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Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections Volume 107, Number 18

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Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections Volume 107, Number 18 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOLUME 107, NUMBER 18 A REVIEW OF THE AMERICAN MENHADEN, GENUS BREVOORTIA, WITH A DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES BY SAMUEL F. HILDEBRAND U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Publication 3913) CITY OF WASHINGTON PUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION MARCH 22, 1948 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOLUME 107, NUMBER 18 A REVIEW OF THE AMERICAN MENHADEN, GENUS BREVOORTIA, WITH A DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES BY SAMUEL F. HILDEBRAND U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Publication 3913) CITY OF WASHINGTON PUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION MARCH 22, 1948 Z^t Boxb (§atiimott (preeet BALTIMORE, MD., U. 8. A, A REVIEW OF THE AMERICAN MENHADEN, GENUS BREVOORTIA, WITH A DESCRIP- TION OF A NEW SPECIES By SAMUEL F. HILDEBRAND U. S. Fish aiid Wildlife Service INTRODUCTION The genus Brevoortia, as herein understood, contains seven Ameri- can species, five of which occur on the Atlantic coast of North Amer- ica and two on the Atlantic coast of South America, The genus has been reported, also, from the Atlantic coast of Africa. Indeed, Fowler (1936, p. 174) identified the African representative with B. tyrannus of the Atlantic coast of the United States. This record certainly is in need of verification. However, no specimens are available for study, and nothing new on the African menhaden can be added at this time. The genus, in respect to the American species, was last reviewed by G. Brown Goode in 1878, who did such excellent work that most of his determinations still stand. I have elevated his B. tyrannus var, hrcvicaudata to full specific rank for reasons stated in the account of that species. I also have recognized B. aurea (Agassiz) as a separate and distinct species which Goode regarded as a geographical variant of B. tyrannus. Furthermore, I have recognized two species among the specimens identified and described, in part, by Goode as B. pa- tronus. One of these apparently is new, and is named and described in these pages. Brevoortia is not known from the tropical shores of America nor from the West Indies. In North America it ranges from Nova Scotia to the mouth of the Rio Grande, being missing, however, in southern Florida. In South America the genus is known from Bahia, Brazil, to Bahia Blanca, Argentina. The menhaden fishery.—The success of the menhaden fishery on the Atlantic coast of the United States, and to a lesser extent on the Gulf coast of the United States, affects the economic status of the people of those areas profoundly, as many depend almost wholly on this fishery for a livelihood. This, like other marine fisheries, fluctu- ates greatly. Periods of great abundance sometimes are followed by SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS, VOL. 107, NO. 18 2 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I07 several lean years. However, it does not follow that when a small catch is made in North Carolina, for example. New Jersey also will have a small catch the same year. Indeed, the reverse may be true. The catch in the United States for certain years has exceeded 700,- 000,000 pounds, valued in recent years at about $11,000,000. A very small part of the catch is utilized as food for man, the bulk of it being used in the manufacture of oil, fish meal, and fish scrap. No fishery for Brevoortia seems to have been developed in South America, though the fish have been reported as abundant, at least at times, in southern Brazil and in Uruguay. An explanation.—To avoid confusion, the following explanations as to how the enumerations and proportions used in the descriptions were obtained are offered. The number of fin rays includes both simple and divided rays, and the number of scales is based on the oblique rows that cross the middle of the side between the margin of the opercle and the base of the caudal. It is highly important for conformity with enumerations in the descriptions that the rows are counted at the middle of the side, as in some species the scales become much smaller dorsally and larger ventrally. This enumeration can be made with a considerable degree of accuracy in the species with large scales, at least, if the specimens are held at the proper angle to sight along the rows, magnification generally being unnecessary. The vertical rows usually are more distinct than the oblique ones on the trunk, but become so indistinct on the tail that their enumeration is not practical. The number of modified scales on the back, in front of the dorsal, includes only those that have a free lateral edge. As these scales are not fully developed until a fairly large size is attained it is advisable to use adult fish only for this enumeration, as explained subsequently. The serrations and pectinations of the scales are flexible (not spiny) in Brevoortia, and they are of unequal length in the dif- ferent species (see fig. 8) ; therefore they are often useful in deter- mining species. It is necessary, however, to compare scales from specimens of about equal size, as the pectinations increase in length with age. It is necessary, furthermore, to compare scales from the same part of the body. The scales illustrated in figure 8, for example, were all taken from the middle of the side below the anterior rays of the dorsal. An attempt was made to count the abdominal and caudal vertebrae separately. However, so much difficulty was met that the separation was abandoned and only the total number of vertebrae is given in the descriptions. NO. l8 MENHADEN, GENUS BREVOORTIA—HILDEBRAND 3 The length of the head was measured from the rim of the snout to the most distant part of the bony margin of the opercle, and its depth is the distance between the slight groove at the occiput and the keel of the first ventral scute. Although the last-mentioned measurement is not an exactly vertical one, it does constitute one between two solid points, and therefore a fairly accurate one. The mandible was mea- sured to its posterior extremity. The length of the pectoral and ventral fins in each instance is the distance between the base of the first ray and the tip of the fin ; the lower lobe of the caudal was measured from the middle of the caudal base ; and the axillary appendage of the pectoral was measured from the base of the upper ray of the pectoral. The other measurements were made in the usual way, or if there is any deviation, it is so stated in the descriptions. Acknowledgments.—The writer is indebted to many persons for specimens, data, and other help received. He is particularly grateful to Gordon Gunter, of the University of Texas, for furnishing a very fine series of specimens of the new species herein named for him. The kindness of William C. Schroeder, of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, and of William C. Neville and John C. Pearson, of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service, in furnishing specimens is deeply appreciated. I am indebted, furthermore, to Mr. Schroeder for the loan of specimens from South America, for without them it would not have been possible to give adequate descriptions of those hitherto obscure species. I am grateful, of course, to those officers of the United States National Museum who have provided laboratory space and the use of the specimens in the National Museum collections. While most of the data used were compiled by me, during the course of about 30 years, I have included some unpublished enumerations and proportions by the late William C. Welsh, and others by Dr. A. B. Hardcastle, now of the United States Bureau of Animal Industry. I am grateful to Dr. Hardcastle for the use of his unpublished manu- script on B. tyrannus based on a study of specimens from Beaufort, N. C. The illustrations were prepared by Mrs. Ann S. Green, bio- logical aid with the United States Fish and Wildlife Service, who also gave valuable assistance in compiling the data and in preparing the bibliography. Origin and necessity of the reviezv.—This review is primarily a "by- product" of the study of the genus in connection with the preparation of accounts of the species of Clupeidae for the forthcoming general publication on the "Fishes of the Western North Atlantic," by the Sears Foundation, Yale University. As that general work is intended for the use of the general biologist and intelligent layman, taxonomic ; 4 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 10/ reviews are out of place. Therefore, this somewhat technical treatise is offered as preliminary to the more general treatment given the North American species in the general work mentioned. This prelimi- nary study of the American species was necessary because some of the species were imperfectly known. The South American species, indeed, had been identified with B. tyrannus, as only subspecifically, or as specifically distinct from it. Under this confusion it was not even possible to state the range of the commonest species of North America. Genus BREVOORTIA Gill The Menhaden Brevoortuj Gill, i86i, p. 37 (genotype by designation, Brevoortia menhaden Gill := 5. tyrannus (Latrobe)). Description.—Body oblong, compressed, median line of chest and abdomen with a sharp edge, bearing bony scutes ; mouth large, the maxillary extending to or beyond middle of eye; upper jaw with a distinct median notch ; lower jaw included in the upper one, not pro- jecting, its upper margin (within the mouth) nearly straight; teeth wanting in adults; cheek (bone below eye) deeper than long; lower limb of first gill arch with an obtuse angle ; gill rakers long, slender, numerous, increasing in number with age, those on upper limb of first arch extending downward and over those on the upper part of the lower limb ; scales adherent, exposed parts much deeper than long, the margins serrate or pectinate in adults ; a series of modified scales next to median line of back in front of dorsal fin ; vertebrae about 42 to 50; dorsal with 17 to 22 rays—the last one not produced—origin of fin about equidistant from margin of snout and base of caudal ; anal with 17 to 25 rays ; ventral fins small, with 7 rays ; intestine very long peritoneum black.
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