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Abac Odi Journal Vision.Action. Outcome ABAC ODI JOURNAL VISION.ACTION. OUTCOME. VOLUME 2 ISSUE 2 JULY 2015 Tourists’ Understanding of the Elephant Business in the Tourism Industry: A Study of International Tourists in Chiang Mai Province, Thailand Pannarai Polyapipat Graduate School of Business Assumption University, Thailand Aaron Loh, Ph.D. Lecturer Graduate School of Business Assumption University, Thailand Abstract The elephant is the best-known national symbol of Thailand that has been linked to Thai people for centuries. However the number of elephants is declining very rapidly in the past 25 years and it is possible that the elephant could become extinct in Thailand within 10 years. As the majority of domesticated elephants are in the tourism business, then to study how tourism affects the elephant’s welfare is significant for the elephant itself, business owners and tourists. Consequently, the purpose of this research is to investigate tourists’ understanding to help in assisting business owners to operate more ethically. The survey was conducted among 382 international tourists who had visited elephant-based attractions in Chiang Mai, Thailand. The respondents were foreigners with diverse educational backgrounds and income levels. The questionaire used for the survey was based on a critical literature review, the research objectives and the hypotheses. The data collection period was from October – December 2014. The statistical analyses revealed that the trend of using animals in tourism or for entertainment has become more ethical recently. The majority of tourists participated in abusive-free activities such as observing elephants, bathing and feeding elephants, and photographing elephants. Tourists understand the ethical implications of elephant-based attractions and the expected conditions for the ethical operation of elephant-based attractions. For example, elephant-based attractions are not places where visitors should see animals entertaining them, or where elephants were abused during training. Keywords: elephant, tourism, animal ethics Introduction Tourism is important to the economy of many countries since it has created employment in different sectors such as hotels and other tourism accommodations, restaurants and cafes. It has also contributed to the gross domestic product through expenditure by domestic tourists. Sustainable tourism development is considered to be a key strategy, in terms of business aspects, and is included in many action plans and policy frameworks related to the tourism www.odijournal.au.edu ABAC ODI JOURNAL VISION.ACTION. OUTCOME. VOLUME 2 ISSUE 2 JULY 2015 development of a country. Many countries in Asia consider tourism to be a crucial factor for social economic development. The tourism industry has the ability to earn foreign currency, create jobs, support development in other parts of the country, decrease income and employment gaps throughout regions, and strengthen economic connections among many sectors in the national economy. In general, the term sustainable tourism refers to the environment, economic and socio-cultural aspects of tourism development and a suitable balance must be established between these three dimensions to guarantee its long-term sustainability. Furthermore, sustainable tourism should benefit all tourism stakeholders and also maintain a high level of tourism satisfaction. Other terms relating to sustainable tourism are “ecotourism” (Uriely, Reichel & Shani, 2007), “responsible tourism” (Reid, 2003), “alternative tourism” (Eadington & Smith, 1992), “community-based tourism” (Jones, 2005), “pro-poor tourism” (Bowden, 2005), and “poverty alleviation tourism” (Harrison & Schipani, 2007). These terms are only a part of sustainable tourism but cannot be used to define an exact meaning of sustainable tourism. However, this point of view of the tourism industry does not explain a perfect picture of how much its potential can contribute for developing countries. Table 1 Number of Elephant Camps and Elephants in Thailand Number of Number of Number of Number of Province elephant Province elephant elephants elephants camps camps Chiang Mai 31 507 Lampang 2 105 Kanchanaburi 11 196 Phitsanulok 1 9 Nakhon-Prothom 2 34 Sukhothai 1 12 Ratchaburi 1 18 Phuket 22 207 Prachuap Khiri Khan 5 43 Phang Nga 19 157 Bangkok 3 21 Krabi 10 63 Pathum-Thani 2 5 Surat Thani 9 86 Samut Prakan 1 6 Surin 2 186 Ayutthaya 2 84 Nakhon- 3 11 Ratchasima Chiang Rai 2 60 Chonburi 14 276 www.odijournal.au.edu ABAC ODI JOURNAL VISION.ACTION. OUTCOME. VOLUME 2 ISSUE 2 JULY 2015 Mae Hong Son 6 24 Trat 6 51 Total number of elephants 4,287 Number of elephants in elephant camp 2,161 Number of elephants in other category 2,126 Source: Department of Livestock Development. (2012). Statistic of Elephant in Thailand on 9 July 2012. One of the tourists’ biggest interests in Thailand is to see an elephant. The elephant has played an important role in Thai history, tradition, culture, economics and tourism in the past, and became the animal icon of Thailand. Most foreign tourists in Thailand would like to see or interact with elephants and this has caused elephant tourism to grow rapidly because most elephant camp visitors are international tourists (Kontogeorgopoulos, 2009). Rodger, Moore, & Newsome (2007) stated that wildlife tourism is one of the fastest growing sectors worldwide and Stone, Tucker, and Dorman (2007) showed that itineraries that offer interaction with animals can influence package selection. The number of elephants is decreasing very rapidly and possibly within 10 years elephants could be extinct in Thailand. Forty years ago, Thailand had 11,000 elephants (Wallmark, 2008), but there were only 4,287 elephants left in Thailand in 2012. 2,161 elephants are domesticated in elephant camps and 2,126 elephants are privately owned and wild elephants (Department of Livestock Development, 2012). As the majority of domesticated elephants are in the tourism business, to know how tourism affects elephant’s welfare is very significant for both the elephant itself and businesses. In Thailand, elephants in tourism have been presented as a kind and smart animal. They are able to do many things like humans can; more than other animals, such as playing football, riding bicycles, painting, playing musical instruments, dancing, show performing, tricks and much more. Many tourists often dream of riding on an elephant and getting pictures taken with them once in a life time. However, according to natural elephant behavior, elephants would www.odijournal.au.edu ABAC ODI JOURNAL VISION.ACTION. OUTCOME. VOLUME 2 ISSUE 2 JULY 2015 never stand on 2 legs in the jungle. They do it only if they cannot reach delicious fruit on a tall tree, elephants in the wild are not artistic with painting or playing music, elephants would not form a football team by chasing a coconut instead of ball; but only play with mud and water. These facts are contrasted with how elephants have been presented to tourists under the shadow of tourism. Most elephants, unfortunately, are forced to perform to entertain tourists. Moreover, the Thai Elephant is in danger of extinction, hence elephant conservation has become a national issue. Both government and non-profit organizations have supported elephant conservation. Research on how to care for elephants and how to help with conserving elephants has been conducted. But still, many elephants in the tourism industry are still living in poor conditions. Despite the growing concerns and attention on animal rights issues here, there was little effort being made towards exploring the ethical aspects of using animals for entertainment, particularly in tourism literature. Although the use of animals in the tourism industry has come under growing scrutiny, especially on the part of scholars and animal rights activists, little is known about the understanding of tourists themselves and of the public at large towards elephants. Despite certain contributions to the knowledge on peoples’ attitudes and perceptions towards using animals in entertainment (e.g., Curtin, 2006; Curtin & Wilkes, 2007; Klenosky & Saunders, 2007; Mason, 2007; Rhoads & Goldsworthy, 1979), these studies are based mostly on specific case studies and anecdotes, and do not offer a holistic view of tourists’ attitudes or the major influencing factors. Their ethical approach to the issue remains, therefore, ambiguous and speculative. Animal-based attractions heavily depend on paying visitors to offset their operating costs as well to finance the education and conservation programs (e.g., Catibog-Sinha, 2008; Mason, 2007). Hence, Shani and Pizam (2009) has found that public opinion as a driving force www.odijournal.au.edu ABAC ODI JOURNAL VISION.ACTION. OUTCOME. VOLUME 2 ISSUE 2 JULY 2015 for ethical operation of animal-based attractions is more strongly associated with tourists’ attitudes toward the sites than belief in the legal system and institutional supervision. Empirical evidence of tourist understanding of elephants in tourism would be a great necessity for marketing and operational decisions of elephant-based attractions. Moreover, a better understanding of tourists’ attitudes toward such attractions also can be used by animal rights organizations to design effective campaigns aimed at increasing public awareness of their messages. Thai Elephant Situation in Present Number of Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) has been declining dramatically over the past century. Since 1986, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) classified Asian elephants as an endangered
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