Index

addresses Numbers & Symbols duplicate address detection, 89 ::/0 unicast address, 81 link-local, 285 ::1/28 unicast address, 81 addressing ::/128 unicast address, 81 classful addressing, 59 10 Gigabit , 29 classless addressing, 59–60 10/100Base Ethernet, 29 Ethernet, 25–26 5620 SAM (Service Aware Manager), 7, 14 IPv6 7210 SAS (Service Access Switch), 12–13 anycast addresses, 80, 83–84 7450 ESS (Ethernet Service Switch), 11–12 multicast, 79, 82–83 7705 SAR (Service Aggregation unicast addresses, 79, 80–82 Router), 10–11 IPv4 address structure, 58–59 7750 SR (Service Router), 7, 9–10 IS-IS, 330–331 IP interface, configuration, 66–70 ND (Neighbor Discovery), 89 IS-IS behavior, 343 NSAP, 330 ports unicast addresses, 26, 58 access, 975 adjacencies network, 975 DR, 189–191 routing table, 121 IS-IS, establishing, 333–350 service components, 970 LDP peers, 535, 537 services configuration RSVP-TE Hello message, 623–629 components, 970–971 adjacency database, 124 customers, 971 administrative groups service identifiers, 971–972 CSPF algorithm and, 720–725 subscribers, 971 interfaces, 724 topologies recognized, 163 labs, 752–754 6over4 MPLS, 721 IPv6 packets and, 97–103 ring topology, 725–738 PE1 configuration, 99–100 Type 10 LSAs, 721–722 PE2 configuration, 102 administrative route tags, IS-IS, 421–428 6PE-IPv6 tunneling over MPLS, 648–656 advertising routers, 90 6VPE (IPv6 on VPN Router), 1191–1200 AFI (area format and identifier), 330 labs, 1208–1209 aggregate-prefix-match command, 587 AH (Authentication Header), 303 IPv6 header, 86 A COPYRIGHTEDAlcatel-Lucent MATERIAL 7750 SR service router. See 7750 SR (Service Router) AAL5 PDU, 1071–1073 anycast addresses, 80 AALs (ATM Adaptation Layers), 36–37 IPv6, 83–84 ABR (area border routers), 228 apipe service (point-to-point Router LSAs, 229 ATM), 1067 summarization, 235 modes, 1069 ABR (available bit rate) service, 37 network, 954 access ports, 975 VPN services, 956 address autoconfiguration, 89 VPWS, 1018 address resolution, 89

947722bindex.indd 1423 8/25/11 8:03:26 AM area-range statement, 236 least-fill, 793–797 ARP (Address Resolution Protocol), 63 MBB (make-before-break), 784–792 IES interface, 1161 multiple, 793 table, 1113–1114 priorities, 798 ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects reserving requirements, 767–776 Agency Network), 4 Shared Explicit, 779, 780–782 AS (autonomous systems), 132–133 increasing, 785 OSPF and, 160 signaling requirements, 767–776 AS External LSAs, 248–249 threshold-triggered IGP TE updates, ASBR (autonomous system boundary 777–779 router), 228 Resv message, 768 export policies, 245–248 100Base Ethernet, 29 Summary LSAs, 250–252 base router instance, 1150 ASBR Summary LSA, 251–252 Bellman-Ford algorithm, 122–123 ASDL (Asymmetric ), 6 BFD (bidirectional forwarding detection), asymmetric paths, IS-IS multi-area networks, 76–77 391–392 IS-IS configuration, 372–375 ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode), 23, packets, IOM (Input/Output 35–37 Module), 209 AALs (ATM Adaptation Layers), 36–37 BGP (), 7, 131–132 authentication AS (autonomous systems), 132–133 IS-IS BGPv4, 120 configuration, 370–372 configuration, 136–142 configuration lab, 378–379 autonomous systems, 137 OSPF EBGP (external BGP sessions), 133 configuration labs, 216 export policies, 142–146 interface, 206–207 IBGP (internal BGP sessions), 133 MD5 authentication, 206 MPLS shortcuts, 637–644 simple authentication, 206 lab, 660–662 OSPFv3, 303–304 multi-honed stubs, 134 auto-bind command, 1185 multiprotocol BGP, 494 operation, 133–134 path-vector protocol, 132 B peering sessions, 134, 139–140 export policies, 143–144 backbone routers, 228 routes advertised, 142 OSPF, 228–229 policies, 135 bandwidth routers allocation external connections, 482 RDM, 822 MPLS tunnels, 482 TE class, 826 service providers and, 135 constraint-based routing, 676 speakers, 133 constraints stub networks, 134 bandwidth-constrained LSPs lab, topologies, 134–136 829–831 transit networks, 134 CTs (class types), 810–811 VPRN, 1175–1176 MAM, 810 BGPv4, 120 MAM (Maximum Allocation Model), 810 BID, OSPF, 208–212 RDM (Russian Dolls Model), 810 black-hole routes, 78–79, 238–239 reservation summarized routes, 410 Fixed Filter, 779, 782–784 boot overload, OSPF, 204–206 increasing, 785–789

1424 Index

947722bindex.indd 1424 8/25/11 8:03:26 AM broadcast domains cspf, 718 IS-IS, 326 debug mirror-source, 1233 VLANs, 29 ip-mtu, 1159–1160 broadcast interface label-map, 511 IS-IS configuration lab, 377 oam sdp-mtu, 1053 OSPF, configuration lab, 214–215 ping, 1032 broadcast links, 164 priority, 798 OSPF network, 187 show, 39 broadcast networks show card, 39 broadcast network segment, 193 show debug, 619 DR (designated router), 170–171 show mda, 40 Layer 2, 21 show port, 41 broadcast topology, OSPF, 163 show router arp, 980 business service delivery, 8 show router bfd session, 374 bypass tunnels, 900 show router bgp routes, 142, 637 facility backup (FRR), 904–905 show router bgp routes vpn-, 1217 label operations, 902–903 show router bgp summary, 138, 652 show router fib 1, 642 show router interface, 357, 650, 1152 C show router isis adjacency, 360 show router isis database, 327, 442 cabling, Ethernet, 27–28 show router isis database detail, 467 CAC (Connection Admission Control), show router isis interface, 360 767–770 show router ldp bindings, 967, 1061, 1125 failure, 773 show router ldp bindings active, 550, Carrier Sense, 23 640, 747 CBR (constant bit rate) service, 36 show router ldp bindings fec-type CE router services, 996 IES, 1161 show router ldp peer command, 746 traceroute, 1200 show router ldp peer detail, 967 CE-to-PE routing, 1166, 1167–1174 show router ldp status, 748, 965 cell-concatenation command, 1071 show router mpls bypass-tunnel, 904 cell mode MPLS, 497 show router mpls label, 510 CFI (canonical format indicator), 30 show router mpls label-range, 509 CIDR (Classless Interdomain Routing), 160 show router mpls lsp, 607 circuit-based networks, Layer 2, 21 show router mpls lsp activepath, 897 classful addressing, 59 show router mpls lsp path detail, 704, classless addressing, 59–60 738, 884 CLI (command-line interface), service show router mpls path detail, 630, 791 configuration, 971–972 show router mpls static-lsp, 513 CO (central office), 8 show router mpls static-lsp Collision Detection, 23 terminate, 513 commands show router mpls static-lsp transit, 513 aggregate-prefix-match, 587 show router ospf database, 164, 181, 187 auto-bind, 1185 show router ospf3 database, 654 cell-concatenation, 1071 show router ospf3 neighbor, 653 configure, 39 show router ospf opaque-database, configure router bgp igp-shortcut, 640 688, 1104 configure router isis, 450–451 show router route-table, 121, 138 configure router ldp show router rsvp interface, 606 prefer-tunnel-in-tunnel, 746 show router rsvp session, 737, 884 configure router rsvp te-threshold-update, 778

Index 1425

947722bindex.indd 1425 8/25/11 8:03:26 AM show router rsvp session originate, 616 configure router bgp igp-shortcut show router rsvp session transit, 624 command, 640 show router service-id, 1171 configure router isis, 450 show router tunnel-table, 555, 643 configure router isis command, 450–451 show service customer, 972 configure router ldp prefer-tunnel-in-tunnel show service fdb-mac, 1115 command, 746 show service sdp, 988, 1105 configure router rsvp te-threshold-update show service service-using epipe, 978 command, 778 summary-address, 408 constraint-based routing tools perform, 711, 730 bandwidth requirements, 676 tools perform cspf route, 752 CR-LDP (Constraint-Based Routed LDP), traceroute, 397, 607 675–677 common collision domain, 23 CSPF algorithm, 678–683 configuration examples, 675–677 BGP (Border Gateway Protocol), 136–142 labs, 750–755 IP interface, 7750 SR, 66–70 links, 676–677 IPv6 overview, 675 interfaces, 90–95 RSVP-TE, link coloring, 676 routes, 96 TE-LSP (traffic engineered LSP), 677–678 IPv6 for IS-IS, 458–460 TED (traffic engineering database), 678, IS-IS, 356–357, 357–360 684–685 BFD (bidirectional forwarding traffic engineering, extensions, 683–685 detection), 372–375 control plane overload-on-boot, 368–370 IP forwading, 65–66 passive interface, 365–368 MPLS, versus data plane, 494–496 IS-IS multi-area networks, 402–405 convergence, 847 labs, 428–430 failure detection, 847 route redistribution configuration failure propagation, 847 lab, 431 service recovery, 847 route summarization, 430 core routing instance. See base router instance route tagging configuration lab, 431 cpipes (TDM circuit emulation), 1067 labs structure agnostic, 1073 floating static routes, 107–108 structure aware, 1073 IP interfaces, 104–105 VPN services, 964 IPv6, 108–109 VPWS, 1018 IPv6 static routes, 109–110 CPM (Control Processor Module), 208 OSPFv3, 304–306 CR-LDP (Constraint-Based Routed LDP), OSPFv3 multi-area, 304–306 675–677 OSPFv3 stub areas, 310–311 CRC (cyclic redundancy check), 62 static routes, 106 CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access LDP, lab, 589–590 with Collision Detection), algorithm, 23 OSPF, 194–197 CSNP (Complete Sequence Number OSPF multi-area networks, lab, 264–265 PDU), 333 OSPF stub areas, lab, 268–269 uses, 339–343 ports, 38–43 CSPF (constrained shortest path first), 675 route summarization administrative groups, 720–725 IS-IS multi-area networks, 406–411 constraint-based routing, 678–683 lab, 265–267 LSPs, failures, 738–740 RSVP-TE, LSPs, 657–659 TE LSPs, 705–710 static routes, 71 TED, 681 configure command, 39 topology, 681 troubleshooting, 740

1426 Index

947722bindex.indd 1426 8/25/11 8:03:26 AM cspf command, 718 dynamic routing CSPF-enabled RSVP-TE-signaled LSPs, EGPs (exterior gateway protocols), 120 750–752 IGPs (interior gateway protocols), 120 CTs (class types), DiffServe-TE, 808–809 dynamic routing protocols bandwidth class types, 810–811 chapter assessments, 118–119, 151–155 customers, creating, 972 distance-vector routing protocols, 122–123 link-state routing protocols, 123–125 D routing tables and, 121–122 DA (destination address), Ethernet frame, 25 data plane E IP forwarding, 65–66 E-carrier system, 33 MPLS, versus control plane, 494–496 EBGP (External Border Gateway Protocol), databases, link-state routing protocols, 124–125 133, 1167 datagrams, delivery service, 56–57 ECMP (equal cost multi-path) routing, LDP, DBD (database description), OSPF, 172–174 574–578 starting sequence number, 175 lab, 590–591 debug mirror-source command, 1233 EGPs (exterior gateway protocols), 120 Dest prefix, 121 eLER (egress Label Edge Router), 484–485 destination, IPv6 header, 87 encapsulation destination address epipe service IPv4 header, 65 SAP, 1018–1029 IPv6 header, 85 VPWS, 1019–1028 detour LSPs, 879–893 Ethernet, epipe service, 1025 DiffServ (Differentiated Services), 808 GRE tunnels, 1049 TE parameters, RSVP-TE interface, 813 label encapsulation (MPLS), 497–498 DiffServ-TE (DiffServ-aware traffic MPLS and, 961 engineering), 808 CESoPSN cpipe, 1073 CTs (class types), 808–809 GRE tunnels, 961–962 bandwidth class types, 810–811 service label encapsulation, 962–963 labs, 832–834 transport encapsulation, 962–963 MAM example, 811–821 Q-in-Q, 1026–1030 Dijkstra algorithm, 124 SAP DIS (Designated IS), 352–353 Ethernet, 1019 electing, 336–338 null encapsulated, 1043–1044 distance-vector routing protocols, 122–123 Q-in-Q, 1027 link-state protocol comparison, 125–126 SAToP, 1074 routing table exchanges, 123 VC types, 1065–1066 distributed services, 977 VLANs, 1019 infrastructure, 983–985 epipe service (point-to-point Ethernet), 956 DMP (detour merge point), 883, 887 CE routers, 977 downstream on demand mode (labels), 517–518 creating, 973–974 downstream unsolicited mode (labels), 517–518 distributed, configuration, 994–995 DR (designated router) Ethernet frame encapsulation, 1025 adjacencies, 189–191 maximum frame transmission, 1036 Network LSAs, 188–193 MDU-6, 1128 OSPF, 170–172 network, 954 DS1 (Digital Signal 1), 33 pings, 1033 DSP (domain-specific part), 330 RSVP-TE LSP, 985 duplicate address detection, 89 service MTU, SAP and, 1031–1046 dynamic label distribution, 514–516 tagged mode, 1061–1063

Index 1427

947722bindex.indd 1427 8/25/11 8:03:26 AM VLAN tags, 1042–1043 labs, 937–938 vlan type, 1063 one-to-one backup comparison, 900–901 VPN services failover, RSVP-TE, 847–876 configuration lab, 1006–1007 Failure Code, 704 creation, 973–974 failure detection, 847 distributed, configuration, 994–995 Failure Node, 704 pinging CE devices, 1001 failure propagation, 847 SAP and, 978–980 fc00::/7 unicast address, 82 VPWS, 1018 FCS (Frame Check Sequence), 25, 977 encapsulation types, 1019–1028 IP forwarding and, 62 SAP encapsulation, 1018–1029 FDB (forwarding database), 27 ESP header, IPv6 header, 86 MAC learning, 1098–1101 Ethernet, 22 verification, 1113–1116 10/100Base, 29 fe80::/10 unicast address, 81 10 Gigabit, 29 FEC (Forwarding Equivalence Class), 486 addressing, 25–26 MPLS network, 487–488 100Base, 29 ::ffff:0:0/96 unicast address, 82 cabling, 27–28 FIB (forwarding information base), 61–62 common collision domain, 23 IP forwarding, 495 encapsulation, epipe service, 1025 RTM and, 148 frames Fixed Filter bandwidth reservation style, 779, fields, 25 782–784, 790 structure, 24–25 LSPs, 789–790 Gigabit, 29 flags (IPv4), 64 MTU, changing, 43 floating static routes, 73–76 SAP encapsulation, 1019 configuration lab, 107–108 standards, 27–29 flooding switches, 23–24, 26–27 link-state information, 128–129 transmissions, 23–24 LSAs (link-state advertisements), 178–182 VLANs, 28–29 rules for, 262–263 VPLS emulation over MPLS network, 479 Type 10, 686 Ethertype, 25 LSPs, 350–352 values, 1026–1030 OSPFv3, 283 explicit null label, 506–507 route leaking, 392 export policies, 142–146 Router LSAs, 183 ASBR, 245–248 SAPs, VPLS, 1096 BGP peers, 143–144 Summary LSAs, 229–230 IS-IS, 417–420 VPLS label distribution, 578–582 flow label, IPv6 header, 85 LDP lab, 591–592 forwarding, bidirectional forwarding detection, exporting routes, 1187–1189 OSPF, 208–212 Extended IP Reachability TLV, 691 forwarding database, 124 Extended IS Reachability TLV, 691 forwarding plane, 65–66 External Reachability, 348 fpipe, 1067 external routes, OSPFv3 lab, 308–310 as native Frame Relay interface, 1068 VPWS, 1018 fragment extension header, IPv6 F header, 86 fragment offset (IPv4 header), 64 facility backup (FRR), 878, 900–923 frame mode MPLS, 496 bypass tunnels, 904–905 Frame Relay interface, fpipe as, 1068 initial signaling, 903

1428 Index

947722bindex.indd 1428 8/25/11 8:03:26 AM frames Hello message Ethernet LDP, 535–536 fields, 25 RSVP-TE, 623–629 structure, 24–25 lab, 659–660 jumbo, 24 Hello packet, OSPF, 169–170 Layer 2 protocol, 20–21 Hello PDUs, IS-IS, 333 FRF.5 (Frame Relay Forum), 1075 hierarchical VPLS, 1119–1127 FRR (fast reroute), 865 MDUs, 1127–1128 facility backup, 878, 900–923 high-order bytes, MAC addresses, 26 compared to one-to-one backup, HO-DSP (high-order domain-specific part), 330 900–901 hop-by-hop options, IPv6 header, 86 initial signaling, 903 hop limit labs, 937–938 IPv6 header, 85 MP (merge point), 877 labs, 752–754 one-to-one, configuration, 880 specifying, 712–715 one-to-one backup, 878, 879–893 HTTP (Hypertex Transfer Protocol), 6 compared to facility backup, hub-and-spoke topology (VPLS), 1116–1119 900–901 hubs versus switches, 23 labs, 936–937 hyperaggregation, 477 one-to-one data path, 890 one-to-one detour, 881–884 one-to-one failure, 891–892 I one-to-one initial state, 879 IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers overview, 876–878 Authority), 56 PLR (point of local repair), 877 IBGP (internal BGP sessions), 133 protected LSP, 877, 916–917 ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned protection LSP, 877 Names and Numbers), 56 secondary LSPs, 893–894 ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol), SRLGs, 924–932 header, SAP and service MTU, 1033 fully meshed VPLS, 1134–1136 ICMPv6 header, 87–89 messages G destination unreachable, 88 Gigabit Ethernet, 29 echo request, echo reply, 89 global revertive behavior, 893 packet too big, 88 GRE (generic routing encapsulation), 955 parameter error, 89 tunnels time exceeded, 89 encapsulation overhead, 1049 ND (Neighbor Discovery), 89–90 MPLS, 961–962 identification field (IPv4), 64 IDI (initial domain identifier), 330 IDP (initial domain part), 330 H IES (Internet Enhanced Service), 955, 960–961 half-duplex media, 23 ARP (Address Resolution Protocol), 1161 header checksum (IPv4), 65 CE router, 1161 headers lab, 1201–1203 ICMPv6, 87 Layer 3, interface configuration, 1151–1152 IPv4, fields, 64 routing protocols and, 1150 IPv6 SAP, QoS, 1154–1155, 1154–1157 extension headers, 85–86 SAP-configured port, 1150 fields, 84–85 service provider core routing, 1150

Index 1429

947722bindex.indd 1429 8/25/11 8:03:26 AM spoke-SDP termination, lab, 1203–1204 IP () spoke termination, 1157–1162 accessibility, 4 IGPs (interior gateway protocols), 120 addressing ECMP (equal cost multi-path) routing, classful addressing, 59 574–578 classless addressing, 59–60 LDP interaction, 556–561 IPv4 address structure, 58–59 topologies, 561–565 unicast, 58 LDP synchronization, 565–574 characteristics, 4–5 MPLS shortcuts, 644–648 datagram delivery service, 56–57 multi-area with summarization, 584–588 develoment, 4 OSPF and, 160 ECMP (equal cost multi-path routing), path selection, RSVP-TE, 629–631 574–578 routing control, 133 IPv4 address space, 5 shortcuts, MPLS, 481–482 MPLS (Multiprotocol Label Switching), 6 TE-enabled, 675 packets TE updates, 777–779 MPLS network, 477 thresholds, 778 processing, 63 IHL (IP header length), 64 transmission, 22, 57 iLER (ingress Label Edge Router), 484–485 QoS (Quality of Service), 5 implicit null label, 505–506 resiliency, 5 import policies, label distribution, 582–584 service interface, 58 independent control mode (labels), 517–518 traffic engineering, 5 indirect routes, 79 universal address plan, 56 initial signalling, facility backup (FRR), 903 IP filters, sniffer routers, 1235–1236 Inter-Area LSPs, 754–755 IP forwarding, 60–61 Inter-Area Prefix LSAs, 295–297 BFD (bidirectional forwarding detection), interface metric calculation, 162 76–77 interfaces control plan, 65–66 admin groups, 724 FIB (forwarding information base), IPv6 configuration, 92 61–62, 495 link-local addresses, 285 IP header, 64–65 MPLS, 605–606 limitations, 476–477 OSPF MPLS and, 476–477, 478 authentication configuration, 206–207 process, 62–63 configuration, 197 IP interface, configuration passive interface, 202–204 7750 SR, 66–70 passive, IS-IS configuration, 365–368, 366 lab, 104–105 Internal Reachability, 348 IP/MPLS Virtual Private Network, 7, 483 Internet, characteristics, 6–7 components, 954 interworking service routing applications, 8–9 ipipes, 1076–1077 ip-mtu command, 1159–1160 VPWS, 1075 IP networks Intra-Area Prefix LSAs, 287, 290–292 FEC (Forwarding Equivalence Class), 486 intra-area routers, 228 post-assessment, 112–116 IOM (Input/Output Module) pre-assessment, 54–55 BFD packets, 209 prefixes, 60 cards, 38–40 subnet mask, 59 configuration, 39–40 IP router, service router comparison, 953–955 lab, 44–45 ipipes, 1067 FIB (forwarding information routed interworking service, 1076–1077 base), 61–62 VPWS, 1018

1430 Index

947722bindex.indd 1430 8/25/11 8:03:26 AM IPv4 CSNP (Complete Sequence Number PDU), address space, 5 339–343 address structure, 58–59 database, IPv6 and, 445 header, 64 DECnet Phase V, 323 IPv6 and as single topology in IS-IS, 447 development milestones, 323 network topology, 444 DIS (Designated IS), 336–338 PE1 routes, 100 export policies, 417–420 IPv6, 79–80 flooding LSPs, 350–351 addressing, 79–80 lifetime field, 350, 351–352 anycast, 80, 83–84 LSP-ID field, 350 conventions, 80 sequence number, 350 multicast, 80, 82–83 Hello PDU, 333–336 unicast, 80–82 interfaces, passive, 366 configuration IPv4, IPv6 and as single topology, 447 interfaces, 90–95 IPv6 (See IPv6 for IS-IS) lab, 108–109 IPv4 and as single topology, 447 6over4, 97–103 IS neighbors, 347 routes, 96 labs static routes, 109–110 authentication configuration, 378–379 header, 84–87 broadcast interface configuration, 377 extension headers, 85–86 loopback configuration, 378 interface configuration, 92–93 passive interface configuration, 378 IPv4 and as single topology in IS-IS, 447 point-to-point interface configuration, multi-area IS-IS, 454–458 375–377 network topology, 444 link-state database, 351 packets, 6over4, 97–103 LSDB and, 326–329 6PE-IPv6 tunneling over MPLS, LSP (link-state PDU) and, 328, 344–350 648–656 analysis, 362–365 PE1 routes, 100 metrics, 325–326 route-table, 95 MT (multi-topology), 448–453 system interface configuration, 94–95 TLVs, 451–452 6VPE (IPv6 on VPN Provider Edge Router), neighbor discovery, 333–336 1191–1200 operation, 325 IPv6 for IS-IS OSPF comparison, 324 chapter assessments, 440–443, 462–469 parameters, defining, 359 configuration lab, 458–460 PDUs, 331–333 TLVs for IS-IS, 444–448 PSNP (Partial Sequence Number PDU), IS-IS (Intermediate System to Intermediate 339–343 System), 78, 120 route table, 364 7750 SR routers and, 343 topologies, 326 addressing, 330–331 verification, 356–357, 360–362 adjacencies, establishing, 333–350 IS-IS multi-area networks attributes, 124 asymmetric paths, 391–392 authentication, configuration, 370–372 chapter assessments, 388–389, 434–438 chapter assessments, 320–322, 381–386 configuration, 402–405 configuration, 356–357, 357–360 labs, 428–430 authentication, 370–372 external routes exported to, 418–421 BFD (bidirectional forwarding hierarchy, topologies, 390–391 detection), 372–375 implementation overload-on-boot, 368–370 Level 1 database, 393–397 passive interface, 365–368 Level 2 database, 398–402

Index 1431

947722bindex.indd 1431 8/25/11 8:03:26 AM IPv6, 454–458 labeled packets, MPLS labs, configuration, 428–430 cell mode MPLS, 497 route leaking, 411–417 frame mode MPLS, 496 configuration lab, 431–432 labels (MPLS) policies, 415 description, 496 route redistribution, configuration lab, 431 encapsulation, 497–498 route summarization explicit null label, 506–507 configuration, 406–411 FEC (Forwarding Equivalence Class), 496 configuration lab, 430 implicit null label, 505–506 route tagging, configuration lab, 431 reserved, 504–505 routes, administrative route tags, 421–428 router alert label, 505 routing, suboptimal, 391–392 service labels, 528 topology, 393 transport labels, 528 IS-IS PDUs, 326 values, 503–504 IS-IS TE, 690–695 labs configuration, 692–693 admin groups, 752–754 configuration floating static routes, 107–108 J IP interfaces, 104–105 IPv6, 108–109 jumbo frames IPv6 static routes, 109–110 static routes, 106 K constraint-based routing, 750–755 CSPF-enabled RSVP-TE-signaled LSPs, keyword loopback, 68–69 750–752 hop limits, 752–754 IES (Inernet Enhanced Service), 1201–1203 L inter-area LSPs, 754–755 label control plan (MPLS), 495 IOM configuration, 44–45 label distribution IPv6 for IS-IS, configuration, 458–460 downstream on demand, 518–519 IS-IS downstream unsolicited mode, 517–518 authentication configuration, 378–379 export policies, 578–582 broadcast interface configuration, 377 import policies, 582–584 loopback configuration, 378 independent control mode, 519–520 passive interface configuration, 378 LDP (Label Distribution Protocol), 493, point-to-point interface configuration, 539–540 375–377 targeted LDP, 494 IS-IS multi-area networks multiprotocol BGP, 494 configuration, 428–430 ordered control mode, 519–520 route leaking configuration, 431–432 RSVP-TE (Resource Reservation Protocol- route redistribution configuration, 431 Traffic Engineering), 493–494 route summarization configuration, 430 label-map cmmand, 511 route tagging configuration, 431 Label Mapping message, 541 LDP (Label Distribution Protocol) label propagation, 544–556 configuration, 589–590 Label Release message, 542 ECMP, 590–591 label retention modes, 520 export policies, 591–592 label space (MPLS), 504 MDA configuration, 45–46 label stack, 493, 497–498 MPLS resiliency label switching, MPLS, 488–493 facility backup (FRR), 937–938 Label Withdraw message, 542 one-to-one FRR, 936–937

1432 Index

947722bindex.indd 1432 8/25/11 8:03:26 AM secondary LSP::Paths, 933–934 VPWS services standby secondary LSP::Paths, 935–936 ADSPEC, 1080–1081 OAM Ethernet encapsulations, 1081 local mirror service, 1245 SAP MTU configuration, 1078–1080 remote service mirrors, 1246–147 SDP MTU configuration, 1078–1080 tools, 1243–1245 service MTU configuration, 1078–1080 OSPF LAN (local area network), 22 authentication configuration, 216 Layer 3 broadcast interface configuration, interfaces, configuration, 194–195 214–215 IES, 1151 loopback configuration, 215 protocol passive interface configuration, 215 interface, IES configuration, 1151–1152 point-to-point interface configuration, IOM, 38 212–214 services, chapter assessments, 1148–1149, OSPF multi-area networks 1211–1217 configuration, 264–265 Layer 1 protocol, physical network not so stubby area configuration, technology, 20 269–270 Layer 2 protocol, 20–23 OSPF route redistribution, 267 chapter assessments, 18–19, 49–52 OSPF route summarization, configuration, Ethernet, 22 265–267 transmissions, 23–24 OSPF stub area configuration, 268–269 frame, 20–21 OSPFv3 MDA, 38 configuration, 304–306 physical network technology, 20 external routes, 308–310 LDP (Label Distribution Protocol), 493–494 multi-area configuration, 304–306 7750 SR, label parameters, 540 route summarization configuration, chapter assessments, 528–529, 594–598 307–308 configuration, lab, 589–590 stub area configuration, 310–311 description, 528 port configuration, 46–47 dynamic label distribution, 514–516 RSV P-T E ECMP (equal cost multi-path), 574–578 bandwidth-constrained LSPs, 829–831 lab, 590–591 DiffServ-TE, 832–834 export policies, 578–582 Hello messages, 659–660 lab, 591–592 LSP configuration, 657–659 header fields, 531 LSP soft-preemption, 829–831 Hello Parameters, 536 MPLS shortcuts for BGP, 660–662 identifier fields, 531 timers, 659–660 IGP interaction, 556–561 6VPE, 1208–1209 IGP synchronization, 565–574, 569–570 VPLS services IGP topologies, 561–565 epipe to VPLS spoke termination, 1138 import policies, 582–584 fully meshed VPLS, 1134–1136 label distribution, 539–540 mesh-SPD flooding, 1137 label generation, 541 spoke-SPD flooding, 1137 label parameters, 540 VPN services 7750 SR, 540 configuring multiple, 1007–1008 label propagation, 544–556 epipe services, 1006–1007 LFIB (label forwarding information base), SDP configuration, 1005–1006 542–544 VPRN services LIB (label information base), 542–544 PE-CE BGP, 1207–1208 link adjacency, 535, 537 PE-CE static routing, 1205–1206 Link LDP, 528

Index 1433

947722bindex.indd 1433 8/25/11 8:03:27 AM link recovery, 569 link-local addresses, 285 lsp-ping, 1223–1224 link LSAs, OSPFv3, 292–293 lsp-ping for path MTU, 1225–126 link protection, protection LSP, 877–878 lsp-trace, 1223–1224 link-state acknowledgments, OSPF, 177–178 messages link-state database, 124 advertisement messages, 534 IS-IS, 351 discovery messages, 533 network topology, 126 format, 532 OSPF, 181 Hello, 535–536 topology changes, 130 Label Mapping, 541 link-state PDU (protocol data unit), 123 Label Release, 542, 543 link-state routing protocols, 123–125 Label Withdraw, 542, 543 databases, 124–125 notification messages, 534 distance-vector protocol comparison, session messages, 534 125–126 network convergence, 567–568 flooding, 128–129 packet exchange, 540 router R1, 125 PDUs (protocal data units), 531 SPF algorithm, 126–128 peering sessions, 530 link-state updates, 128–129 resiliency, 847 processing, 132 routers links discovery, 530 constraint-based routing, 676–677 label exchange, 530 virtual links, 240–245 session establishment, 530 LIRs (Local Internet Registries), 56 sessions local repair, 877 establishment, 537–539 PLR (point of local repair), 877 neighbor discovery phase, 535–537 local service mirror, 1232–1237 packets exchanged, 540 local services, epipe service configuration, phases, 534 977–978 T-LDP (Targeted LDP), 528 loopbacks TLVs (type-length-value), 532–533 Intra-Area Prefix LSAs, 291–292 as transport tunnel in VPRN, 1185–1186 IS-IS, configuration lab, 378 LDP-over-RSVP, 740–750 keyword loopback, 68–69 LDP-over-RSVP-TE, 1051 OSPF, labs, 215 least-fill bandwidth reservation, 793–797 prefixes, route summarization, 405 LERs (Label Edge Routers), 484 summarization, 408 eLER (egress Label Edge Router), 484–485 looping, black-hole entry, 238–239 iLER (ingress Label Edge Router), 484–485 loose hops, path selection, 632–636 Level 1 database, IS-IS multi-area networks, low-order bytes, MAC addresses, 26 393–397 LSA (link-state advertisement), 123 Level 2 database, IS-IS multi-area networks, AS External LSAs, 248–249 398–402 format, 249 LFIB (label forwarding information base), OSPFv3, 297–300 542–544 flooding, 178–182 as ingress router for FEC, 552 rules for, 262 LIB (label information base), 495 Inter-Area Prefix LSAs, OSPFv3, 295–297 LDP, 542–544 Inter-Area Router LSAs, OSPFv3, 297–300 LDP label bindings, 539 Intra-Area Prefix LSAs, 287, 290–292 LFIB (label forwarding information base), link LSAs, 292–293 542–544 Network LSAs link coloring, 676 DR (designated router), 188–193 admin groups, 720 fields, 192 Link LDP, 528 opaque, Type 10 Opaque LSA, 686–687

1434 Index

947722bindex.indd 1434 8/25/11 8:03:27 AM Opaque LSAs, 262–264 preempting, 801 OSPF priority values, 797 fields, 182 ring, admin groups, 726 router LSAs, 183–188 RSV P-T E types, 180 configuration lab, 657–659 OSPFv3, 284 path selection, 629–636 inter-area prefix LSAs, 295–297 RSVP-TE setup, 603–604 names, 294 configuration, 604–608 type values, 294 signaling, 607 Router LSAs, 199–202 soft preemption, 797–798 ABRs, 229 operation, 798–808 fields, 184 preemption timer, 806–807 link types, 185, 186, 199 topology, 801 stub type networks, 211 static, 507–508 Summary LSAs configuration, 508–514 ASBR and, 250–252 TE-LSPs, 677–678 (See TE-LSPs (traffic- contents, 230 engineered LSPs)) creation, 229–230 topologies, clockwise, 725–729 example, 230–235 traffic-engineered, 695–712 flooding, 229–230 actual hops, 698 Type 10, 686–687 CSPF and, 705–710 subtypes, 687–688 ERO (EXPLICIT-ROUTE object), 698 TE-LSAs, 688–690 specific paths, 696–700 virtual links, 240–245 strict hops, 702–705 LSDB (link-state database), 124 transit LSRs, 484 broadcast network, 353 transport labels, 528 IS-IS and, 326–329 LSP (link-state packet), 123 OSPF, 163–165 LSP (link-state PDU), 333 OSPFv3, 286 flooding, 350–352 SPF algorithm, 679 IS-IS and, 344–350 topology, 679 analysis, 362–365 zero-age LSP, 352 pseudonode, 355 LSP (label switched path), 477 zero-age, 352 bandwidth reservation, 780, 793–794 LSP Entries TLV, 339 priorities and, 798 lsp-ping, 1222–1225 CSPF, failures, 738–740 LDP, 1223–1224 CSPF-enabled RSVP-TE-signaled LSPs, LDP path MTU, 1225–126 750–752 RSVP-TE LSP, 1224–1225 declaration, 606–607 topology, 1223 detour LSPs, 879 lsp-trace, 1222–1225 DMP (detour merge point), 883, 887 LDP, 1223–1224 egress LER, 484 RSVP-TE LSP, 1224–1225 Fixed Filter, 789–790 LSP::Paths green links, 724 RSVP-TE tunnels, 616–617 hop limits, specifying, 712–715 secondary ingress LER, 484 labs, 933–934 inter-area, 754–755 multiple, 871–876 IPv6 TLVs, 445–447 non-standby, 848–858 IS-IS, 328 SRLGs (shared risk link groups), links, green, 724 865–871 MPLS, 483–486 standby, 858–865

Index 1435

947722bindex.indd 1435 8/25/11 8:03:27 AM LSR (link-state request) packets, OSPF, 177 FEC (Forwarding Equivalence Class), 486, LSRs (label switch routers) 487–488 MPLS, 483–486 GRE tunnels, 961–962 transit LSRs, 485 header LSU (link-state update), 123 Label field, 498 OSPF, 177–178 S field, 499 TC field, 499 TTL field, 499 M high availability, 479–480 IGP shortcuts, 481–482 MAC (Media Access Control), 24 interfaces, adding, 605–606 addresses IP forwarding and, 476–477, 478 high-order, 26 IP packets, 477 low-order, 26 label control plane, 495 VPLS, 1098–1101 label distribution modes MAM (Maximum Allocation Model), 810 downstream on demand, 518–519 bandwidth constraint assignment, 810 downstream unsolicited, 517–518 DiffServ-TE, 811–821 independent control mode, 519–520 MAN (metropolitan area network), 22 ordered control mode, 519–520 MBB (make-before-break) bandwidth label encapsulation, 497–498 reservation, 784–792 label retention modes, 520 Shared Explicit LSP, 787 label space, 504 MD5 authentication, 206 label stack, 497–498 MDA (Media Dependent Adapter) cards, label switching, 488–493 38–40 label values, 503–504 configuration, 40–41 labeled packets lab, 45–46 cell mode MPLS, 497 IP packet arrival, 62 frame mode MPLS, 496 MDUs, hierarchical VPLS, 1127–1128 labels media, half-duplex, 23 description, 496 mesh SDP, 1097 explicit null label, 506–507 messages, OSPF, 166 FEC (Forwarding Equivalence metrics, OSPF, 161–162 Class), 496 mirroring. See service mirroring implicit null label, 505–506 mobile packet core, 8 reserved, 504–507 backhaul, 8 router alert label, 505 MP (merge point), FRR and, 877 service labels, 528 MP-BGP (Multiprotocol BGP), 1164, 1167, LDP (Label Distribution Protocol), 514–516 1175–1178 LIB (label information base), 495 PE-to-PE routing, 1174–1175 LSPs (label switched paths), 483–486 MPLS (Multiprotocol Label Switching), 6 static, 508–514 admin groups, 721 LSRs (label switch routers), 483–486 chapter assessments, 474–475, 522–525 overview, 474 data plane, versus control plane, 6PE-IPv6 tunneling, 648–656 494–496 penultimate hop popping, 504–507 encapsulation and, 961 POP operations, 489 CESoPSN cpipe, 1073 PUSH operations, 489 packet fields, 962–963 resiliency service label encapsulation, 962–963 chapter assessments, 940–946 transport encapsulation, 962–963 facility backup (FRR), labs, 937–938 Ethernet frames, 25 features, 847 Ethertype values, 497

1436 Index

947722bindex.indd 1436 8/25/11 8:03:27 AM one-to-one FRR, labs, 936–937 secondary LSP::Paths, labs, 933–934 N standby secondary LSP::Paths, labs, N:1 cell mode, 1070–1071 935–936 ND (Neighbor Discovery), 89–90 RSVP-TE, 767 OSPF, 167–168 shortcuts, 636–656, 660–662 Neighbor Advertisement, 90 service consolidation, 482–483 Type 136, 90–91 service provider terminology, 486 neighbor discovery. See also ND SWAP operations, 489 (Neighbor Discovery) T-LDP, 963–970 LDPs, 535–537 TC (Traffic Class) field Neighbor Solicitation, 90 pipe mode, 500 Type 135, 90 uniform mode, 499 neighbor unreachability traffic engineering, 480–481 detection, 89 TTL processing, 501–502 neighbors tunneling, 477–478 IS-IS, 333–336 for VPNs, 478–479 OSPF, 167–168 MSE (Multiservice Edge), 9 Network LSAs MT (multi-topology) DR (designated router), 188–193 IS-IS, 448–453 fields, 192 MT TLVs, 451–452 OSPFv3, 289 routing, TLVs, 449 networks MTU (maximum transmission unit), 43 autonomous systems (AS), 132–133 Ethernet, changing, 43 broadcast, Layer 2, 21 matching, 1041–1042 circuit-based, Layer 2, 21 ports, 1047 multi-area, OSPFv3, 293–294 SAP and, 1031–1046 point-to-point, Layer 2, 21 matching service MTU, 1045–1046 ports, 975 SDP path MTU, 1046–1060 prefixes, 60 GRE transport tunnels, 1050 reachability verification, 196 T-LDP and, 1031 stub networks, 72 value signals, 1040 LSAs, 211 multi-area IGP, summarization and, next header, IPv6 header, 85 584–588 next-hop determination, 89 multi-area networks ND (Neighbor Discovery), 89 configuration, 402–405 next-next-hop node, 900 IS-IS (See IS-IS multi-area networks) node protection, protection LSP, IPv6, 454–458 877–878 OSPFv3, 293–294 NSAP (Network Service reasons for, 227 Access Point) multi-area topology, stub networks, 253 address, 330 multi-honed stubs, 134 fields, 330–331 multicast addressing, 79 NSEL (NSAP selector), 331 IPv6, 82–83 NSFNET (National Science solicited-node multicast, 83 Foundation Network), 4 Multiple Access, 23 NSSA (not-so-stubby areas), multiplexing 256–258 SONET/SDH, 34–35 configuration lab, 269–270 TDM (time division multiplexing), 33–34 OSPFv3, 300–303 multipliers, 76 totally stubby NSSA, 258–261 multiprotocol BGP, 494 null-encapsulated SAP, 1043–1044

Index 1437

947722bindex.indd 1437 8/25/11 8:03:27 AM labs O authentication configuration, 216 OAM (operations/administration/ broadcast interface configuration, maintenance) 214–215 chapter assessments, 1220–1221, loopback configuration, 215 1249–1252 passive interface configuration, 215 commands, 1053 point-to-point interface configuration, lsp-ping, 1222 212–214 lsp-trace, 1222 link-state acknowledgments, sdp-mtu, 1222 177–178 sdp-ping, 1222 link-state database, 181 svc_ping, 1222 link types, 183–188 labs link to stub network, 185–186 local mirror service, 1245 point-to-point link, 184 remote service mirrors, 1246–147 transit link, 185 tools, 1243–1245 virtual link, 186 oam sdp-mtu command, 1053 LSA (link-state advertisements) one-to-one backup (FRR), 878, 879–893 fields, 182 labs, 936–937 router LSAs, 183–188 one-to-one backup comparison, 900–901 types, 180 opaque LSAs, 262–264 LSDB (link-state database), 163–165 SRLG groups, 870 LSR (link-state request) Type 10 Opaque LSA, 686–687 packets, 177 ordered control mode (labels), 517–518 LSU (link-state update) packets, OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model 177–178, 180 Layer 2, 20 messages, 166 NSAP (Network Service Access metrics, 161–162 Point), 330 neighbor discovery, 167–168 OSPF (), 78, 120 neighbor verification, 198 adjacencies, 167–178 networks ASs and, 160 broadcast links, 187 attributes, 124 interface bandwidth, 162 authentication, 206–208 point-to-point links, 187 bidirectional forwarding detection, 208–212 opaque LSAs, SRLG groups, 870 broadcast topology, 163 operation, 161 chapter assessments, 158–159, 218–222 verification, 198–199 configuration, 194–197 overload on boot, 204–206 topology, 194 overview, 160–163 DBD (database description) packet, point-to-point, 163 172–174 reference bandwidth and, 162 starting sequence number, 175 RID (router ID), 167 development, 160 route table, 201 DR (designated router), 170–172 Router LSAs exchange, 172–174 fields, 184 Hello packet, 169–170 link types, 185, 186 IGPs and, 160 RTM and, 160 interface SPF algorithm and, 160 authentication configuration, 206–207 TE TLV types, 689 configuration, 197 topologies, 163 passive, 202–204 Type 10 Opaque LSA, 686–687 IS-IS comparison, 324 Type 10 subtypes, 687–688

1438 Index

947722bindex.indd 1438 8/25/11 8:03:27 AM OSPF multi-area networks backbone, routers, 228–229 P chapter assessments, 224–226, packets 272–278 forwarding configuration, lab, 264–265 BFD, 73 route redistribution, labs, 267 FIB, 61 routes, exporting, 245–252 LDP sessions, 540 stub areas, 252–254 looping, black-hole entry, 238–239 NSSA (not-so-stubby areas), 256–258, processing, 63 269–270 transmission, 57 totally stubby areas, 254–255 parameters totally stubby NSSA, 258–261 discovery, 89 topology, 231 IS-IS, defining, 359 virtual links, 240–245 ND (Neighbor Discovery), 89 OSPF-TE, Type 10 LSA, 686–687 passive interface, 202 OSPFv2, summarization, 297 IS-IS, 366 OSPFv3 configuration, 365–368 authentication, 303–304 configuration lab, 378 changes in, 283 OSPF, 202–204 chapter assessments, 280–282, 313–318 lab, 215 configuration, 286 Path message (LSP), 603–604 flooding, 283 CAC, 768 Inter-Area Prefix LSAs, 295–297 failure, 773 Intra-Area Prefix LSAs, 290–292 objects, 610 labs RSVP-TE, 609–612 configuration, 304–306 soft state approach, 617–618 external routes, 308–310 path-vector protocols, 132 multi-area configuration, 304–306 PathErr message (LSP) route summarization configuration, CAC failure, 773 307–308 RSVP-TE, 622–623 stub area configuration, 310–311 paths. See also LSP (label switched path) LSAs hop limits, specifying, 712–715 AS external, 297–300 PathTear message (LSP), RSVP-TE, 618–622 inter-area prefix LSAs, 295–297 payload length, IPv6 header, 85 inter-area router LSAs, 297–300 PDUs (protocol data units), LDP PDUs, 531 link LSAs, 292–293 PE (provider edge) router, 954 names, 294 6over4 tunneling configuration, 99–100 type values, 294 PE-to-CE routing, 1166, 1186–1191 LSDB (link-state database), 286 BGP lab, 1207–1208 multi-area networks, 293–294 lab, 1205–1206 Network LSA, 289 PE-to-PE routing, 1166, 1174–1175 NSSAs, 300–303 VPRN, distributed, 1178–1181 Router LSA, 287–289 peering sessions single area network, 284–287 BGP, 134, 139–140 stubs, 300–303 export policies, 143–144 OUI (Organizationally Unique routes advertised, 142 Identifier), 26 external peers, 140–141 overload configuration, 205, 369 per-interface label space, 504 overload on boot per-platform label space, 504 IS-IS, configuration, 368–370 permanent overload configuration, 205, 369 OSPF, 204–206 PHP (penultimate hop popping), 505–506

Index 1439

947722bindex.indd 1439 8/25/11 8:03:27 AM ping commands, 1032 PSTN (public switched telephone network), PLR (point of local repair), FRR and, 877 33–34 point-to-point ATM. See apipe service PUSH operations, labels, 489 (point-to-point ATM) point-to-point Ethernet. See epipe service (point-to-point Ethernet) Q point-to-point interface Q-in-Q (VLAN stacking), 31–32 IS-IS, 326 Q-in-Q encapsulation, 1026–1030 configuration lab, 375–377 SAP, 1027 OSPF, configuration lab, 212–214 QoS (Quality of Service), 5 point-to-point links, 164 ATM and, 36 OSPF network, 187 point-to-point networks Layer 2, 21 R OSPF and, 163 POP operations, labels, 489 raw mode VC type, 1060–1061 ports RD (routing distinguisher), 1167 access, 975 formats, 1174 configuration, 38–43 VPRN, 1168 lab, 46–47 RDM (Russian Dolls Model), 810 MTU, 1047 bandwidth allocation, 822 network, 975 receiving routes, 1152–1154 SAP, 975 redirect function (ND), 89 POS (Packet over SONET/SDH), 23, 37–38 reference bandwidth, OSPF and, 162 PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol), 37–38 remote service mirrors, 1237–1242 preamble, Ethernet frames, 25 topology, 1238 preempting LSPs, topology, 801 reserved labels (MPLS), 504–505 prefixes reserving bandwith discovery, 89 Fixed Filter, 779, 782–784 Inter-Area Prefix LSAs, 295–297 increasing, 785–789 Intra-Area Prefix LSAs, 287, 290–292 least-fill, 793–797 loopback prefixes, route summarization, 405 MBB (make-before-break), 784–792 ND (Neighbor Discovery), 89 reserving requirements, 767–776 route tables, 147 Shared Explicit, 779, 780–782 priority command, 798 signaling requirements, 767–776 propagation of labels, 544–556 threshold-triggered IGP TE updates, protected LSP 777–779 FRR and, 877 residential service delivery, 8 global revertive behavior, 893 resignal timer, 628–629 protection LSP resiliency bypass tunnels, 900 chapter assessments, 844–846 FRR and, 877 LDP, 847 link protection, 877–878 MPLS, 847 node protection, 877–878 overview, 847 protocol field (IPv4), 65 Resv message (LSP), 603–604 protocol preference, 148 bandwidth, 768 pseudonode, 326, 354–356 RSVP-TE, 613–615 LSP, 355 soft state approach, 617–618 PSNP (Partial Sequence Number PDU), 333 ResvErr message (LSP), RSVP-TE, 622–623 uses, 339–343 ResvTear message (LSP), RSVP-TE, 618–622 retry timer, 628–629

1440 Index

947722bindex.indd 1440 8/25/11 8:03:27 AM reversion ND (Neighbor Discovery), 89 global revertive behavior, 893 PE (provider edge), 954 RSVP-TE, 847–876 service, IP router comparison, 954 RIB (Routing Information Base), MT routing routes implementation, 448 administrative route tags, IS-IS, 421–428 RID (router ID), OSPF, 167 exporting, 1187–1189 ring topology, admin groups, 725–738, 726 IS-IS policies, 417–420 RIP (Routing Information Protocol), 120 exporting to OSPF, 245–252 RIRs (Regional Internet Registries), 56 external, OSPFv3 lab, 308–310 route leaking, 392, 405, 456–457 routing IS-IS multi-area networks, 411–417 asymmetric paths and, 392 configuration lab, 431–432 constraint-based policies, 415 CR-LDP (Constraint-Based Routed filtering tagged routes, 426 LDP), 675–677 route redistribution lab, 267 purpose, 675 route summarization, 235–236 TE-LSPs (traffic-engineered LSPs), black-hole entries, 410 677–678 configuration MT, TLVs, 449 IS-IS multi-area networks, 406–411 suboptimal, IS-IS multi-area networks, labs, 430 391–392 configuration lab, 265–267 routing extension header, IPv6 header, 86 loopback prefixes, 405 routing information distribution, 1166 OSPFv3 configuration lab, 307–308 routing protocols route tables algorithms, 147–148 OSPF-enabled networks, 201 comparison, 136 prefixes, 147 export policies, 142–146 route tags, IS-IS, 421–428 protocol preference, 148 router advertisement (Type 134), 90 RTM, 148 router alert label, 505 routing tables router discovery, 89 7750 SR, 121 Router LSAs, 165, 199–202 distance-vector routers, 123 ABRs, 229 dynamic routing protocols and, 121–122 fields, 184 locally connected networks, 69–71 flooding, 183 RSVP, LDP-over-RSVP, 740–750 link types, 185, 186, 199 RSVP-TE (Resource Reservation Protocol- OSPF, 183–188 Traffic Engineering), 493–494. See also TE OSPFv3, 287–289 (traffic engineering) stub type networks, 211 adjacencies, Hello message, 623–629 virtual links, 240–245 bandwidth-constrained LSPs, labs, 829–831 router R1, link-state routing protocol, 125 bandwidth reservation and, 767 router solicitation (Type 133), 89 least-fill, 793–797 Router Solicitation, ND (Neighbor MBB (make-before-break), 784–792 Discovery), 89 reserving requirements, 767–776 routers signaling requirements, 767–776 ABR (area border routers), 228 styles, 779–797 advertisement, 90 threshold-triggered IGP TE updates, ASBR (autonomous system boundary 777–779 router), 228 chapter assessments, 600–602, 665–670 backbone, OSPF, 228–229 failover, 847–876 intra-area, 228 FRR (fast reroute) LERs (Label Edge Routers), 484 MP (merge point), 877 LSRs (label switch routers), MPLS and, 484 overview, 876–878

Index 1441

947722bindex.indd 1441 8/25/11 8:03:27 AM PLR (point of local repair), 877 protected LSP, 877 S protection LSP, 877 SA (security association), 303 labs SA (source address), Ethernet frame, 25 DiffServ-TE, 832–834 SAM (Service Aware Manager), 7 Hello messages, 659–660 SAP (Service Access Point), 974–977 LSP configuration, 657–659 encapsulation LSP soft-preemption, 829–831 epipes, 1018–1029 MPLS shortcuts for BGP, 660–662 Ethernet, 1019 timers, 659–660 null-encapsulated, 1043–1044 LDP over RSVP-TE, 1051 Q-in-Q, 1027 link coloring, 676 epipe service, 978–980 LSP frames configuration, 604–608 dropped, 1036–1037 setup, 603–604 replication, 1097 signaling, 607 IES port configuration, 1150 lsp-ping, 1224–1225 QoS, 1154–1155 lsp-trace, 1224–1225 MTU and, 1031–1046 LSPs, path selection, 629–636 matching service MTU, 1045–1046 messages port configuration, 975 Path message, 609–612, 617–618 VLAN tags, 1034–1035 PathErr message, 622–623 VPLS, flooding, 1096 PathTear message, 618–622 SAToP encapsulation, 1074 Resv message, 613–615, 617–618 SDP (Service Distribution Point), 966 ResvErr message, 622–623 binding, 996 ResvTear message, 618–622 configuration, 986–988, 987–988 MPLS shortcuts, 636 lab, 1005–1006 BGP, 637–644 GRE transport tunnel, 1050 IGP, 644–648 mesh SDP, 1097 refresh reduction, 624–628 sdp-mtu for path MTU, 1228–1229 reversion, 847–876 spoke SDP, 1097 secondary LSP::Paths VC type, 1060–1064 multiple, 871–876 VPN services, 986–993 non-standby, 848–858 sdp-mtu, 1222, 1226–1229 SLRGs (shared risk link groups), SDP math MTU, 1228–1229 865–871 SDP path MTU, 1046–1060 standby, 858–865 GRE transport tunnels, 1050 soft state, 617–618 sdp-ping, 1222, 1226–1229 timers, 628–629 secondary LSP::Paths traffic engineering extensions, FRR, 893–894 683–685 labs, 933–934 tunnels, LSP::Paths, 616–617 multiple, 871–876 VPRN, 1197–1200 non-standby, 848–858 RSVP-TE resource reservation, chapter SRLGs (shared risk link groups), assessments, 764–766, 836–842 865–871 RT (route target), 1167, 1178 standby, 858–865 RTM (Route Table Manager), 73 labs, 935–936 FIB (forwarding information base), 148 Service Access Point. See SAP (Service OSPF and, 160 Access Point) routing protocols, 148 service-delimiting VLAN tags, 1019–1024

1442 Index

947722bindex.indd 1442 8/25/11 8:03:27 AM service mirroring show router mpls lsp activepath command, 897 local service mirror, 1232–1237 show router mpls lsp command, 607 labs, 1245 show router mpls lsp path detail command, mirror sources, 1233 704, 738, 884 packet replication, 1232 show router mpls path detail command, remote service mirrors, 1237–1242 630, 791 labs, 1246–147 show router mpls static-lsp command, 513 replicated traffic, 1232 show router mpls static-lsp terminate slice sizes, 1242 command, 513 service networks, components, 954–955 show router mpls static-lsp transit service providers, BGP and, 135 command, 513 service recovery, 847 show router ospf database command, 164, service routers. See also SR product group 181, 187 Alcatel-Lucent 7750 SR, introduction, 7 show router ospf3 database command, 654 IP router comparison, 953–955 show router ospf3 neighbor command, 653 SFD (Start Frame Delimiter), 24 show router ospf opaque-database command, Ethernet frame, 25 688, 1104 Shared Explicit bandwidth reservation style, show router route-table command, 121, 138 779, 780–782 show router rsvp interface command, 606 increasing, 785 show router rsvp session command, 737, 884 MBB behavior, 787 show router rsvp session originate shim headers, 496 command, 616 show card command, 39 show router rsvp session transit command, 624 show command, card types, 39 show router service-id command, 1171 show debug command, 619 show router tunnel-table command, 555, 643 show mda command, 40 show service customer command, 972 show port command, 40–43 show service fdb-mac command, 1115 show router arp command, 980 show service sdp command, 988, 1105 show router bfd session command, 374 show service service-using epipe command, 978 show router bgp routes command, 142, 637 simple authentication, 206 show router bgp routes vpn-ipv4 single-area network, OSPFv3, 284–287 command, 1217 SLA (Service Level Agreement), 847 show router bgp summary command, 138, 652 sniffer routers, IP filters, 1235–1236 show router fib 1 command, 642 soft preemption of LSPs, 797–798 show router interface command, 357, 650, 1152 operation, 798–808 show router isis adjacency command, 360 timers, 806–807 show router isis database command, 327, 442 topology, 801 show router isis database detail command, 467 solicited-node multicast, 83 show router isis interface command, 360 SONET/SDH (Synchronous Optical Network/ show router ldp bindings active command, 550, Synchronous Digital Hierarchy), 34–35 640, 747 fiber optic and, 34–35 show router ldp bindings command, 967, transmission rates, 35 1061, 1125 source address show router ldp bindings fec-type services IPv4 header, 65 command, 996 IPv6 header, 85 show router ldp peer command, 746 SPF algorithm show router ldp peer detail command, 967 link-state routing protocols, 126–128 show router ldp status command, 748, 965 LSDB calculation, 679 show router mpls bypass-tunnel command, 904 OSPF and, 160 show router mpls label command, 510 SPF tree, 126 show router mpls label-range command, 509 SPI (Security Parameter Index), 303

Index 1443

947722bindex.indd 1443 8/25/11 8:03:27 AM spoke SDP, 1097 stubs, OSPFv3, 300–303 IES, lab, 1203–1204 subnet mask, 59 termination, VPLS, 1127–1133 suboptimal routing, IS-IS multi-area networks, spoke termination on IES, 1157–1162 391–392 ip-mtu command, 1159 summarization, 235–236 SR-OS (SR Operating System), 7 black-hole entries, 410 SR product group, 7–9 multi-area IGP, 584–588 5620 SAM (Service Aware OSPFv2, 297 Manager), 13–14 OSPFv3 configuration lab, 307–308 7210 SAS (Service Access Switch), 13 summary-address command, 408 7450 ESS (Ethernet Service Summary LSAs Switch), 11–12 area-range statements, 236 7705 SAR (Service Aggregation Router), ASBR and, 250–252, 251–252 10–11 contents, 230 7750 SR (Service Router), 9–10 creation, 229–230 SRLGs (shared risk link groups) example, 230–235 FRR (fast reroute), 924–932 flooding, 229–230 opaque LSAs, 870 svc-ping, 1222, 1229–1232 secondary LSP::Paths, 865–871 SWAP operations, labels, 489 multple, 875 switches static LSPs, 508–514 Ethernet, 23–24, 26–27 static routes, 70–71, 95 versus hubs, 23 BFD (bidirectional forwarding detection), VLANs, 28–29 76–77 system ID, 331 black-hole routes, 78–79 system interface, configuration, 68 configuration, 71, 96–97 default, 72–73 lab, 106 T floating, 73–76 T1, 33–34 configuration lab, 107–108 T-carrier system, 33 indirect routes, 79 T1 frame, 34 router R1, 98–99 T-LDP (Targeted LDP), 528 stub networks, 72 MPLS and, 963–970 STM-1 frame, 35 MTU and, 1031 STP (spanning tree protocol), 1094 peers strict hops, path selection, 632–636 creation, 966 structure agnostic cpipes, 1073 specifying, 966 structure aware cpipes, 1073 tagged mode VC type, 1060–1061 STS-1 (synchronous transport signal), 35 tagged routes, route leaking, 426 stub areas TC (Traffic Class) field OSPF multi-area networks, 252–254 pipe mode, 500 configuration lab, 268–269 QoS and, 500 NSSA (not-so-stubby areas), 256–258, uniform mode, 499 269–270 TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/ totally stubby areas, 254–255 Internet Protocol), 4 totally stubby NSSA, 258–261 TDM (time division multiplexing), OSPFv3, labs, 310–311 23, 33–34 stub networks, 72, 134 cpipes (TDM circuit emulation), 964 multi-honed stubs, 134 PSTN (public switched telephone Router LSAs, 211 network), 33–34 topology, multi-area, 253

1444 Index

947722bindex.indd 1444 8/25/11 8:03:27 AM TE (traffic engineering), 675. See also RSVP-TE TLV 134, 692 (Resource Reservation Protocol-Traffic TLV 135, 692 Engineering) tools perform command, 711, 730 DiffServ-TE (DiffServ-aware traffic tools perform cspf route command, 752 engineering) (See DiffServ-TE tools perform router mpls resignal (DiffServ-aware traffic engineering)) command, 629 RSVP-TE interface, 813 topologies extensions, 672, 683–685 7750 SR, 163 constraint-based routing, 683–685 BGP (Border Gateway Protocol), 134–136 inter-area LSPs, 754–755 broadcast links, 164 IS-IS TE, 690–695 changes, 128–129 LSPs, 695–712 changes, link-state information, 130 actual hops, 698 IPv4, 444 CSPF and, 705–710 IPv6, 444 (ERO) EXPLICIT_ROUTE object, 698 IS-IS, 326 specific paths, 696–700 configuration, 357–360 strict hops, 702–705 MT (multi-topology), 448–453 metrics, configuration, 715–720 multi-area networks, 390–391, 393 OSPF-TE, Type 10 LSAs, 686–690 LDP and IGP, 561–565 TE-enabled IGP, 675 link-state database, 126 TLVs local mirror, 1233 Extended IP Reachability TLV, 691 LSDB, 679 Extended IS Reachability TLV, 691 LSP, preempting, 801 topology, 687 lsp-ping, 1223 traffic engineering metric, 685 LSPs update thresholds, 778 clockwise, 725–729 TE-LSA, 687–688 soft preemption, 801 fields, 688–690 multi-area, stub networks, 253 TE-LSPs (traffic-engineered LSPs), 672 OSPF chapter assessments, 672–674, 757–761 broadcast, 163 constraint-based routing, 677–678 configuration, 194 TED (traffic engineering database) multi-area networks, 231 constraint-based routing, 678, 684–685 OSPFv3, 294 CSPF (constrained shortest path first point-to-point links, 164 algorithm), 678, 681 remote mirrors, 1238 threshold-triggered updates, 777 ring, admin groups, 725–738 timers sdp-ping, 1226 preemption, 806–807 traffic engineering TLVs, 687 RSVP-TE, 628–629 VPLS, hub-and-spoke, 1116–1119 lab, 659–660 TOS (type of service), 64 TLV (type-length-value) totally stubby areas, 254–255 construct, 332 totally stubby NSSAs, 258–261 Extended IP Reachability TLV, 691 traceroute command, 397, 607 Extended IS Reachability TLV, 691 traffic, transit traffic, 137 IPv6, IS-IS, 444–448 traffic class, IPv6 header, 84 LDP messages, 532–533 traffic engineering (IP), 5. See also TE MT IS-IS, 451–452 (traffic engineering) MT routing, 449 MPLS, 480–481 opaque LSAs, 686 RSVP-TE, 636 traffic engineering, topology, 687 transit LSR, 485 Unreserved Bandwidth, 798 transit networks, 134

Index 1445

947722bindex.indd 1445 8/25/11 8:03:27 AM transit traffic, 137 tags, 29–31 transport labels, 528 dot1QSAP, 1066 , 20 null SAP and, 1065 transport tunnels, LDP in VPRN, SAP, 1034–1035 1185–1186 VIDs, 29 TTL (time to live), 63 VLAN trunking, 29 IPv4 header, 64 VLL (Virtual Leased Line), 955 MPLS networks, 501–502 VPI/VCI (Virtual Path Indicator/Virtual tunneling Circuit Indicator), 36 description, 476 VPLS (Virtual Private LAN Service), 8, 955 MPLS, 477–478 advantages, 957–958 6PE-IPv6 tunneling over MPLS, chapter assessments, 1090–1091, 1140–1145 648–656 configuration, 1107–1113 RSVP-TE tunnels and LSP::Paths, 616–617 deployment, 1102 Type 10 LSAs, 686–687 distributed, 1094 admin group values, 721–722 Ethernet frame forwarding, 1096 flooding, 686 flooding, 1095–1098 subtypes, 687–688 hierarchical, 1119–1127 TE-LSAs, 688–690 MDUs, 1127–1128 IES interface connection, 1157–1162 infrastructure, configuration, 1102–1107 U labs epipe to VPLS spoke termination, 1138 UBR (unspecified bit rate) service, 37 fully meshed VPLS, 1134–1136 UDP (), 76 mesh-SPD flooding, 1137 unicast addresses, 26, 80–82 spoke-SPD flooding, 1137 Unreserved Bandwidth TLV, 798 local, 1094 MAC learning, 1098–1101 V MPLS VPNs, 478–479 SAPs, flooding, 1096 VBR (varible bit rate) service, 36 SDP VC type mesh SDP, 1097 encapsulation and, 1065–1066 spoke SDP, 1097 SDP and, 1060–1064 spoke-SDP termination, 1127–1133 verification, IS-IS operation, 360–362 switched Ethernet emulation, 479 version field topologies, hub-and-spoke, 1116–1119 IPv4 header, 64 verification, 1113–1116 IPv6 header, 84 virtual switches, 1094–1095 VID (VLAN identifier), 29 VPN (Virtual Private Network), 7 virtual links, 240–245 chapter assessments, 950–951 virtual routers, 1150 GRE and, encapsulation, 962 virtual switches, 1094–1095 MPLS and, 476, 478–479 VLANs and Ethernet, 30 encapsulation, 962 VLANs (virtual LANs) VPN services, 952–953 encapsulation and, 1019 chapter assessments, 1010–1014 fields, 30 components, local/global significance, 1004 Q-in-Q encapsulation, 1026–1030 configuration, components, 970–971 service-delimiting tags, 1019–1024 customers, 971 sharing, 29 distributed, 977 stacking (Q-in-Q), 31–32 configuration, 994–1005 switches, 28–30 infrastructure, 983–985

1446 Index

947722bindex.indd 1446 8/25/11 8:03:28 AM identifiers, 971–972 RT (route target), 1167, 1178 labs 6VPE, 1191–1200 configuring multiple, 1007–1008 VRF (VPN routing and forwarding epipe configuration, 1006–1007 table), 1166 SDP configuration, 1005–1006 contents, 1171–1172 local, configuration, 977–983 routes, 1184–1185 network components, 954–955 VPWS (Virtual Private Wire Services), P router configuration, 1105–1106 7–8, 955 PE router configuration, 1103–1104 advantages, 956–957 rationale, 953 chapter assessments, 1016–1017, 1083–1087 SAP (Service Access Point), 974–977 epipe service, encapsulation types, SDP (Service Distribution Point), 986–993 1019–1028 subscribers, 971 interworking capabilities, 1075–1076 VPLS (Virtual Private LAN Service), 955 labs VPRN (Virtual Private Routed Network ADSPEC, 1080–1081 service), 955 Ethernet encapsulations, 1081–1082 VPWS (Virtual Private Wire Service), 955 SAP MTU, 1078–1080 VPRN (Virtual Private Routed Network), 8, SDP MTU, 1078–1080 955, 958 service MTU configuration, 1078–1080 advantages, 959–960 Layer 2 services BGP, 1175–1176 apipe, 1067 CE-to-PE routing, 1167–1174 cpipe, 1067 configuration, 1168 fpipe, 1067 data plane, 1165 ipipe, 1067 encapsulation, IP packet, 1164 N:1 cell mode, 1070–1071 IP/MPLS core, 1163 MPLS VPNs, 478 Layer 2 encapsulation and, 1164 MTU and, 1031 Layer 2 VPN services and, 1163–1164 SDP path MTU, 1046–1060 differences, 1165–1166 supported, 1018 LDP as transport tunnel, 1185–1186 T-LDP and, 963–970 MP-BGP (multiprotocol BGP), 1167 VC type MPLS VPNs, 478–479 encapsulation and, 1065–1066 PE-1 routes, 1196–1197 SDP and, 1060–1064 PE-CE BGP, lab, 1207–1208 VLL (Virtual Leased Line), 955, 1018 PE-CE static routing lab, 1205–1206 VRF (VPN routing and forwarding table), 1167 PE-to-CE routing, 1186–1191 PE-to-PE routing, 1178–1186 distributed VPRN, 1178–1181 W private Layer 3 routed network, 479 WAN (wide are network), 22 RD (routing distinguisher), 1166, 1168 WWW (World Wide Web), 6 RSVP-TE configuration, 1197–1200

Index 1447

947722bindex.indd 1447 8/25/11 8:03:28 AM