ISLAMIC RELIGION Drs Christopher Melchert & Pascal Held •TT, 5th week: law in the High Middle Provisional schedule for Hilary-Trinity Ages. Terms 2016 •TT, 6th week: in the High Middle SET TEXTS: Ages.

Abū Ya‛lá ibn al-Farrā’ (d. 458/1065). One tutorial on law. Al-Aḥkām al-sulṭānīyah. Edited by Muḥammad Ḥāmid al-Fiqī. 2nd edition. •TT, 7th week: Sufism in the High Middle Cairo: Maktabat Muṣṭafá al-Bābī al-Ḥalabī, Ages. 1386/1966. 153-4. Text on Thursday: Riḍā. Al-Sha‛rānī (d. 973/1565). Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrá. 2 vols in 1. Cairo: Maṭba‛at One tutorial this week or next Muṣṭafá al-Bābī al-Ḥalabī, 1373/1954. 2:160-1, biography of Muḥammad ibn Abī •TT, 8th week: the 20th century. Jamrah. Text on Thursday: Riḍā. Muḥammad Rashīd Riḍā (d. 1935), Tafsīr al-Qur’ān al-ḥakīm. 12 vols. Cairo: n.p.: One Sufism tutorial. n.d.-1353). 5:119-20, ad Q. 4:43. Unless otherwise announced, tutorials in Copies of these texts have been uploaded to weeks 2-4 will take place in Pembroke Weblearn under Humanities/Oriental Stud- College, SCR Staircase, through the door ies/Islamic World/Resources. between the first and second floors with ‘Dr Christopher Melchert’ on it, then up the SCHEDULE narrow stairs and down the hall. Bring hard copies of essays and other written work. •HT, 8th week: law. Places were assigned at random. If you don’t like the luck of your draw, feel free to Text on Thursday: Abū Ya‛lá. trade with someone else but do not com- plain (and no asking Melchert or Held to •TT, 1st week: . negotiate on students’ behalf). Tutorials in weeks 5-8 will take place in the Oriental Text on Thursday: how to use rijāl Institute, room 209. Essays (typed, dictionaries. double-spaced) should be brought to the tutorial session and handed in then. •TT, 2nd week: law—early literature. Week 2 tutorials. Text on Thursday: Sha‛rānī. One hadith tutorial. 2.v.16 5 pm Patrick Benjamin & George Swainston •TT, 3rd week: law—early theory. 2.v.16 6 pm Claire Smark & Sophie Dowle

Text on Thursday: Sha‛rānī. One law 3.v.16 5 pm Emmeline Skinner-Cassidy & tutorial this week or next. Lydie Sheehan 3.v.16 6 pm Theo Hodson & Rory •TT, 4th week: Sufism. Farquharson

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4.v.16 5 pm Nicola Adams & Lydia Ellis 1.vi.16 5 pm Sophie Dowle & Lydie 4.v.16 6 pm Charlotte Rudman & Ross Sheehan King 1.vi.16 6 pm Patrick Benjamin & Rory Farquharson 5.v.16 5 pm Rhiannon Rees & Zoe Sandford 2.vi.16 5 pm Ross King & Kate Benn 5.v.16 6 pm Kate Benn & Flaminia 2.vi.16 6 pm Rhiannon Rees & Tine Baldwin Aistrup

6.v.16 5 pm Tine Aistrup & Isabel Garrood 3.vi.16 5 pm Flaminia Baldwin & Isabel Garrood Week 3-4 tutorials Week 8 tutorials 12.v.16 5 pm Zoe Sandford & Nicola Adams 13.vi.16 5 pm Lydie Sheehan & Sophie 12.v.16 5 pm George Swainston & Tine Dowle Aistrup 13.vi.16 5 pm Patrick Benjamin & Rory Farquharson 13.v.16 5 pm Kate Benn & Ross King 13.v.16 6 pm Theo Hodson & Emmeline 14.vi.16 5 pm Isabel Garrood & Claire Skinner-Cassidy Smark 14.vi.16 6 pm & George Swainston & 16.v.16 5 pm Charlotte Rudman & Lydia Nicola Adams Ellis 16.v.16 6 pm Patrick Benjamin & Flaminia 15.vi.16 5 pm Rhiannon Rees & Tine Baldwin Aistrup 15.vi.16 6 pm Theo Hodson & Kate Benn 17.v.16 5 pm Lydie Sheehan & Claire Smark 16.vi.16 5 pm Zoe Sandford & Lydia Ellis 17.v.16 6 pm Isabel Garrood & Sophie 16.vi.16 6 pm Ross King & Emmeline Dowle Skinner-Cassidy

18.v.16 5 pm Rhiannon Rees & Rory 17.vi.16 5 pm Charlotte Rudman & Farquharson Flaminia Baldwin

Week 6 tutorials About dictionaries. Cowan-Wehr is a fine dictionary for modern literary , as 30.v.16 5 pm Charlotte Rudman & Zoe the title says, but it has its limitations when Sandford it comes to medieval Arabic. Three highly 30.v.16 5 pm Lydia Ellis & Nicola Adams useful dictionaries of medieval Arabic are Lane at FOL. PJ6640.L3 LAN 1984 and 31.v.16 5 pm George Swainston & PJ6635 LAN.2, Biberstein-Kazimirski at Emmeline Skinner-Cassidy PJ 6635 BIB, and Hava at PJ 6635 HAV 31.v.16 6 pm Claire Smark & Theo Hodson and in various college libraries. The chief drawback to Lane’s dictionary, a synthesis of medieval Arabic dictionaries, is that he

Islamic Religion HT-TT 2016 page 3 died before finishing, so it peters out at qāf. Ibn ‛Adī al-Qaṭṭān (d. Gurgan, A continuation at FOL. PJ 6635 WOR 365/975-6?). Al-Kāmil fī ḍu‛afā’ al-rijāl. 6 covers kāf and lām. Secondarily, it’s better vols. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1404/1984. FOL for poetry than religion, history, and other BP 136.5 I223 IBN 1984. fields. The trouble with Kazimirski is that it requires French. Hava is a shorter alter- Ibn Ḥajar (d. Cairo, 852/1449). native. Tahdhīb al-Tahdhīb. 12 vols. Edited by Muṣṭafá ‛Abd al-Qādir ‛Aṭā. 12 vols. About sources. The bibliography below Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-‛Ilmīyah, includes shelfmarks for items in the Ori- 1415/1994. BP 136.48 I42 IBN 1994 Ref. ental Institute Library. Don’t check out books that your fellow students will want as Al-Kutub al-sittah. Mawsū‛at well as you. Photocopy the sections you al-ḥadīth al-sharīf. Riyadh: Dār al-Salām, need if you won’t just read them in the lib- 1420/1999. FOL BP 135 A1 M38 MAW rary. (Some are also now available elec- 1999 Ref. tronically.) Al-Mizzī (d. Damascus, 742/1341). TOPICS FOR TUTORIAL ESSAYS Tahdhīb al-Kamāl fī ma‛rifat al-rijāl. Edited by Bashshār ‛Awwād Ma‛rūf. 35 I. Hadith. Dickinson, chap. 6, offers an vols. Beirut: Mu’assasat al-Risālah, excellent summary of how early-medieval 1980-92/1400-13. BP 136.48 M59 MIZ hadith criticism actually worked. You can 1980. retrace the steps of a medieval critic by ana- lysing the asānīd to half a dozen versions of Muslim (d. 261/875). Sahîh Mus- one hadith report. In Ibn Ḥajar or Mizzī, lim. Edited by Abu Tâhir ‛Ali Za’i. Trans- look up the names of the transmitters and lated by Nasiruddīn al-Khattab. Translation record where they were from and when edited by Huda Khattab. Reviewed by Abu they died, if known. (Among the Six Khaliyl. 7 vols. Riyadh: Darussalam, 2007. Books, Muslim’s is the easiest to use for BP 135 A144 E5413 MAS 2007 Ref. this purpose, as he often provides multiple Adequate translation (mutūn only) with versions one after another. Al-Kutub al-sit- parallel Arabic text. tah includes a reasonable edition.) See Juynboll’s introduction and Motzki, Bibliography: secondary sources. ‘Dating’, for alternative accounts of how to date hadith reports. Dickinson, Eerik. The development of early Sunnite Ḥadīth criticism. Islamic Alternatively, you might read half a dozen history and civilization, studies and texts, biographies in Ibn ‛Adī, then decide what 38. Leiden: Brill, 2001. BP 136.48 I15 D53 method he uses to come to his conclusions DIC 2001. Also M01.E11903. about the reliability of different tradition- ists. In either case, it will probably be Juynboll, G. H. A. Encyclopedia of helpful to bring photocopies of your prim- canonical ḥadīth. Leiden: Brill, 2007. BP ary sources to the tutorial. 135.2 J89 JUY 2007 Ref. Also Arab. d. 18152. Bibliography: primary sources. Motzki, Harald. ‘Dating Muslim

Islamic Religion HT-TT 2016 page 4 traditions: a survey’, Arabica 52 (2005): the law and the Qur’an? 204-53. P 790 ARA. Alternatively, again: look up some topic in II. Islamic law. Here are some suggested a book of law, then compare two or three topics for investigation. qur’anic commentaries on a relevant verse.

1) How schools argue for their rules. Read (For cursory presentations of Islamic law, five pages of one or more of the Muwaṭṭa’ see Ibn al-Naqīb, Ibn Rushd, Maghnīyah, of Mālik, the Umm of al-Shāfi‛ī, the al-Qāḍī al-Nu‛mān, Schacht, Introduction, Muṣannaf of Ibn Abī Shaybah, or the and al-Zuḥaylī; also The Encyclopaedia of Mukhtaṣar of al-Muzanī. Discuss how the .) argument proceeds; e.g. how the author deals with contradictory hadith, to what Alternatively, find two multivolume degree the author sticks to revealed sour- accounts of Islamic law (one that gives not ces. The Muwaṭṭa’ is available in trans- only the rules but arguments for them) and lation, but it would be a good idea to read read corresponding sections in each to see the translation in parallel with the Arabic, how they use the Qur’an. In the OI Library, since translators are liable to correct archa- Ibn Qudāmah and al-Māwardī are especi- isms. It will probably help to read the ally recommended. You might like to look treatment of the same problem in Ibn over the relevant section of Ibn al-Naqīb or al-Naqīb or Ibn Rushd. Comparisons Ibn Rushd, first, to acquaint yourself with between works are usually fruitful. Al-Bājī the issues; e.g. if you chose to look into the offers an early commentary on the penalty for stealing, it would be helpful to Mukhtaṣar of al-Muzanī. Muwaṭṭa’, see what Ibn al-Naqīb or Ibn Rushd says al-Māwardī on the Significant secondary about it first, then look up the more detailed sources include Calder, Dutton, Lowry, and treatment in Ibn Qudāmah or al-Māwardī. Lucas. 3) Uṣūl al-fiqh. Read a section of any two 2) The Qur’an in Islamic law. Compare books of uṣūl al-fiqh. That on ijmā‛ is usu- Crone, ‘Two Legal Problems’ (to whom ally the most compact; that on naskh may discrepancies between qur’anic rules and be the most immediately interesting (e.g. as early juristic discussions suggest the to whether sunnah may abrogate Qur’an). Qur’an was not available to Muslim jurists Vol. 16 of Māwardī, al-Ḥāwī, is mainly in its present form until a century after the devoted to uṣūl al-fiqh. Some other sources death of the Prophet) and Burton (to whom are listed below. It will probably help to discrepancies suggest the special develop- read the treatment of the same problem in ment of qur’anic exegesis). Abū Isḥāq al-Shīrāzī, Weiss, or Zysow.

Alternatively, take one of the essential Alternatively, read Calder in EI2, Hallaq, duties (ritual purity, ritual prayer, alms, Jackson, Fadel, Weiss, and Sadeghi. Dis- fasting, and pilgrimage) and gather the cuss the relation between uṣūl al-fiqh (jur- relevant qur’anic passages. Compare with isprudence) and actual rules. Is the function the same topic as treated in some detailed of uṣūl al-fiqh generative, a means for pre- review of Islamic law. What aspects are dicting what a rule will be, or apologetic, covered by the Qur’an, what are not? Are retrospectively justifying any existing rule? there any evident contradictions between

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Law and the state. Read Rapoport and vols. Cairo: Hajr, 1406-11/1986-90. BP Powers. Did rulers in the High Middle 155 I276 IBN 1986. Ages tend to have their way with the ulema? Ibn Rushd (d. Marrakech, 595/1198). The distinguished jurist’s Bibliography: primary sources. primer. Translated by Imran Ahsan Nyazee with Muhammad Abdul Rauf. 2 vols. Great Abū Isḥāq al-Shīrāzī. Kitāb books of Islamic civilization. Reading: al-Luma‛ fī uṣūl al-fiqh. Le Livre des Rais Garnet, 2000. KBP 320 A84 AVE 1994 illuminant les fondements de la compré- Ref. Arab. d. 10565, M01.E06041, hension de la Loi. Traité de théorie légale M01.E07316. A translation of Bidāyat musulmane. Translated and edited with al-mujtahid wa-nihāyat al-muqtaṣid, the introduction by Eric Chaumont. Studies in great philosopher’s survey of khilāf; i.e. the Comparative legal history. Berkeley: different Sunni schools’s opinions on Robbins Collection, 1999. KBP 144.62 F57 questions of law. FIR 1999. Translation of an 11th-century Shāfi‛i work on uṣūl al-fiqh with extensive Al-Khaṭīb al-Baghdādī (d. notes. Baghdad, 463/1071). Al-Faqīh wa-al-mutafaqqih. Edited by Ismā‛īl Al-Bājī (d. Almeria, 474/1081-2?). al-Anṣārī. 2 vols. in 1. N.p.: Dār Iḥyā’ Al-Muntaqá. Edited by Muḥammad ibn al-Sunnah al-Nabawīyah, 1395. BP 145 ‛Abbās ibn Shaqrūn. 7 vols in 4r. Cairo: K43 KHA 1975. Includes a review of uṣūl Maṭba‛at al-Sa‛ādah, 1331-2, repr. n.p.: al-fiqh. Dār al-Fikr al-‛Arabī, n.d. KBL0.252.M33 BAJ 1982. Al-Māwardī (d. Baghdad, 450/1058). Al-Ḥāwī al-kabīr. Edited by Al-Ghazālī (d. Tus, 505/1111). ‛Alī Muḥammad Mu‛awwaḍ and ‛Ādil Al-Mustaṣfá min ‛ilm al-uṣūl. 2 vols. Aḥmad ‛Abd al-Mawjūd. 20 vols. Beirut: Bulaq: al-Maṭba‛ah al-Amīrīyah, 1322-4. Dār al-Kutub al-‛Ilmīyah, 1414/1994. BP BP 153 GHA S Ref. Easier-to-read editions 153 M32 MAW 1994. Vol. 16 includes a at the Bodleian. review of uṣūl al-fiqh (one of the earliest extant). Ibn al-Naqīb (d. Cairo, 769/1368). The reliance of the traveller. Translated by Al-Qāḍī al-Nu‛mān (d. Cairo, Noah Ha Mim Keller. Evanston, Ill.: Sunna 363/974). Da‛ā’im al-islām. Edited by Books, 1991. BP 153 I22 IBN 1991. ‛Āṣif ibn ‛Alī Aṣghar Fayḍī. 2 vols. Cairo: Unimportant in itself, but this is a reliable Dār al-Ma‛ārif, 1379-83/1960-3. BP 156 translation (just about the only one) of a NUM. The Pillars of Islam. Translated by manual of Shāfi‛i law (except that certain Asaf A. A. Fyzee. Revised and annotated distasteful books have been omitted; e.g. on by Kurban Husein Poonawala. Oxford: slavery). University Press, 2002-4. BP 156 NUM. Also M04.F05966. The only extant manual Ibn Qudāmah (d. Damascus, of Fāṭimi law. 620/1223). Al-Mughnī. Edited by ‛Abd Allāh ibn ‛Abd al-Muḥsin al-Turkī and Bibliography: secondary sources. ‛Abd al-Fattāḥ Muḥammad al-Ḥulw. 15

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Burton, John. ‘The corruption of the Qur’ān’, Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Scriptures’, Occasional papers of the Islam, no. 18 (1994), 1-37. P. 790 JER. School of Abbasid Studies, no. 4, 1992 (1994), 95-106. Arab. e. 2258 no. 4 (1992). Dutton, Yasin. The origins of Islamic law. The Qur’an, the Muwaṭṭa’ and ——————. ‘The interpretation Madinan ‛Amal. Culture and civilization in of Q 4,23 and the Muslim theories of the Middle East. Surrey: Curzon, 1999. Naskh’, Occasional papers of the School of KBP55.D88 DUT 1999. Abbasid Studies, no. 1 (1986), 40-54. DS 76.4 OCC 1986. Fadel, Mohammad. ‘“Istiḥsān is nine-tenths of the law”: the puzzling relat- ——————. ‘Law and exegesis: ionship of uṣūl to furū‛ in the Mālikī the penalty for adultery in Islam’. Pages ’, Studies in Islamic legal theory, 269-84 in Approaches to the Qur’ān. ed. Bernard G. Weiss, Studies in Islamic Edited by G. R. Hawting and Abdul-Kader law and society 15 (Leiden: Brill, 2002), A. Shareef. London: Routledge, 1993. BP 161-76. KBP144 STU 2002. 130.45 A67 APP 1993. Hallaq, Wael B. ‘Murder in Cor- ——————. ‘The Qur’ān and doba: ijtihâd, iftâ’, and the evolution of the Islamic practice of wuḍū’’ Bulletin of Substantive law in medieval Islam’, Ars the School of Oriental and African Studies Orientalia 55 (1994): 55-83. Also in Law 1 (1988): 21-58. P. 100 BUL. Library Islamic Law H182a.

——————. The sources of ------. “Was the gate of ijtihad Islamic law: Islamic theories of abro- closed?” International journal of Middle gation. Edinburgh: University Press, 1990. East studies 16 (1984): 3-41. KBP 461 BUR 1990. Jackson, Sherman A. ‘Fiction and ——————. ‘Those are the formalism: toward a functional analysis of high-flying cranes’, Journal of Semitic uṣūl al-fiqh’, Studies in Islamic legal studies 15 (1970): 246-65. P. 740 JOU. theory, 177-201.

——————. ‘The “travel Maghnīyah, Muḥammad Jawād. prayer”: ṣalāt al-safar’, Occasional papers Al-Fiqh ‛alá al-madhāhib al-khamsah. 6th of the School of Abbasid Studies, no. 2 edn. Beirut: Dār al-‛Ilm lil-Malāyīn, 1979. (1988), 57-87. DS 76.4 OCC 1986. Arab. d. 10155. Extends to Twelver law.

Calder, Norman. Studies in early Powers, David S. Law, society and Muslim jurisprudence. Oxford: Clarendon culture in the Maghrib, 1300-1500. Cam- Press, 1993. KBP55 CAL 1993. bridge studies in Islamic civilization. Cam- bridge: University Press, 2002. KBP69.M8 ------. Encyclopaedia of Islam, POW 2002. new edition, s.v. ‘uṣūl al-fiqh’. Rapoport, Yossef. ‘Legal diversity Crone, Patricia. ‘Two legal prob- in the age of taqlīdL: the four chief qāḍīs lems bearing on the early history of the under the Mamluks’, Islamic law and

Islamic Religion HT-TT 2016 page 7 society 10 (2003): 210-28. mel and Ernst. Do you agree? What are the advantages of their approach? Schacht, Joseph. An introduction to Islamic law. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 4) Discuss the spread of Sufism. Besides 1964. BP 144 S3 SCH 1964. Karamustafa, chap. 3, read Chabbi, Melchert, & Sviri on Khurasan, Marín on Weiss, Bernard G. The search for Andalusia, and Cornell on North Africa. God’s Law. Islamic jurisprudence in the What does it mean for Sufism to appear writings of Sayf al-Dīn al-Āmidī. Salt Lake somewhere? City: University of Utah Press, 1992. KBP 330 A45 WEI 1992. Paraphrase of a 5) Read al-Sarrāj, Luma‛, 431-2, against 13th-century Shāfi‛i work on uṣūl al-fiqh. loose talk of jam‛ (‘union’). Compare from Qushayrī, Hujvīrī, and other sources what Zuḥaylī, Wahbah. Al-Fiqh al-islāmī others said about jam‛. Were the Sufis wa-adillatuhā. 11 vols. 4th corrected edn. hypocrites who said one thing among Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1425/2004. KBP 144 themselves but something else to outsiders? ZUH 2004. Most detailed modern survey of disagreements among the schools. 6) Why did Persian and poetry become such prominent features in Islamic mys- Zysow, Aron. The economy of ticism from the 12th century onward? certainty: an introduction to the typology of Students should look at Knysh, Islamic Islamic legal theory. Resources in Arabic ), Schimmel, Graham, Lewisohn, and 2. Atlanta: Lockwood, Lewis and perhaps some other relevant 2013. KBP144 ZYS 2013. articles in the two books edited by Lewisohn (Classical Persian Sufism and III. Sufism The legacy of medieval Persian Sufism).

Suggestions for essay topics: 7) What forms did popular piety take between the 13th and 16th centuries and 1) A research question. How did Sufis fit what was the scholarly reaction to this? into the civilian élite? Survey a random Read Cornell, Meri, Taylor, and Karamus- sample of, say, 100 biographies from either tafa, Unruly friends. Ibn Ḥajar, al-Durar al-kāminah, or al-Sakhāwī, al-Ḍaw’ al-lāmi‛. 8) In what ways did the life of a Sufi in the 10th century differ from the life of a Sufi in 2) Another research question. Read the the 13th/14th century? In what ways did the biographical sections of al-Sulamī and life of a Sufi in the 10th century differ from al-Qushayrī. Observe who was a disciple to the life of a Sufi in the 13th/14th century? whom. Were disciples markedly more sim- Students should read Meier, Silvers-Alario, ilar to their masters than to contemporaries Karamustafa, Unruly friends, Avery, who had other masters? Does this enable us Netton, Trimingham, Sobieroj. to write the history of the spread of Sufism? 9) Why has Ibn ‛Arabī’s thought garnered 3) Is it sensible to try to write a history of admiration but also received criticism? Sufism? Karamustafa has been declared Students should read Chodkiewicz, much more successful at this than Schim- Chittick, and Knysh Ibn ‛Arabi.

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Chabbi, Jacqueline. ‘Remarques sur 10) Read Ernst, Words, Karamustafa, le développement historique des mouve- Unruly, and Knysh, Ibn ‛Arabi, and Lew- ments ascétiques et mystiques au isohn. How do you account for the emer- Khurasan’, Studia Islamica, 46, 1977, 5-72. gence of antinomian movements in mys- P. 790 STU. tical Islam? Chittick, William C. Ibn ‛Arabi: Bibliography: primary sources. heir to the prophets. Makers of the . Oxford: Oneworld, 2005. Ibn Ḥajar (d. Cairo, 852/1449). Al-Durar al-kāminah fī a‛yān al-mi’ah Chodkiewicz, Michel. An ocean al-thāminah. 4 vols. Hyderabad: Maṭba‛at without shore: Ibn ‛Arabî, the Book, and Majlis Dā’irat al-Ma‛ārif al-‛Uthmānīyah, the law. Translated by David Streight. 1348-50. DS 38.4 A2 IBN 1929. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1993. BP80.I2 C49 CHO 1993. Al-Sakhāwī (d. , 902/1497). Al-Ḍaw’ al-lāmi‛ li-ahl al-qarn al-tāsi‛. Cornell, Vincent J. Realm of the Cairo: Maktabat al-Qudsī, 1353-5. Saint: Power and Authority in Moroccan PJ7760.S26 D3 SAK 1934. Sufism. Austin: University of Texas Press, . 1998. BP 188.8 M6 C67 COR 1998 Ref. Al-Sarrāj (d. ? 378/988). The Kitáb al-Luma‛ fi ‘l-taṣawwuf. Edited Ernst, Carl. The Shambhala guide by Reynold Alleyne Nicholson. E. J. W. to Sufism. Boston, Mass.: Shambhala, Gibb Memorial Series 22. Leiden: E. J. 1997. BP 188.5 E76 ERN 1997. Much Brill & London: Luzac & Co., 1914. better than the title suggests. BP189.9 S35 SAR 1913. ------. Words of ecstasy in Al-Sulamī (d. Nishapur, 412/1021). Sufism. Albany: State University of New Kitāb Ṭabaqāt al-ṣūfiyya. Edited by Johan- York Press, 1985. Pp. 1-97. nes Pedersen. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1960. BP189.S8 SUL 1960. Graham, Terry. ‘Abū Sa‛īd ibn Abī’l Khayr and the school of Khurasan’. Bibliography: secondary sources. Pp. 83-135 in Classical Persian Sufism from its origins to Rumi. Edited by Leonard Avery, Kenneth S. A psychology of Lewisohn. London: Khaniqani Nimatullahi early Sufi samā‛: listening and altered Publications, 1993. BP188.8 I55 C53 CLA states. RoutledgeCurzon Sūfī series. 1993. London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2004. BP189.65 M87 A94 AVE 2004. Karamustafa, Ahmet T. God’s unruly friends: dervish groups in the Awn, Peter. Satan’s tragedy and Islamic later middle period, 1200-1550. redemption: Iblīs in Sufi psychology. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, Studies in the history of religions 44. 1994. BP188.6 K37 KAR 1994. Leiden: Brill, 1983. BP166.89 A95 AWN 1983. Pp. 57-60, 90-96, 122-50. ------. Sufism: the formative period. New Edinburgh Islamic surveys.

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Edinburgh: University Press, 2007. BP Competing Movements in Nishapur’, Iran 188.5 K37 KAR 2007. 39 (2001): 237-47. P. 670 IRA.

Knysh, Alexander D. Ibn ‛Arabi in Meri, Joseph W. The cult of saints the later Islamic tradition: the making of a among Muslims and Jews in medieval polemical image in medieval Islam. SUNY Syria. Oxford Oriental monographs. series in Islam. Albany: State : Oxford University Press, 2002. New York Press, 1999. BP189.36 K58 BP188.8.S95 M47 MER 2002. KNY 1999. Netton, Ian Richard. ‘The breath of ------. Islamic mysticism: a short felicity: adab, aḥwāl, maqāmāt and Abū history. Themes in Islamic studies 1. Najīb al-Suhrawardī’. Pp. 457-82 in Leiden: Brill, 2000. Chaps 6-8. BP189.K69 Classical Persian Sufism from its origins to KNY 2000. Rumi. Edited by Leonard Lewisohn. London: Khaniqani Nimatullahi Lewis, Franklin. Rumi. Past and Publications, 1993. BP188.8 I55 C53 CLA present, East and West. The life, teaching 1993. and poetry of Jalâl al-Din [sic] Rumi. Revised edition. Oxford: Oneworld Al-Qushayrī (d. Nishapur, publications, 2008. Intro., Chaps 4, 7-10. 465/1072). Al-Risālah, bāb al-jam‛ PK6482.L49 LEW 2008. wa-al-farq. Also Al-Qushayri’s Epistle on Sufism. Translated by Alexander D. Knysh, Lewisohn, Leonard. ‘Overview: reviewed by Muhammad Eissa. Great Iranian Islam and Persianate Sufism’. Pp. Books of Islamic Civilization. Reading: 12-43 in The Legacy of medieval Persian Garnet Publishing, 2007. 87-91. Sufism. Edited by Leonard Lewisohn. M07.E13223. BP 188.9 A4713 QUS 2007. London: Khaniqani Nimatullahi Publications, 1993. BP188.8 I55 L44 LEW Schimmel, Annemarie. Mystical 1992. dimensions of Islam. Chapel Hill: Uni- versity of North Carolina Press, 1975. BP Marín, Manuela. ‘The Early 189.2. S34 SCH 1975. Development of Zuhd in al-Andalus’. Pp. 83-96 in Shī‛a Islam, Sects and Sufism. Silvers-Alario, Laury. ‘The teach- Edited by Frederick De Jong. Utrecht: M. ing relationship in early Sufism: a reas- Th. Houtsma Stiftung, 1992. BP 192 S56 sessment of Fritz Meier’s definition of the SHI 1992. shaykh al-tarbiya and the shaykh al-ta‛- līm’, Muslim world 93 (2003): 69-97. P.790 Meier, Fritz. ‘Khurāsān and the end MUS. of classical Sufism’. Pages 189-219 in Essays on Islamic piety and mysticism. Sobieroj, Florian. ‘Ibn Khafīf’s Edited by John O’Kane and Bernd Radtke. Kitāb al-Iqtiṣād and Abū al-Najīb Islamic history and civilization, studies and al-Suhrawardī’s Adāb al-murīdīn. A texts, 30. Leiden: Brill, 1999. BP189.1 MEI comparison between two works on the 1999. training of novices’, Journal of Semitic studies 43 (1998): 327-45. P.740 JOU. Melchert, Christopher. ‘Sufis and

Islamic Religion HT-TT 2016 page 10

Sviri, Sara. ‘Ḥakīm Tirmidhī and the Malāmatī Movement in Early Sufism’. Pp. 583-613 in Classical Persian Sufism. Edited by Leonard Lewisohn. New York: Khaniqahi Nimatullahi Publications, 1993. BP 188.8 I55 C53 CLA 1993.

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