes are a co-bodying life. The body’s forming process is at the heart of animate existence. The body lives a process of relationship process, and how body postures affect how one experiences and knows another, continuous morphogenesis, and its voluntary muscular effort organizes a personal somatic life

106 107 STANLEY KELEMAN EMBODYING RESPONSE TO NICK

field. This is the difference between a bodied life with body awareness and a personal embodied agents of our own personal life field of existing. life awareness, which results largely from voluntary muscular efforts. This paper offers a view linked to an evolutionary process of human experience, memories of The bodied life is a life of morphogenesis that is the continual change of somatic shapes. previous and present forming shapes of behavior, and voluntary efforts which create behavior that Voluntary morphogenesis is how the organism learns how to use muscular effort to influence its is not genetically programmed. inherited behavior, to repeat the effort to form memory structures of how it influenced its own behavior, and to recall its differentiated patterns over and over again to form new expressions. This BIOGRAPHY creates a personal life field that has both subjective and social values and meaning. Stanley Keleman is the director of the Center for Energetic Studies in Berkeley California Being embodied depends upon the organism’s use of voluntary effort to generate experience where he teaches the Formative approach to human development. He is a somatic educator and to form a memory of the body’s relationship with itself. This remembering is an anatomic who has been researching and developing the Formative principles, an original method for process, which is the ground of “I can do this; I can organize a personal behavior.” Voluntary influencing inherited behavior. He was awarded a PhD in Human Letters from Saybrook muscular effort helps form the personal somatic reality of an embodied life and makes new Graduate School in June of 2007. USABP awarded him a life time achievement award. expressions so the organism is not a victim of its inherited responses. Email: [email protected] THE ART AND SCIENCE OF SOMATIC PRAXIS THE ART AND SCIENCE OF SOMATIC PRAXIS

Voluntary muscular effort facilitates excitatory patterns and gives them body by forming somatic memories. Voluntarily influencing inherited behavior is being able to voluntarily repeat REFERENCES the action of being bodily present when needed, that is, not to fall into old reflex patterns of Bull, N. (1951). The Attitude Theory of Emotion. New York: Nervous and mental disease response. Forming an embodied life and transmitting its stages of development furthers the monographs, No. 81. human evolutionary dimension. It is a continuing education associated with the desire to form an Fields, R. D. (2009). The Other Brain: From Dementia to Schizophrenia, how New Discoveries autobiographical identity, a Formative rather than a causal identity. about the Brain are revolutionizing Medicine and Science. New York: Simon & Schuster. Being embodied is a Formative process. For the organism it is imperative to develop voluntary Freud, S. (1912). On the Universal Tendency to Debasement in the Sphere of Love (Contributions motor acts to facilitate forming a personal somatic excitatory life field that rebodies its involuntary to the Psychology of Love II). S. E., 11: pp. 177–190. London: Hogarth, 1957. and voluntary experiences of changing somatic shapes. This demands that each person endeavor Keleman, S. (1985). Emotional Anatomy. Berkley, CA: Center Press. to develop, over time, fine motor skills for differentiating reflex motor patterns into new anatomic Keleman, S. (1987). Embodying Experience: Forming a Personal Life. Berkley, CA: Center Press. expressions of behavior and relationships. Voluntary muscular effort generates and develops the Keleman, S. (2012). “Forming an Embodied Life: The Difference Between Being Bodied and life field of one’s somatic structures and alters the structures’ excitatory, emotional, cognitive Forming an Embodied Life.” International Body Psychotherapy Journal, 11(1), pp. 51-56. aliveness. Voluntary effort is not mental willpower. It is a muscular-neural effort that brings about Koob, A. (2009). The Root of Thought: Unlocking Glia — the Brain Cell That Will Help Us an embodied way of experiencing anatomic morphogenesis, bestowing experiential awareness of Sharpen Our Wits, Heal Injury, and Treat Brain Disease. Upper Saddle River NJ: FT Press. past, present, and future anatomic-excitatory-structural possibilities and the values they are given. Sheets-Johnstone, M. (1990). The Roots of Thinking. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. Living an embodied life takes voluntary muscular effort to influence inherited somatic behavioral shapes, like reaching and approaching, withdrawing and retreating, and generating new motoric, FURTHER READING ABOUT FORMATIVE PSYCHOLOGY® feeling, and cognitive feedback. Voluntary muscular effort organizes memory structures that extend Formative Psychology® website:

INTERNATIONAL BODY PSYCHOTHERAPY JOURNAL PSYCHOTHERAPY BODY INTERNATIONAL the permanence of personal formed acts, beyond the immediate situation and even the lifetime of http://www.centerpress.com/ JOURNAL PSYCHOTHERAPY BODY INTERNATIONAL the individual. Forming an embodied life helps the organism transcend its own field and be part of the larger evolutionary field of animate existence, making the organism an agent of its own destiny. A new vision for somatic psychology: http://www.centerpress.com/articles/a_new_vision.html

Conclusion Dasein ist mit sein – To be there is to be with: http://www.centerpress.com/articles/dasein_ist_mit_sein.html The body is a forming field, a process of metamorphoses and morphogenesis. This pulsatory process is an involuntary/voluntary excitatory tide, which organizes an anatomic architecture of Creating an embodied life – an Interview (MP3): behavioral expressions that in turn birth patterns of acting, which generate experiences of all sorts, http://www.centerpress.com/interviews2/vannuys00_fullinterview_creatinganembodiedlife.mp3 and are remembered. Voluntary-muscular, and then cortical, effort generates relationships within the organism and constructs a personal embodied life. Slow attending – the art of forming intimacy (from The Neuropsychotherapist) That is the forming of an evolving embodying lifestyle. Voluntary muscular-cortical effort also http://www.centerpress.com/articles/slow_attending.pdf involves influencing developing transitional shapes and emergency alarm patterns, which all too The body we are: often exhibit excessive involuntary responses to the dilemmas of living. http://www.centerpress.com/articles/the_body_we_are.html We have to take responsibility to form our own lives, to give body to the experiences we generate, and to live a personal life of continual morphogenesis. Voluntary effort brings about The USA Body Psychotherapy Journal – Vol.6 No.1 – Dedicated to Stanley Keleman self-empowerment. This ability forms new expressions and a narrative of influence that makes us http://www.ibpj.org/issues/archive/Vol6No1 USABP Journal 2007 - Keleman.pdf 108 109 110 INTERNATIONAL BODY PSYCHOTHERAPY JOURNAL THE ART AND SCIENCE OF SOMATIC PRAXIS of how confusingallthislanguage is:…itisthetherapist’s countertransference engramsthat 2006) “real transference” which is similartoReich’s genuinetransference (1976). Anexample identification, projective identificationandBoadella’s (Personal correspondence, September in German –mitgefühl: tofeelwith).Mixed inwiththese termsare mirror neurons, primary resonance, vegetative identification,superimposition, intersubjectivityandempathy(aniceword example, we usethe termsembodied(counter)transference, somatic(counter)transference, his task; it is for all of us to do (and the focus of the 2014 EABP conference in Lisbon). For responses toit.Of paperlike courseitisbeyond ashort Totton’s togointothisanditisnot to clarifythemanytermswe usetodescribevarious statesofintersubjectivityandourindividual understand/know theotherinatherapeuticrelationship. The firsttheme istheneedingeneral us and,asanygoodpiecewill,itbringsupquestions. general. In addition,hispaperprompted metoreflect onmy aboutself/other/ own pointofview therapy butrathermaketheconceptsnotonlyourown, ofpsychotherapy butanintegralpart in design hispositionthat (Davis,we 2012). should I not support simply “bolt on” ideas from verbal physiology, Ihave alsoshown how thisideaisgrowing even withinrobotics andcomputing unity perspective. Concerninghisargumentfora“ground up” modelbasingthework firston constant issue. and interactionwiththepatient.How todothatandstillmaintainappropriate boundariesisa the last100years psychotherapy hasgraduallymoved alongacontinuumtowards more contact position onadifficulttheme. Thetherapistwasoriginallyconsidered tobe “neutral” but over psychotherapy and, as he points out, in other approaches as well. He takes a clear and strong © Author andUSABP/EABP. Reprints andpermissions [email protected] Volume 13,Number 2autumn2014pp110-115. International BodyPsychotherapy Journal WILL DAVIS position isthattherole oftheotherisoveremphasized indevelopment andtherapy. therapist/patient. relationship interestThis intertwined isofparticular tomebecausemy for clarification about some of the basic concepts to better understand the fused state of While agreeing with Totton’s position on anembodiedrelationality intherapy, Ihave looked I donottakeissuewiththepaperingeneralbutbroader themesofusingone’s body to Theoretically, Iaminthesame campas Totton. Iagree withtheunderlyingbody/mind Totton haswrittenagoodarticle. The embodiedrelational modelisagrowing themeinbody Keywords: Response to NickTotton’s Embodied Relating: embodiment,selforganizing,endoself, embodiedrelations The Ground ofPsychotherapy A. Some generalconsiderations The Art andScienceofSomaticPraxis Will Davis ISSN 2169-4745Printing, ISSN2168-1279Online Abstract herself againstaperceived attack. Was she identifying with the patient’s power and enjoying it? Or was she unconsciously defending Orbach felt herself take a deep breath, blowing herself up as she had described the patient was? indifferent toOrbach andOrbach hadtransference tothepatient?Or isitprojective identification: countertransference assuggested?Or wasthepatientsimplybeingwhosheis–her“engrams” - embodied countertransference” (p. 2). Was thepatienttransferringandOrbach hadanembodied from psychoanalyst Susie Orbach, although for Totton itisa“superbly vividexampleof will elicitacorresponding elicits thepatient’s transference.” (Totton, p.5). Ithinkacountertransference from thetherapist non-verbal communication. the body. Ihave written(Davis, 2012)elsewhere about AlanSchore’s onbody-based, (1999)views think informationisbeingtransmitted unconsciously, below theverbal level anditisreceived in Sometimes itseemslikethree different patientsare beingpresented simultaneously. respondphotos ofpatients,itisfascinatingwhatthedifferent toandinwhatmanner. supervisees It didn’t clearreceiver. seemtome tobeavery especiallywhenusing In doinggroup supervisions, are filtered through our “engrams” anditispainfullyclearthatmanyoftheseare as muchthecontent. What we transmitisnotalwayswhatreceived. Allcommunications these termswe use. We needtoconsiderthequality, theclarity ofanytransmissionandreception Theresia Mestmäcker (Personal correspondence, atL’ Academie deSinsans, 2002)todealwithall the criteriatoknow thatanyofthevarious termslistedabove are actuallyhappening? her –itwasallmyimaginationinwhichcase,response wasembodiedtransference. What are an embodiedcountertransference againsther transference. Or didI?Maybe itmeantnothingto appreciated. She wasahighlysuccessfulbusinesswoman andcouldbeseenascompetitive soIhad in myneurosis!) But itwasclearlyanoverreaction duetoissuesaboutbeingseenand onmypart the clear“Iwillshow you” thoughtbothatthesametime.(At leastIwasaunified body/mind room toshow herallmy“spiritual” booksontheshelf. Ifelttheangerinbodyandhad interested ofthing.”Ihada(too) strong, immediateurgetotakeherintothenext inthatsort when she (maybe) suggested that I wasn’t as “spiritual” as she was: “…oh, but I know you are not problem, hewill will know itisprojective identification. If heisactingoutofhisunconsciousunacknowledged is activating anunconscious,unresolved issueIhave aboutmyself?If thetherapistisclearhe unconsciously identifyingwiththeprojected feelingsofthepatientorpatient’s transference to delineatethesedifferent states.How doIknow itisprojective identificationwhereby Iam the embodiedrelations withinaunifiedbody/mindstate, ofcriteria we needtohave somesort countertransference whichbringsmetomy second generaltheme:ifwe are goingtowork with patient. Immediately Iwasthinkingandfeeling,“Idonotwant presentation thefirsttimeIheard atherapist sayheuseshisbodyinthetherapytounderstand we empathic,resonating, embodied,orsymbiotic,borderless, invasive? Iremember inacongress I never understoodthedifference between projective identificationandunconsciousembodied Totton usesthewords “flesh” andmatrixtodiscussourembodied response totheother. Ido I have takentheterminologyof transmitterandreceiver from German bodypsychotherapist

believe itisthepatient. Working andbecameangry withapatientIwashurt countertransference B. Connective tissueas“the flesh” in the patient. I am also confused by the example inthepatient.Iamalsoconfusedby theexample RESPONSE TONICKTOTTON’S my therapy basedon not that clear. Are body!” body!” 111 INTERNATIONAL BODY PSYCHOTHERAPY JOURNAL THE ART AND SCIENCE OF SOMATIC PRAXIS 112 INTERNATIONAL BODY PSYCHOTHERAPY JOURNAL THE ART AND SCIENCE OF SOMATIC PRAXIS be implying the opposite: “…it is not some sort of‘internal’be implyingthe opposite:“…itisnotsomesort stimulation’ oftheother’s action to mirror neurons, andIappreciate thenuanceddistinction Totton makeshere, heseemsto seems toimplythatengramsarise from outsideinfluences,i.e. relationship. Yet, when referring point ofview, “the physicalunitofmemory”, “something inscribedwithin” (Totton, p. 5),it through the“flesh” ofconnective tissue. are affectedby hydration, too(Oschman, 1997).Communicationand a millionthofsecond. When dehydrated, thesamedistancetakes1millionseconds.Electrons slows protons by 5000fold. When wet, aphotonmoves alongacollagen protein at1tenthof radical reduction of transmissions and receptions. and distortion A 10-20% decrease inhydration caused by chronic stress, whichforbodypsychotherapists ischaracterarmor, willresult ina receptions: hypo-hydrated andhyper-hydrated. Aslightreduction inhydration ofthetissue processes andstructures. if, according toJantsch (p. 35)energysystemsmanifestthemselves intheorganizationofmaterial secretions. These energiesare forthebody/mind. information,instructions This is of importance through it: bio-magnetism,bio-acoustic,bio-luminescence,bio-chemical,bio-electric as well as all semi-conductor –between aninsulatorandaconductor-allthebiologicalenergiespass especially goodatdescribingtheenergeticqualitiesofconnective tissue.Connective tissueisa system.(Seecentral nervous my reaction toaperceived attackonmyspirituality)Oschman is is passedthroughout thewholebody refers tothenetworking oftheconnective tissueandcallsitthematrixwhereby information matrix is intheconnective tissue. In being transmittedandreceived, butIamconvinced thatthephysicalreality ofthis“flesh” or WILL DAVIS Of course, it is of importance howOf theinformationgoesthrough course,itisofimportance asitis littledistortion I need clarification on embodied relational engrams. If an engram is,from a neurological The conditionoftheconnective tissuedetermines thequalityoftransmissionand and associatedlayers ofwatermolecules.(Larson,1990p. 253) bio-chemical andbio-acousticsignalsmoving through collagenfibers,ground substance bio-magnetic, otherpart...bio-electric, ofthebodyandevery part signals between every Connective tissueisasemi-conductingcommunicationnetwork. It conveys bio-electric embodied psychotherapy (Davis, 2012,p.5,). & LarsonascitedinSchore, 1999,p.10). This ismore thananembodiedself. This is ‘specific sensationsand/orfeelingskinestheticallyperceived by thetherapist.’ (Havens has described in hisorhers.’ and that psychotherapeutic resonance isexpressed in of successful empathy is the occurrence in our bodies of sensations that the patient Havens andLarson(inSchore, 1999)comment,‘Perhaps themoststrikingevidence patient withinherown a safecontext. The therapistmust“hold” and“metabolize” theseemotionsforthe whereby thepatientcan vicariouslyexplore andexperiencetheseemotionswithin by thetherapistofdangerous, projected, “nonverbal emotions” ofthepatient Concerning projective identification,there mustbea “psycho-biological holding” C. On Engrams andEmbodied Relating body sothatthepatientcantakethembackagainashisown. instantaneously Energy Medicine: Energy The Scientific Basis, outsidetheenteric,vegetative andthe mis -communication travel -communication travel Oschman (2000) Oschman (2000) more likelytolookatfacesthananyotherobject” (p. 288),andgoesontodescribetheneurology an infantrecognizes aface.Kendal (2012)reports “that onward, from birth infantsare much through interactionwithothers. archetypes, gestaltsorprogramming and,atthesametime,aslearnedculturalexperiences reason tobelieve Ido,itseems Totton isusingengramsasbothinnate,pre-existing patterns, Yet, Totton refers toengrams as beingcultural/social. If I understand correctly, andthere isno on engrams:Porges’s engramisan“ancient scaffolding” onwhichwe build” (Totton, p.8). the lived experience.”(Totton, p.5). My needforclarificationiswoven through thediscussion or expression…but a direct and immediate knowing”. And, mirror neurons, “… Totton seemstobesayingthere is nosubject/object:“Here isthehingeonwhich thispaper emergence, an“us” whereby the“me” andthe“you” are gone?Is thisReich’s superimposition? my unifiedbody/mind/spirit, “me”, fusingwithanother’s, “you”, andcreating a of anendoself. Do twodifferent individualsbecomeoneintheembodied relational state?Is other, social/cultural,andme/you/us specifically, because itwillhelpmewith my own formulation circular causality. dynamicandthe roles ofself/ important Ineedmore clarity aboutthisvery the baby withthelittleknowledge we have ofthat state. too manyconclusionsare beingdrawnandinterpretations madeaboutwhatishappeningwithin action merely foritsown sakeis,asPiaget oncecalledit,abasicfactofpsychic life” (p. 209).Ifear oriented. Ryan pleasure in mastery, (1991) speaks to this: “The in effectance, …in experiencing or facility and the infant isexperiencing the satisfaction of a completed gestalt and issubject relationship? Is itanimitationasalearningprocess orisittheexcitation ofapre-existent state whereby the object is the center of this relational dynamic, or is theinfant experiencing itself in changes thedynamics of embodied relations. Is the infant “reproducing” theadult’s expression whichexistsbefore relationship (Davis, 2014). The formulationofan self” or Maturana and Varela’s (1998)“operational closure”. (p. 135) process, ontheprimary process (inMitchell,view Loewald 2000)wouldcallimposingasecondary Bateson’s (p.7) comment about how we anthropomorphize animals, orwhatthepsychoanalyst thattheinfantisinrelationship withtheother.observer It issimilarto Totton’s reference to to theirown experiencesofthemselves andmaybedoingthiswhenitappearstotheoutside make faceswhentheyare unaware thatsomeoneislookingatthem. They seemtoberesponding interpreting when we talk about infants imitating, receiving and responding to the other? Babies relationship andthatrelationship isbuiltonthisinnateability. The issuetome is, are we over- been shown thateven waspsandbeesare capableoffacerecognition (Tibbetts &Dyer, 2013). ensemble ofgrandmothercells,orproto-grandmother cells.”(ibid.,p.291) Furthermore ithas grandmother,face, aparticular isrepresented cells–an by asmall,specialized collectionofnerve offaces. for anyuniqueface,butthegeneralcategory This suggested“…thataparticular “The cellsthat responded tofaces wereposition, withorwithoutfingers-thanfaces. notselective of facerecognition. Kendal pointsoutthattheinfantisbetterwired todifferentiate hands– Totton discussesthisusingtheinfant’s facerecognition ability. We are impressed by how early This bringsusbacktoembodied relating themes:fusing,interactingendoandexograms, and interestThis pointisofparticular tome.In arecently publishedpaperIpostulatean“endo I refer tothisresearch topointoutthatfacerecognition seemstoexistindependentlyof RESPONSE TONICKTOTTON’S a priori new sense of self sense ofself system, an system,an underwrite

113 INTERNATIONAL BODY PSYCHOTHERAPY JOURNAL THE ART AND SCIENCE OF SOMATIC PRAXIS WILL DAVIS RESPONSE TO NICK TOTTON’S

turns; the image of embodied relating as ‘an act with two faces’, a combined engram/exogram, D. Conclusion an intaglio imprinting which fuses together the experience of the two body/minds (Totton, p. 6). Yet, he quotes Merleau-Ponty: “It is as if the other’s intentions inhabit my body and mine his…It I think this is an important paper and clearly written despite my questioning. I bring up these is through my body that I understand the other people” (p. 5 italics mine). Merleau-Ponty (Pagis, points because Totton’s paper has stimulated me to think more deeply about my own position on 2009) is a phenomenologist who, as far as I understand, emphasizes the individual experience the critical themes he writes about. I am grateful for the invitation to participate in this discussion. (p.267). If that is so, then isn’t it still two individuals experiencing the other within their separate individualities? If not, who is doing the experiencing? In the opposite direction from embodied BIOGRAPHY relating, this is where I have always had trouble with transcendental psychology. If I transcend Will Davis (1943) is an American with 40 years experience in psychotherapy. He has a myself, who is left to have the new selfless experience? psychology degree and was trained in Encounter Groups, Gestalt Therapy, Radix and in various alternative healing methods. He conducts body psychotherapy training workshops in Europe. My same confusion continues through his presentation of an up-hierarchy. Yes, unified body/ Will developed the body-oriented psychotherapy, Functional Analysis, and is considered one mind, and yes to: “There is no psychological realm divorced from the body” (p. 3), and even of the major researchers in the fields of the functioning of the instroke and of the plasmatic THE ART AND SCIENCE OF SOMATIC PRAXIS THE ART AND SCIENCE OF SOMATIC PRAXIS

though hierarchical, there is no judgment of “better”. But can a body exist without a mind, a basis of early disturbances. He is on the International Advisory Boards of the Journal of Energy sense of self, of existence? I prefer the ice, steam, water analogy I offered at the EABP Congress in and Character and the International Journal of Body Psychotherapy. He is a member of the Vienna (2012). The three of them seem to be quite different and separate. Yet we know that they Scientific Committee of the Italian Society of Psychologists and Psychiatrists and the European are the same on the molecular level. It is only different energy states that make the differentiation Association of Body Psychotherapy. He lives with his wife in the south of France. to us; they are differentiated but indivisible. I would formulate Totton’s hierarchy of physiological Email: [email protected] to feelings to fantasies to thoughts and beliefs as all emerging simultaneously from the same source. The diagram below attempts to represent a simultaneous emergence. REFERENCES Davis, W. (2012). In Support of Body Psychotherapy. International Body Psychotherapy Journal. Beliefs Sensations 11(2), 59-73. Davis, W. (2013). In support of body psychotherapy. International Body Psychotherapy Journal, Thoughts Feeling 11(2), 59-73. Davis, W. (2014). The endo self: a self model for body oriented psychotherapy. International Body Psychotherapy Journal, 13 (1). Jantsch, E. (1979). The self organizing universe. New York: Pergamon Press Kendal, E. (2012). The Age of Insight. New York: Random House. Larson,D. (1990). The role of connective tissue as the physical medium for the conduction of healing energy in acupuncture and rolfing. American Journal of Acupuncture, 18 (3), 251-267.

INTERNATIONAL BODY PSYCHOTHERAPY JOURNAL PSYCHOTHERAPY BODY INTERNATIONAL Maturana, H., & Varela, F. (1998). The tree of knowledge. Boston: Shambhala. JOURNAL PSYCHOTHERAPY BODY INTERNATIONAL Physiology Mitchell, S. (2000). Relationality: From attachment to intersubjectivity. Hillsdale, NJ: The Analytic Press. Instead of a hierarchy that implies a building up of a structure, I prefer the modeling of Oschman, J. (2000). Readings on the scientific basis of bodywork, energetic and movement therapies. development more in terms of what Jantsch (1979) calls unfolding. Dover NH: Self published. Oschman, J. (1997). Energetic medicine: The scientific basis. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. Unfolding is not the same as building up. The latter emphasizes structure and describes the Pagis, M. (2009). Embodied self-reflexivity.Social Psychology Quarterly. 72(3), 265-283. emergence of hierarchal levels by the joining of systems ‘from the bottom up’. Unfolding, Reich, W. (1976). Character analysis. NY: Paperback Books. in contrast, implies the interweaving of processes which lead simultaneously phenomena of Ryan, R. (1991). The Nature of the self in autonomy and relatedness. In J. Strauss & G. Goeth- structuration at different hierarchical levels. Complexity emerges from the interpenetration of als. (Eds.), The self: Interdisciplinary approaches (pp. 208-238).Berlin: Springer-Verlag. processes of differentiation and integration, processes running from ‘the top down’ and from Schore, A. (2002). Clinical implications of a psychobiological model of projective the ‘bottom up’ at the same time and which shapes the hierarchal levels from both sides. (p. 75) identification. In s. Alhanati (Ed.), Primitive mental states III. Binghamton, NY: ESF, 1-65. Tibbits, E. A., & Dyer, A. G. (2014). Good with faces. Scientific American, 309(6), 54-59. Besides it being a good developmental model for the infant, I think this description fits well with Totton’s “act with two faces” …the fusing of two body minds as a co-evolutionary process in the therapeutic encounter.

114 115 116 INTERNATIONAL BODY PSYCHOTHERAPY JOURNAL THE ART AND SCIENCE OF SOMATIC PRAXIS with Totton’sarticle. present onembodiment(Ikemi, myevolving 2014)andthendiscusshow views thisinterplays an angleonembodimentthatseems tobemissing,orthatisdifferent from his. To doso,Ifirst paper. The overall aimofthispaperistoaugment Totton’s theoretical elaborations by bringingin Ponty’s (1968)sense,whichIdo notintend.Iwilldiscussmore ofthisatalaterpointin this instance, Ifeelthat particular Totton hasinterpreted my phrase tomeana‘chiasm’ inMerleau- Though pleasedtoseethismeeting point,there are alsodifferences inour outlooks.In this coined thisexpression, butitturnsouttobeusedby Akira Ikemi.” several people,inparticular to read thefollowing sentenceabout‘the feltsenseoftheother’. “IthoughtbrieflythatIhad language, before language,afterandinwiderwaysthanlanguage. imposing verbal andrationalconceptsonthebody, forIappreciate thebodyasinteracting in claim inarationalandverbal style.”Iwonderifitwould really bean“irony”. Iamcautiousabout concepts uponit. Totton writes,“Iamquiteaware oftheirony ofthefactthatIammakingthis this enthusiasmforlettingthebodyspeakandfrom itself, ratherthanimposingandframing working from theembodied-relational ground up”. provided reasons for“considering changingtheoretical andclinicalpriorities,thinking Psychotherapy” inthisjournal.In hehopeshispaperhas thesecondtolastlineofhisarticle, © Author andUSABP/EABP. Reprints andpermissions [email protected] Volume 13,Number 2autumn2014pp116-121. International BodyPsychotherapy Journal AKIRA IKEMI,PHD forward changeboththeclient’sforward andtherapist’s existence. to thenot-yet, tonovel waysofrelating andliving.In psychotherapy, novel waysofliving temporalities. While theunconsciouspointstopast,combodying pre-reflexively points articulated. The implicitandtheunconsciousare contrastedonthegrounds oftheirrespective this standpoint,reflexive awareness aboutthepre-reflexiveis ofthebody livingforward responsive combodying of Psychotherapy”, theauthorfirstpresents his onembodiment.recent view Theterm In thispaper, writtenasaresponse toNick Totten’s “Embodied Relating: article The Ground There are manypointsofconvergence between Totton’s Iwasdelighted andmyviews. article “Yes, let’s dothat!”wasmyreaction tothislineasIfinished reading hispaper. Itoo,share Nick Totton haswritten anengagingpaperentitled“Embodied Relating: The Ground of Keywords: Responsive Novelty, Combodying, andTherapy Response to NickTotton’s Embodied Relating, combodying,theimplicit,reflexive awareness, Focusing isusedtoexpress thethree perspectives comprisinghisview. From The Ground ofPsychotherapy The Art andScienceofSomaticPraxis Akira Ikemi, PhD Introduction ISSN 2169-4745Printing, ISSN2168-1279Online Abstract interaction withtheenvironment. Gendlin (1973,p.324) gives anotherexampletoillustratethe the interactionwithenvironment. More specifically, it was taughtby itsparents. The plant-body isnotablankslateuponwhichlearningoccurs.It the sun, for example. This self organizing-generating of life is not something that the sunflower channels forperception, yet itknows exactlyhow tolive. It “knows” thatitisrighttoturn have plantbodies.”Letusimagineasunflower plant,forexample. Thesunflower hasnoinput The first aspect exemplified by sunflowers comes from Gendlin’s (1993, that p.24) assertion “we Perspectives onEmbodiment” (Ikemi, 2014),Ielaboratedonsomeaspectsofembodiment. For instance,inthehuman body, itis notuncommonforbloodpressure togoupwhen more, including thesituation,symbols,and historicitysuchaslanguage, culture, andhistory. “in” the body. Human beings are “in” not only what humans call nature, but also so much to beborn,thewholeuniverse. Gendlin (1973)gives anexampleofasquirrel raisedinametalcage. aswell asthetide,sandy beaches,thebirds of theturtle, thatprey ontheeggs,baby turtles universe”. Some layeggsonthenightoffullmoon. seaturtles The moon“inhabits” thebody changing conditionsintheenvironment and the personwouldbestumblingalltime.In fact,thebodyis“aware” ofthemultitudes ofever- body walking. Apersondoesnotneedtoreflect ontheconditionsinvolved inthewalk,and yet the All thisisdonepre-reflexively, onandconcentrateaconversation while sothatonecancarry I amamazed how mywalkadjustsitself, even before Iamaware ofthepavement conditions. automatically adjusts. Walking onastonepavement, where eachstonevaries inshapeandsize, inexhaustible. When there isaslightchangeintheinclinationofpavement, thebody circulation; emotions;schedule;thefitofshoes;itemscarried; road surface…. The listisprobably differs whenthere isgasinthecolonsorwhenonehasindigestion);cardiac outputandblood such asheat,windchill,humidity, rain,snow, windvelocity, anddirection; digestion(thewalk of thebody;movement ofeachjointintheentire body;respiration; climaticconditions of eachfoot;muscletoneinthecalves, thighs,hips,lower back,shoulders,andperhapsallareas program forwalking,thevariables wouldbeimmense:bodysize andweight; thesize andshape of peoplewalking.Everyone walksinaslightlydifferent way. If onewere todeviseacomputer environmental conditions. slightly, Eachplantorganizes andgeneratesitsown andsoforth. lifefrom slightly differing a factory. Some sunflower plantsare tallerthan others,thecolorof petalsmaydiffer they mightnotbelearned. environment andgeneratingtherightmodesofinteractionwithenvironment even though same point:No oneteachesababy how tocrawl. The bodyiscapableofinteractingwith the In a recent paper entitled “Sunflowers, Sardines and Responsive Combodying: Three The soil, the earth, is “in”The soil, the earth, the squirrel. The body is “in” the universe and the universe is The secondperspective presented how inthispaperarticulates thebodyisa“body-in-the- In thevein oftheabove examples,myrecent (Ikemi, 2014)provides article theillustration Moreover, sunflower every plantisdifferent, astheyare notlikeproducts produced in generates top ofit.(p.324) soilonthe pick upthenut,placeitat spot atwhichitscratched,andheapimaginary age,will“bury”given anutatcertain it. That istosay, itwillscratchthe metalfloor, will ... asquirrel inametalcage,havingnever raisedfrom seena nutontheground, birth when its own rightwalk. The walkbeinggeneratedis“right”, sinceifitwere notright, Responsive Combodying lives forward RESPONSIVE COMBODYING, NOVELTY withthese. is the organizing-generating of life in theorganizing-generatingoflifein is is 117 INTERNATIONAL BODY PSYCHOTHERAPY JOURNAL THE ART AND SCIENCE OF SOMATIC PRAXIS 118 INTERNATIONAL BODY PSYCHOTHERAPY JOURNAL THE ART AND SCIENCE OF SOMATIC PRAXIS into a coherent system of relationship between conceptswherein the higher on the hierarchy, does theconceptof“hierarchy” function?It wouldseemtofunctionby organizingthoughts Totton’s explicationhierarchy isstructured. First ofall,whatismeant by “up”? Andhow because itillustratesthedifferences inhow we think. anywhere nearanadequate depiction”. However, Ideliberatelychooseto dwell onthis that thishierarchy is “plainly over-simplified” andmuchmore work is “required tocome at thetop. hesitant to makeacritiqueofthisbecause Iamsomewhat Totton himselfwrites the baseandthenupwards into“feelings”, then“fantasies” andfinally “thoughts andbeliefs” Totton adaptsan“up-hierarchy” sothat there are fourlevels, “physiological activation” at the present situation. capable ofalteringthemodecombodying,i.e.,how thebodyinteractsandlives from forward that have precisely sucheffects. Thus, manyconceptsand procedures inbodypsychotherapy are instantly. The bodyresponds toandcombodiesdifferently whenthere are conceptsandprocedures with this,breathing changes,posture changes,andsomanyotheraspectsofcombodyingchange way, tothechakraswhilewalking,onewillnoticethatwalkingchangesimmediately. Together can bedonewithacupuncturalanesthesia.Similarly, whenoneturnsone’s attention,inamindful body. Stimulating thesemeridianpointschangeshow bodiescombody. Even intensive surgery ways onecombodies.For example,ancient Chinesemedicinediscovered meridianpointsinthe as a pre-reflexive process, and yet one’s reflections about aspects of combodying can change the relating’ thanliterallymeetstheeye. emitting somepheromones, whichagainisnotperception. So muchmore goesonin‘embodied perspiration onmy skin onlyafterthesweating AndmaybesheandIare haswell started. both ‘chiasm’, itisnotonlythegaze, notonlyperception. My bodyissweating, andIperceive the intricate relating ofthebody. Thus, althoughmygaze ofanotherincludeshergaze ofmeina before thestudyofintentionalityfrom perception perception andthatstarting greatly limitsthe that Merleau-Ponty initiated.Iagree withGendlin thatthebodyisalready relating totheworld understandingofthebody theimportant forward perception. Gendlin (1992)attemptstocarry 2013), Ielaboratedonasenseofsomeonewatchingme,whichisbodilysentiencelackingdirect since thesunflower hasnoperception channels. thatIn anotherarticle Totton referenced (Ikemi, the sunflower exampleabove, thebodyinteractswithenvironment even withoutperception, Merleau-Ponty (1962,p.92) asatactileperception oftherighthandtouchingleft hand.Aswith not meanitinthesenseof‘chiasm’ (Merleau-Ponty, 1968),whichisdescribedoriginallyin The termisalsoaverb, implyingtheongoingprocess ofgeneratinglife. this word, Ihave coinedtheterm word itselfimpliesadualismofbodyandspiritorsoulmatter. Therefore, insteadofusing in”. Thus, to‘embody’ meansto“put intothebody”, asifsoulsare incarnatedintothebody. The bodies aswell. stocks godown. Our bodiesare “in” thesymbolicworld,andworldis“in” our AKIRA IKEMI,PHD Combodying is always already situated and interacting with the world, the universe. I do The word ‘embodiment’ sounds Western anddualistictome. The prefix “em-” means “to put From mypointofview, there seemtobetoomanyconceptshere already, withwhich I ammuchfor“from theground up” insteadofimposingconceptsoncombodying. In thethird aboutthebody(Ikemi, isseen perspective 2014),combodyingforward articulated combodying From theGround Up where theprefix “com-” means “altogether with”. thermometer shows thatindeeditisfever, somemeaningiscreated andanappropriate next and sweating, yetouttheconceptof“fever”. coldandwantingtoliedown —andtry If the can be generated. One might reflect on a body whose breathing is fast, and which is itself hot conceptual orpre-reflexive. One needsto reflect onaspectsofcombodyingsothatmeaning down andrest, orthatthere issomefeltsenseinthechest.Combodiedexistencepre- the bodyishotandsweating andyet feelingcoldandchills,thatthebodyis wanting tolie functions. ”Activation” isalsoaconcept. in itselfandphysiologyare notidentical;physiology, rather, isthe science ofhow thebody the baseofthishierarchy is“physiological activation” whichisalready aconcept. The body the more dis-embodiedonegets.Are nottheseconceptsimposedonthebody?Moreover, was it made?” “Who madeit?”. was itmade?”“Who Totton seemstobe askingthesequestionsaboutbodily sentience. a personwondersaboutproduct, frequently askedquestionsare: “How wasitmade?”“When on thebodilysentienceofrelating. It isseenasaproduct, asitwere ofprevious learning. When hypothesizing abouthow theycametobe. Apparently, Totton toexplain embodiedrelating orthebodilysentienceofrelating istrying by and we encounters.” usethem,for betterorworse,asblueprintsineachattempttonegotiatenew He explains,“Our embodiedrelational engrams,then,are formedinourearliestrelationships; first learning theactivity”. In the next paragraph, heusesthismodeltounderstand ‘engrams’. on preconscious orunconsciouspatternsofactivation andbehaviourwhichwe developed when with preconscious orunconsciouspatternsand,referencing otherauthors,hegoeson,“…we rely role ofimplicitknowledgeimportant inhumanlearning.” He seemstoequateimplicitknowledge 2013) that Totton references. pre-reflexive and reflexive awarenessarticle that Iwantedtoemphasize(Ikemi, inanother reflecting uponfeelings,fantasies,thoughts,beliefs,andthebody. It istheinterplayof distinguish themandinsteadchoosetokeepallwithinreflexive awareness. — onecanberecollecting andthinking andfeelingatthesametime—Iprefer notto However, distinctionsbetween thesemodes sinceitwould bedifficulttomakearbitrary use ofdifferent modesofreflection including recollection, thinking,feeling,and Focusing. there isthepre-reflexive and,ontheother, reflexive awareness. Reflexive awareness makes “fantasies”, and“thoughts andbeliefs”, Iprefer tokeepitsimple,sothat,ontheonehand, Focusing (shallthefeltsenseinchest befocusedon?). or insufficientexercise?) thoughts-feelings(shouldamedicalexaminationbepursued?);and or wasanythingelseingested?);thoughts(wastheday’s work exhausting?Is itlackofstamina one’s capacities—feelings(isitanaffective reaction tosomething?);recollection (isitalcohol (inthiscase,thermometer)andreflectneeds toturnawayfrom theinstrument usingmuchof to reflect further. Or whatifthethermometershows anormaltemperature reading? One What ifthesymptomsofacommoncoldorinfluenzadon’t appear—whatthen? One needs set ofbehaviorscanbeconceived. But more refinements continue. Is itacold? Or theflu? Being mindfulofthebody, onemightnotice,forinstance,thatbreathing isfast,orthat Here, it seems evident to me that a popularly employed is conceptualframework imposed Totton writes,“Something thatemergesstrongly from work onembodiedcognition isthe In fact,onecanengageeachof Totton’s hierarchy stageswithreflexive awareness by Instead ofmakingasetclassificationssuchas “physiological activation”, “feelings”, The Implicit andtheUnconscious RESPONSIVE COMBODYING, NOVELTY 119 INTERNATIONAL BODY PSYCHOTHERAPY JOURNAL THE ART AND SCIENCE OF SOMATIC PRAXIS 120 INTERNATIONAL BODY PSYCHOTHERAPY JOURNAL THE ART AND SCIENCE OF SOMATIC PRAXIS blueprint. Combodying incorporates the past and the whole present situation, and yet it newly blueprint. Combodyingincorporates thepastandwholepresent situation,andyet itnewly inthedance. However,a part thedance isnotarepetition, notareliving ofthescriptin therelationship.meanings andcarriesforward Blueprints, asengramsandexograms do,play other person.It issuchreflexive activity from thefeltsenseof relationship thatcreates new One wouldhave toreflect onthemutualpre-reflexive bodilyliving ofthe relationshipwiththe dancing withthispersonin situation. That feltsensewouldbedifficulttoexpress inwords. and thenfallsbackintotheoneness. oneness istemporarilysuspendedwithanoutstandingotherness oftheother. The otherarises, oneness, andattimessurprisemewhennovel movements by theothercatchme off-guard. The this, more movements new arise. The other’s movements blendintomymovements inasenseof steps. Novel bodilymovements arise. Why didIswaymytorsothisway?Before Icanreflect on in thedance. The bodybeginsto generateitsown movements, insteadofjustrepeating thesame these surrounding people,with thisoccasionforthedance,andmuchmore, asthetwo “co-arise” Each of the dancers is combodying in the interaction with this partner, with this music, with with thispartner. These interactions,includingtherelationship with thepartner, comefirst. for theother. Againwe are encounteringcircular causality, mutual co-arising.” is auniquesynthesisofthetwopartners’ relational engrams,inwhicheachconstitutesanexogram a backward movement oftheother, andviceversa. Andlisten,they’re playingourtune:thedance movement of one dancer’s limbs implies and elicits, gives meaning to and takes its meaning from, generates thenextnovel stepsoflife. reflexively integrates the ever-changing multitudes of information and constantly adjusts and I have thoughtaboutforwhyIwantdahltonightmustbealtered. Asinwalking,thebodypre- cooking at the restaurant on thecorner may changemybody’s implying. Then, allthe reasons past events alonecannotdeterminethebody’s projection. forward AsniffofChinesefood of reasons whyIwantdahlandlook forpastevents thatmayhave shapedthisdirection. But that is not-yet, the future, sinceI am not at theIndian restaurant yet. Of course, I can think Indian ataparticular restaurant. Mycurry bodilysentienceofhungerpointstosomething moment,forinstance,seemstobeimplyingsomethinglikedahl sense ofhungeratthisvery past andstored inmemory. line ofthinking,anybodilysentiencewouldbeseenasarepresentation ofwhatwaslearnedinthe Without learning,humannature isthoughtofasblank,withnoorder ofitsown. Thus, inthis Therefore, in those theories, human nature must be conditioned by patterns imposed on it. including psychoanalysis, humannature isseenasbeingunabletogenerateitsown order. in memory. Gendlin (1990)arguesthatthisissobecauseinmanytheoriesandphilosophies, and unconscious.Psychological contents,inpsychoanalytic theory, are assumed tobebased how itwasmade.But isbodilyrelating a Assumed here isthattheproduct isalready made,a AKIRA IKEMI,PHD In contrast,“the implicit” impliessomethingthatisnot-yet inGendlin’s philosophy. My felt Totton seemstoequateimplicitknowledge withthepsychoanalytic conceptsofpreconscious Rather than the particular movementRather thantheparticular ofthelimbs,there would beanencompassingsenseof And here ismyversion: First there’s therhythm,music,andcommitmenttodance Yes, therapycanbesymbolized asdanceandplay. On thedance, Totton writes,“Eachforward Dance, Play, and Therapy fait accompli fait accompli ? . So onelookstothepastsee Akira Ikemi, Ph.D. isprofessor ofpsychotherapy atKansaiUniversity, Graduate Schoolof BIOGRAPHY whole situation,whichare impliedincombodying. reflecting ondiscovering developing withthe thenewly living-forward relationship andwiththe their personalhistoriesandnarratives. But justasmuchwithattendingtothepast,Ivalue life-generating process. Idonotdowngrade ofunderstandingpersonsthrough theimportance relating thatisnotemphasized asmuchin Totton’s theperspective ofnovelty, article: theforward the client’s andthetherapist’s existence. lives Andthisiswhathappensintherapyaswell. forward. changesboth livingforward The newly Merleau-Ponty, M. (1968): Merleau-Ponty, M.(1962): Ikemi, A.(2013):Sunflowers, Sardines and Responsive Combodying: Three Perspectives on Ikemi, A.(2013): You caninspire Explicating metolive pre-reflexive further: bridgestothe Gendlin, E.T. (1993): Three aboutthebody. assertions Gendlin, E.T. (1992): The primacy ofthebody, nottheprimacyofperception. Gendlin, E.T. (1990): The smallstepsofthetherapyprocess: How theycomeandhow tohelp Gendlin, E.T. (1973).Experiential psychotherapy. In R.Corsini(Ed.), REFERENCES Email: [email protected] Psychology. He studies,teachesandpracticesFocusing-Oriented Psychotherapy. and Counseling,aformerboard memberoftheJapanese AssociationforHumanistic board memberofthe World AssociationofPerson-Centered andExperiential Psychotherapy Institute, oneofthefoundersandpast-presidents oftheJapan Focusing Association,acurrent as a former board member and the serving current coordinator certifying of the Focusing the graduateschoolofUniversity ofChicago,hehassincecontinuedtostudyFocusing, Professional ClinicalPsychology. Having metProfessor Eugene Gendlin whilestudyingat It ismyhopethatthisresponse toNick Totton’s willshedlightonanaspectofembodied article eds., Lingis,A.trans.)Evanston, Northwestern University Press. Embodiment. J.H.D.Cornelius- White, R.Motschnig-Pitrik, M.Lux, New York, Springer, pp.131-140. other, 25: 342-353. Psychotherapy intheNineties them come.In G.Lietaer, J.Rombauts &R. Van Balen (Eds.), (pp. 317-352).Itasca, Peacock. Interdisciplinary Handbook ofthePerson Centered Approach: Research and Theory Person-Centered &Experiential Psychotherapies Phenomenology ofPerceptionPhenomenology The Visible and the Invisible: Philosophical Interrogation , pp. 205-224. , London,Routledge &Kegan Paul. The Folio RESPONSIVE COMBODYING, NOVELTY , inpress. , 12(1),21-33. Client-centered andExperiential Current Psychotherapies Man and WorldMan , (Lefort, C. C. , (Lefort, , (Eds.) , (Eds.)

121 INTERNATIONAL BODY PSYCHOTHERAPY JOURNAL THE ART AND SCIENCE OF SOMATIC PRAXIS NICK TOTTON RESPONSE TO COMMENTARIES

Response to Commentaries by Stanley Keleman, Secondly, and importantly, Boadella still gives relationship only a secondary place in body David Boadella, Akiri Ikemi and Will Davis psychotherapy, with the primary place still occupied by work with and on the client’s body and energy field. I of course agree that ‘establishing the right frame of emotional contact is Nick Totton essential for all body psychotherapists, in particular ... in order to avoid retraumatisation’. But my paper tries to go a lot further than that, arguing that both body and verbal psychotherapy International Body Psychotherapy Journal The Art and Science of Somatic Praxis depend wholly on the embodied relationship between client and therapist. I will say more Volume 13, Number 2 autumn 2014 pp 122-124. ISSN 2169-4745 Printing, ISSN 2168-1279 Online © Author and USABP/EABP. Reprints and permissions [email protected] about this below.

I feel much more community of understanding with Will Davis and Akira Ikemi: I I very much value and benefit from a collaborative, cooperative approach to the don’t know how old in years anyone is, but my sense is that the three of us are in the same development of theory; and I have generally experienced a lack of this in the field of body conceptual generation, and share a lot of common ground. I value Ikemi’s emphasis on psychotherapy, apart from a small group of close colleagues. So I am delighted and honoured ‘the forward life-generating process’ alongside understanding how the past has shaped the THE ART AND SCIENCE OF SOMATIC PRAXIS THE ART AND SCIENCE OF SOMATIC PRAXIS

to have been asked to contribute a paper in this format, and to receive responses from such a present; this is, I think, an important aspect of my own practice, which I didn’t look at in this distinguished group of practitioners. paper. The work of therapy, the work of life in fact, is to create a future out of the material which the past has given us: to transform limitation into possibility. At the same time, I have of course felt, as I suspect everyone does in this situation, frustration and disappointment, a sense of being misread! After an initial bout of spluttering, Where I think Ikemi and I may disagree is around the relationship between thinking and though - “Haven’t they noticed the paragraph on page...”, “Can’t they see that I’m saying the embodiment, concepts and bodily experiences. Ikemi seems to maintain a sharp and simple exact opposite...” - I realised that ‘misreading’ is better understood as ‘critical feedback’: that dichotomy between the two, and to believe that it is possible to occupy a ‘pre-conceptual or pre- I am being shown exactly what is unclear, confused and missing in my paper. For which I am, reflexive’ space. (But doesn’t ‘pre-’ imply the same hierarchy of disembodiment which he finds reluctantly, grateful; especially since I have this opportunity to clarify what I thought I was in my paper?) He points out, quite rightly, that ‘physiology’ for example is a concept; but seems saying, what I intended but failed to communicate. to assume that it is therefore disembodied. However, ‘body’ is equally a concept! Not only can we not discuss anything without using concepts; we cannot consciously experience anything I shall start briefly with Stanley Keleman. Disappointingly, Keleman has chosen to say without using concepts. I disagree with the commonly held view that this intrinsically alienates almost nothing about my paper, but instead to write, interestingly, about his own interests. us from our experience, and my brief discussion in the paper of ‘full’ and ‘empty’ speech is This is of course itself feedback of a sort. In the first of the two paragraphs (literally) where intended to address this issue; following on from it we can maybe speak of ‘full’ and ‘empty’, he refers to what I say, I was alarmed to read how I fail to grasp that relationships are ‘somatic embodied and disembodied, thought as well (Sheets-Johnstone, 1990). patterns of behaving that cue responses between infants and adults’, and fail to identify engrams as ‘synaptic neural-muscular re-embodied maps’. I agree with both formulations, Ikemi responds in a reflexively negative way to the word ‘hierarchy’; but a logical hierarchy though the first strikes me as oversimplified (relationship styles start that way, but are altered is quite different from a hierarchy of value. He says that ‘the higher on the hierarchy, the

INTERNATIONAL BODY PSYCHOTHERAPY JOURNAL PSYCHOTHERAPY BODY INTERNATIONAL by the responses we get) and the second overcomplicated (what does ‘re-embodied’ mean?) more dis-embodied one gets’. But I stress in my paper that ‘each of these levels ... expresses JOURNAL PSYCHOTHERAPY BODY INTERNATIONAL emergent properties of the one below’- embodiment provides the ground and core of Keleman’s sole other reference to my paper mentions Merleau-Ponty, then goes on ‘Totton psychological functions. I quote John Heron: may not realize that he’s implicitly saying that there is an unembodied realm influencing the In an up-hierarchy it is not a matter of the higher controlling and ruling the lower, as bodied realm’. I don’t know whether ‘he’ is me or Merleau-Ponty; I hope the latter, since I’m in a down-hierarchy, but of the higher branching and flowering out of, and bearing quite sure that I am saying nothing of the kind. I agree that in some passages (not the ones I the fruit of, the lower. use) Merleau-Ponty is arguably caught in aspects of the paradigm he is trying to leave behind. (Heron. 1992, p. 20) And that is really all I can say about Keleman’s paper, without reversing the intended process and commenting on his ideas rather than him commenting on mine. David Boadella’s brief I was perhaps over ambitious in trying to squeeze so much into one paper (I am currently response is pleasingly positive. There are two ways, however, in which our positions seem writing a book about embodied relating, for which this exchange will be very helpful). to differ. Firstly, Boadella seems to think that neuroscience offers explanations rather than Another aspect which I think I failed to explain adequately is mutual or circular causality. redescriptions of what we experience in relationship: in other words, that to speak of ‘mirror This concept, which I learnt from Gregory Bateson and Joanna Macy, is of fundamental neurones’ and ‘anti mirror neurones’ is is to say more than one does when speaking of ‘the importance in suggesting ways forward on several pressing issues – notably the environmental balance between “you” and “I”’. Taking a phenomenological view, I would suggest that in crisis (Totton, 2011). It is also my answer to the questions raised by Will Davis, in his very some ways it says less, and at best says the same thing differently. This overvaluation of what thoughtful paper, about issues of cause and effect. neuroscience can offer runs through all four responses.

122 123 NICK TOTTON

Several of Davis’s points are ultimately about causality. For instance: ‘it seems Totton is using engrams as both innate, pre-existing patterns, archetypes, gestalts or programming and, at the same time, as learned cultural experiences through interaction with others.’ This is exactly right - and a good example of mutual causation; as I say in my paper, While our embodiment is the ground of social relations it is also constructed through social relations. This is paradoxical from the viewpoint of formal Western logic, but such chains of mutual or circular causation are common from the perspective of ecological and other cybernetic systems, and are the foundation of Buddhist ontology.

I have realised that I would need to say a good deal more about mutual causation in order to make my position really clear. The same goes for the overall systemic approach that THE ART AND SCIENCE OF SOMATIC PRAXIS THE ART AND SCIENCE OF SOMATIC PRAXIS

takes us beyond the either/or impasse. Davis writes of infants that ‘face recognition seems to exist independently of relationship and that relationship is built on this innate ability’. This implies an either/or: either what infants do in imitating facial expressions is relationship or it isn’t. Such formulations are fundamental to western logic; but over the last century or so, we have become aware of so many situations with which this logic cannot deal. Babies imitating adult expressions neither are nor aren’t relating; but they are doing what later takes on relational meaning for them, and already takes on relational meaning for the adults who respond to it – and if it didn’t, the babies might not survive. Everything grows from this act of proto-relating.

I would respond similarly to Davis’s earlier wrestling with issues of transference, counter transference and so on: basically, he is asking ‘is it the practitioner or the client who is responsible for what is experienced?’ I tried quite hard in my paper to argue that this is another false either/or: it is always a matter of both – aspects of client and practitioner which resonate with and respond to each other. Whatever is constellated in a given therapy session is co-created through and in relational interaction.

There is a great deal more to say here; but it will probably have to wait for my book!

INTERNATIONAL BODY PSYCHOTHERAPY JOURNAL PSYCHOTHERAPY BODY INTERNATIONAL Again, I am grateful to those who have responded to the paper; and also grateful to the IBPJ JOURNAL PSYCHOTHERAPY BODY INTERNATIONAL and to Asaf Rolef Ben-Shahar for inviting me to write it, at exactly the right moment. I hope that the process has contributed in some small way to strengthening the spirit of collegiality THE ART AND SCIENCE OF SOMATIC PRAXIS in the networks of body psychotherapy. INCORPORATING US ASSOCIATION FOR BODY PSYCHOTHERAPY JOURNAL

REFERENCES Heron, J. (1992). Feeling and personhood: Psychology in another key. London: Sage. Sheets-Johnstone, M. (1990). The Roots of Thinking. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press. Print subscriptions Totton, N. (2011). Wild Therapy: Undomesticating inner and outer worlds. Ross-on-Wye: Printed single issue: Members €17.50, Non-members €20 PCCS Books. Yearly subscription: Members €30, Non-members €35 Two-year subscription: Members €55.00, Non-members €60.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

05 Editorial Jacqueline A. Carleton, PhD

ARTICLES

08 A Fairy Tale Or the Strange Case of Rose Lydia Denton, LCSW

18 Shadows in the History of Body Psychotherapy: Part II Courtenay Young with Gill Westland

29 The Scene of the Crime: Traumatic Transference and Repetition as Seen Through Alfred Hitchcock’s Marnie Eric Wolterstorff, Ph.D. and Herbert Grassmann, Ph.D.

44 Body Psychotherapy for Anxiety Disorders Manfred Thielen, PhD Translation by Elizabeth Marshall

61 Somatic Psychotherapy and the Ambiguous Face of Research Gregory J. Johanson, PhD

SOMATIC COLLOQUIUM: EMBODIED RELATING

86 Introduction: Asaf Rolef Ben-Shahar, PhD 88 Embodied Relating: The Ground of Psychotherapy, Nick Totton, MA 104 Commentary on Embodied Relating, David Boadella, BA, MEd, DScHon 106 Commentary on Embodied Relating, Stanley Keleman 110 Commentary on Embodied Relating, Will Davis 116 Commentary on Embodied Relating, Akira Ikemi, PhD 122 Response to Commentaries on Embodied Relating, Nick Totton, MA

E UROPEAN EABP A SSOCIATION FOR B ODY- P SYCHOTHERAPY

Journal (ISSN 2169-4745)