Influence of Herd Immunity in the Cyclical Nature of Arboviruses
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The Uncertainties Underlying Herd Immunity Against COVID-19
Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 8 July 2020 doi:10.20944/preprints202007.0159.v1 Communication The uncertainties underlying herd immunity against COVID-19 Farid Rahimi1*and Amin Talebi Bezmin Abadi2* 1 Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia; [email protected] 2 Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; Amin [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +61-2-6125-2851 (F.R.); [email protected]; Tel.: +98-8288-4883 (A.T.B.A.) Abstract: Herd immunity happens when a relatively large proportion of a population becomes infected by an agent, subsequently recovers, and attains immunity against the same agent. That proportion thus indirectly protects the naïve population by preventing the spread of the infection. Herd immunity has been suggested to interrupt and control the COVID-19 pandemic. However, relying on establishing herd immunity can be catastrophic considering the virulence and lethality of SARS-CoV-2. Meanwhile our understanding of the pathogenesis, case-fatality rate, transmission routes, and antiviral therapy for COVID-19 remains limited now. Interrupting or slowing the COVID-19 transmission seems more opportune than vaccination, antiviral therapy, or herd immunity, all of which will take some time to yield. Thus, social distancing, face-masking, and hygiene are the most appropriate immediate countermeasures. Because the social fabrics, economic implications, and local demands of various nations are unique, early relaxation of restrictions may seem hasty particularly when fatality rates are high, or when the healthcare systems could be inadequate or become inundated. -
Retroactive News.2017
Newsletter of the Center for Retrovirus Research at The Ohio State University 2017 Highlights Dr. Li Wu awarded NIH R01 to study how RNA modifications modulate retroviral infection Dr. Li Wu has been awarded a replication in CD4+ T-cells by affecting the structure, new $1.42 million R01 grant from stability, splicing, and/or trafficking of HIV-1 RNA. NIH to investigate how HIV-1 Investigations of the HIV-1 RNA m6A modification and RNA modifications modulate viral interactions with host proteins represent a new area infection. of HIV-1 RNA biology which can potentially facilitate In this project, Dr. Wu and his therapeutic development against HIV-1 infection. collaborators will study the Dr. Wu’s collaborators in this project include Dr. Chuan molecular mechanisms by which He at University of Chicago and Howard Hughes Medical 6 6 N -methyladenosine (m A) Institute, Drs. Karin Musier-Forsyth and Mark Foster at modification of HIV-1 RNA regulates The Ohio State University, and Dr. Mamuka Kvaratskhelia viral replication in CD4+ T-cells. They hypothesize that at the University of Colorado. reversible m6A modification of HIV-1 RNA regulates viral Dr. Namal Liyanage, PhD joins the Ohio State faculty and the CRR Dr. Namal Liyanage was recruited during the ALVAC-SIV prime boost vaccination strategy to join the Departments of Microbial in collaboration with Dr. Rafick-Pierre Sekaly, at Case Infection and Immunity and Western Reserve University. Veterinary Biosciences, and the Dr. Liyanage is the recipient of a 2016 NIH career Center for Retrovirus Research transition grant (K22 Award). Dr. Liyanage’s lab at Ohio (CRR), as part of the university’s State mainly focuses on understanding the role of the Discovery Themes initiative. -
Herd Immunity Is an Important—And Often Misunderstood—Public Health Phenomenon
CORE CONCEPTS Herd immunity is an important—and often misunderstood—public health phenomenon CORE CONCEPTS Amy McDermott, Science Writer In December, Anthony Fauci predicted that 70 to 85% Since the earliest months of the COVID-19 pan- of the United States population may need to be demic, “herd immunity” has become shorthand for vaccinated to achieve “herd immunity” against SARS- the day when enough people are immune to the virus CoV-2 (1). Yet he was very careful to qualify his com- that social distancing can end and healthcare systems ments. “We need to have some humility here,” he said are no longer overwhelmed. People have been clam- ’ in a New York Times interview, “We really don’t know oring to know when we ll get there. But even as Fauci — what the real number is.” (2) Fauci, director of the and other officials continue to try to calculate and communicate—when it might happen, they have to National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, contend with both public misunderstanding of the admitted that the number could be as high as 90%. term and scientific disagreement over what it means. But even a year into the pandemic, there were too The public health concept of herd immunity has a many uncertainties to offer a definite threshold. And more nuanced definition than its popular usage, which with vaccine hesitancy widespread, he worried that is one reason why predicting when we’ll achieve it re- setting the bar at such a high number would cause mains difficult. In theory, estimating the threshold to the public to despair of ever reaching it. -
Using Proper Mean Generation Intervals in Modeling of COVID-19
ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 05 July 2021 doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.691262 Using Proper Mean Generation Intervals in Modeling of COVID-19 Xiujuan Tang 1, Salihu S. Musa 2,3, Shi Zhao 4,5, Shujiang Mei 1 and Daihai He 2* 1 Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China, 2 Department of Applied Mathematics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China, 3 Department of Mathematics, Kano University of Science and Technology, Wudil, Nigeria, 4 The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China, 5 Shenzhen Research Institute of Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China In susceptible–exposed–infectious–recovered (SEIR) epidemic models, with the exponentially distributed duration of exposed/infectious statuses, the mean generation interval (GI, time lag between infections of a primary case and its secondary case) equals the mean latent period (LP) plus the mean infectious period (IP). It was widely reported that the GI for COVID-19 is as short as 5 days. However, many works in top journals used longer LP or IP with the sum (i.e., GI), e.g., >7 days. This discrepancy will lead to overestimated basic reproductive number and exaggerated expectation of Edited by: infection attack rate (AR) and control efficacy. We argue that it is important to use Reza Lashgari, suitable epidemiological parameter values for proper estimation/prediction. Furthermore, Institute for Research in Fundamental we propose an epidemic model to assess the transmission dynamics of COVID-19 Sciences, Iran for Belgium, Israel, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE). -
Chain Maturation and Surface Expression Heavy Μ and D Μ
Conventional and Surrogate Light Chains Differentially Regulate Ig µ and Dµ Heavy Chain Maturation and Surface Expression This information is current as Terry Fang, Brendan P. Smith and Christopher A. J. Roman of October 5, 2021. J Immunol 2001; 167:3846-3857; ; doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.7.3846 http://www.jimmunol.org/content/167/7/3846 Downloaded from References This article cites 73 articles, 34 of which you can access for free at: http://www.jimmunol.org/content/167/7/3846.full#ref-list-1 Why The JI? Submit online. http://www.jimmunol.org/ • Rapid Reviews! 30 days* from submission to initial decision • No Triage! Every submission reviewed by practicing scientists • Fast Publication! 4 weeks from acceptance to publication *average by guest on October 5, 2021 Subscription Information about subscribing to The Journal of Immunology is online at: http://jimmunol.org/subscription Permissions Submit copyright permission requests at: http://www.aai.org/About/Publications/JI/copyright.html Email Alerts Receive free email-alerts when new articles cite this article. Sign up at: http://jimmunol.org/alerts The Journal of Immunology is published twice each month by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc., 1451 Rockville Pike, Suite 650, Rockville, MD 20852 Copyright © 2001 by The American Association of Immunologists All rights reserved. Print ISSN: 0022-1767 Online ISSN: 1550-6606. Conventional and Surrogate Light Chains Differentially Regulate Ig and D Heavy Chain Maturation and Surface Expression1 Terry Fang, Brendan P. Smith, and Christopher A. J. Roman2 Positive selection of precursor (pre-) B cells by Ig membrane H chains (m HC) and counterselection mediated by the truncated HC D depend on the ability of each HC to form a pre-B cell receptor (pre-BCR) signaling complex with the surrogate L chain (SLC) components 5 and Vpre-B. -
Impact of Microbiota: a Paradigm for Evolving Herd Immunity Against Viral Diseases
viruses Review Impact of Microbiota: A Paradigm for Evolving Herd Immunity against Viral Diseases Asha Shelly , Priya Gupta , Rahul Ahuja, Sudeepa Srichandan , Jairam Meena and Tanmay Majumdar * National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India; [email protected] (A.S.); [email protected] (P.G.); [email protected] (R.A.); [email protected] (S.S.); [email protected] (J.M.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +91-11-2671-7121 Received: 26 August 2020; Accepted: 28 September 2020; Published: 10 October 2020 Abstract: Herd immunity is the most critical and essential prophylactic intervention that delivers protection against infectious diseases at both the individual and community level. This process of natural vaccination is immensely pertinent to the current context of a pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection around the globe. The conventional idea of herd immunity is based on efficient transmission of pathogens and developing natural immunity within a population. This is entirely encouraging while fighting against any disease in pandemic circumstances. A spatial community is occupied by people having variable resistance capacity against a pathogen. Protection efficacy against once very common diseases like smallpox, poliovirus or measles has been possible only because of either natural vaccination through contagious infections or expanded immunization programs among communities. This has led to achieving herd immunity in some cohorts. The microbiome plays an essential role in developing the body’s immune cells for the emerging competent vaccination process, ensuring herd immunity. Frequency of interaction among microbiota, metabolic nutrients and individual immunity preserve the degree of vaccine effectiveness against several pathogens. -
Genome-Wide Rnai Screen Identifies Broadly-Acting Host Factors That Inhibit Arbovirus Infection." Plos Pathogens.10,2
Washington University School of Medicine Digital Commons@Becker Open Access Publications 2014 Genome-wide RNAi screen identifies broadly- acting host factors that inhibit arbovirus infection Ari Yasunaga University of Pennsylvania Sheri L. Hanna University of Pennsylvania Jianqing Li Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis Hyelim Cho Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis Patrick P. Rose University of Pennsylvania See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.wustl.edu/open_access_pubs Recommended Citation Yasunaga, Ari; Hanna, Sheri L.; Li, Jianqing; Cho, Hyelim; Rose, Patrick P.; Spiridigliozzi, Anna; Gold, Beth; Diamond, Michael S.; and Cherry, Sara, ,"Genome-wide RNAi screen identifies broadly-acting host factors that inhibit arbovirus infection." PLoS Pathogens.10,2. e1003914. (2014). https://digitalcommons.wustl.edu/open_access_pubs/2700 This Open Access Publication is brought to you for free and open access by Digital Commons@Becker. It has been accepted for inclusion in Open Access Publications by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons@Becker. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Authors Ari Yasunaga, Sheri L. Hanna, Jianqing Li, Hyelim Cho, Patrick P. Rose, Anna Spiridigliozzi, Beth Gold, Michael S. Diamond, and Sara Cherry This open access publication is available at Digital Commons@Becker: https://digitalcommons.wustl.edu/open_access_pubs/2700 Genome-Wide RNAi Screen Identifies Broadly-Acting Host Factors That Inhibit -
The Attainment of Herd Immunity with a Reducing Risk of Contact Infection In
The attainment of herd immunity with reduced risk of contact infection in modelling Kian Boon Law ( [email protected] ) Institute for Clinical Research, Malaysia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1175-1307 Kalaiarasu M Peariasamy Institute for Clinical Research, Malaysia Hishamshah Ibrahim Oce of the Director General, Ministry of Health Malaysia Noor Hisham Abdullah Oce of the Director General, Ministry of Health Malaysia Research Article Keywords: Herd immunity, infectious disease, vaccination, COVID-19 Posted Date: March 11th, 2021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-289776/v3 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License The attainment of herd immunity with reduced risk of contact infection in modelling Law Kian Boon1, Kalaiarasu M. Peariasamy2, Hishamshah Ibrahim3 & Noor Hisham Abdullah3 1 Digital Health Research and Innovation Unit, Institute for Clinical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia 2 Institute for Clinical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia 3 Office of the Director General, Ministry of Health Malaysia Abstract The risk of contact infection among susceptible individuals in a randomly mixed population can be reduced by the presence of immune individuals and this concept is referred to as herd immunity1–3. The conventional susceptible-infectious-recovered (SIR) model does not feature a reduced risk of susceptible individuals in the transmission dynamics of infectious disease, therefore violates the fundamental of herd immunity4. Here we show that the reduced risk of contact infection among susceptible individuals in the SIR model can be attained by incorporating the proportion of susceptible individuals (model A) or the inverse of proportion of recovered individuals (model B) in the force of infection of the SIR model. -
Forty Years with Coronaviruses
VIEWPOINT Forty years with coronaviruses Susan R. Weiss I have been researching coronaviruses for more than forty years. This viewpoint summarizes some of the major findings in coronavirus research made before the SARS epidemic and how they inform current research on the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2. A virulent new coronavirus is currently didn’t want to continue working in that including infectious bronchitis virus and bo- holding hostage much of the human popu- field. In reading the literature, I came upon vine coronavirus. There were a handful of Downloaded from https://rupress.org/jem/article-pdf/217/5/e20200537/1041300/jem_20200537.pdf by guest on 30 March 2020 lation worldwide. This virus, SARS-CoV-2, coronaviruses as an attractive topic, with presentations on human coronavirus 229E, a which causes the COVID-19 disease, so much possible. The model coronavirus, poorly understood agent of the common cold. emerged in China from bats into a presumed mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), was easy to Leaving that meeting, and with the en- intermediate species and then into humans. grow in tissue culture in the laboratory and couragement and mentorship of Neal It then spread around the globe with ongo- also provided compelling mouse models for Nathanson, my chair, and Don Gilden, a ing devastating effects. This round of human human disease, especially those of the liver professor in the neurology department, I coronavirus disease follows the appearance and the central nervous system. Julian Lei- was excited to expand my research to of the related lethal coronaviruses, SARS- bowitz, then at the University of California, studies utilizing the MHV animal models of CoV and MERS-CoV, in 2002 and 2012 re- San Diego, working on MHV, very gener- both encephalitis/chronic demyelinating spectively. -
Promoting Herd Immunity in Your Community (PI) Characterized by the Body’S Inability to Vaccines for People with Different Kinds of Make Antibodies
Summer 2014 NUMBER 76 THE NATIONAL NEWSLETTER OF THE IMMUNE DEFICIENCY FOUNDATION Promoting Herd Immunity in Your Community (PI) characterized by the body’s inability to vaccines for people with different kinds of make antibodies. People with XLA do not PI and addressed the concerns those with make any protection for themselves when PI had about getting vaccine preventable they are vaccinated. “Many people view illnesses. The article emphasizes educating vaccination as a choice, not a must,” she parents and physicians about the critical said, “I’ve made it my mission to educate need for everyone to be vaccinated in order people that if they choose not to immunize, to maintain herd immunity. The article it could literally be fatal to my children.” states, “Parents who elect not to vaccinate Sonia and Holden were recently featured their children are actually placing themselves in a National Public Radio story for and their children at increased risk of serious advocating for herd immunity, or community infection and even death … The increased immunity. Herd immunity occurs when risk of disease in the pediatric population, in most of a population is immunized against part because of increasing rates of vaccine a contagious disease, such as measles or refusal increases potential exposure of mumps, and, for the most part, everyone in immunodeficient children.” that population is then protected against the Essentially, parents who choose not to disease because an outbreak is less likely. vaccinate their children not only put their However, for many years, some Americans families at risk of serious infection and even The Green family (clockwise from top left): have taken herd immunity for Continued on page 2 Colby, Harrison, Sonia, Davis, Langford and Holden. -
Download Program
Oral Program Sunday, October 1, 2017 11:00-13:00 Registration Room: Hotel Lobby North/Assembly Foyer Room South Ballroom 13:00-13:15 Opening Remarks, Editorial Organizers 13:15-14:15 Opening Keynote: Anthony S. Fauci, NIAID, USA Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases: From AIDS to Zika [KEY1] 14:15-17:45 Session 1: Genomics & Evolution Session Chair: Akiko Iwasaki, Yale University 14:15-14:45 George Fu Gao, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China Enveloped virus entry: From Flu to Ebola [INV01] 14:45-15:00 [ST01] Functional Evolution of Zika Virus in the Americas N.D. Grubaugh*, C. Ontiveros, R. Agarwal, T. Rogers, N. Beutler, K. Gangavarapu, G. Oliveira, R. Robles- Sikisaka, D. Burton, K.G. Andersen The Scripps Research Institute, USA 15:00-15:15 [ST02] Characterization of a clade-defining Ebola virus glycoprotein mutant from the 2013-2016 epidemic W.E. Diehl1, D. Mu1, A.E. Lin3, M. Cabot2, K.G. Andersen4, J.H. Kuhn6, P. Sabeti3, B. Ganser-Pornillos2, J. White2, J. Luban*1 et al 1University of Massachusetts Medical School, USA, 2University of Virginia, USA, 3Harvard University, USA, 4The Scripps Research Institute, USA, 5University of Edinburgh, UK, 6NIAID, USA 15:15-15:45 Gustavo Palacios, USAMRIID Center for Genomic Sciences, USA Near real-time genomics applications in clinical virology and biosurveillance [INV02] 15:45-16:15 Refreshment Break Room: North Ballroom 16:15-16:45 Linfa Wang, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore Programme in emerging infectious diseases [INV03] 16:45-17:00 [ST03] Immune correlates of protection from a universal influenza vaccine during intra- and intersubtypic heterologous challenge with H1, H6, H7 and H10 influenza viruses J.C. -
PREVENTION of INFECTIOUS DISEASES Loughlin AM & Strathdee SA
PREVENTION OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES Loughlin AM & Strathdee SA. Vaccines: past, present and future. In Infectious Disease Epidemiology, 2nd ed, Jones & Bartlett, 2007; p 374. Loughlin AM & Strathdee SA. Vaccines: past, present and future. In Infectious Disease Epidemiology, 2nd ed, Jones & Bartlett, 2007; p 374. Control Measures Applied to the Host: Active Immunization •• vaccinationvaccination is:is: –– thethe processprocess ofof administrationadministration ofof anan antigen.antigen. •• immunizationimmunization is:is: –– thethe developmentdevelopment ofof aa specificspecific immuneimmune response.response. Spring Quarter 2013 -- Principles of Control of Infectious Diseases 4 Lecture 3 Principles of Vaccination (1) • Self vs. nonself • Protection from infectious disease • Response indicated by the presence of antibody • Very specific to a single organism Principles of Vaccination (2) Active immunity: • Protection produced by the person’s own immune system • Usually permanent Passive immunity: • Protection transferred from another human or animal • Temporary protection that wanes with time Principles of Vaccination (3) Antigen • A live or inactivated substance (e.g., protein, polysaccharide) capable of producing an immune response Antibody: • Protein molecules (immunoglobulin) produced by B lymphocytes to help eliminate an antigen Goldsby RA, Kindt TJ, Osborne BA. Vaccines (chap 18). In Kuby Immunology, 4th ed, 2000. W. H. Freeman & Co, New York, NY; pp. 449-465. Goldsby RA, Kindt TJ, Osborne BA. Vaccines (chap 18). In Kuby Immunology,