Open Source and Sustainability
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Open Education Resources: Current Limitations and Challenges and Its Usage in Developing Countries
Open Education Resources: Current Limitations and Challenges and its Usage in Developing Countries Mark Peneder and Felix Walcher February 9, 2020 1 Abstract As the cost and demand of higher education is on the rise all over the world, education stakeholders are searching for ways to meet these demands. Open Educational Resources (OER) have the potential to provide these resources and promote lifelong learning. OER are freely accessible resources for educational purpose. OER are considered to reduce the gap between different strata of society and countries. But despite all these opportunities, OER has still not reached its full potential. This might be explained by the fact that it is still in the early adoption state and the number of challenges that OER is still facing at the moment. Often both teachers and students in higher education communities are not aware of the potential of OER. Furthermore, the major content of OER is mostly English language based and global north dominated. OER is free to use but not free to produce and maintain, because of this the perhaps biggest challenge of Open Educational Resources is their sustainability in financial terms. Developing countries have the possibility to benefit even more from existing OER to enhance or develop new teaching material based on the knowledge from all over the world but are also facing additional challenges. The western-dominated resources have to be recontextualized for their cultural context and they are plagued by limited funding, poor internet infrastructure and a general lack of awareness of OER and policies for its use and creation. -
ROADS and BRIDGES: the UNSEEN LABOR BEHIND OUR DIGITAL INFRASTRUCTURE Preface
Roads and Bridges:The Unseen Labor Behind Our Digital Infrastructure WRITTEN BY Nadia Eghbal 2 Open up your phone. Your social media, your news, your medical records, your bank: they are all using free and public code. Contents 3 Table of Contents 4 Preface 58 Challenges Facing Digital Infrastructure 5 Foreword 59 Open source’s complicated relationship with money 8 Executive Summary 66 Why digital infrastructure support 11 Introduction problems are accelerating 77 The hidden costs of ignoring infrastructure 18 History and Background of Digital Infrastructure 89 Sustaining Digital Infrastructure 19 How software gets built 90 Business models for digital infrastructure 23 How not charging for software transformed society 97 Finding a sponsor or donor for an infrastructure project 29 A brief history of free and public software and the people who made it 106 Why is it so hard to fund these projects? 109 Institutional efforts to support digital infrastructure 37 How The Current System Works 38 What is digital infrastructure, and how 124 Opportunities Ahead does it get built? 125 Developing effective support strategies 46 How are digital infrastructure projects managed and supported? 127 Priming the landscape 136 The crossroads we face 53 Why do people keep contributing to these projects, when they’re not getting paid for it? 139 Appendix 140 Glossary 142 Acknowledgements ROADS AND BRIDGES: THE UNSEEN LABOR BEHIND OUR DIGITAL INFRASTRUCTURE Preface Our modern society—everything from hospitals to stock markets to newspapers to social media—runs on software. But take a closer look, and you’ll find that the tools we use to build software are buckling under demand. -
Open but Not Free — Publishing in the 21St Century Martin Frank, Ph.D
PERSPECTIVE For the Sake of Inquiry and Knowledge Research culture is far from knowledge. The new technology Disclosure forms provided by the author are available with the full text of this arti- monolithic. Systems that underpin is the internet. The public good cle at NEJM.org. scholarly communication will mi- they make possible is the world- grate to open access by fits and wide electronic distribution of From MIT Libraries, Massachusetts Insti- starts as discipline-appropriate op- the peer-reviewed journal litera- tute of Technology, Cambridge. tions emerge. Meanwhile, experi- ture and completely free and un- 1. Budapest Open Access Initiative (http:// ments will be run, start-ups will restricted access to it by all scien- www.opensocietyfoundations.org/ flourish or perish, and new com- tists, scholars, teachers, students, openaccess/read). munication tools will emerge, and other curious minds.” 2. Bethesda Statement on Open Access Pub- lishing (http://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/ because, as the Bethesda Open There is no doubt that the pub- handle/1/4725199/suber_bethesda Access Statement puts it, “an old lic interests vested in funding .htm?sequence=1). tradition and a new technology agencies, universities, libraries, 3. Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities have converged to make possible and authors, together with the (http://www.zim.mpg.de/openaccess-berlin/ an unprecedented public good. power and reach of the Internet, berlin_declaration.pdf). The old tradition is the willingness have created a compelling and nec- 4. Suber P. Open access. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2012. of scientists and scholars to pub- essary momentum for open ac- 5. -
Google Summer of Code 2019
Google Summer of Code 2019 Contributing for: The Terasology Foundation Biome-centric Gameplay Template / Enhancements for Terasology! 1 ABOUT ME Name Hassaan Ali (TheHxn) Email [email protected] Discord @TheHxn (#3124) GitHub - https://github.com/TheHxn Profiles Forum - https://forum.terasology.org/members/thehxn.3148/ 2 BIOME-CENTRIC GAMEPLAY ENHANCEMENTS 2.1 OVERVIEW This Idea has been chosen from Terasology’s GSoC Ready Ideas board from Trello [1]. Currently biomes are used in a few game settings, but not with a huge impact to gameplay. This idea aims to support greater variety, meaning to biomes and to help make worlds more "alive" as said by Brylie on the forum. 2.2 INTEREST My interest in this project comes from the fact that not many GSoC students are interested in it, so it definitely needs work as it is a very good idea for Terasology giving the game engine a unique feel to it. Also because I have worked very much with terrains, used World Machine, L3DT, Terresculptor terrain generators to generate climate based terrains. I am very interested as to how the world and life biomes could be improved in Terasology. 2.3 PROJECT FUNCTIONS 1. Inspection tool: When a player encounters a plant or animal, they might use an 'inspection' tool. It can show the details of the entity, we can use WordlyToolTip module to give such information. These details could include health, hunger, biome preferences, and genomic information for the inspected entity. 2. Transplant/Transport: Plants and animals can be transplanted between biomes. Animals could be transplanted using the GooKeeper module as a catch-and-release tool. -
Who Pays for Music?
Who Pays For Music? The Honors Program Senior Capstone Project Meg Aman Professor Michael Roberto May 2015 Who Pays For Music Senior Capstone Project for Meg Aman TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... 3 LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................................ 4 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 4 MUSIC INDUSTRY BACKGROUND ...................................................................................... 6 THE PROBLEM .................................................................................................................. 8 THE MUSIC INDUSTRY ..................................................................................................... 9 THE CHANGING MUSIC MARKET .................................................................................... 10 HOW CAN MUSIC BE FREE? ........................................................................................... 11 MORE OR LESS MUSIC? .................................................................................................. 12 THE IMPORTANCE OF SAMPLING ..................................................................................... 14 THE NETWORK EFFECTS ................................................................................................. 16 WHY STREAMING AND DIGITAL MUSIC STORES ............................................................ -
Open Source and Sustainability: the Role of University
OPEN SOURCE AND SUSTAINABILITY: THE ROLE OF UNIVERSITY Dr. Giorgio F. SIGNORINI, PhD Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Firenze via della Lastruccia, 3 I-50019 Sesto F. (Firenze), Italy giorgio.signorini@unifi.it Abstract One important goal in sustainability is making technologies available to the maximum possible number of individuals, and especially to those living in less developed areas (Goal 9 of SDG). However, the diffusion of technical knowledge is hindered by a number of factors, among which the Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) system plays a primary role. While opinions about the real effect of IPRs in stimulating and disseminating innovation differ, there is a growing number of authors arguing that a different approach may be more effective in promoting global development. The success of the Open Source (OS) model in the field of software has led analysts to speculate whether this paradigm can be extended to other fields. Key to this model are both free access to knowledge and the right to use other people’s results. After reviewing the main features of the OS model, we explore different areas where it can be profitably applied, such as hardware design and production; we then discuss how academical institutions can (and should) help diffusing the OS philosophy and practice. Widespread use of OS software, fostering of research projects aimed to use and develop OS software and hardware, the use of open education tools, and a strong commitment to open access publishing are some of the discussed examples. Keywords Sustainable Development, University, Open Source, Open Education, Open Access 1 Introduction What is sustainability about? According to the widely accepted definition of the Brundtland Report (Brundtland 1987), human development is sustainable when it can satisfy the needs of the current generation without compromising the ability of future generations to do the same. -
Innovation-Sustainability Nexus in Agriculture Transition: Case Of
Open Agriculture. 2019; 4: 1–16 Review Article Hamid El Bilali* Innovation-Sustainability Nexus in Agriculture Transition: Case of Agroecology https://doi.org/10.1515/opag-2019-0001 received July 11, 2018; accepted December 10, 2018 1 Introduction Abstract: Different governments and international Innovation has been defined in many different ways organizations have shown interest in agroecology (Menrad and Feigl 2007; OECD and Eurostat 2005; SCAR-EU as a promising pathway for transition to sustainable 2012; STEPS Centre 2010; Sterrenberg et al. 2013) and may agriculture. However, the kinds of innovation needed mean different things (Schumpeter 1934; Shaver 2016). for agro-ecological transition are subject to intense According to Stummer et al. (2010), innovations can be debate. The scale of this debate is itself an indicator categorized according to innovation type (product, service, of the complicated relation between innovation and process, market), dimension (objective or subjective), sustainability in the agro-food arena and beyond. This scope of change (radical, incremental, reapplied), review paper analyses the potential of agro-ecology in or how innovation was created (closed or open). The agricultural sustainability transitions. It also explores OECD and Eurostat (2005) distinguish product, process, whether agro-ecological transition is a sustainable marketing and organisational innovations. Innovation innovation (cf. ecological, green, open, social, as a concept is strongly linked to that of knowledge, responsible). Furthermore, the paper investigates the which is fundamental in the move towards sustainable potential contribution of agro-ecological transition to practices (Grin et al. 2010) and plays an important role sustainability, using the 3-D (Direction, Distribution and in transition to sustainable food systems (Loconto 2016). -
Ultimate++ Forum - Mentoring How to Ing-Howto/Index.Html
Subject: Google Summer of Code Posted by koldo on Mon, 08 Mar 2010 11:08:17 GMT View Forum Message <> Reply to Message Hello all Google Summer of Code is a program that awards with money students that work in approved Open Source projects. To participate in it first the open source project has to apply to it as a "mentor organization". The deadline for this is this Friday 12. Main things to do are: - Open a "ideas" page in web - Fill the mentor organization questionnaire There is few time and few opportunities to be approved but some of us think that we would have to try it. If you can help please answer to this post ASAP. We have only 4 days, so we have to be very constructive talking ONLY about "Applying to GSoC as a Mentoring Organization". Please put other discussions in other posts. If you cannot participate this week but you have an idea for a project please post it, including: - Project description - Experience required to do it Do not forget that there is few time to do the project ("summer of code") so please be specific including only projects to be finished in short time. Some links: - Google Summer of Code 2010 FAQ http://socghop.appspot.com/document/show/gsoc_program/google /gsoc2010 - "ideas" page examples: -- https://svn.boost.org/trac/boost/wiki/soc2009 -- http://wiki.winehq.org/SummerOfCode -- http://wiki.wxwidgets.org/Development:_Student_Projects - Selection criteria http://socghop.appspot.com/document/show/program/google/gsoc 2009/orgcriteria - Advices for mentor organization http://code.google.com/p/google-summer-of-code/wiki/Advicefo -
Building Online Content and Community with Drupal
Collaborative Librarianship Volume 1 Issue 4 Article 10 2009 Building Online Content and Community with Drupal Gabrielle Wiersma University of Colorado at Boulder, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.du.edu/collaborativelibrarianship Part of the Collection Development and Management Commons Recommended Citation Wiersma, Gabrielle (2009) "Building Online Content and Community with Drupal," Collaborative Librarianship: Vol. 1 : Iss. 4 , Article 10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.29087/2009.1.4.10 Available at: https://digitalcommons.du.edu/collaborativelibrarianship/vol1/iss4/10 This Review is brought to you for free and open access by Digital Commons @ DU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Collaborative Librarianship by an authorized editor of Digital Commons @ DU. For more information, please contact [email protected],[email protected]. Wiersma: Building Online Content and Community with Drupal Building Online Content and Community with Drupal Gabrielle Wiersma ([email protected]) Engineering Research and Instruction Librarian, University of Colorado at Boulder Libraries use content management systems Additionally, all users are allowed to post in order to create, manage, edit, and publish content without using code, which enables content on the Web more efficiently. Drupal less tech savvy users to contribute content (drupal.org), one such Web-based content just as easily as their more proficient coun- management system, is unique because it terparts. For example, a library could use employs a bottom-up strategy for Web de- Drupal to allow library staff to view and sign that separates the content of the site edit the library Web site, blog, and staff from the formatting which means that “you intranet. -
FOSS Licensing
FOSS Licensing Wikibooks.org March 13, 2013 On the 28th of April 2012 the contents of the English as well as German Wikibooks and Wikipedia projects were licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported license. An URI to this license is given in the list of figures on page 61. If this document is a derived work from the contents of one of these projects and the content was still licensed by the project under this license at the time of derivation this document has to be licensed under the same, a similar or a compatible license, as stated in section 4b of the license. The list of contributors is included in chapter Contributors on page 59. The licenses GPL, LGPL and GFDL are included in chapter Licenses on page 65, since this book and/or parts of it may or may not be licensed under one or more of these licenses, and thus require inclusion of these licenses. The licenses of the figures are given in the list of figures on page 61. This PDF was generated by the LATEX typesetting software. The LATEX source code is included as an attachment (source.7z.txt) in this PDF file. To extract the source from the PDF file, we recommend the use of http://www.pdflabs.com/tools/pdftk-the-pdf-toolkit/ utility or clicking the paper clip attachment symbol on the lower left of your PDF Viewer, selecting Save Attachment. After extracting it from the PDF file you have to rename it to source.7z. To uncompress the resulting archive we recommend the use of http://www.7-zip.org/. -
(OER) Movement
MiT8 public media, private media May 3-5, 2013 at MIT, Cambridge, MA Theo Hug <[email protected]> (University of Innsbruck) Education for All Revisited: On Concepts of Sharing in the Open Educational Resources (OER) Movement DRAFT VERSION Abstract1 Relationships between the private and public sphere in education have been discussed repeatedly and in various ways. However, the role of media and media dynamics is widely underestimated in this context. Only recently, after the digital turn, has the focus of the debates changed. In the past few years, manifold initiatives aiming at opening up education on various levels using digital communications technologies and Creative Commons licenses. Additionally, massive open online courses (moocs) have been developed. Today, OER (Open Educational Resources) is used widely as an umbrella term for free content creation initiatives: OER Commons (http://www.oercommons.org/), Open Courseware (OCW), OER repositories, OCW search facilities, University OCW initiatives, and related activities. Shared resource sites such as Connexions (http://cnx.org), WikiEducator (http://wikieducator.org), and Curriki (www.curriki.org) have an increasing number of visitors and contributors. On one hand, the motif of ‘education for all’ is once again appearing in related debates and practices. On the other hand, notions of sharing play a crucial role in open content and open education strategies. This paper has a threefold purpose: it starts with an outline of selected understandings of sharing in educational contexts; it then addresses their relevance for OER development through examining contrasting and relational conceptual dimensions. Furthermore, the contribution aims to take forms of sharing as media forms and to distinguish between stronger and weaker forms of sharing. -
Openpower Nepal Open Source Technology for Rural Nepal
OpenPower Nepal Open Source Technology for Rural Nepal Senior Project by Urs Riggenbach, Spring 2012 College of the Atlantic OpenPower Nepal | Senior Project Report Summary The OpenPower Nepal project aimed at designing and implementing a framework for renewable energy access that can be assembled and maintained locally. I built it at the Maya Universe Academy, a primary school that provides free education in rural Nepal. This document serves as a report of what happened as well as a guide to aid replication of the implemented technologies. Included is the funding process, planned and actual budgets, concepts, and building plans. Not all the parts of my project were finished during my time in Nepal, but all the modules implemented are successfully producing energy for the school. I hope the plans and experiences in this document will serve others striving toward energy self-sufficiency. For this reason, this document and the ideas and plans contained within it are released in an open source manner. A big thank you to all the donors and advisors along the path. Without you, this project would have not been possible. I am continuing my work on open source technology in the realm of renewable energies. Stay tuned to developments and campaigns at www.solarfire.org. OpenPower Nepal | Senior Project Report This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License. It allows you to modify and redistribute the contents of this package as long as the same license is maintained. Attribution — You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work).