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DATA ON URBAN AND RURAL POPULA'EION . IN RECENT CENSUSES
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UNITED NATIONS POPULATION STUDIES, No. 8
D_ATA ON URBAN AND RURAL POPULATION IN RECENT CENSUSES
Department of Social Affairs Department of Economic Affairs Population Division Statistical Office of the United Nations
Lake Success, New York July 1950 ....
ST/ SOA/Series A. Population Studies, No. 8
List of reports in this series to date :
Reports on the Population of Trust Territories No. 1. The Population of W estem Samoa No. 2. The Population of Tanganyika
Reports on Popub.tion Estimates No. 3. World Population Trends, 1920-1947
Reports on Methods of Population St:atist.ics No. 4. Population Census Methods No. 6. Fertility Data in Population Censuses No. 7. Methods of Using Census Statistics for the Calculation or Life Tables and Other Demographic Measures. With Application to the Population of Brazil. By Giorgio Mortara No. 8. Data on Urban and Rural Population in Recent Censuses
Report• on Demographic Aspects of Mi.gration No. 5. Problems of Migration Statistics
UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATIONS
S:ales No.: 1950 • Xlll • 4 · ~
FOREWORD
The Economic and Social Council, at its fourth session, adopted a resolution requesting the Secretary-General of the United Nations to offer advice and assist ance to Member States, with a view to improving the comparability and quality of data to be obtained in the censuses of 1950 and proximate years (resolution 41 (IV), 29 March 1947). As part of the implementation of this resolution, a series of studies has been prepared on the methods of obtaining and presenting information in population censuses on the size and characteristics of the population. These studies have been collected in Popitlation Census Methods (ST/SOA/Series A, Population Studies, No. 4). In addition, a separate report has been issued, entitled Fertility Data in Recent Censuses (ST/SOA/Series A, Population Studies, No. 6). Chapter XVI of Population Census Methods, which deals with urban and rural population, is limited to a brief statement of the main types of classifications which can be made, and of the recommendations on this subject recently adopted by international agencies. The present report contains a greatly amplified discus sion of the possible types of classifications as well as a survey of the methods of defining and tabulating urban and rural population used in recent censuses. The report was prepared by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations in collaboration with the Population Division and the Statistical Office of the United Nations.
iii CONTENTS
Page I. INTRODUCTION 1. Uses of urban-rural statistics ...... 1 2. The problem of international comparability...... 2
II. RECOMMENDATIONS OF I NTERNATIONAL AGENCIES ...... 3 1. The International Statistical Institute...... 3 2. United Nations Population Commission...... 3 3. The Committee on the 1950 Census of the Americas...... 5
III. DEFINITIONS AND CLASSIFICATIONS IN RECENT CENSUSES. • . • ...... • 6 1. Classifications of administrative divisions ...... 7 (a) Classifications by type of local government...... 7 ( b) Classifications by total number of inhabitants...... 8 ( c) Classifications based on characteristics not applicable to the entire population of minor administrative divisions ...... 8 2. Classifications based on administrative functions ...... 8 3. Classifications of agglomerations or clusters of population...... 8
IV. TABULATIONS OF URBAN AND RURAT, POPULATION IN RECENT CENSUSES . . 11 1. Major characteristics tabulated for urban and rural areas ...... 11 2. Tabulations by age and sex...... 11 3. Tabulations of marital status ...... 11 4. Tabulations by place of birth, legal nationality and language ...... 12 5. Tabulations of educational characteristics ...... 12 6. Tabulations of economic characteristics ...... 12 7. Tabulations of households or families ...... 12 8. Tabulations of fertility characteristics ...... 12 9. Tabulations of other characteristics...... 12 10. Other tabulations ...... 13
TABLES
1. Major characteristics tabulated for urban and rural areas in recent censuses ...... 14 2. Tabulations by age and sex for urban and rural areas in recent censuses 16 3. Tabulations of marital status for urban and rural areas in recent censuses ...... 17 4. Major types of data on birthplace and legal nationality for urban and rural areas in recent censuses...... 18 5. Tabulations of educational characteristics for urban and rural areas in recent censuses ...... 19 6. Tabulations of economic characteristics for urban and rural areas in recent censuses ...... 20
v Page 7. Tabulations of household or family characteristics for urban and rural areas in recent censuses...... 21
APPENDIX
ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS BY TYPE AND NUMBER, AND URBAN-RURAL DEFINI TIONS, FOR FIFTY-THREE COUNTRIES .••• • •••••••. •. • . •.•.•...•.•.•.••. 22
Vl ....
I. INTRODUCTION
1. Uses of urban-rural statistics lation be as closely comparable as possible. This Census statistics of the urban and rural popula point is less important for the purpose of compar tion have a variety of important uses. The process ing the urban and rural components of the popu of urbanization has long been recognized as a con lation than for comparing degrees or levels of comitant of social and economic development, but urbanization in various countries or regions, or for the precise inter-relations have never been thor comparing urban or rural characteristics in one oughly understood and the demographic implica area with those in another. The reason for this is tions have not been fully analysed. It is desirable, that urban-rural comparisons, no matter how therefore, to follow the process of urbanization in "urban" and "rural" are defined, are likely to be the various countries and to relate it with ( 1) eco heavily weighted with the highly concentrated, nomic indices that reflect the progress of industrial clearly urban population on the one hand, and development in tenns of increases in production, with the village, or dispersed and clearly rural trade, national income, etc., (2) indices of social population on the other hand, with the result that and political change in such fields as education, differences between urban characteristics and health, standards of living, political participation rural characteristics are bound to be reflected if and governmental organization, and ( 3) demo not precisely measured in the statistics. However, graphic trends as indicated by rates of population when the urban or rural population is expressed as growth, family characteristics, mobility of the pop a proportion of the total population, differences in ulation, age structure, size and composition of the definition may have a rather profound effect. economically active population, and the like. The The basic meaning of the terms "urban" and results of such studies should be a valuable guide "rural" is fairly clear, the former referring to the to planning economic and social development on city and the latter to the country or to areas out an international as well as a national scale. side the city. Rut actual patterns of settlement are A second large area of application of these data much less clear-cut than the basic concepts imply. is in the comparison of the conditions and char Furthermore, the terms themselves have taken on acteristics of urban and rural people with respect overtones and added meanings whereby they have to patterns of fertility, mortality, age and sex com come to refer to ways of life, cultural patterns, position, housing, sanitation, levels of living, etc. attitudes, valLte systems, etc. In this process of Such studies are helpful in determininO' the par ideological transformation, the intangible aspects ticular problems of urban and rural :reas and have tended to supersede the tangible as criteria beyond these, in understanding the role or f unc~ of urban or rural attributes. The intangible aspects tion of cities in society and in exploring the possi are of course quite real, but they are difficult to bilities of controlling their growth and planning pin down in a census frame of reference, especially their development. in view of the fact that all kinds of people live in both rural and urban areas. Another use of the data is in connexion with the implementation of specific projects or pro It would seem advisable, therefore, to use a. grammes such as those undertaken by the United relatively objective criterion for identifying urban Nations and the specialized agencies. For example, and rural areas in the census and to retain as near the Food and Agriculture Organization of the ly as may be the original meaning of "city" and United Nations is especially concerned with the "country". A proper unit of classification from problems and welfare of rural people. Census sta this point of view is the agglomeration or cluster if:istics on the rural population arc essential to the of population. furtherance of this work. W ith any concept of urban and rural, there is In order for analyses of the types just described no definite point, in the continuum from scattered to be most conclusive in their findings, it is essen dwellings or small clusters to the great metropoli tial that census statistics of urban and rural popu- tan agglomerations, where the rural ends and the
1 urban b~ins. The concepts are clear only as they cation of the areas in which people live rather than apply to the two extremes of the continuum, i.e., of the people themselves. The two ideas are not, of to the most urban and the most rural. The distri course, unrelated since agglomerations occur in bution is not really a two-fold one in which one space and have to be identified in some kind of part of the population is wholly rural and the geographic terms. But as a result of a natural other wholly urban, but a graduated distribution tendency to apply the classification as urban or along a continuum from the least urban to the rural to Lhe territorial or administrative organiza most urban or from the most rural to the least tion already in existence, practices with respect Lo rural. Consequently, the line that is drawn between urban and rural definition or classification are urban and rural for statistical or census purposes closely bound up with national, historical and is necessarily arbitrary. political considerations, and a particular scheme of These considerations do not invalidate the classification, once established, tends to become urban-rural classification, but rather point to the fi.'Ced and resistant to change. The population, on need for a more systematic classification in accord the other hand, changes constantly; agglomera ance with a definite criterion such as size of ag tions grow in size and multiply in number without glomeration (preferably a classification that allows much regard to traditional boundary lines. for several size groups rather than only two) on There is, then, a wide variation among countries the basis of which trends and differences of an in the type of territorial and administrative organ urban-versus-rural character may be more care ization that has developed, in the point in time at fully studied and more thoroughly understood. which an urban-rural classification was adopted, and in the rate at which urbanization has pro 2. The problem of internationa l comparabil!ty ceeded. In consequence, there is also a wide varia Although the problem of differentiating between tion both in the definition of urban and rural pop urban and rural population is theoretically a demo ulation and in the degree to which the application graphic one, concerned with the classification of of the official or generally accepted definition con P_coph'. with_ respect to the size of the agglomera forms to the original intention of distinguishing tions m which they live, it has generally become city people from rural people - or city areas from (and necessarily perhaps) a matter of the classifi- rural areas.
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II. RECOMMENDATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES
The truly formidable difficulties in the way of " ( b) Communes whose principal nuclei con 1 developing standard methods of urban and rural tain more than 2,000 inhabitants." · classification have long been recognized, but be These proposals were adopted after deletion of cause of the importance of these data, international the words "rural", "mixed" and "urban" in para organizations have concerned themselves with the graph 2. problem. It will be noted that the Congress endorsed an occupational approach to the problem of urban 1. The International Statistical Institute rural classification. Adoption of this approach would involve an abandonment of the attempt to In 1938, the Congress of the International Sta obtain a direct measure of the patterns and de tistical Institute .adopted proposals for standard grees of population agglomeration and dispersion. urban and rural classifications, in response to the request of the Health Section of the League of Subsequent actions taken by international Nations. The main purpose of these proposals was organizations have indicated a disposition to sepa to obtain data for use in computing internationally rate the concept "agricultural" from the concept comparable vital rates for rural areas. The pro "rural", at least in so far as census operations are posals submitted were as follows: concerned, and to follow the principle of measuri11g the urban population directly in terms of the unit " ( 1) The rural population is the total popula of urbanization, namely the city or the agglomera tion of all the comnmnes (or smallest adminis tion. This does not mean that the relating of occu trative districts) designated as rural. pational data to urban-rural data is not an impor "(2) The communes (or smallest administra tant type of analysis. Rather, it furnishes an tive districts) should be divided, if possible, into independent source of information which can categories according to the proportion of ·the make the study of inter-relations more fruitful. total population of the commime that is agricul The alternative proposal of the Congress - the tural population (i.e., all persons actively en classification of administrative divisions according gaged in agricultural occupations and family to the size of the largest populated centre in the members directly dependent upon them). division - presents rather serious problems of "Communes should be divided into at least comparability. These are related primarily to three categories: variations in the size of the area, the organization, and the function of the smallest administrative "Rural comm·unes, more than 60 per cent; divisions of the various countries. The comimme "Mixed communes, 40 to 60 per cent; in France, for example, is quite different from the "Urban communes, less than 40 per cent. minor civil division in the United States, the lat ter being, in many parts of the country, little more "The total population in each of these three than a convenient device for keeping land and tax categories should be obtainable. If more than records and bearing no such consistent relation to three categories are distinguished, their limits community organization or patterns of settlement should be such as to permit combination into as appears to be the case in France and in many the three categories indicated above. other countries. " ( 3) In countries where this classification 2. United Nations Population Commission cannot be made, communes should be classified according to the size of the principal nucleus At its fourth session, in April 1949, the United (the most populous centre) of the commune Nations Population Commission made the follow- and divided into two categories : 1 Original text in French. See: Bunte, Henri. "R11pport de la Commission pour la Definition de la Population " (a) C 01nmwnes whose principal nuclei con Rurale", Bulletin d,e l'Jnstitut International de S ta tain no more than 2,000 inhabitants ; l·istiq11e 30 (2): 158-163. 1938 (The Hague). 3 ing recommendations concerning urban-rural least by age groups listed in paragraph 17. [Under classintation in censuses of population to be taken 5 years, 10-year groups from 5 to 64 years, 65 in or around 1950 : years and over.] In this cross-tabulation, some of the categories in the above classification by size of "Urban and rural population place may have to be combined. In that case, how "Because of the diversity of conditions affecting ever, it is desirable that at least the distinction be tween places of 10,000 or more and those with less the classification of areas as urban and rural in 2 various countries, it is not practicable at present to than 10,000 inhabitants be maintained." establish uniform definitions of urban and rural At its fifth session, in May 1950, the Commis population· for international use. It is desirable, sion reconsidered its recommendations in regard however, that in each census provision be made for to the size groups of agglomerations or clusters of obtaining the aggregate population of all identifi population to be used in summary cross-tabula able agglomerations or clusters of population, tions in those cases in which an extensive classifi classified by size and other characteristics so that cation by size of place would not be feasible. It the results may be used as far as possible to im proposed, in place of the originally suggested dis prove the international comparability of existing tinction between places of 10,000 or more and data on this subject. those with less than 10,000 inhabitants : "It is therefore suggested that, for purpose of " (a) that population censuses include sum international comparisons, the following classifi mary tabulations of the population classified as a cation of the population by size of the agglomera minimum by sex and age (under 5, 10-year tion or cluster be tabulated, in addition to the groups from 5 to 64 years, and 65 and over) for tabulations normally made for urban and rural agglomerations or clusters of population living in populations as defined in each country: built-up contiguous areas which, according to the " (a) Population in places of 500,000 or more definition adopted in each country, are considered inhabitants; as single localities or population centres. These summary tabulations would be made for such pop " ( b) Population in places of 100,000 to ulation agglomerations grouped by size, as 500,000 inhabitants; follows: " ( c) Population in places of 25,000 to 100,000 inhabitants; "Under 2,000, together with the population not in identifiable agglomerations or clusters, " ( d) Population in places of 10,000 to 25,000 inhabitants; "2,000 and under 10,000, " ( e) Population in places of 5,000 to 10,000 "10,000 and over; inhabitants ; " ( b) that the categories presented in such tab "(f) Population in places of 2,000 to 5,000 ulations not be termed 'urban' or 'rural' for pur inhabitants ; poses of international comparability ... " "(g) Population in places of 1,000 to 2,000 In addition, the Commission called attention to inhabitants; the fact that the World Health Organization Reg . " ( h) Population in places of 500 to 1,000 ulations, no. 1, article 6, calls for the classification inhabitants; of mortality for certain urban-rural aggregates by " ( i) Population in places of less than 500 sex and by age in the following groups as a mini inhabitants; mum: under 1year;1-4 years; 5-14 years; 15-24 "(j) Population not in identifiable agglomer years; 2 5-44 years; 45-64 years; 65-74 years; 75 ations or clusters (if the whole population is years and over. not included in the above categories). It was suggested by the Commission that if pop "It is also desirable that the number of places of ulation tabulations by age are to be used in con each size group be tabulated. junction with these mortality tabulations, the age "Since this distribution involves more classes group 65 and over in the former should be divided than the usual urban-rural classification, the prob into 65-74 years and 75 years and over. 3 lem of tabulation by other characteristics is some 2 Report of the fourth session of tlie Population Com what enlarged. In view of this fact, it may not be mission. United Nations document E/1313. Lake Suc feasible to make extensive cross-tabulations. It is cess, 21 April 1949. Pages 38-39. desirable, however, that the population in places of s Report of the Populatio·n Commission (fifth session). United Nations document E/1711. Lake Success, 2 June various size classes be tabulated for each sex, at 1950. Pages 13-14.
4 3. The ~villages to large concen fiable by quantitive, socio-economic, and other ob trations. This type of classification not only en jective criteria, whether or not such places would sures comparability of the results, but is in keeping be urban according to the definitions of the partic with the realities of the situation, which preclude ular country. a two-fold mutually exclusive division. The com " ( b) Tab·ulations parability obtained is, to be sure, strictly in terms of the unit being classified, namely, the agglomera "It is recommended as a mm1mum tabulation tion. If size of agglomeration shows a closer cor that the population be presented according to size respondence in some countries than in others to (number of inhabitants) of agglomeration. characteristics that are commonly regarded as "The population should be classified according "urban", this is the result of cultural differences to t~e siz~ (number of inhabitants) of the agglom and is itself an appropriate subject of inquiry, but eration m at least the following categories : not one for which the other systems of classifica 500,000 or more inhabitants, 100,000-500,000, tion described in this report could readily furnish 25,000-100,000, 10,000-25,000, 5,000-10,000, the materials - unless they were made in com bination with the one proposed by the Commis 2,000-5,000, 1,000-2,000, 500-1,0001 less than 500 inhabitants. If the entire population is not included sion. Such a combination is in fact proposed by in these categories, data should be presented also the Committee on the 1950 Census of the Americas. for the population not classified in a<>'ofome00 rations or identifiable settlements. d Rcso/i,tions aud motions of the third sess1.on of the "The tabulations should show at least the num Cammittee on I.he 1950 Censi1s of the Americas, Bogota, January 9-21, 1950. Document 1950 a - (COTA) - ber of places of each size and their population, 2/1/50 - 400. Page 14. III. DEFINITIONS AND CLASSIFICATIONS IN RECENT CENSUSES
Some distinction between urban and rural pop relatively small or smallest geographic units into ulation is made in the statistics of practically all which the country is divided for administrative censuses. The categories shown may not bear the purposes) in which the whole population of the labels "urban" and "rural" ; the country may not commune, municipality, township or other minor even have an official definition of urban and rural civil division is classified as either urban or rural population; but almost without exception, the cen on the basis of chosen criteria. In this method, the sus data can be made to yield information for pur unit of classification is the administrative division poses of urban-rural comparison. The distinction rather than the agglomeration. between urban and rural may be in the form of A variation of this approach, which perhaps statistics for individual important cities which, represents a third approach (and which will be taken together, furnish data on urban character treated separately in the discussion that follows) istics that may be compared with data for the is the method in which the administrative centres country as a whole, or for the remainder of the of all minor divisions are classified as urban and country. Again, the distinction may be in the form the remainders of the divisions are classified as of statistics for small geographic divisions, which, rural. when classified into population size groups, usually bear a positive relation to the degree of urbaniza The other general approach is the classification tion and may therefo re form a basis for urban of agglomerations or population clusters, in which rural comparisons of a simple type. the urban population is identified as the inhabi tants of closely settled "localities", "places", or Of the fifty-three countries for which one or "centres" above a given size, or with other specified more censuses were examined for this study, fifty one give statistics which may be regarded as characteristics. In this method, the unit of classifi urban-rural classifications. The two exceptions are cation is the agglomeration, and official boundary lines of administrative divisions are ignored unless Costa Rica ( 1927) and Thailand ( 1947) which specifically disclaim such a classification, but which they happen to furnish convenient units for com bination to form the larger agglomerations. do give statistics for minor geographic divisions that _can be combined into size groups. In a few Since administrative organization is so closely other cases there is not an official designation of bound up with urban-rural classification, informa these data as urban or rural, and perhaps no tion on the administrative divisions of the various official definition of urban or rural population, but countries is presented in the appendix table of this the authorization to regard the data as approxi report. The definitions of urban and rural popula mating an urban-rural classification is neverthe tion are given also, in order to show the relation less given. In the 1930 census of the Netherlands, between administrative divisions and urban-rural for example, statistics are shown for communes by definitions and thus to make the definitions them size classes, but it is pointed out that, while com selves more comprehensible. The information on mimes of 20,000 or more inhabitants may be administrative divisions is limited to the class regarded as urban, there are several communes in name and number of major, intermediate, and this class that are partially or entirely rural and a minor divisions, and to other types of divisions number of smaller communes that should be con not necessarily administrative in character, but sidered as urban. Again, in connexion with the relevant to the problem of urban-rural classifica Belgian census of 1930, it is stated that communes tion. A fuller description of the governmental and having 5,000 or more inhabitants are "generally administrative organization of each country would considered as urban". be even more helpful in understanding urban-rural The methods used in the various censuses for classifications, but was not undertaken for this classifying the population as urban or rural repre report for reasons of time and space. sent two general approaches. The first is the classi It should be understood that the definitions fication of administrative di visions (usually the given in the table are not necessarily "official" in
6 any strict sense of the word. Some of them were In many countries, it is the practice to set up implied -bY the organization of the data, rather special forms of local government, involving con than specified in so many words, in the sources siderable autonomy in matters of taxation, police from which they were taken. However, it was protection, sanitation, etc., in areas of significant considered advisable to include censuses with rele concentration of population. The establishment of vant classifications, even though these classifica these city or urban forms of government may be tions might not be labelled "urban" or "rural", for through incorporation, issuance of charters, or the present report is concerned as much with the some other official action. This type of procecllure availability and comparability of census data that furnishes a very convenient basis for identifying can be used for urban-rural analysis as with the urban areas. Among the countries which are cov existence of explicit definitions. ered in this study, the following have defined the urban population, for census purposes, as residents 1. Classifications of administrative divisions of such areas (or have presented separate statis The smallest administrative divisions in the tics for such areas) : different countries vary in area, organization and Australia Romania function. They often contain some concentrated Bulgaria Union of South Africa population and some dispersed population, some Canada USSR population engaged in typically urban occupations Ceylon United Kingdom and some in typically rural pursuits. Any classifi Finland England and Wales cation in which the whole population of these ad H ungary Northern Ireland ministrative divisions is treated as a unit therefore Ireland Scotland yields somewhat heterogeneous categories. How Japan United States ever, such a classification has the advantage of New Zealand Yugoslavia producing census statistics for areas that have Poland relatively stable and generally recognized boun In addition, Denmark, Norway and Sweden daries. Usually, comparable classifications can have published statistics in accordance with this readily be made in other statistics, such as vital definition as well as in accordance with a more statistics, that are compiled only for administrative comprehensive definition that includes in the areas. The possibility of combination with statis urban classification, suburban concentrations and tics from other sources is much more limited when population clusters of a non-administrative type. special areas that do not conform to established geographic boundaries are delineated by the cen Because practices differ, both within and among sus for the purposes of urban-rural classification. the countries, with respect to the granting of "urban" status in the administrative or govern The classification of administrative divisions is mental sense, there is considerable variation in the effected in a number of different ways and in ac size and characteristics of the population units that cordance with various criteria. They are of three were classified as urban in the censuses. Thus, the general types: (a) based on the kind of local smallest urban places in Canada had less than 200 government, ( b) based on the total number of in inhabitants, while the smallest in Japan had more habitants, and ( c) based on characteristics that do than 20,000. Again, the boundaries of the incorpo not apply to the whole area (e.g., the size of the rated place in the United States, while usually en principal cluster or the percentage of the popula closing only thickly settled territory, often excluded tion engaged in agriculture). suburban concentrations that might well be classi fied as urban; whereas the incorporated munici (a) CLASSTFICATIONS BY TYPE OF LOCAL pality of Japan often included more than one GOVERNMENT cluster of population as well as considerable terri tory of a definitely rural character. The most common basis for classifying admin istrative divisions into urban and rural categories Certain of the countries listed above have re is the type of local government or administration. stricted the urban classification, for census pur By this method, centres of population that have poses, to those areas with urban status that have what is regarded as a city or urban form of gov more than a given number of inhabitants. Scotland ernment are classified as urban and all other areas has adopted a minimum of 1,000, Ireland of 1,500 are classified as rural. Somewhat less than half the and the United States of 2,500. In the statistics of censuses included in this review used this criterion Canada, the urban is often taken as incorporated in one form or another in distinguishing the urban places of 1,000 or more, although the official defi from the rural population. nition includes incorporated places of all sizes. Further, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland and 1sbcs of part of the population. In the censuses the Umted States have departed from the bas\c of France and Luxembourg, commimes contain definition by delineating certain additional popula ing an administrative centre (or chef-lieu) of tion clusters, and classifying them as urban even 2,000 or more inhabitants were classified as urban, though they have not been formally established as all other commitncs as rural. In the 1940 census such. of Greece, communes or municipalities whose It should I.Jc noted again here that some of the largest agglomeration exceeded 5,000 inhabitants countries which give statistics separately for areas were classified as urban, all others as rural. In with urban status and for other areas do not have the 1936 census of Italy, communes with less than "official" definitions. Moreover, it should be SO per cent of the economically active population remembered that some countries may not have engaged in agriculture were classified as urban, very close equivalents of the terms "urban" and all others as rural. "rural" in their· languages or at least in their census terminology. For example, in the statistics 2. Classifications based on administrative of Japan, the term shi (referring to the incorpo functions rated 111unicipalily) is usually translated as "city" In some censuses, the population cluster that and the term gun as "rural county". The terms serves as a seat of administration for the minor machi and nmra (referring to the two types of administrative division is classified as urban and area that comprise the g1m) are often translated the remainder of the division as rural. Such seats as "towns" and "villages". Actually these areas, of administration of course include national capi like the shi, generally contain one or more clusters tals and the capitals of major or intermediate of population and some dispersed population and divisions. In general, the capital of a major divi open country. On the whole, the machi contains sion is also the administrative centre of the inter larger clusters than the ·mttra. For many pur mediate or minor division in which it is located. poses, the division between urban and rural is Countries which have used this type of classifi made by taking each shi, niachi and 1-mtra above cation in their censuses are : Egypt, Brazil, a given population size as urban and the remain Colombia, the Dominican Republic, El Salvador, der as rural. Honduras, Guatemala, Peru, and Turkey.1 In these countries, some urban places may be very (b) CLASSIFICATIONS BY TOTAL NUMBER OF small, in some cases less than inhabitants. INHABITANTS 100 Turkey has added to the urban classification In some censuses, the basjs of the urban-rural all other towns with a population of more than classification is the total number of inhabitants of 2,000, but there were in the census of 1945, eight the minor administrative divisions. The minimum places of less than 500 inhabitants which qualified number that has been set for qualifying an area as as urban through being the chief centres of minor urban varies considerably. The seven countries divisions. Similarly, Peru has added to the urban using this type of definition in their censuses had classification all non-administrative clusters with the following minimum requirements : a population that e.""
9 be computed until its limits have been set. A The applicability or relevance of the methods densit1 criterion docs have some value, however, described above varies in accordance with the in the delimiting of suburbs or urban fringes, conditions existing in the several countries. It providing data are obtainable on the area and would be impossible to construct a set of specific population of small geographic units. The United rules for the identification and delimitation of States has used such a criterion in delineating population clusters that would be susceptible of ."metropolitan districts", adding to the central international adoption at this juncture. Probably, incorporated city all the adjacent and contiguous the comparability of statistics would not be seri minor civil divisions with a density above a pre ously affected by considerable variation in the determined level. methods whereby the limits of the cluster are determined. The greatest potential contribution Another kind of criterion that has been sug to comparability is already achieved when agree gested, and appears to have been used to a limited ment is reached on the general principle of classi extent, is the presence or absence of certain insti fying the population by size of agglomeration and tutionalized services that are usual concomitants when a standard set of size classes has been of urban life. Among these are: systems of local adopted. public transportation; telephone service; avail ability of running water, electricity and gas; door Whatever particular method is adopted, a pre to-door mail delivery; presence of churches, liminary listing and mapping of all clusters that schools, market places, or other symbols of local are to be identified and counted in the census is ized community life. The difficulty here is that in desirable, since. this ensures relatively uniform and some regions, some or all such services have been objective standards of classification, at least at extended far into farm and rural areas. In other the national level. Where it is not practicable to ~cgions, n:any of these services are lacking even undertake listing and subsequently enumerating tn rather important centres of population. Thus, all the numerous very small clusters of population they represent characteristics that are not neces that exist in almost every country, a careful guess sarily confined to or typical of the city in the at the size of small clusters could be made during spatial or physical sense, but are associated with urbanism in the cultural sense. It would seerh, the preliminary listing, and places below a given therefore, that any use of criteria of this type size eliminated from the list. This "given size" would necessarily be, at most, of a supplementary should be well below any minimum that is con nature only, their application confined to cases templated for presentation in census results, so where other conditions more closely related to as to provide for a full count of clusters at the agglomerations per se have already been met. minimum level.
1'0 . ~
IV. TABULATIONS .OF URBAN AND RURAL POPULATION IN RECENT CENSUSES
It should be emphasized that the size-of-place Each of the remammg characteristics was classification proposed by the Population Com tabulated in less than half of the forty-nine cen mission, with a cross-classification by age and suses, the lowest frequency being that for mother sex, is recommended in add·ition to the tabulations tongue, with only seven censuses presenting tabu normally made for urban and rural populations as lations. However, thirteen of the censuses gave defined in each country. Many countries have tabulations of language spoken, ability to speak made rather extensive tabulations for urban and designated languages, or mother tongue. rural divisions of their population and these data The discussion which follows on the major are of considerable value for analytical purposes types of data tabulated for each subject does not in spite of their limited comparability. The dis touch on problems of comparability in census cussion in this section is concerned with the prin methods or definition. These are dealt with in cipal types of urban-rural tabulations that have the United Nations report, P opiilation C enstts appeared in recent publications. Methods. 1 The information on tabulations covers forty nine countries. This information does not in all cases refer to the latest census. In general, the 2. Tabulations by age and sex census selected was the latest one for which com plete information could be obtained. The defini All except two of the countries that classified tions presented in the appendix table apply to the the urban and rural population by age cross-classi censuses mentioned in this section as well as to fied the data by sex. The age-groups tabulated the later censuses for which tabulations are not show considerable variation (see table 2). It available. would be impossible to select a set of useful age I. Major characteristics tabulated for urban groups into which the data for all the countries and rural areas could be combined. However, for the three broad age groups, under 15, 15-59, 60 and over, which For the purposes of this report, "major charac teristics" were taken as those recommended by are useful for many purposes, the desired com binations could be made for twenty-seven of the the United Nations Population Commission for censuses shown in the table. For the eight age investigation in population censuses to be taken groups proposed by the Population Commission, in or about 1950. Table 1 shows, for each census, which of these characteristics were represented in the appropriate combinations could be made for twenty-four of the censuses. census reports for urban and rural areas. 0£ the forty-nine countries, four (Canada, the United States, Belgium and Czechoslovakia) pre sented tabulations for all ten of the characteris 3. Tabulations of marital status tics listed. Four countries (Switzerland, Mexico, Data on the marital status of the population in Romania and the USSR) presented tabulations for nine of the characteristics. urban and rural areas are valuable for various purposes. These data are particularly useful if The characteristics most frequently tabulated, cross-classified by age and sex. All but one of the in order of frequency, were: censuses that presented data on marital status for Ce11suses Sex ...... 47 Age by sex ...... 32 1 United Nations. Department of Social Affairs, Popu Families or households ...... 32 lation Division and Department of Economic Affairs, Marital status ...... 30 Statistical Office of the United Nations. Population Cen Birthplace ...... 27 s1i.s Methods. (ST/SOA/Series A, Population Studies, Economic characteristics ...... 26 No. 4.) Lake Success, 1950.
11 the urban and rural population made the classifi 8. Tabulations of fertility characteristics cation bj sex (see table 3). All except eight tabu lated the data by age for each sex. Only ten censuses presented data for urban and rural areas that can be regarded as direct measures of fertility. The censuses presenting such data are 4. Tabulations by place of birth, legal nation indicated in column (8) of table 1. The types of ality and language classifications made include tabulations of the Differences between urban and rural areas are number of women by number of children borne often related to differences in the composition of (Canada, United States, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, the population with respect to nativity, legal na Germany, Hungary, Norway, Switzerland) and tionality, and language. In thirty of the censuses, tabulations of married persons or married couples data on one or more of these subjects were pre by duration of marriage and number of children sented separately for the urban and rural popula (Austria, Germany, the Netherlands, Norway). tion. The major types of data presented are shown In some cases, the data are tabulated by age of in table 4 for place of birth and legal nationality woman or by age of one or both spouses. and in table 1 for mother tongue, language spoken, or ability to speak designated Ianguages. Althoug11 data of this type are valuable for in tensive analysis of fertility trends and levels, it should be noted that indirect measures of fertility 5. Tabulations of educational characteristics may be obtained from the tabulations by age, sex Another basic consideration in urban-rural dif and marital status, and from data on household (or family) size and composition. ferences is education. Of the nineteen censuses presenting such data for the urban and rural popu lation, nine gave data on literacy and illiteracy and 9. Tabulations of other characteristics ten gave data on educational attainment (see table 5) . Four of these presented data on both literacy A number of censuses have presented urban and educational attainment. and rural tabulations for such characteristics as religion, income, migration, physical and mental 6. Tabulations of economic characteristics defect, and housing. Censuses presenting data on these characteristics are listed below : The relevance of tabulations of economic charac teristics to urban-rural analysis needs no explana (a) Religions of the population : tion. Most of the censuses that presented tabula tions of the economically active population by oc Canada, 1941 Netherlands, 1930 cupation or industry group for the urban and rural Mexico, 1940 Norway, 1930 India, 1931 Romania, 1930 population classified these data by industrial or Bulgaria, 1934 Switzerland, 1941 social status (sec table 6). About half of them also Czechoslovakia, 1930 Northern Ireland, 1937 presented tabulations of the population dependent Finland, 1940 IY ugoslavia, 1931 on various types of economic activity (i.e., the Hungary, 1930 Australia, 1933 Iceland, 1930 New Zealand, 1936 economically active in each type of economic activ Ireland, 1936 ity plus inactive persons dependent upon them for a livelihood). (b) Income:
Canada, 1941 Sweden, 1945 7. Tabulations of households or families United States, 1940 Australia, 1933 Norway, 1930 New Zealand, 1936 About three out of five of the censuses exam ined gave information on the number of house (c) Migration data: holds or families in urban and rural areas. These Canada, 1941 Iceland, 1930 data can be used for computing the average size United States, 1940 Switzerland, 1941 of family (or household). In addition some of the Czechoslovakia, 1930 USSR, 1926 censuses presented tabulations of households by Denmark, 1940 Australia, 1933 the number of persons in the household and a few ( d) Physical or mental defect: presented tabulations by the number of children in certain age groups (see table 7). These data per Mexico, 1940 Iceland, 1930 mit some insight into urban-rural differences with Turkey, 1935 Norway, 1930 Bulgaria, 1934 Romania, 1930 respect to family size and composition Czechoslovakia, 1930 USSR, 1926
12 ( e) Housing characteristics : . ,._ 1 O. Other tabulations Cuba, 1943 Romania, 1930 The present report has not exhausted the data United States, 1940 Switzerland, 1941 that are available in the censuses examined. Belgium, 1930 England and Wales, 1931 Czechoslovakia, 1930 Northern Ireland, 1937 Numerous detailed tabulations and further cross France, 1946 Scotland, 1931 classifications were presented for many of the Hungary, 1930 Yugoslavia, 1931 characteristics investigated by the various cen Ireland, 1936 Australia, 1933 Netherlands, 1930 N cw Zealand, 1936 suses. Only the main categories and more basic Norway, 1930 cross-classifications have been indicated here.
13 Table 1. Major ch aracterist ics tabulat ed for urban and rural areas in recent censuses
"x" indicates that the specified characteristic was presented; "(x)" that it was presented only for certain urban areas and for the remaindei of the country (see note at end of table) ; "- " that it was not presented; " . . " that information was not available or was not complete.
Census A111by J!arital Plau of L1(Jal Educational EcoNomic Hoou1holds Cotmtry y~ar Sir u.r statu.s birth nationality Longuogr cltaractnUtic1 Fertility charactaristics or /amili11
(I) (2) (3) ( 4) (S) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)
AFRlCA Egypt ...... · ·. · 1937 x (x) (x) - (x) - (x) - .. (x) Union of South Africa . . 1936 x x x x x2 xts
AMt:RICA Argentina ...... 1947 x Brazil ...... 1940 x Canada ...... 1941 x x x x x x x x (x) x Chile ...... 1940 x ------x Colombia ...... 1938 (x) (x) -- - - (x) Cuba ...... 1943 (x) (x) (x) (x) (x) - (x) - - (x) Dominican Republic ...... 1935 x - -- x .... El Salvador ...... 1930 x ~ Guatemala ...... 1940 x Honduras ...... ····· 1945 x 1\Iexico ...... 1940 x (x) (x) (x) (x) (x)6 (x) - (x) (x) Nicaragua ...... 1940 x Panama ...... 1940 x x x x x - x - (x) x Peru ...... · 1940 ------x United States ...... 1940 x x x x x x x x x x Venezuela ...... 1941 x x
ASIA Ceylon ...... 1946 x India ...... · · 1931 x (x) (x) (x) - - (x) - - xo Japan ·············· ..... 1930 x x x x x -- - x x Turkey ...... 1935 x x (x) (x) (x) (x) x - (x)
EUROPE Austria ...... 1934 x ------x Belgium ...... 1930 x x x x x x7 x x x x Bulgaria ...... 1934 x x x x - x& x - x x Czechoslovakia ...... 1930 x (x) (x) (x) (x) (x)S (x) (x) x (x) Denmark ...... 1940 x x x (x) - - - - x (x) Finland ················· 1940 x x x x - x5 - - x France ...... ··········· 19-16 x Germany ...... 1933 x x x x x x Greece ...... 1940 x ...... Hungary ...... 1930 x :x (x) x x x (x) x x Iceland ...... 1930 x x x x x x xJ Ireland ...... 1936 x (x) (x) (x) (x) (x) Italy ...... 1936 x - - - x x X etherlands ..... ········ 1930 x x :x x x :x x x Norway ...... 1930 x x x x :x x x x Poland ...... 1946 x x - Portugal ...... 1940 x - - - - Romania ...... 1930 x x x x x x x x x Sweden ... ·············· 19-15 x x x x x x x Switzerland ...... ······ 19-11 x x :x x x x (x) x x United Kingdom: England and \l\1ales . ... 1931 x x x (x) (x) x x Northern Ireland ...... 1937 x x x x x Scotland ...... 1931 x (x) (x) (x) (x) USSR ...... 1926 x x :x x x x~ x x x Yugosla\·ia ...... 1931 x x x x x
OCEANIA u . Australia ...... 1933 x x x x x x x x ~ew Zealand ...... 1936 x x x x x x
l'\oTE. Items marked "(x)" were presented for areas that do not wholly 1 Unless otherwise indicated, the data referred to mother tongue. conform to official definitions. Adjustments of the uI"ban category were as 2 These data were tabulated for the Asiatic, Coloured and European popula follows: Egypt-excluding chief-towns of districts ; Canada-excluding urban tions only. places of less than 1,000 inhabitants; Colombia-including administrative 3 The tabulations showed languages spoken and ability to speak designated centres of less than 1,500 inhabitants; Cuba-excluding u rban places of less languages. than 5,000 inhabitants; Mexico-excluding localities of 2,500 to 10,000 in habitants; Panama-excluding urban centres of less than 2,000 inhabitants; 4 Final tabulations are not a\·ailable. The language questions on the census India-excluding towns of less than 100,000 inhabitants; Turkey-excluding schedule, however, referred to languages spoken and ability to speak desig towns of less than 10,000 inhabitants; Czechoslovakia-excluding places of nated languages. less than 10,000 inhabitants; Denmark-excluding suburbs and urban agglo 5 The tabulations showed languages spoken. merations in rural comm1111es; Hungary-excluding "county towns"; I reland 6 The tabulations showed number of occupied houses. -including seven towns of less than 1,500 i11J1abitants; Switzerland-excluding 1 The tabulations showed ability to speak designated languages. urban places of less than 30,000 inhabitants; England and \Vales-excluding urban areas of less than 50,000 inhabitants, but including all county boroughs 8 The tabulations were labelled "ethnic nationalit)~' but pertained almost ex and metropolitan boroughs; Scotland~cluding special districts (age, mari clusively to the mother tongue reported. tal status, households or families), excluding urban places of less than 20,000 9 The data were tabulated separately by age and by sex but not by age and (economic characteristics). sex together. Table 2. Tabulations by age and sex for urban and rural areas in recent censu ses
This table is limited to censuses for which tabulations by age and sex for urban and rural areas were available. Tabulations are for the sarpe urban or rural categories as indicated in table 1. Except where otherwise noted, age and sex were cross-tabulated.
Mosl detailed age grtmps show11 AQe ra71ge covered Age rtinge covered by 5-year groups by 10-year gro101>s Cens11s Age ra.. ge covered (but not by (b·11t not by Country year by si11gle years single years) 5-year gro11ps) Other age groups s/1ow11
AFRICA Egypt ...... 1937 0 to4 5 to 59 60to 99 loo+ Union of South Africa .. 1936 Oto20 20 to 99 21-24. loo+ AMERICA Canada ...... 1941 Oto94 9s+ Colombia ...... 1938 7 to 14 0-7, 15-29, 30+ Cuba ...... 1943 Oto4 s-13, 14-19, 20-49, so+ Mexico ...... 1940 Oto4 5 to 99 Under 1 month, 1-11months,100+ Panama ...... 19-m Oto89 90+ United States ...... 1940 0 to99 Venezuela ...... 1941 Under 1 0 to 9 10 to69 L~r 1month,1-5 months, 6-11 months, 7o+ ASIA India ...... 1931 Oto4 5 to 19 20 to 59 60+ ...... Turkey ...... •. ..•.. 1935 6 to 19 Oto4 20 to94 95+ EUROPE °' Belgium ...... 1930 0-6, 7-14, 15-20, 21-59, 60+ Bulgaria ...... 1934 0 to89 90+ Czechoslovakia ...... • 1930 0 to 4 5 to 24 25-44,45-64,65-79, so+ Denmark ...... 1940 Oto99 100+ Finland ...... 1940 0 to 104 105+ Germany ...... 1933 Oto99 100+ Hungary ...... 19301 10 to 19 20 to 59 0-2, 3-5, 6-9, 10-11, 12-14, 60+ Iceland ...... • 1930 A ll ages Ireland ...... 1936 Oto99 loo+ Netherlands ...... 1930 0 to 99 Under 1 month, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6-7, 8-9. 10-11 months, 100+ Norway ...... 1930 Oto99 100+ Poland ...... 19461 0-17, 18-59, 60+ Romania ...... 1930 Oto99 100+ Sweden ...... 1945 Oto94 95+ Switzerland ...... 1941 Oto94 95+ United Kingdom : England and Wales .. . 1931 Oto99 100+ Northern Ireland .... . 1937 Oto94 95+ Scotland ...... 1931 Under 1 Oto84 1-4, 85+ USSR ...... 1926 Oto99 100+ Yugoslavia ...... 1931 0-10, 11-19, 20-39, 40-59, 60+ OCEANIA Australia ...... 1933 Oto99 100+ New Zealand ...... 1936 Oto24 25 to 74 15, 16-19, 20, 21-24, 75+
i The data were tabulated separately by age and by sex, but not by age and sex together. Table 3. Tabulations of marital status for urban and rural areas in recent censuses . ~ This table is limited to censuses for which tabulations of marital status for urban and rural areas were available. Tabulations are for the same urban or rural categories as indicated in table 1. "x" indicates that the specified classification was presented; "-" that it was not presented.
N1w•bar of marital Crou-classi/ication.1 Census .notiu ccu1gori.: Cou nlr:JI ytar shuum1 Stx Ag~byses
(I) (2) (l)
AFRICA Egypt ...... 1937 4 x Union of South Africa ...... 1936 4 x x AMERICA Canada ...... 1941 52 x x Cuba ...... 1943 4 x Mexico ...... 1940 5s x x Panama ...... 1940 53 x United States ...... 1940 4 x x ASIA India ...... • ...... 1931 3' x x Turkey ...... 1935 4 x x EUROl'F. Belgium ...... • ...... 1930 4 x x Bulgaria ...... • ...... 1934 4 x x Czechoslovakia ...... 1930 52 x Denmark ...... 1940 52 x x Finhnd ...... 1940 4 x x Germany ...... 1933 4 x x Hungary ...... • ...... 1930 4 Iceland ...... 1930 4 x x Ireland ...... 1936 3+ x x Netherlands ...... 1930 52 x x Norway ...... 1930 ..J x x Romania ...... • ...... 1930 4 x Sweden ...... 1945 4 x x Swit7.erland ...... 1941 4 x x United Kingdom : England and Wales ...... 1931 4 x x Northern Ireland ...... 1937 4 x x Scotland ...... 1931 4 x USSR ...... 1926 4 x x
OCEANIA Australia ...... 1933 4 x New Zealand ...... 1936 5.:i x x
1 Where four categories are indicated, they were: a The categories were : single, married, consensually single, married, widowed, divorced. married, widowed, divorced. ' The categories were : single, married, widowed. 2 The categories were: single, married, separated, wid G The categories were: single, married, legally sepa· owed, divorced. rated, widowed, divorced.
17 Table ~ Major types of data on birthplace and legal nationality for urban and rural areas in recent censuses
This table is limited to censuses for which tabulations of either birthplace or legal nationality for urban and rural areas were available. Tabulations arc for the same urban or rural categories as indicated in table l. "x" indicates that the specified classification was presented; "-" that it was not presented; " " that information was not available or was not complete.
Birthplace Legal nalio..a/ity D1'stinction Di11i,.ction Co1rn1rr between Locality betw11n of le11a 11c.tive a.ncl of birth nationals noiiona.Jity forri11n-born of nativt1 and aliens of alieru
(I) (2) (3) (4)
AVRICA Egypt ...... 1937 x x Union of South A Erica ...... 1936 x1 x x2 x2
AMl,RICi\ Canada ...... 1941 xi x x Cuba ...... 1943 xt x Domi11ican Republic ...... 1935 x Mexico ...... 1940 x x x Panama ...... 1940 x x x U11itc 0CP.AN!A Australia ...... 1933 xt x x x New Zealand ...... 1936 xl x 1 Foreign-born were shown by country of birth. s The data were shown for the white population only. 2 The data were shown for the Asiatic, Coloured and European populations only. 18 Table 5. Tabulations of educational characteristics for urban and rural areas in recent censuses . ~ This table is limited to censuses for which tabulations of educational characteristics for urban and rural areas were available. Tabulations are for the same urban or rural categories as indicated in table 1. "x" indicates that the specified classification was presented; "-" that it was not presented. Types of do1a 1/wtun Ccnw.1 Abili:r IO!'•ad Ability to Educu.tional Country year aH wnte read only atto.innient (I) (2) (3) AFRICA Egypt 1937 x x AMERICA Canada ...... 1941 x Colombia ...... 1938 x Cuba ...... 1943 x Mexico ...... 1940 x x x Pauama ...... 1940 x United States ...... 1940 x ASIA India ...... 1931 x Turkey ...... 1935 x x EUROPE Belgium ...... 1930 x Bulgaria ...... 1934 x x Czechoslovakia ...... 1930 x x I [ungary ...... 1930 x Netherlands ...... 1930 xi Romania ...... 1930 x x Swedcu ...... 1945 x USSR ...... 1926 x Yugoslavia ...... 1931 x 0C£AN!A Australia ...... 1933 ...; 1 The data related to university graduates. 2 The data related to persons receiving schooling, tabulated by place of instruction. 19 Table 6. Tabulations of economic characteristics for urban and rural areas in recent censuses This table is limited to censuses for which tabulations of economic characteristics for urban and rural areas were available. Tabulations are for the same urban or rural categories as indicated in table 1. "x" indicates that the specified classification was presented; "-" that it was not presented. Economically active po/n•lolion Popt1/olio11 depen dent 011 tlllr'IOl (I) (2) (3) AMi::RICA Canada ...... 1941 x 1fexico ...... 1940 x x Panama ...... ·" ...... 1940 x United States ...... 1940 x x ASIA Turkey ...... 1935 x EuRoPr: Belgium ...... 1930 x x Bulgaria ...... 1934 x x x Czechoslovakia ...... 1930 x x x Denmark ...... 1940 x x x Finland ...... 1940 x x x Germany ...... 1933 x x x Hungary ...... 1930 x x x Iceland ...... 1930 x x x Ireland ...... · · ·. 1936 x Italy ...... 1936 x Norway ...... 1930 x x x Romanin ...... 1930 x x Sweden ...... 1945 x x x Switzerland ...... 1941 x x United Kingdom: England and Wales ...... 1931 x x Scotland ...... 1931 x USSR ...... 1926 x x x Yugoslavia ...... 1931 x x :x: OCEANIA Australia ...... 1933 x x New Zealand ...... 1936 x 20 " h ~ Table 7. Tabulations of household or family characteristics for urban and rural areas in recent · ... censuses This table is limited to censuses for which tabulations of either household or family characteristics for urban and rural areas were available. Tabulations are for the same urban or rural categories as indicated in table 1. "x" indicates that the specified classification was presented ; "-" that it was not presented; " " that information was not available or was not complete. Number of Households Households by ''"'"' Census ho1ueholds by number bcr of ci>·ildren Co1mtr.)I :year or families of persons of specified a()'1S (1) (2) (Jr) AMtmICA Canada ... - . .... _.. •. -.. -. . -_...... 1941 x x x Chile ...... ·- ...... 1940 x Cuba ...... -· ... - ...... -· ...... 1943 x x Mexico _. - ... - . - ...... -- . -· · · · · · · · · · 1940 x x Panama _. _. _.. _...... 1940 x Peru ...... 1940 x United States ...... 1940 x x x AsrA India 1931 xi EuROl'E Belgium ...... 1930 x x x Bulgaria ...... 1934 x x x Denmark ...... 1940 x x x France ...... 1946 x x Germany ...... 1930 x x Hungary ...... 1930 x x Iceland ...... 1930 x x Italy ...... 1936 x Netherlands ...... 1930 x x x Norway ...... 1930 x x Romania ...... 1930 x x Sweden ...... 1945 x x Switzerland ...... 1941 x United Kingdom: England and Wales ...... 1931 x x Northern Ireland ...... 1937 x x Scotland ...... 1931 x x USSR ...... 1926 x Yugoslavia ...... 1931 x OCEANIA New Zealand ...... 1936 x x 1 The data referred to the number of occupied houses. 21 APPENDIX Administrative divisions by type and number, and u r ban-rural definitions, for fifty-three countries J Continml Numbe r and type o f division Ce11sus d1/i11ilio" qf a11d urban or r1'ral co•mlry Y1ar Major l11lermtdiate Mi11or Otl11r divisions orea.11 tw classificalio11s AFRICA Egypt ...... 1937 5 go,·ernorates 6 cities Urban: goyernorates, chief towns 14 provinces 85 districts 3,756 towns and of provinces, and chief towns villages of districts 4 frontier 15 districts and oases s.t yiJlages governorates Union of South Africa 1936 4 provinces 248 magisterial 493 areas with some Urban: all areas possessing some districts form of local go,-- form of local go,·ernment ernment: munici- palities, village boards and coun- cils, health commit- tees, township boards, etc. . . Other: rural sub- urbs, rural town- N N ships, farming a reas, Native re- sen·es, etc. AMERICA Argentina ...... 1947 1 federal capital .. Cities and other Urban: cities and populated cen- 14 provinces } .. Departments and populated centres tres of 2,000 or more inhabi- 10 territories districts identified for tants census purposes Brazil ...... 1940 1 federal district } Urban: principal towns of dis- 20 states 1,574 1mmicipios 4,s.t2 districts .. Urban, suburban tricts and their suburbs. A dis- 1 territory and rural zones trict may not be established until the chief centre contains at least 30 households and the urban and suburban limirs have been determined Canada ...... 1941 2 territories i" Continent Numbtr a .. d type of div i 1io 11 Cc1wu dt/inilio,. of and urban or rwral country Year Major Int1r1nediolt Minor Otlitr divisiom artas1 Ot' clauiftcation1 ' ASIA Ceylon 1946 9provinces 19 districts 3 municipalities Urban: municipalities and urban 38 urban council council areas areas .. Villages India ...... 1941 17 provinces 231 districts 764 municipalities Urban: municipalities and towns, . . Unincorporated 960 "towns" for i.e., places of 5,000 or more in territory census purposes habitants, possessing definite 459,391 villages urban characteristics. A few 23 states and agencies . . Districts 979 municipalities places of less than 5,000 were and "towns" also included 196,501 villages Rural: villages Japan ...... 1947 46 prefectures 214 incorporated Urban: incorporated municipali municipalities (s/ii) ties, most of which contained .. Rural counties 1,811 towns (111achi) a population cluster of at least (g1m) {8,480 villages 30,000 inhabitants (11mra) Thailand ...... 1938 70 provinces 479 districts 4,728 com1111111es 49,752 villages No definition, but statistics for ~ communes classified into popu lation size groups are given in the census Turkey ...... 1945 63 provinces 1 Istanbul City Urban: towns, i.e., places with a 459 districts 458 chief towns of municipal organization. This districts• 34,065 towns and includes chief towns of prov 940 communes villages inces and districts regardless of (b11cak) size and other populated cen tres of more than 2,000 inhabi tants EUROPE Austria ...... 1934 1 capital city Urban : co111111imes of more than 8provinces 91 districts 4,396 communes 2,000 inhabitants including the ( Gemeinde11) capital city Belgium ...... 1947 9provinces 41 districts 2,670 C0111111 lllUS Urban: com111T111es of 5,000 or more inhabitants Bulgaria ...... 1946 9 districts 95 arro11dissements 3,000 co1111111111eso 106 towns Urban: towns, i.e., places legally . . Villages established as urban Czechoslovakia ...... 1930 4 provinces 1 national capital Urban: communes of 2,000 or 656 districts ( okres) 7 autonomous cities more inhabitants, including the 15,724 co1111111111es 20,479 \•illages and national capital and the 7 au settlements tonomous cities ])cnrnark ...... 1945 1 capital Urban: the capital; towns; sub 22 departments 86towns urban cu111111imes and parishes 1,304 rural commimes 1,801 parishes 549 agglomerations in rural areas ; agglomerations with 250 or more of 250 or more inhabitants in inhabitants rural areas Finland •...... 1940 10 departments 38towns Urban : towns, i.e., places legally 541 rural co1m111mes established as urban France ...... 1946 90 departments 311 arro11di.rst111e11ts6 37,983 co1111mmes Urban : com1111111ts having more than 2,000 inhabitants in the chief town ( c/1ef-lieri) Germany ...... 1933 29 states (Under) 65 major administra- 50,881 c1n111111111es Urban: commwrts of 2,000 or and provinces tive districtsT ( Gemeindeti) more inhabitants Greece ...... 1940 38 departments 140 provinces 72 municipalities Urban : municipalities and 'com- 5,619 commimes 1111111es having 5,000 or more inhabitants in the largest centre of population Hungary ...... 1948 14 autonomous cities Urban: autonomous cities and 25 counties 45 county towns county towns 150 arro11di.rst111e11ts 3,241 co1111111mes Iceland ...... 1930 8towns Urban: towns and centres with 18 cantons 204 CO'n1111fllltS 24 populated centres more than 300 inhabitants of 300 or more inhabitants Ireland ...... 1946 4 provinces Urban: boroughs, urban districts, Dun Laoghaire Bar- administrative towns and cen- ough and 4 county sus towns of 1,500 or more in- boroughs habitants 26counties 6 municipal boroughs 51 urban districts 160 rural districts 26 administrative towns N 20 census towns CJ\ .. Other clusters of 20 or more houses Italy ...... 1936 94 provinces 7,339 co1111111mes .. Populated centres Urban: cu11mm11es with less than . . Scattered houses 50 per cent of the economicalJy active population engaged in agriculture Luxembourg ...... 1935 4 districts 13 ca11to11s 125 co1111111mes .. Inhabited places : Urban : commmres having more towns, villages, than 2,000 inhabitants in the hamlets, farms,etc. chief town (chef-lie") Netherlands ...... 1946 11 provinces 1,016 municipalities Urban : municipalities of 20,000 (ge111ee11te11) or more inhabitants Norway ...... 1946 2 prefectural cities Urban: cities and towns. In ad- 18 prefectures 64 towns dition, the following classifica- 56 rural districts 680 rural commm1es .. Suburbs and tions are shown: (1) suburbs agglomerations in of cities and towns in rural rural co1111111mes co1miim1es, (2) agglomera- tions in rural C0'11111111nes, (3) stdctly rural P oland ...... 1946 2 independent cities Urban: cities and towns regard- 14 voivods/iips 20 cities less of number of inhabitants 274 counties 720towns 3,016 rural boroughs .. Villages Portugal ...... 194-0 22 districts 302 counties 3,975 parishes 37,761 inhabited Urban: places of more than ( C011sel/1os) f.laces ( lugares 2,000 inhabitants abitados) Appendix (concluded) Ctmline11I Number and type of divisio11 Census dt/inition of o"d urban or rural country Ytor Major Intermediate Mit1or Otlier divisions oreas1 or J tlassi/ita1io11s Romania ...... 19-l53 9 prO\'inces 58 districts 155 cities and towns Urban: cities and towns estab 6,480 rural co1111111111es 13,418 villages and lished by law hamlets Spain ...... 1940 50 provinces 540 judicial districts 9,254 1111111icipios .. Populated centres Urban: 1111micipios of 10,000 or (Entidades de more inhabitants poblacion) : cities, towns, ,;uages, settlements, ere. Sweden ...... 1945 1 national capital U rban: cities, including national 24 departments 124 cities (sliider) capital 284 ca11/011s 64 market towns Rural: all other areas, classified (Kiipi11gar) into: ( 1) market towns, (2) 2,323 rural co1111111111es 235 municipal municipal districts, (3) ag districts glomerations of 200 or more 1,222 agglomerations inhabitants, ( 4) other rural of 200 or more inhabitants Switzerland ...... 1941 25 canto11s 3,107 co111111u11es Urban: communes of more than 10,000 inhabitants ~ United Kingdom: England and \Vales.. 1931 83 county boroughs 62 administrative 285 municipal Urban: London administratiye counties boroughs county, county boroughs, mu 780 urban districts nicipal boroughs and urban 645 rural districts districts X orthem I reland . . . 1937 2 county boroughs Urban: cities (county boroughs), 6counties 2 municipal boroughs municipal boroughs and urban 30 urban districts districts 32 rural districts Scotland ...... 1931 4 cities U rban: cities, burghs, special 31 counties 24 large burghs lighting districts and special 170 small burghs sca,·enging districts of 1,000 .. Landward areas 388 special lighting or more inhabitants and scavenging districts .. Other districts USSR ...... 1926 9 constituent republics 15 autonomous re- ) l,} rban: towns of 500 or more in publics habitants, having an urban 15 autonomous .. Towns (i.e., legal form of government provinces .. Districts towns) (ob/a.sis) (Ra)'Otrs) .. Settlements .. National regions .. Villages (okrugs) Yugoslavia ...... 1931 1 Belgrade prefecture Urban: cities and towns 9 provinces 32 cities and towns 346 counties 4,623 co111111111ies 27,358 inhabited (Obstina) places r' OCEANIA Australia 1947 6 states } 303 incorporated Urban: capital cities of states 2 territories cities, towns and and adjoining urban municipal municipalities areas within boundaries defined 707 shires, districts } for census purposes; capital etc. .. Populated centres cities of territories; those •ities { .. Unincorporated of 100 or more and towns of the states which territory inhabitants are separately incorporated; 20 "census towns" unincorporated towns in Tas in Tasmania mania whose boundaries were determined for census purposes New Zealand ...... 1945 10 provincial districts 128 independent cities Urban: independent cities, bor and boroughs oughs and town districts hav 32 independent town ing a population of 1,000 or districts more 129 administrative 600 ridings4 20 dependent town A lternate : 14 "urban areas" es counties districts tablished for census purposes, .. Populated centres each composed of (1) central city or borough, (2) associated boroughs and independent town districts and (3) urbanized portion of surrounding county 1 \Vhen only the urban is defined, it is understood that the 1·emainder of the 4 One district has its chief town in common with the national capital. country is rural. 5 Approximate number. 2 Comm1mes are composed of 2,576 districts. 6 Arrondissements are composed of 3,028 cantons. 3 Not a census year. Data on administrative divisions could not be obtained 7 Major administrath·e districts are composed of 938 small administrative N '1 for a census year. districts. Nnlry ind•i.stry group social stoliu nom1c o ctwlly