Evidence of Enhanced Atmospheric Ammoniacal Nitrogen in Hells Canyon National Recreation Area: Implications for Natural and Cultural Resources
TECHNICAL PAPER ISSN:1047-3289 J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 58:1223–1234 DOI:10.3155/1047-3289.58.9.1223 Copyright 2008 Air & Waste Management Association Evidence of Enhanced Atmospheric Ammoniacal Nitrogen in Hells Canyon National Recreation Area: Implications for Natural and Cultural Resources Linda H. Geiser and Anne R. Ingersoll U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Air Resource Management Program, Corvallis, OR Andrzej Bytnerowicz U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Riverside, CA Scott A. Copeland Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere, Lander, WY ABSTRACT United States’ official list of cultural resources worthy of Agriculture releases copious fertilizing pollutants to air protection against damage, disturbance, or collection un- sheds and waterways of the northwestern United States. der the National Heritage Protection Act of 1966—the To evaluate threats to natural resources and historic rock National Register of Historic Places. Historic peoples paintings in remote Hells Canyon, Oregon and Idaho, painted smooth, vertical to concave, basalt rock faces that deposition of ammonia (NH3), nitrogen oxides (NOx), were protected from rain using bright red, white, and blue sulfur dioxide (SO2), and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) at five clay pigments mixed with natural binders that formed stations along 60 km of the Snake River valley floor were durable bonds to rock minerals; petroglyphs were carved passively sampled from July 2002 through June 2003, and on boulders exposed to the elements.1 ozone data and particulate chemistry were obtained from During the mid-1990s, U.S. Forest Service career ar- the Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environ- cheologists expressed concern that pictographs in ments (IMPROVE) station at Hells Canyon.
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