Naval War College Review Volume 22 Article 10 Number 9 November
1969 November 1969 Review The .SU . Naval War College
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Now, for the first time in modern history, a permanent, international naval force exists, the Standing N avul Force A Lian lie. The in-depth purposeH of STr\Nr\VFOllLr\NT arc as muhi• farious as Nr\TO itself. llut perhaps the lwo primary functions .ire to provide u symhol of political and military soli darity of Lhc alli.incc and to provide a seagoing catalyst of naval sccurily spanning the r\Lia nl ic Occan from Europe lo r\meri ca. When Lhc North r\tlan lic Trcaly Organi1.a1io11 was estahlishc1] in r\pril 19,1,9, its purpose was lo provide its rnembcr nations with some measure of collective security aguinst Soviet aggres sion in Europe. Having been blunted in their allcmpts lo expand over land, lhc SovielH have embarked on a new course to gain inllucnee and power, namely through the selcelive use of 8capower. During the 1111st l w o decades the Sovid ll nion, traditionally a land Next month represents the second power, has become the second most annivcrsury of the founding of Nr\TO'� powerful maritime nation in the world, 1 Standing Naval l'orcc r\tluntic, 11 con hoth in quali Ly and quantity. This ccp l that hccmne r,,alily when approved achicvcrne11 I conslilu Les 011c of the most 11 L the Nr\TO rvlini,;tcrial [Vlcdin!l: in remarkllbl!'. and, until recently, the least llruss1:ls in Dcccmhcr I %7. llistorically puhlicii,cd transformations in world there is Jillie "new" in lhc concept thal history. This Soviet expansion lo sca men of different nalionulitics c1111 serve wurd w.is a1:complishcd by a rapid and cl'fectivclr together al Rea. Throughout halanced growth iu maritime power recorded· maritime history men lwvc which includes nu rncrouB fa ccts of ,ioincd forces lo halllc a common strength. enemy. The crew of John l'aul JoncR' Confronted with thiH ever-increasing ship, the Ho11 llomme Richard, was Soviet maritime threat, the countries of drawn from many natio11s. Some of the tlw Nr\TO allim1cc have found it neces Sllilors lrnd never scl fool in lhc United sary lo reappraise their overall dcfcnsivc Stales nor in the Jlcdgling nation\; ship strategy. There can he no doubt that the whose llag they then so gullanlly de Soviet expansion to seaward has had an fended. In more recent times, warships effect on lhe decision lo csluhlish a of ullicd nation,; have suil,·d together in pcrnrnncnl NATO Naval Force in the two world warn. r\Lian tic arcu. The Standing Naval Force Atlantic i8 tasked with a variety of missions, not Covm: Stanrlin� Naval Forces Atlantic tlw least of which is to syrnbolir,c �roup at sea. Ships wprcscntcd from ldt to Nr\TO's resolve to counter any threat to right arc: USS llo/,1,,, (United Staks), FGS Nr\TO 's freedom of the seas and sca Koeln (Germany), lll\1S llril{hloll (United Kingdom), IIMCS G111itw1111 (Canar!a), horiw communications so vital lo the IINLMS llollalld (N,:,thcrlands). Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, ex1969i,lcucc and Hurvivul of the Atlantic 5 Naval War College Review, Vol. 22 [1969], No. 9, Art. 10
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CHALLENGE
For some time now, the Naval War College ha fostered and developed a novel concept whose portent and bene fits to the maritime nations of the Free World may extend well into the future. This idea has reached maturity, and the Course alumni. This is particularly sig Naval War College Seapower Sym nificant since the program will be con posium, to be held at the College this ducted exclusively in English, and for month with participation of up to 40 mer Naval Command Course students counlTies, represents its culmination. have an added advantage in this regard Though entirely unconnected with by virtue of their ten months experience the Naval Command Course, the incep in Newport. tion of the Symposium was encouraged The emphasis of the Symposium will by the progress that course has made. be on that same spirit of free inter The Naval Command Course, made up change, the academic freedom which as it is of senior foreign officers of Free has always characterized the Naval War World navies, is now in its fourteenth College. The aval Command Course year at ewport. Its history is an has amply demonstrated that there are unbroken chronology of warm friend common interests and experience, ships, close associations, and mutual �hared among naval officers of all coun
understanding, formed between in tries, which transcend the confines of dividuals, hut representiniJ: a durable and national policy and political expedi meaningful bond among the naval ser ency. It is to be hoped that a similar vices of the countries which have par feeling of mutual affinity among the ticipated. The unqualified success of the members of the Symposium will lead to Naval Command Course gave rise to the free communication and a broader thought that a conference of the top understanding on all sides of the various naval leaders of these forty friendly challenges and opportunities facing our navies might be productive. A convoca maritime nations today. Almost in tion of these leaders was envisioned, to cvitahly, this kind of contact is bound discuss professional matters of interna to foster and cement mutual under tional maritime importance and to share standing and personal friendship among their separate insights and experienr.,·. the participants. Of course, one of the more tangible The structure of this Symposium is measures of the success of the Naval such that each participant will be at Command Course is the fact that so complete liberty to raise anv ii,,;ue he large a portion of its graduates have feels i, worthy of international maritime reached the highest levels of their naval concern, in the knowledge that none of leadership, including chiefs of navies. [t his comments will he attributable. Of is therefore not surprising that a good the vast spectrum of topics thus ex many of the members of the Sym posed, one of the most pressing-and Publishedposium by are U.S. Navalto be War Naval College DigitalCommand Commons, appropriate 1969 -may well prove to he that 7 Naval War College Review, Vol. 22 [1969], No. 9, Art. 10
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1'he complex and often contradictory legislation de.aling with the lf.S. merchant marine lias contributed not on(y to a reduced sealift capabilit�f but also to tA dillided shippiri14 industry. /Jere oue representative of that indnstry outlines tlicproblem and sug{,;ests a solution. ,11 revitalized mcrclumt maririe rvould make it pos.,ible far the United States ta participate iu the mpidly approacfiir1g ermtahwrizalion revolution.
UNITED STATES SHIPPING INDUSTHY- PROHLEMS ANU PUOSPECTS
A lecture delivered at the Naval War College
by Mr. Stanley Powell, Jr.
A recent iRBuc of the Armed Forces Both a political mC88 un https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol22/iss9/10 10 War College: November 1969 Review Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 1969 11 Naval War College Review, Vol. 22 [1969], No. 9, Art. 10 https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol22/iss9/10 12 War College: November 1969 Review Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 1969 13 Naval War College Review, Vol. 22 [1969], No. 9, Art. 10 https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol22/iss9/10 14 War College: November 1969 Review Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 1969 15 Naval War College Review, Vol. 22 [1969], No. 9, Art. 10 https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol22/iss9/10 16 War College: November 1969 Review Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 1969 17 Naval War College Review, Vol. 22 [1969], No. 9, Art. 10 https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol22/iss9/10 18 War College: November 1969 Review Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 1969 19 Naval War College Review, Vol. 22 [1969], No. 9, Art. 10 https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol22/iss9/10 20 War College: November 1969 Review Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 1969 21 Naval War College Review, Vol. 22 [1969], No. 9, Art. 10 18 EMPI,OYMENT OF MODERN NA VAL FORCES IN DEFENSE OF NORTHERN AND CENTRAI, EUROPE The }\'ATO alliance iscomposed of' rrumy nations for whom uninterrupted foreign trade is an economic necessity. 1'he military and ecortomie bonds tlult hold together tlw N. .11'0rwtions are rrwritime tri nature, and the reeenl growth of Soviet capabilit.r upon the seas threatens the cohesion of that- allimice. lri protwting these bonds, NA '/'O's naval forces can be used mt an insJ,rumcnt of direct deft!nse, deterrence, or deliberate escalation. A lecture delivered at the Naval War College by Vice Admiral Gert Jesehonnek, Federal German Navy INTRODUCTION concluding remarks I shall make only a hricf reference lo our own naval fore.es Because of the political division of slncc l do not wish to t1xccm) the scope Europe into two opposing military of my suhjcct. power hlocs-Lhc continental Soviet bloc consisting of the Warsaw Pact THE STRATEGIC 'fHREAT AT SEA nations and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization consisting of 14 maritime The Signifieance of the Sea in the nations of the West-the Federal llepub Alliance. The German dcfonsc policy is lic of Germany, as a member of:'.\IATO 1 lradiLionally continental and rclalc that o[ the leading acapowers of the l:;urope. Since 1955 iL has, howcvm 1 Western World. ln order lo Tccognize been forced to take more and more inlo and aSSC$ our military situulion and its its eonsidt�rnlions the worJdwidc poliLi• jnhcrent strcnglh.s and wcaknessc.8, it cal situalior• mi Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 1969 23 Naval War College Review, Vol. 22 [1969], No. 9, Art. 10 https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol22/iss9/10 24 War College: November 1969 Review Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 1969 25 Naval War College Review, Vol. 22 [1969], No. 9, Art. 10 https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol22/iss9/10 26 War College: November 1969 Review Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 1969 27 Naval War College Review, Vol. 22 [1969], No. 9, Art. 10 https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol22/iss9/10 28 War College: November 1969 Review Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 1969 29 Naval War College Review, Vol. 22 [1969], No. 9, Art. 10 https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol22/iss9/10 30 War College: November 1969 Review Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 1969 31 Naval War College Review, Vol. 22 [1969], No. 9, Art. 10 https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol22/iss9/10 32 War College: November 1969 Review 29 NEW HORIZONS A CONCEPT FOR CARRIER air-Lhc cquivalcnL lo thaL !icing pro AIR CAPABILITY IN THE vided hy carriers of the llnitcd King STANDING NA VAL FORCE dom. The retirement of thcHc B,riLish ATLANTIC carriers in the early J IJ70's will leave a voirl in Lhc NATO EASTLANT force, (This article was extracted from a study thaL surely is of major concern Lo Lhc conducted by a committee al the Naval War planner who is rcsponsihlc for contin College. It will receive [urlher consideration aa a part of a group research project hy a gency planning in the area. committee from the current class. Readers The planm�r will he faced with Lhc who desire to comment or add to this concept tnsk of developing fasL rcacLion plans are encouraged to do so and can addre89 their aroun https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol22/iss9/10 34 War College: November 1969 Review Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 1969 35 Naval War College Review, Vol. 22 [1969], No. 9, Art. 10 https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol22/iss9/10 36 War College: November 1969 Review 33 In many quarters today it is hoped that strategic arms limitation talks will bring about a lessening of international tensions and a diversion of resources THE FUENCH NAVY from defense spending to domestic projects. ln at least one instance, how• AND THE ever, a sirnilnr conference led to exactly the opposite result. The efforts of the W ASIIINGTO\ British Government to abolish the sub marine at t/Je Washiugtou Conference led to renewed support and appropria CONFERENCE tions for the P'rencli Navy and increased suspicions of llritislt intentions. An article prepared by �:nsign Donald G. White, U.S. Naval Reserve At the conclusion of Lhc First World of that year, 2B sailors were arrested for War the French Navy and the infrastruc singing 1 '1,'fntcrnalionalc'i and hoisting ture which supported it were fur weaker Lite red Oag of revolution aboard the than in 1914. The wacships of the navy French warships Jean /Jart and Fronce, were obsolete, the morale of naval and the French Chamber of Dcputics1 personnel was low, and the l\forinc hy a vote of :J65 Lo 195, refused them Ministry was untJcr�financed, This was amnesty.2 The lct1 https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol22/iss9/10 38 War College: November 1969 Review Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 1969 39 Naval War College Review, Vol. 22 [1969], No. 9, Art. 10 https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol22/iss9/10 40 War College: November 1969 Review Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 1969 41 Naval War College Review, Vol. 22 [1969], No. 9, Art. 10 https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol22/iss9/10 42 War College: November 1969 Review Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 1969 43 Naval War College Review, Vol. 22 [1969], No. 9, Art. 10 https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol22/iss9/10 44 War College: November 1969 Review Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 1969 45 Naval War College Review, Vol. 22 [1969], No. 9, Art. 10 https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol22/iss9/10 46 War College: November 1969 Review Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 1969 47 Naval War College Review, Vol. 22 [1969], No. 9, Art. 10 https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol22/iss9/10 48 War College: November 1969 Review Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 1969 49 Naval War College Review, Vol. 22 [1969], No. 9, Art. 10 https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol22/iss9/10 50 War College: November 1969 Review Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 1969 51 Naval War College Review, Vol. 22 [1969], No. 9, Art. 10 48 Recent technological developments have caused an increased interest in the economic and military potential of continental shelves. In this paper Capt. Jose A. Alvarez of the Argentine Navy examines the strategic and technological possibilities of continental shelves, the present state of jurisprudence pertaining to their use, and the need for new agreements to regulate such use. STRATEGIC IMPLICATIONS OF CONTINENT AL SHELVES A research paper prepared by Captain Jose A. Alvarez, Argentine Navy Naval Command Course INTRODUCTION indicated by recent views of the oceans as a "world granary." The history of humanity has been Advances in outer and inner space closely associated with the sea. Even ( or hydrosphere) are closely related to disregarding the theory that attributes scientific and technological progress. the birth of organic life to that salty Also, both involve difficult operational environment, one can not deny that environments. They both require careful through the blue and green expanses of planning. Inefficiencies and errors are water, different streams of civilizations not tolerated. Research is very expen marked the road of history along the sive. Sophisticated instrumentation is centuries. But man's primary interest in needed. Also, both require highly quali the ocean has been as a means of fied personnel on a comparatively large transportation or communication. scale of the total of persons employed. Scientific knowlege of the sea began The conquest of both spaces began as recently as a century ago ("Chal after the "population explosion" was lenger" expedition, 1872-76). After noted. This latter phenomenon added such a relatively recent start, interest in an increasing amount of tensions all the importance of the oceans grew over the world. The need for vital space greatly as funds were invested in better and the search for supremacy in the knowledge of them. That is particularly world opened areas for friction or major true among the main world powers. disputes in this tense world. Countries Though exploration gave varied results, with the most advanced operational increased knowledge raised new ques know-how are in the best position for tions and indicated newer and heavier achieving success. It is not surprising, demands. Later, a real tridimensional then, to find reasons to conquer new scientific scope posed new challenges, as environments other than the reasons of https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol22/iss9/10 52 War College: November 1969 Review Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 1969 53 Naval War College Review, Vol. 22 [1969], No. 9, Art. 10 https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol22/iss9/10 54 War College: November 1969 Review Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 1969 55 Naval War College Review, Vol. 22 [1969], No. 9, Art. 10 https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol22/iss9/10 56 War College: November 1969 Review Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 1969 57 Naval War College Review, Vol. 22 [1969], No. 9, Art. 10 https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol22/iss9/10 58 War College: November 1969 Review Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 1969 59 Naval War College Review, Vol. 22 [1969], No. 9, Art. 10 https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol22/iss9/10 60 War College: November 1969 Review Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 1969 61 Naval War College Review, Vol. 22 [1969], No. 9, Art. 10 https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol22/iss9/10 62 War College: November 1969 Review Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 1969 63 Naval War College Review, Vol. 22 [1969], No. 9, Art. 10 https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol22/iss9/10 64 War College: November 1969 Review Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 1969 65 Naval War College Review, Vol. 22 [1969], No. 9, Art. 10 https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol22/iss9/10 66 War College: November 1969 Review Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 1969 67 Naval War College Review, Vol. 22 [1969], No. 9, Art. 10 https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol22/iss9/10 68 War College: November 1969 Review Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 1969 69 Naval War College Review, Vol. 22 [1969], No. 9, Art. 10 https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol22/iss9/10 70 War College: November 1969 Review Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 1969 71 Naval War College Review, Vol. 22 [1969], No. 9, Art. 10 https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol22/iss9/10 72 War College: November 1969 Review 69 ln the most dangerous continuing crisis in the world today, the Arabs and the Israelis are dedicated to the strategies that are a reaction to their respective national characters. Each is violently nationalistic in his ow,t way, and the basic tenets of Arab nationalism and Zionism, though mortally opposed to each otlwr, are nmiertheleas basically similar. Each people is beset by nagging insecurities arid fears-they are afraid of each other m,d themselves-and each fights out of a desire to reclaim its lost glory and traditions of the past. With their strategies on an ineuitable eollisfrm course and with the national character of each people ultimately at stake, they will continue to fight until eacl, somehow feelssecure from the threat which lw imagines the other poses. ARAB VERSUS JEW: The Evolution of Two National Strategies A research paper prepared by Mr. Clarence 0. Huntley School of Naval Warfare INTRODUCTION any given situation its reaction will be intlucneed hy all those factors which All too often national strategy is have made it what it is. Policy and regarded simply as an extension of the BlTatcgy, then, arc as much an out policies which it serves, with the result growth of the national character as they that its study is limited to consideration arc a response to an jmmcdiatc prohlem. of its political) economie1 anti military The Arub-Isracli contliet provides a ingredients, '!'his approach involves a classic example, It iH almost univcr.sa11y direct cause and effect relationship be understood that the creation of the tween an external threat and the poli State of Israel in 19411 was the direct cies and strategy which arc developed to political eause of the most dangerous counter it. continuing crisis in tltc world. Why the Perhaps because it is so obvious, the conOict defies rei,olution, why the ad� foci is frequently overlooked that hoth versarie8 remain so bitterly divided, and policy and strategy arc, to a very great why they cling so tenaciously to their extent, predetermined long before a respective strategies seem much less threat from outside has to he foeed. A generally appreciated. The answers lo nation1 like the individual human being, these questions lie in the national iden is the sum total of its experience, and in tities of the Arabs and J cwa. They have Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 1969 73 Naval War College Review, Vol. 22 [1969], No. 9, Art. 10 https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol22/iss9/10 74 War College: November 1969 Review Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 1969 75 Naval War College Review, Vol. 22 [1969], No. 9, Art. 10 https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol22/iss9/10 76 War College: November 1969 Review Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 1969 77 Naval War College Review, Vol. 22 [1969], No. 9, Art. 10 https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol22/iss9/10 78 War College: November 1969 Review Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 1969 79 Naval War College Review, Vol. 22 [1969], No. 9, Art. 10 https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol22/iss9/10 80 War College: November 1969 Review Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 1969 81 Naval War College Review, Vol. 22 [1969], No. 9, Art. 10 https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol22/iss9/10 82 War College: November 1969 Review Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 1969 83 Naval War College Review, Vol. 22 [1969], No. 9, Art. 10 https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol22/iss9/10 84 War College: November 1969 Review Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 1969 85 Naval War College Review, Vol. 22 [1969], No. 9, Art. 10 https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol22/iss9/10 86 War College: November 1969 Review Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 1969 87 Naval War College Review, Vol. 22 [1969], No. 9, Art. 10 https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol22/iss9/10 88 War College: November 1969 Review Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 1969 89 Naval War College Review, Vol. 22 [1969], No. 9, Art. 10 https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol22/iss9/10 90 War College: November 1969 Review Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 1969 91 Naval War College Review, Vol. 22 [1969], No. 9, Art. 10 https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol22/iss9/10 92 War College: November 1969 Review Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 1969 93 Naval War College Review, Vol. 22 [1969], No. 9, Art. 10 https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol22/iss9/10 94 War College: November 1969 Review Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 1969 95 Naval War College Review, Vol. 22 [1969], No. 9, Art. 10 https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol22/iss9/10 96 War College: November 1969 Review Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 1969 97 Naval War College Review, Vol. 22 [1969], No. 9, Art. 10 https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol22/iss9/10 98 War College: November 1969 Review Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 1969 99 Naval War College Review, Vol. 22 [1969], No. 9, Art. 10 https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol22/iss9/10 100