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*REQUIRED INFORMATION II11111111IIIII1111111ll1I STRAIHT TALK BRUCE M. ALBERTS
Toward a Global Science
In the early 1990s, the Carnegie helped to spread democracy, and Commission on Science, Technol- this is even more true today. Many ogy, and Government published a By working governments around the world series of reports emphasizing the exert power over their citizens need for a greatly increased role together through the control of information. for science and scientists in inter- internationally, But restricting access to knowl- national affairs. In a world full of edge has proven to be self-de- conflicting cultural values and scientists can better structive to the economic vitality competing needs, scientists every- use their knowledge of nations in the modern world. where share a powerful common The reason is a simple one: The culture that respects honesty, gen- to benefit humanity. world is too complex for a few erosity, and ideas independently of leaders to make wise decisions their source, while rewarding about all aspects of public policy. merit. A major aim of the National New scientific and techno- Academy of Sciences (NAS) is to State Department determine "the logical advances are essential to strengthen the ties between scien- contributions that science, tech- accommodate the world's rapidly tists and their institutions around nology, and health can make to expanding population. The rapid 'the world. Our goal is to create a foreign policy, and how the de- rise in the human population in the scientific network that becomes a partment might better carry out its second half of this century has led central element in the interactions responsibilities to that end." I want to a crowded world, one that will between nations, increasing the to help stimulate that effort by sug- require all of the ingenuity avail- level of rationality in international gesting four principles that should able from science and technology discourse while enhancing the in- guide our international activities. to maintain stability in the face of I fluence of scientists everywhere in Science can be a powerful increasing demands on natural re- the decisionmaking processes of force for promoting democracy. sources. Thus, for example, a po- their own governments. The vitality of a nation's science tential disaster is looming in We recently received a letter and technology enterprise is in- Africa. Traditionally, farmers had ce from the Department of State in creasingly becoming the main enough land available to practice which Secretary Madeleine Al- driver of economic advancement shifting cultivation, in which fields bright requests that we help the around the world. Success requires were left fallow for 10 or so years a free exchange of ideas as well as between cycles of plantings. But universal access to the world's now, because of Africa's dramati- Bruce M. Alberts is president of the Na- great store of knowledge. Histori- cally increasing population, there is tional Academy of Sciences. cally, the growth of science has not enough land to allow these
SUMMER 1998 25 A S
practices. The result is a continuing ised to provide heavily subsidized an enormous opportunity to spread 0 process of soil degradation that re- connections for the developing the ability to use scientific and S duces yields and will make it world. technical knowledge everywhere; P nearly impossible for Africa to Developing countries have tra- an ability that will be absolutely v feed itself. The best estimates for ditionally had very poor access to essential if we are to head for a v the world's store of scientific more rational and sustainable the year 2010 predict that fully le one-third of the people in Sub-Sa- knowledge. With the electronic world in the 21st century. haran Africa will have great diffi- publication of scientific journals, Science academies can be a sl culty obtaining food. we now have the potential to elim- strong force for wise policymak- It has been argued that the eth- inate this lack of access. The NAS ing. In preparing for the future, we if nic conflicts that led to the mas- has decided to lead the way with need to remember that we are only aiNN sacres in Rwanda were in large our flagship journal, the Proceed- a tiny part of the world's people. re part triggered by conflicts over ings of the National Academy of In 1998, seven out of every eight limited food resources. We can ex- Sciences, making it free on the children born will be growing up fc pect more such conflicts in the fu- Web for developing nations. We in a developing nation. As the Ir ture, unless something dramatic is also are hoping to spread this prac- Carnegie Commission emphasized, A done now. How might the tremen- tice widely among other scientific we need more effective mecha- te dous scientific resources of the de- and technical journals, since there nisms for providing scientific ad- er veloped world be brought to bear is almost no cost involved in pro- vice internationally, particularly in th on increasing the African food sup- viding such free electronic access. view of the overwhelming needs ra ply? At present, I see large num- The next problem that scien- of this huge population. to bers of talented, idealistic young tists in developing countries will In 1993, the scientific academ- er, people in our universities who face is that of finding the informa- ies of the world met for the first would welcome the challenge of tion they need in the mass of pub- time in New Delhi; the purpose ha working on such urgent scientific lished literature. In 1997, the U.S. was to address world population problems. But the many opportu- government set an important prece- issues. The report developed by vil nities to use modern science on be- dent. It announced that the Na- this group of 60 academies was W half of the developing world re- tional Library of Medicine's in- presented a year later at the 1994 lar main invisible to most scientists dexing of the complete biomedical UN Conference at Cairo. Its suc- en on our university campuses. As a literature would be made electron- cess has now led to a more formal Th result, a great potential resource ically available for free around the collaboration among academies, col for improving the human condi- world through a Web site called known as the InterAcademy Panel vic tion is being ignored. PubMed. The director of the (IAP). A common Web site for the sm Electronic communication PubMed effort, David Lipman, is entire group will soon be online, ch( networks make possible a new presently investigating what can and the IAP is working toward a cal kind of world science. In looking be done to produce a similar site major conference in Tokyo in May the to the future, it is important to rec- for agricultural and environmental of 2000 that will focus on the chal- nic ognize that we are only at the very literature. lenges for science and technology beginning of the communications The communications revolu- in making the transition to a more iTh revolution. For example, we are tion also is driving a great trans- sustainable world. In I promised by several commercial formation in education. Already, Inspired by a successful joint Re, partnerships that by the year 2002 the Web is being used as a direct study with the Mexican academy ram good connectivity to the World teaching tool, providing virtual that produced a report on Mexico Ac, Wide Web will become available classrooms of interacting students City's water supply, we began a term everywhere in the world at a mod- and faculty. This tool allows a study in 1996 entitled "Sustaining scie est cost through satellite commu- course taught at one site to be Freshwater Resources in the Mid- nications. Moreover, at least some taken by students anywhere in the dle East" as a collaboration among of these partnerships have prom- world. Such technologies present NAS, the Royal Scientific Socie:v
26 ISSUES IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AIGHT TALK
f Jordan, the Israel Academy of Department. My discussions with ture have made me aware that ciences and Humanities, and the the leaders of academies in devel- many experiments are carried out estine Health Council. The final oping countries convince me that to try to improve productivity. A ersion of this report is now in re- they will need to develop their own few are very successful, but many iew, and we expect it to be re- road maps in the form of national turn out to be failures. The natu- leased this summer. I would also science policies. To quote Jose ral inclination is to hide all of the like to highlight a new energy Goldemberg, a distinguished sci- failures. But as every experimental study that we initiated this year entific leader from Brazil: "What scientist knows, progress is made with China. Here, four academ- my scientist colleagues and na- from learning from what did not ies-two from the United States tional leaders alike failed to un- work, and then improving the pro- and two from China-are collabo- derstand was that development cess by incorporating this knowl- rating to produce a major forward- does not necessarily coincide with edge into a general framework for looking study of the energy options the possession of nuclear weapons moving forward. As scientists, I for our two countries. Recently, the or the capability to launch satel- would hope that we could lead the Indian Science and Engineering lites. Rather, it requires modern world toward more rational ap- Academies have indicated an in- agriculture, industrial systems, and proaches to improving interna- terest in carrying out a similar en- education . .. This scenario means tional development efforts. ergy study with us. I believe that that we in developing countries The U.S. economy is boom- these Indian and Chinese collabo- should not expect to follow the re- ing. But as I look around our plush rations are likely to lead us all search model that led to the scien- shopping malls, observing the rush toward a wiser use of global en- tific enterprise of the United States of our citizens to consume more ergy resources. and elsewhere. Rather, we need to and more, I wonder whether this My dream for the IAP is to adapt and develop technologies ap- is really progress. In thinking about have it become recognized as a propriate to our local circum- how our nation can prove itself as major provider of international ad- stances, help strengthen education, the world leader it purports to be, vice for developing nations, the and expand our roles as advisers we might do well to consider the World Bank, and the many simi- in both government and industry." words of Franklin Roosevelt: "The
-lar agencies that require expert sci- In his work for the Carnegie test of our progress is not whether entific and technical assistance. Commission, Jimmy Carter made we add more to the abundance of Through an IAP mechanism, any the following observations about those who have much; it is whether country or organization seeking ad- global development: "Hundreds of we provide enough for those who vice could immediately call on a well-intentioned international aid have little." As many others have small group of academies of its agencies, with their own priorities pointed out, every year the in- choosing to provide it with politi- and idiosyncrasies, seldom coop- equities of wealth are becoming cally balanced input coupled with erate or even communicate with greater within our nation and the appropriate scientific and tech- each other. Instead, they compete around the world. The spread of nical expertise. for publicity, funding, and access scientific and technological infor- to potential recipients. Overbur- mation throughout the world, in- The road from here dened leaders in developing coun- volving a generous sharing of In the coming year, the National tries, whose governments are often knowledge resources by our na- Research Council (the operating relatively disorganized, confront a tion's scientists and engineers, can arm of NAS and the National cacophony of offers and demands improve the lives of those who are Academy of Engineering) will at- from donors." most in need around the globe. tempt to prepare an international My contacts with international This is a worthy challenge for sci- science road map to help our State development projects in agricul- ence and for the academies.
SUMMER 1998 27 PAKISTAN INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY
June 18, 1998
Senator Tom Harkin 426 C Street NE Washington, DC 22307
Dear Senator,
On behalf of Pakistan Institute of Chemists (P.I.C.), USA, I wish to invite you to the annual meeting of P.I.C. to be held on Saturday, July 25, 1998 at 5:00 pm in Fairfax, Virginia.
P.I.C. USA is a non-profit organization comprised of Pakistani-American chemists and scientists living and working in the US. Our main focus is for the promotion of scientific research and knowledge in the field of Chemistry. Our members deliver seminars and participate in areas of chemical research and provide technical assistance by sharing their knowledge and experience with Pakistani-American Chemists. We also provide substantial assistance through private contributions to students graduating with a Chemistry major.
We would appreciate it if you could take the time from your busy schedule to attend our annual meeting, as your presence would greatly encourage our scientific community. A few senior Professors of Chemistry from various Pakistani Universities are expected to attend as well.
Enclosed please find the directions for the location in which this annual meeting will be held. A brief summary of the program is also enclosed. Please have your office R.S.V.P. the address below by July 10, 1998.
If you have any questions regarding this, please feel free to contact me at 708-563-0363 Ext. 622 or 847- 359-7491, as we look forward to meeting you.
Sincerel
A'iN. Sye President
ANS/kjp Enclosures (2) cc: Rashid Chaudary
6!0 WINDSOR ROAD, INVERNESS. IL 60067 TEL 847-359-74 91 FAX: 708-563-0787 PAKISTAN INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTS, INC. (U.S.A.)
DATE: JULY 25,1998 TIME: 4.OOPM LOCATION: NOOR MAHAL BANQUET HALL FAIRFAX, VIRGINIA (703)-385-5786
PROGRAM
1. ARRIVAL OF GUESTS: 4.00 PM 2. WELCOME ADDRESS BY THE PRESIDENT: 5.00 PM 3. INTRODUCTION OF GUESTS: 5.15 PM 4. MINUTES OF LAST MEETING: 5.45 PM 5. ACTIVITIES REPORT: 6.00 PM 5. PRESENTATION OF THE CONSTITUTION: 6.30 PM 6. TECHNICAL PRESENTATIONS: 7.00 PM 7. P.I.C. MEMBER SPEAKERS: 8.00 PM 8. GUEST SPEAKERS: 8.30 PM 9. DINNER: 9.00 PM 10. PICTURES TAKING: 9.45 PM 11. JANUS MILLER SHOW: 10.00 PM
THE SEQUENCE OF THE ABOVE PROGRAM IS SUBJECT TO CHANGE
ALL PARTICIPANTS ARE KINDLY REQUESTED TO BE ON TIME.
THANK YOU FOR YOUR COOPERATION TO: Tom FROM: Len RE: Pakistan Institute of Chemistry (PIC) DATE: July 24, 1998
You are scheduled to give brief remarks at the annual meeting of the PIC. The meeting is at the Noor Mahal Banquet Hall, 10418 Main Street, in Fairfax. Peter Tyler is staffing the event. I have prepared remarks with support from Peter Tyler and Rosemary.
You will be on the platform with Ali Syed, PIC President; Khalid Nadi, PIC Secretary; and Dr. Eunice (the PIC staffer did not have a program in front of her when we spoke. Hence, no first name), the Keynote speaker.
Rashid Choudry will introduce you.
The audience is mainly Pakistani-American, but a few senior professors from Pakistani Universities may attend.
Two main points to you remarks:
1. Expressions of support for the scientific community and their potential role in creating peace in the Indian subcontinent.
2. Expressions of support for Pakistan and Nawaz Sharif. 7pI.) 446
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,pr ba+ rel 1 Comments of Senator Tom Harkin
"I have long supported improving relations between the U.S. and Pakistan. Through my conversations with Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif, I have worked to establish a framework to upgrade Pakistan's education system--a key to greater economic development.
I encourage the members of the Pakistan Institute of Chemistry to continue their efforts to improve relations between Pakistan and the United States. For instance, the scholarships you give each year generate goodwill among the recipients, and they enhance the world's vital chemical industry. JUL-22-1999 10:37 AULON PRESIDENT 708567,0767 P.01 f a cs 11mi 1e TRANS!MITTAL
0 Se nator Tom Harkin fax # 202-224-9369 re: Pakistan Institute of Chemists 4th Annual Meeting date: JuIy 21, 1999 pages: 15' including this cover sheet.
As per your request, attached please find the information you requested.
1) Location Address:
Turf 1alley Resort Hotel & Conference Centers 2700 Turf Valley Road Ellicott City, Maryland 21042 Phone # 410-465-1500
Directions to the location are attached.
2) Program Schedule is attached - Guest Speaker are scheduled1 to begin at 6:30pm
3) Who will be introducing you? Mr. Rashid Chaudary - A very' prominent businessman and member of the Pa.kistan Institute of Chemists - His biography is attached.
4) Who should'you acknowledge?
PLC Officers
a) Mr. Ali Syed - President of PIC (Biography attached) b) Mr. Faiz Bhatti - Vice President of PIC c) Mr. Khalid Nabi - Secretary/Treasurer of PIC d) Mr. Haseebur Rahman - PIC Representative for New Jersey area e) Mr.. Latif Khalil - PIC Representative for Maryland area
Promin ent Businessmen:
a) I Professor Dr. Khairagi ne Rasa, S.I. (Patron-in-Chief) - Biography attached
Keyrnote Speaker:
a) Mr. yeBabar Ali - Prominent Industrialist from Pakistan - Corporate Profile attached
5) What subject matter should you speak about?
Educiation will be the primary subject. The focus being how America can help bridge the educational gap 8etween Pakistani and American scientists, and how PICI members can be the facilitators in this -process. .
6) Additional subject material From the desk of...
a) Pakistan Institute of Chemist Mission Statement - attacheil Karyla J. Potts b) M Ali Syed's Speech he will be giving at the Meeting President's Office Group Leader This information should help you prepare for the meeting. If you ha e any Avion Industries, Inc. idditional q lestions regarding this, please feel free to contact me. 5401 West 65th Street Bedford Park, IL 60638 Sinccrly, 708-563-0363 Ext. 622 Karyla Potts Fax: 708-563-0787 P.O. Box 388080 - Chicago, IL 60638 USA* Phone: 708-563-0439 - Fax: 708: 563-0787
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to: Sehator- Tom Harkin fax#: 202-224-9369 re: Pakistan Institutc of Chemis s 4th nual Meeting date: Juy 21, 1999 pages: 15: including this cover sheet.
As per your request, attached please find the information you requested.
1) Location Address:
Turf Valley Resort Hotel & Conference Centers 2700 Turf Valley Road Ellicott City, Maryland 21042 Phone # 410-4635-1500
Directions to the location are attached.
2) Program Schedule is attached - Guest Speaker are scheduled to begin at 6:30pm
3) Who will be introducing you? Mr. Rashid Chaudary - A very prominent businessman and member of the Pakistan Institute of Chemists - His biography is attached.
4) Who should you acknowledge?
PIC Officers
a) Mr. Ali Syed - President of PIC (Biography attached) b) Mr. Faiz Bhatti - Vice President of PIC c) Mr. Khalid Nabi - Secretary/Trcasurer of PIC d) Mr. Haseebur Rahman - PIC Representative for New Jersey area e) Mr. Latif Khalil - PIC Representative for Maryland arca
Prominent Businessmen:
a) Professor Dr. Khairat M. Ibne Rasa, S.I. (Patron-in-C ief) - Biography attached
Keynote Speaker:
a) Mr. Syed Babar Ali - Prominent Industrialist from Pakistan - Corporate Profile attached
5) Whaf subject matter should you speak about?
Education will be the primary subject. The focus being how America can help bridge the educational gap between Pakistani and American scientists. and how PIC! members can be the facilitators in this process.
6) Additional subject material From the desk of..
a) Pakistan Institute of Chemist Mission Statement - attached Karyla J. Potts b). Mr Ali Syed's Speech he will be giving at the Meeting President's Office Group Leader This inforation should help you prepare for the meeting. If you hae anyAvion Industries, Inc. additional qiuestions regarding this, please feel free to contact me. 5401 West 65th Street Bedford Park, IL 60638 Sinccrbly, Ext. 622 Karyla.Potts 708-563-0363 Fax: 708-563-0787 0qs
P.O. Box 388080 - Chicago, 1L 60638 * USA* Phone: 708-563-0439 - Fax: 708: 563-0787
Date: July 24, 1999
Time;: 1:30prn Location: Turf Valley Resort & Conference Center Ellicott City. Maryland Phone # 410-465-1500
Program Session I
1.: Arrival of Members & Guests 1:30pm 2. Welcome Address by the President 2:00pm 3. Introduction of Members & Guests 2 :10pm 4.. Minutes of the Last Meeting 2:30pm 5. Technical Presentations 2 :40pm 6.1 Elections on New Office Bearers 4:40pm
Session HF
1. Arrival of Guests 5:30pm 2.1 Activities Report 6:00pm 3.. Guest Speakers 6:30pm 4.: Dinner 8:00pm 5.1 Group/Individuals Photographs 9:30pm 6. Musical Enterrainment 10:00pm
THE SEQUENCE OF THE ABOVE PROGRAM SCHEDULE IS SUBJECT TO CHANGE - ALL PARTICIPANTS ARE REQUESTED TO BE ON TIME.
THANK YOU FOR YOUR COOPERATION! RASHID A. CHAUDARY
CHAIRMAN AND CEO OF RA4NI CORPORATION BIOGRAPHY
Rashid.A. Chaudary is a Chairman and CEO of Raani Corporation, with over 25 years of experience in the manufacturing of cosmetics, toiletries, and household product in the US. Mr. Chaudarv has several years of teaching experience in the field of chemistry to both graduate and post-graduate students at a University level. I
With his entrepreneurial approach in management and busiress Mr. Chaudary has founded the single largest Asian-American manufacturing business ir the US called RAANI Corporation. RA4NI Corporation: an international multi-million dollar personal care manufacturing company that specializing in cosmetics, toiletries and OTC drug products. RAANI employs over 200 employees, 3 0 0 and occupies more than ,000-sq. ft. of manufacturing, production, warehouse, office and laboratory space. As CEO of RAANI Cdrporation, he manages all functions, including administration.and operations. He is always interested in the ideas and opinions of all his employees and he consistently demonstrates a sense of leadership with emphasis on promotion of excellence in meeting corporate objectives and responsibilities. He also-is an active member of the community and is affiliated several organizations such as: * Clinton/.Gore Re-Elect - as a National Finance Board mem ber * Democratic National Committee, Washington DC, - as Malaging Trustee * Asian American Clinton/Gore Illinois for 1992 - Chairman * Clinton Delegate and Treasurer of Illinois Delegation to the Democratic National Convention in. 1992 and again in 1996 * Small Business Administration National Advisory - as Board Member * Democratic Business Council of the Democratic National Committee - as Vice Chairman * Finance Council of the Democratic National Committee - Member * Illinois Public Action Council- as a Board Member * Asian American Affairs of the City of Chicagu - as Commissioner * Economic Development Advisory of Cook County Illinois - Member * Asian American Voters Coalition of Illinois - as Chairman * American Refugee Committee -- as a Board Member.
Mr..Chaudary is a prominent sponsor and is actively involvediin Pakistan Institute of Chemists USA.,!a not-for-profit organization that is engaged in propagating and promoting the knowledge of chemistry among its members.
Mr. Rashid A. Chaudary is a true visionary, with his continuing affinity towards perfection and attainment of his goals he sets aside. He believes every human being is unique in their abilities. He is quoted as saying,
"A true Leader is a Le.ader who is able to utilize the unique qualities of all human beings . for the good of the society at large."
Rashid A. Chaudary holds a Bachelor of Science with honorsand a Masters of Science Degree in Chemistrv with honors.
*I Ali N. Syed President and Master Chemist Avion industries, Inc' Bedford Park, Illinois BIOGRAPHY All N! Syed is a master chemist, with a wealth of experience in the formulation of hair care products. He-successfully served as a research chemist for a number of major companies, and has 12 published patents to his credit, with 2 patents pending.
Mr. Syed has written numerous articles on the Chemistry of Hairand related hair products in leading trade and scientific journals, including 4 scientific papers published in Cosmetics & Toiletries and American Chemical Society Journals, and several articies for Shop Talk magazine. He has presented scientific papers at the Advanced Technical Conference and sporhsored by the Cosmetics & Toiletries Magaziie for chemists from all over the world. Also, he has been, guest speaker at the London College of Hair & Fashion in England. Mr. Syed has conducted numer6us lectures on chemistry of hair for reputed.organizations like Chicago Cosmetology Association, Illinois Cosmetology Association, Ohio Vocational Cosmetology Association, and has been a Guest Artist at the Midwest Beauty Show. In additiori to hair care, Mr. Syed is experienced in formulating skin care, cosmetics, fragrances, and OTC products. Mr. Syed is also the President and an acitive member of, Pakistan institute of Chemists, a Not- for-profit organization that is engaged in propagating and promoting the knowledge of chemistry among its members.
Since 1984, Ali Syed has been president of his own international dorporation: Avlon Industries, which manufactures hair care products exclusively for the salon trade. His winning strategy for formulating Avlon's own Affirm®, FermO, KeraCare* is to use no ingredient that can have a negative effect upon hair and: skin. Among the Avion products are relaxers, permanent waves, shampoos, conditioners, and finishing products.
With an abiding affinity for chemistry, Mr. Syed personally manages each and every research & development project undertaken by Avlon's expert team of chemists. Equal to his regard for chemistry, is the respect he holds for the professional hairstylist. Always positive towards the ideas and opinion of stylisfs, AliSyed considers his company to be part of a team with cosmetologists. His on-going goal is to provide the very best products that advanced research and innovative thinking can offer, and always with an eye towards continual upgrading.
"An linovative chemist must be a dreamer," says Ali Syed. "One must persist in dreaming to accomplish that which seems difficult or yet to be done ... New Methods ... New Techniques...New Formalations. Ih chemistry, there's a lot of room for creativity".
All N.i Syed holds a Bachelor of Science with honors, and a Masters Degree in Chemistry. He also has an MBA in Marketing/Management and additional post graduate credits in Research Chemistry. He is currently studying to obtain his Ph.D. in Management. MIR. SYLED BABAR ALI CORPORATE-PROFI! LE
*The Ali himily is &=n8i PAkiuSM'S larger indusra include-sr op.lsb in nw gop bins * Paukages Limited. a Internaioa GCue',; lzmr Company fPkaj * T ua ak akiz~ jmt n~t~ ( jint venture %with Tetrz *Nestle Miikpak Limited Pak Imemariona). (a joint ve~thure with Nestle S.A), *Fir St Intcti~tional IzVMxM Bank Limite (a joi-vnw wt mr' 8ank and Wiernaijnj Finance Corporauion) vnw ihAeia ~tr~ *Dade Foods Limited.(a joirm vftrure ,ithDCJeraig and Tu;DCI~nt~~,Kle~ eln'ofD w, *Tri-ftci films, fDnw Lirrtied (a&joint venlute with MwnbsiCrs~ *Coazs LoriUll-"J fJpi n Plkistan Lim~ited (a joint vemure .'hCusLoleu rne *Coca-Cola Bevverag Pakldsua Limited
Page Umite WI 3=t Up in 1957 in oli~brtio Swedtn (AAR ame with Akezrlwnd & auiing now a pwt of the Ahiltrm Group (A.&R), Limized produced over of Fi nLand) In, 1997-98~ 56,300 COM of Paper and Packages packaging for industiy in Pakistan. pipar board and conveneditit Theirsl i I~78weR. 3. Packages Wa a. 25% shre t bino in the home pnper and bdaaard eiriploys 2.674 personej industry. Plckam Limited Syed Baba, Ali set up the 'o~ayadwsisfr~Mn~n Director. Hie is now the Adior: ofaa aid --aoismpnMnain Neste Milknp im te Milkpak was establise in 1981'at the ititiajivc of Syed EBabu~ Ali, It 0011cc the rural af~z PrOcesm it by milk fromu 1988. Nestle the UNHT Meth4d and sifl& it in Tetra of Swazerland bo4Jght into NMilkpak Pak coigajners. -In and expaded its scope and atvte Nesle now o''.is 8%of 'Ue enlarged co mPanY. 98 wert Rs 4.2 Million Nestle Mikpait Limited sales in l 7 with 96O cmpioyftn 97
Tetra Pak Pakistan'Limited is a joint -venure Inentoa.the with 51% Owmaisip with world's leaing I i q . Tetra Pak packcaging dfood parJkag 11 company- Tetra matrial for liquid food anPure3Ter~ Pak produces estab~lished in 1982. kpuakgig "yerns. It its sales in 199S were R-. 1.3 was Chairmnan Of the coaipary TOWa mumber biin Se aa ui Of emlyes Pilo- ydBaa lii.h
Page 1 of 2 I~,~cna~p~I G~~j ~Comnany of tnLiic Internacul~ GecrwmA lIin,: Comnpary of paki~a Imgd the h rc opzyo GOMvimw~ establish'ed in '1953. It htad a V=u prieium of R&. 151 rMillion Syed Babez Ali wu. the~d JWJ Marns in 1991. heads It. Nurnber Direaor of tihe cmay o~ of entptOYeeis 37. hSson Ryder Ali First Inte m tional I n. rent Lt .( cb n )
Interbank, =~b1iihed in 1990. an invtgir~n bank, is ajoiim vcnnwe berwee mia "rruBak Intsa-iiial Finan~ COrOri~on. AMd the Ptakges Grop with in share capita] o Pt'. 180: Million, In 1997-98 iw~ed the Bank h.a a bef~re tax income of &S.22 milion. Thertmiberafemployees is60.
A joint venture Of Paukagecs Lim~ited (33.3%) and M ibsbj Corci~ to marnufacnja BOPP film with an anulcpct~f630trmcrc noa "fJPans M~%).of projecI wsR60miln(S195 mnillion). The! plain went into produczon in and Trn-Pack sales in 1997-9% wern Rs. 1995 542 milliorL: The number of employ=~ of company is95. the
Coates Lorinleux Pakia Lit. A joint venture of Packages Limited, (55%/) .ubsidiary rid Cote LoniUeux France (45%) a of Total Group. The factory sted commercial an anmalcapaciy operation in July 1994. writh of 1.200 toiunes of printing ink. 4umnbcr of I q97-98 were Its. 2A I million. "1rrployem: 75. Sales, for Coates Lonilleux. is the second Largext prining maufl~furing Smug wadd-wide ink Oane Foods Limited- Dane Foods l-imited is a joirrt venture of Puckag s Group Kelme's of Denmark with DBC lmenatjonnl,- and IFU (The Wdusu~aisatjon Fund Denmwk) cach 3 for Developing Couinties having: t3%/eownisip. The plant is based tigh quality butwrcoonkies in Jaztar, NV/F. produin andmeat-d preniurn qualiy food ixems. Dne 1997-98 .verc Rs. 84 million. Foods sales in The number of eraploye of the cormpany is So. Cgga-Cola everAm PakiStan mted:
F~ckagis Group is a micnr jint vnre par= in" CQCoUa eneac ?ais= Liniz, with Frfser & Nca-c of Sing~pore and The Coca-Cola Comp"y. U.S.A.
Page 2 of 2 P.O. Box 388080 Chicago, 1l 60638 Phone) 708-563-0439 (Fax) 708-563-0787
PAKISTAN INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTS----USA MISSION STATEMENT
The PIC, USA is a not-for-profit organization that is engaged in propagating and promoting the knowledge of chemistry among its members. The "current membership", or "the majority of members" of the organization ire chemists of Pakistani-descent living and working in the United State of America. We plan to serve not only Pakistani- American chemists but also reach out to institutions that have contributed to the weH being and careers of PIC, USA members.
Our commitments to our members are:
1. To help PIC, USA members in their professional development and to ensure our dedication to chemists of Pakistani-descent in disseminating the knowledge of chemistry.
2. To help mentor young Pakistani-descent students by acting as role models and mentors in acquiring chemical education.
3. To help young students of Pakistani-descent by providing scholarships anywhere in the world.
4. To act as a bridge between US and Pakistani learning institutions.
5. To share technology with learning institutions of che mistry and the chemical industry in Pakistan for peaceful purposes.
6. To help provide research internships to students of Pakistani-descent in the US chemical industry.
7. To promote and propagate chemical industry of Pakistani-descent in the world.
We seek to be fair towards all member and all people receiving the benefits of our organization. We treat all people in a respectful manner regardless of their geographical, racial, religious, or ethnic backgrounds. 1
SPEECH OF ALI SYED
BEFORE THE PAKISTAN INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTS --- USA JULY 24, 1999
GOOD AFTERNOON, AND WELCOME TO THE PAKISTAN INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTS, USA. IT IS WITH GREAT PLEASURE THAT I COME BEFORE YOU TODAY
THREEYEARS AGO, IN OCTOBER 1996, WE ESTABLISHED THE PAKISTAN INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTS, USA CHAPTER. SINCE THAT TIME, WE HAVE CONTINUED TO BUILD THE ORGANIZATION. WE HAVE CONTINUED TO PROGRESS. WE HAVE CONTINUED TO GROW. AND, MOST IMPORTANTLY, WE HAVE CONTINUED IN OUR COMMITMENT TO UPHOLD THE MISSION STATEMENT OF THE ORGANIZATION.
IT IS GOOD TO LOOK OUT AND SEE SO: MANY DEDICATED MEN AND WOMEN HERE TODAY. CHEMISTRY IS NOT AN EASY PROFESSION. IT TAKES HARD WORK, DEDICATION, AND CONTINUOUS STUDY, EVEN AFTER WE ARE WELL ESTABLISHED IN OUR PROFESSIONS WE ARE STILL READING. UP ON THE NEWEST RESEARCH AND THE LATEST FINDINGS. THE FIELD OF CHEMISTRY ALSO CARRIES WITH IT A LOT OF RESPONSIBILITY. WE HAVE TO BE AWARE OF THAT WORD -PRECISION". AND WE HAVE TO BE PRECISE AND ACCURATE IN EVERYTHING WE DO. AND KNOWING THIS; IT MAKES ME VERY PROUD TO KNOW THAT ALL OF YOU TAKE YOUR WORK AND THIS ORGANIZATION SO SERIOUSLY THAT YOU WOULD PUT ASIDE YOUR PERSONAL PLANS AND TRAVEL HERE TO BE WITH US FOR THIS VERY IMPORTANT CONFERENCE. WE ARE HERE TODAY, UNIFIED IN TWO VERY UNIQUE WAYS. FIRST IN OUR LOVE FOR THEFIELD OF CHEMISTRY, OUR KNOWLEDGE OF THAT FIELD AND OUR PRIDE IN OUR PROFESSION. IT IS GREAT TO FELLOWSHIP WITH OTHER PEOPLE OF ALL PROFESSIONS. IT IS'WONDERFUL TO FELLOWSHIP WITH OTHER PAKISTANIS, OF ALL PROFESSIONS. BUT TO FELLOWSHIP WITH FELLOW CHEMISTS OF PAKISTANI-DESCENT GIVES ME ULTIMATE PLEASURE, BECAUSE NOW, I CAN TALK ABOUT THE THINGS I LOVE TO TALK ABOUT - CHEMISTRY. TECHNOLOGY, NEW FINDINGS, NEW RESEARCH, THE LATEST DISCOVERIES. FELLOWSHIPING WITH OTHER CHEMISTS -- WITH SO MANY OTHER CHEMISTS - IS A REAL TREAT. WHEN YOU HAVE SPENT MOST OF YOUR LIFE LEARNING AND THE REST OF YOUR LIFE DOING OR PRACTICING A PARTICULAR PROFESSION, THEN 2
* YOU DONT REALLY WANT TO SPEND ALL OF YOUR PLEASURABLE MOMENTS TALKING ABOUT THINGS THAT ARE OF INTEREST TO OTHERS BUT NOT NECESSARILY OF INTEREST TO YOU. THERE IS NOTHING LIKE TALKING TO A CHEMIST ABOUT CHEMISTRY. IT'S LIKE A RELEASE. YOU CAN ACTUALLY USE CHEMICAL TERMS AND NOT HAVE TO STOP AND BREAK EACH ONE DOWN OR TRY TO EXPLAIN EVERY WORD. WE ALL UNDERSTAND EACH OTHER, AND FROM THAT ASPECT, IT IS A PLEASURE TO BE HERE.
THE OTHER THING WE ALL HAVE IN COMMON, OF COURSE, IS OUR PAKISTANI-DESCENT. WE COME TOGETHER TODAY, CITIZENS OF THE USA, FROM ALL PARTS OF THE COUNTRY - NEW JERSEY, MARYLAND, VIRGINIA. CONNECTICUT, OHIO, TEXAS, CALIFORNIA, LOUISIANA, KENTUCKY. GEORGIA, ILLINOIS AND MICHIGAN. BUT ORIGINALLY WE ALL CAME FROM THAT GREAT COUNTRY CALLED PAKISTAN. WE KNOW THE ADVANTAGES OF THAT GREAT HERITAGE. WE ALL KNOW THAT NOWHERE ELSE COULD WE HAVE RECEIVED A FINER EDUCATION IN THE FIELD OF CHEMISTRY. WE ALL ATTRIBUTE OUR PROFESSIONAL STANDARDS AND KNOWLEDGE TO THE CHEMISTRY BACKGROUNDS WE ACQURED IN PAKISTAN. BUT WE ARE ALSO VERY MUCH AWARE OF THE CHALLENGES THAT COME WITH THE TERRITORY. IT IS NOT EASY TO BE BORN, RAISED AND EDUCATED IN ONE COUNTRY AND THEN COME TO LIVE AND PRACTICE YOUR PROFESSION IN ANOTHER. WE ALL HAVE EXPERIENCES THAT WE CAN SHARE. WE ALL HAVE STRUGGLES THAT WE REMEMBER. WE ALL HAVE CHALLENGES, EVEN TODAY, THAT WE MUST CONTEND WITH. AND, HAVING THESE EXPERIENCES AND STRUGGLES AND-CHALLENGES IS WHAT MAKES US SO DEDICATED TO THIS ORGANIZATION AND TO THE MISSION OF THE ORGANIZATION. WE KNOW WHAT WE WERE FACED WITH IN OUR QUESTS TO BECOME PROFESSIONAL CHEMISTS HERE IN THE USA.
ALTHOUGH ARMED WITH A WONDERFUL EDUCATION WHEN WE ARRIVED HERE, WE ALL KNOW THAT SOMETIMES IT WAS DIFFICULT TO CONTINUE TO ACQUIRE THE KNOWLEDGE OF CHEMISTRY THAT WE NEEDED TO ULTIMATELY REACH OUR GOALS HERE IN THE USA. BUT WE STRUGGLED, AND WE LEARNED AND WE PERSERVERED. AND NOW THAT WE HAVE ACQUIRED THAT KNOWLEDGE. NOW THAT WE HAVE REACHED OUR GOALS WE KNOW HOW IMPORTANT IT IS TO MAKE SURE THAT ALL CHEMISTS OF PAKISTANI- DESCENT RECEIVE THAT KNOWLEDGE. WE ARE COMMITTED TO MAKING SURE THAT THE 'MEMBERS OF THE PAKISTANT INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTS USA WHO ARE STILL STRIVING TOWARD THEIR PROFESSIONAL GOALS, RECEIVE ALL THE KNOWLEDGE OF CHEMfISTRY THAT IS NECESSARY TO ACHIEVE THEIR PRFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT.. SECONDLY, WE KNOW HOW IMPORTANT IT IS TO HAVE A ROLE MODEL AND A MENTOR. THOSE-OF US WHO DID HAVE MENTORS AND ROLE MODELS KNOW WE COULD NOT HAVE
* .. *'.?~'-* .* 3
MADE IT WITHOUT THEM. THOSE OF US WHO DID NOT HAVE ROLE MODELS AND MENTORS WONDER HOW WE DID MAKE IT WITHOUT THEM. BUT ALL OF US KNOW THAT HAVING ROLE MODELS AND MENTORS IS CRITICAL. AND THIS KNOWLEDGE SERVES TO DEEPEN OUR COMMITMENT TO THE SECOND ITEM IN OUR MISSION STATEMENT: TO HELP MENTOR YOUNG PAKISTANI-DESCENT STUDENTS OF CHEMISTRY AND ALSO ACT AS ROLE MODELS.
THERE IS NO NEED FOR ME TO EMPHASIZE THE FINANCIAL CHALLENGES AND HARDSHIPS ASSOCIATED WITH RECEIVING A HIGHER EDUCATION - ESPECIALLY IN SUCH A DEMANDING FIELD AS CHEMISTRY. YET, IF THE REASON FOR THIS ORGANIZATION IS TO MAKE IT EASIER FOR THOSE WHO ARE COMING AFTER US, THEN WE MUST NOT ONLY CONTINUE OUR COMMITMENT IN THIS AREA - BUT ACTUALLY DEEPEN THAT COMMITMENT. THE COST OF EDUCATION IS THREE OR FOUR TIMES HIGHER TODAY THAN IT WAS WHEN WE WERE IN SCHOOL. SO IT IS UP TO US TO MAKE SURE THESE YOUNG PEOPLE RECEIVE EVERY CHANCE THEY CAN. THEREFORE, WE MUST CONTINUE TO PROVIDE SCHOLARSHIPS TO HELP YOUNG STUDENTS OF PAKISTANI-DESCENT. NOT ONLY IN AMERICA, BUT ANYWHERE IN THE WORLD. BECAUSE GOOD CHEMISTS ARE NEEDED ALL OVER THIS WORLD.
AS MORE AND MORE PAKISTANI-EDUCATED STUDENTS MAKE THEIR WAY TO THE UNITED STATES, TO EITHER BEGIN THEIR PROFESSION OR TO CONTINUE THEIR EDUCATION, WE MUST BE AWARE OF WHAT THE INSTITUTIONS IN PAKISTAN CAN GIVE TO THE US AND VICE VERSA. THAT IS-VHY AN IMPORTANT PART OF OUR! MISSION IS ACTING AS A BRIDGE BETWEEN PAKISTANI LEARNING INSTITUTES AND THE U.S.
TECHNOLOGY IS AN IMPORTANT ELEMENT IN CHEMISTRY. MANY OF US, AS WE BEGAN PRACTICING OUR PROFESSIONS, HAVE:BECOME AWARE OF MANY TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES IN RELATION TO OUR INDUSTRY. THEREFORE, WE CONTINUE OUR COMMITMENT TO SHARE TEHCNOLOGY WITH THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY AND THE LEARNING INSTITUTIONS OF CHEMISTRY IN PAKISTAN FOR PEACEFUL PURPOSES.
INTERNSHIPS ARE IMPORTANT. THERE IS, IN ANY INDUSTRY, A CATCH-22. ESPECIALLY IN THE RESEARCH INDUSTRY. YOU NEED THE EXPERIENCE TO GET A JOB, YET YOU CAN'T GET A JOB WITHOUT THE EXPERIENCE. WE WANT TO MAKE SURE THAT STUDENTS OF. PAKISTANI-DESCENT IN THE US CHEMICAi INDUSTRY ARE NOT FACED WITH THIS DILLEMA. AND THE BEST WAY TO DO THAT IS TO CONTINUE OUR 4 COMMITMENT TO PROVIDE RESEARCH INTERNSHIPS TO STUDENTS OF PAKISTANI- DESCENT IN THE FIELD OF CHEMISTRY.
FINALLY, BECAUSE WE SHARE THIS COMMON HERITAGE, WE KNOW THAT THERE IS NO GREATER CHEMICAL INDUSTRY THAN:OURS. THE WORLD DESERVES TO KNOW AND UNDERSTAND AND BENEFIT FROM THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY OF PAKISTANI DESCENT. THEREFORE, WE CONTINUE OUR DEDICATION TO PROMOTE AND PROPAGATE THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY OF PAKISTANI-DESCENT IN MANY COUNTRIES IN THE WORLD.
IT IS WITH GREAT PLEASURE THAT I AM ABLE TO REPORT THE PROGRESS WE HAVE MADE IN MANY AREAS.
IN TERMS OF ORGANIZATION, ALL OF OUR LEGAL WORK HAS BEEN COMPLETED. WE ARE, OF COURSE, OFFICIALLY REGISTERED. OUR LOGO; HAS BEEN CREATED AND APPROVED, AND WE NOW HAVE OUR OFFICIAL STATIONARY.
WE HAVE BEEN IN TOUCH WITH UNIVERSITITES REGARDING THE ESTABLISHMENT OF ENDOWNMENT FUNDS. DETAILS OF THE ENDOWMENT SETUP WILL BE FORTHCOMING.
I AM.:ALSO HAPPY TO REPORT THAT WE HAVE BEGUN TO INITIATE DIALOGUE WITH CHEMICAL INDUSTRY LEADERS IN PAKISTAN. WE ARE VERY EXCITED ABOUT THE OPPORTUNITIES THAT WILL RESULT FROM THAT DIALOGUE, AND I WILL CONTINUE TO REPORT AS WE MAKE PROGRESS IN THAT AREA.
I HAVE PLANNED A TRIP IN OCTOBER TO VISIT PAKISTAN UNIVERSITIES IN ORDER TO ASCERTAIN THEIR NEEDS. AND WE WILL REPORT OUR FINDINGS TO THE ORGANIZATION.
WE ARE ALSO EXCITED ABOUT THE PROGRESS WE HAVE MADE IN TERMS OF INTERNSIPS. WE HAVE INITIATED CONTACT WITH THE LEGAL COMMUNITY HERE IN THE USA, SO THAT WE WILL KNOW EXACTLY WHAT WE HAVE TO DO AND WHAT RULES WE MUST ABIDE BY IN ORDER TO BEGIN BRINGING PAKASTANI STUDENTS HERE FOR INTERNSHIPS.
ALTHOUGH WE HAVE MADE MUCH PROGRESS, THERE IS!STILL MUCH TO BE DONE. I LOOK FORWARD TO THE CHALLENGE OF HELPING TO MAKE THIS ORGANIZATION ALL THAT WE WANT IT TO BE - ALL THAT IT CAN BE.
...... -' HOPEFULLY, AT THIS CONFERENCE WE 5 WILL RENEW OUR COM1MITMENTS OUR COMMITMENT TO OUR ORGANIZATION NOT ONLY U NOTOMTM~T ONLY PAKISTANf ON -DESCENTPAKITAN-DESENTSTUENTS BUA OMTMONLY STUDENTS. BUT A COMMITMIENT OUR COMMITMENT TO YOUNG To HELP 1MAKE BETTER AND MORE THIS WORLD A PEACEFUL PLACE TO LIVE. THANK YOU.
I. * - . 4 a -toc - iL o P. I
poCifs'tan Institite ofChemistS, U5A 3219 Almond Creek Drive, Houston, TX Chgo. Tele. No. 708/563-0363 ext. 630
(Ze ; r~' ~ June 11, 1999
TI14 L,A., A /10- Senator Tom Harkin 426 C Street NE "7 Washington, DC 20002 CfI e_11d -
Dear Senator Tom Harkin, -_--Vi CO
Pakistan Institute of Chemists (PIC, USA) is holding their 4h annual meeting of PLC, USA on Saturday, July 24, 1999 at 7:00 p.m. in Washington DC. living PIC, USA is a not-for-profit organization comprised of Pakistani-American chemists and scientists and working in the US. Our main focus has been the promotion of scientific research and knowledge in and the field of Chemistry. Our members deliver seminars and participate in areas of chemical research with Pakistani-American provide technical assistance by sharing their knowledge and experience Chemists. We also provide substantial assistance through private contributions to students graduating with Chemistry degrces.
We would appreciate it if you could take the time from your busy schedule to attend our annual meeting. A few Senior Professors of as your presence would greatly encourage our scientific community. Chemistry from Pakistani Universities are expected to attend as well. directories so I have Due to the outstanding number of new members, we have exhausted our 1998 PIC your office let us know enclosed the 1997 issue to give you an idea of what PIC represents. Please have if your schedule may be open to possibly attend this event by June 15, 1999. t extension 630, as If you have any questions regarding this, please feel free to contact me at 708-563-0363 we look forward to meeting you. Sincerely,
// 'r .f 'j, 1 2/ Ai N. Syed President 1/1r 'If/f ~'- 4'~LP I ~od cc: Rashid Chaudary Raani Corporation / Q V1__! '., C I - EDUCATION IN PAISTAN Looking Back, Looking Forward Public remarks and other comments by Thomas W. Simons, Jr U.S. Ambassador to Pakistan ...... ********************************************************.. This pamphlet collects personal reflections by U.S. Ambassador Thomas W. Simons, Jr., on Pakistan's history and the role of education, as an interested and concerned foreign observer. The public remarks and written commentary are based on insights from his current position as U.S. Ambassador to Pakistan and on his childhood memories of post-partition Karachi. Preparedand published by United States Information Service Islamabad, March 1998 LIBERATION: A CHILDHOOD YEAR IN KARACHI A Memoir My father joined the newly-opened American Embassy in Karachi in November 1947. My mother and I stayed at our home in the Washington suburbs to finish the school year in June 1948, she as a secondary-school teacher, I as a 5th-grade student. The boat trip from New York took over a month in those days. It was not the first time. In 1945 we had sailed from New York on October 28 and arrived in Calcutta December 6, after picking our way through the Mediterranean, still mined. It was also exciting the second time round: the boat vendors and the giant statue of Fernand de Lesseps which still stood at the head of the Suez Canal, the heat of the Red Sea passage. But it had been a lonely year, and we were eager to be together again. I was nine years old, due to turn ten in September, when we arrived that summer. We were overjoyed to be reunited. After a spell in the Beach Luxury -- my first- ever ginger beer, my first gastrointestinal bout this time -- we moved into the small two-storied house on Golf Club Road near Frere Hall Gardens my father had shared with two bachelors. It is still in the Consulate General's residential complex, behind the Residence, which we had only just contracted for. Today's green garden was then a patch of dirt and rock. In the heat, with mosquito nets but without air conditioning, we moved from soaked bed to bed. Our neighbors were Americans from the Embassy. Most were diplomats on their first tours who had fought in the War and were now having families. Most have remained friends for life. We all loved it. I was about the only non-baby, and spent a good deal of time shooting at crows with my slingshot from the roof of the house. Out of thousands of shots, I remember one hit. My mother had planned to teach me herself, using the Calvert correspondence Page 2 - Simons. Childhood in Karachi system, but it did not work. She was too professional, I was too independent, a good student, but not for her. So I was enrolled in Karachi Grammar School. I loved Grammar School too. Then it was all in today's Upper School near Saddar Market, with the playing fields in front of the stately Victorian main building. Little has changed physically. The Library wing and Memorial Hall in back have s been added, the old Assembly Hall became the laboratory at some point, the E wooden stairs to the second level have become stone. But the rooms, open to the v weather, are the same, and I suspect so are many of the desks. The assembly shed n with the school motto is still there. And best of all, there are the same small classes, the same intense master-student relationships, and the same insistent li pursuit of excellence. c Most of the masters were still British, and indeed the whole school was very British. I learned field hockey and European football -- cricket was beyond me -- E and carried the American flag on my back, as the only Yank there, for Streeton t; House. I also learned to measure weight in stone and to fight, if the weights s: translated evenly enough. The results were not bad, certainly not dishonorable. b But what I learned best was that academic excellence was as honorable as athletic b prowess. I was taught some strange things. George Washington was rather an English K gentleman fighting for British liberties against a rather doubtful King. Sher Shah a Suri came across mainly as an able and forward-looking administrator, almost ti ICS. The Whig interpretation of history was in its heyday. We learned to e multiply and divide not just in rupees, annas, and paiseh but also in pounds, d shillings, and pence, surely the least useful knowledge I have ever gained and b forgotten. But every week cards were given in assembly for that week's best i academic performer in each class, and I worked for those cards. Here the results C were even better. The main lesson for me was that being good at schoolwork is a grand thing. Although my parents believed it and valued my performance, at C the time it was a bit un-American. It has sustained me ever since. After home and school. there was the city, and that, it turned out, was the most o exciting, the very best part of all. i was a young boy in short panis and sturdy u shoes. I was reasonably healthy, reasonably quick, wide-eyed and curious and o adventurous enough. I had already moved from Central Minnesota to g Washington and sailed halfway around the world three times, twice out and once back. I had been away to boarding school in Mussoorie, above Dehra Dun. But rachi Page 3 - Simons, Childhood in Karachi it, a it had all been under the care and control of family, and teachers, and other )1. guardians. And now, at ten, Karachi stretched out before me. Idar Nlv parents and I did many things together. Pakistanis were very hospitable to ng.~~~ Am.ericans. Those wvere the days w.~hen Liaquat Ali Ihncm t ly i ave saxophone in jam sessions in American homes, and ADC's Flirted with the the Embassy secretaries as their bosses communed in the inner offices. I wrote a the weekly newspaper, typed and hectographed, called The Pakistan News. It was hed mainly about Embassy comings and goings; my mother was an occasional censor. nailae Dawn editor-in-chief Aldtaf Hussain and I exchanged subscriptions. Parties in our :-ent little house were lively and gay. I learned to swim on outings to Hawkes' Bay. We bounced over the Sindh Desert to Hala, to Sukkur Barrage, to ivtoenjodaro, crowded into our high old Ford car with another family. It was a family place. te -But [Karachi was not just a family place for me that year. It was also mine. I had ton the run of it. Often I went with my best friend, who was a year older, who ;hts smoked, and whose father worked for BOAC. But often I went by myself. I rode b le. back and forth to and From school on my bicycle, but I went ever-vxvhere on my etic bi cycle, not just between school and home. It has of course changed a lot in the nearly half-century since then. In those days lish K~arachi was a compact city of some hundreds of thousands, offices and markets hah and homes stretching out from the port, but not very far. There was little motor lost traffic. The carts carrying the rawv cotton from t-he vast open godowns at the city's I to edge to the port were drawn by camels. Mlost other goods were drawn by ids, donkeys, most people rode in rickshaws drawn by other people, or on their and bicycles, like me. I collected modest coins that year, buying and trading for them )est in the bazaars, and I went there by bike. You could still get 1835 East India ults Company annas, or Victoria rupees, which I still have. k is at Or people walked. I walked to our neighborhood movie house, for instance, to sit in sofas in the back as the fans beat t-he cigarette smoke about. In September, we Americans watched from the balcony of our old Embassy building at the corner lost of Bunder and Garden Roads as Quaid-i-Azam's funeral procession moved slowly .rdy up Bunder Road to what is now the M~azar. Five hundred thousand people, most and of them weeping, followed on foot. I had never seen so many people. nor such to grief. You could see the Quaid's funeral tent at the top of the road. Distances nce were not great. But Page 4 - Simons, Childhood in Karachi Beyond the tent was the desert, and it was full of more hundreds of thousands of people, also living in tents. This was a second Karachi, the settlements of the people who had come from India over the previous year to build new lives for themselves and a new country for the world. It covered a lot of today's Karachi. The two cities were beginning to come together. Immigrants who could worked in town. Man)' had been through hell. We had a driver. He had just arrived, and although he wore a suit, he had bulging eyes which bothered me. I asked my father why they bulged; he replied it was because the man was starving. On salary he soon ceased to starve, but it was my first experience with someone I knew who was starving. And people from town were going out to help the immigrants. I too went out to the tent cities on my bicycle, with a thrill of apprehension, but without fear. And always without harm, and always with excitement. Everybody was a new Pakistani together. What is remembered today, fifty years later, is often the suffering, the wrenching, the huge hopes and the huge fears. I remember nothing but the hope. The excitement of a new beginning was everywhere, and that was what I felt. I learned to read (but not to speak) Urdu, and the first words I pieced out were "Pakistan Zindabad." It was written everywhere. "Land of the Pure," I was told, and believed. Perhaps it helps to be an American, raised to welcome novelty, to court risk, to believe the future is genuinely open, not to look back. It almost certainly helps not to have experienced the disappointments and disillusionments of the succeeding decades of Pakistan's national life in one's own life. But it absolutely Iu: helps to have been a small boy in Pakistan's new capital at the moment when my own life was opening up to independent experiment, discovery, and success. Pakistan's beginning and my beginning as an independent person are fused in It time, my year in Karachi. That is one reason why I was thrilled to return to stl represent my country here as Pakistan approached its fiftieth anniversary. It was qLu one reason why, when people tell me that the country is starting to show the an telltale signs of today's academic fad, the "failed state." that the challenges are too great, I do not believe them. The challenges are certainly there. Pakistan's future is genuinely open. But that is why "Pakistan Zindabad" is as fresh to me today as re it was all those long 'years ago. w at gr ki TI re ; of the for :hi. Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah recognized the vital importance of 4p education before the nation was born. Speaking to the Sindh Muslim Student 1. Conference here in Karachi almost sixty years ago, he said: r( "There are at least three main pillars which go to make a nation wortk~y L of possessing a territory and running the government . . . the first is ir education . . . next, no nation and nu people can ever do anything without making themnselves economically powerful in commerce, trade and a: industry. Andi lastly, rvhen you have got that light of krwwl edge by means t of education, and when you have mnade yourselves strong economically and e industrially, then you have to prepareyourselvesforyourdefense." )eech echPage:3. Simons. KGS Speech ;her As with so many other things, the Quaid had it exactly right. Throughout his long career as a lawyer, a leader of the freedom movement, and finally, as the first Governor-General of Pakistan, Quaid-i-Azam emphasized the critical role orn, education plays in the health of a modern nation-state. He correctly identified only education as the first pillar a nation must erect if it is to succeed in constructing tish F the other pillars of a vigorous economy and a strong defense. Note the sequence: ross f[r education, then economic strength and reliable defenses. hin, lain For mass quality education is the essential building block of true national security, ded and that fact is increasingly recognized around the world. In my country, for :nse example, President Clinton has made improvement of our nation's educational 'hat system a primary goal of his second term in office. Likewise, British Prime :ent Minister Tony Blair has placed education reform at the forefront of his national knd agenda. The economic miracle in East Asia springs largely from the massive vith investment countries like South Korea, Thailand and Malaysia have made in education. First education, then prosperity: that sequence has guided public policy in the Asian Tigers for close to three decades now. ion ime Since that is the international community that Pakistan aspires to join, here too e of there is a growing realization that the future of the nation rests on improving 'our educational opportunities and standards. In its 1997 Election Manifesto, the lity PMLJN recognized explicitly that low levels of literacy and poor quality of iers education are the root causes of the country's economic and social I of underdevelopment. Pledging to give education "the highest priority," the party set nis. ambitious goals for itself once in government: to have every elementary-age child test in school within five years, and universal literacy in fifteen. How will these goals be reached? That, of course, is for the Government and of people of Pakistan, working together, to decide. But it might be ifistructive to ent look at how the Asian Tigers have laid the educational foundations for their remarkable economic successes. Long before the economies of countries like South Korea began to boom, they had invested heavily in basic education for their citizens. At the Korean Armistice in I953 and long thereafter, the Republic of Korea was a devastated land, as barren as if swept by a giant rake. But from the very beginning, its rebuilding and transformation focussed on education. Between 1970 and 1989, Pakistan's expenditure per pupil rose by 13 percent. South Korea's rose by 355 percent. Page 4. Simons, KGS Speech World Bank studies have concluded that the most important single factor of explaining economic growth in East Asia over the past three decades is their th( investment in primary education. But East Asian commitment to learning of extended across the educational spectrum. Beyond basic education for all their scl citizens, the Tigers also have supported and developed technical education. The 'an pool of skilled workers such training creates is a powerful incentive for companies cla looking to invest in a country. In his message to the First Pakistan Education Conference here in Karachi on 27 November 1947, Governor-General Jinnah Te again predicted as much when he stated that "there is an immediate and urgent need for training our people in scientific and technical education in order to build no up our economic life..." And yet today, almost fifty years later, only 1.6 percent of Pakistan's secondary school enrollment is in technical fields. The comparable to figure in South Korea is 18 percent. pla a; Educating females is another area in which the Asian Tigers have excelled, and Ph Pakistan might well consider their example. The Social Action Program (SAP) Fo Manifesto of the Government of Pakistan recognizes that "educating girls possibly fac yields higher rates of return than any other investment available in the developing world." The SAP points out how dramatic the benefits of educating females can pri be: family wages increase 10 to 20 percent for each year of schooling a girl gic receives! A more educated mother has fewer and better educated children. She An also raises a healthier family, which in turn reduces medical costs. And the list . goes on. Rupee for rupee, there is no more productive investment in the nation's id economic future than schooling for girls. id The government of Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif has signaled that it is determined to devote more energy and resources to the critical task of reinvigorating the nation's school system. Former Prime Minister Meraj Khalid bu has been appointed to lead a task force on education, which includes prominent t educators and concerned politicians. This is surely a step in the right direction. The task force has already made some eminently practical suggestions, which As should serve as useful grist for a national debate on education. A debate on the goals of education and the resources to be devoted to it will be necessary if Pakistan is to lay a secure foundation for its next half-century as a nation. Both government and private organizations are already taking impressive steps to extend the right to a basic education to all Pakistanis. The Prime Minister's Ad Literacy Commission, for example, has established over 7000 non-formal primary Jin schools during its brief existence. These schools -- which serve the very poorest gr Page 5, Simons, KGS Speech ctor of Pakistan's communities -- offer children who would not normally attend school to break out heir the opportunity to learn to read and write and, therefore, a chance -iing of the cycle of poverty in which they are locked. Similarly, numerous NGO-run heir schools operating in rural areas of Pakistan use innovative teaching techniques -- into Tle and curricula to attract more children -- including large numbers of girls nies classrooms for the first time. tion nah The Paki sta n i-Amnerican community, J am happy to say, is also pitching in. gent Development in Literacy (DIL), a Los Angeles-based group established to support ,uild non-formal primary girls' education in under-served areas of Pakistan, has cent established 40 one teacher home schools in the Mianwali District. Working able together with the Mlalik Mlaula Bakhsh Memorial Trust (MMBMT), DIL is planning still more. Mvr. Safi Qureshi of California has formed a group to develop a non-profit educational television channel in Pakistan. The All Pakistan and Physicians of North America (APWPNA) has just formed'a Human Development iAlP) Foundation with its own endowment in order to serve as a clearing house and aind ;iblv facilitator for Pakistan i-American groups working in the fields of primary ping education, primary health and poverty alleviation. Bringing the energies of can private individuals together for effective social action is one of America's most girl glorious traditions, and Pakistani -Americans, many of them fi rst-ge ne ration torch. She Americans, have grasped the list o n's His office makes President Leghari a key art-iculator of national goals, and he has identified educational reform as a crucial national priority. Echoing the Quaid, the President has said that Pakistan cannot achieve a more robust economy until it is it increases the nation's literacy rate, and improves educational standards in responding. The Punjab's 1997-98 'of science and technology. Other Pakistanis are Ialid budget allocated three billion rupees for an extensive vocational training program nent to expand the pool of literate, skilled workers, which the Punjab and Pakistan will need to survive and to compete in the next centurv. :on. hich hec As a friendly observer who wishes the country i the well, I am often asked if I think rv if rvif Pakistan can in fact become another Asian Tiger. My answer always begins "Yes, if..." Yes, if the Government and people of Pakistan put education at the top of the list in terms of effort, funds, and focus, beyond mere campaign rhetoric. Yes, the necessary vision. )s to if Pakistanis can muster the spirit of sacrifice and acquire in 1945, Muhammad Ali ter' Addressing the Gujrat Muslim Educational Conference should be regarded as too narv Jinnah said "no sacrifice of time or personal comfort yes, if Pakistan can rest great for the advancement of the cause of education." Finally, Page 6. Simons. KGS Speech turn that spirit and that vision into practical deeds for all the citizens of Pakistan, high or low, rich or poor. Pakistan is an Islamic Republic and has that powerful tradition to draw upon as well. Jalaluddin Rumi once asked: Those who reach to the stars so easily Why do they have so much trouble walking on earth? The challenge for mankind and the challenge for Pakistan is to do both - to reach the stars and to walk with grace on earth. It can be done, it must be done, you Grammarians can help Pakistan do it. tr If of th Ti a lii in Bt hi ef: th pr in P in A] )n as each PAKISTAN -- THE NEXT FIFTY YEARS you We are told that Prince Bismarck once said he never thought more than three years ahead. As a lesser diplomatist. my normal time horizon is even shorter. I was trained as a historian and not as a futurologist. So it is with much modesty that I draw on that training to peer forward at Pakistan's next fifty years. If all goes reasonably well, it seems to me, the next half-century will be the time of the city in Pakistan, just as the first half-century was the time of the farm and the cantonment. The farm and the cantonment will not disappear. Agriculture will continue to be a mainstay of the economy. Very many, perhaps most Pakistanis will continue to live in villages. The country will still need robust defenses and robust defense institutions. But Pakistani agriculture seems to me destined to modernize and shift toward higher-value products. Only better educated workers -- fewer, but better educated -- can produce them. And thicker and more effective input/distribution networks, with people to match, will be needed for these products to be grown and sold efficiently. Agriculture itself, and the growing export economy it will support, will therefore need new products from the cities, and better educated people to produce them. Many will come from agriculture, and they and the cities they live in will in turn need more and better products from the countryside. I see Pakistan's next half-century defined primarily by this circular movement forward into the modern world. For once, the circle will be benign rather than vicious. Almost all Pakistanis will surely be good Muslims. The next half-century, like the Page 2 - Simons, The Next Fifty Years first, will also be the time of the masjid. But if the above projection is accurate, a greater proportion of masjid will be in cities. Historic Islam flourished in cities. First Mekkah and Madinah, but then Cordoba, Cairo, Damascus, Basra, Baghdad and Samarra, Isfahan and Mashhad, Samarkand and Bukhara, Lahore, Multan, and Delhi, and finally Istanbul: all were cities. Pakistanis fifty years hence will be n good members of the Ummah. But they are likely also to be different from what they are today. c n This is because people living in cities in large numbers can no longer depend for e. protection and prosperity only on their families or on the "natural superiorities" it of the countryside. I am confident that fifty years from now the family will be g: Pakistan's basic social institution, as it is today. But to build better lives for p themselves and their children, urban families need institutions. They need police, ri health, water, sewage, power, rubbish removal systems that work; municipal E governments where they have a say; impersonal norms that give everyone an equal a: chance; the rule of law, which treats everyone fairly. Personalized, patron-client relationships, sefarish, arbitrary rule by men (and women) whose only qualification is a degree of relationship with the great, will no longer be good enough. The same will surely be more and more true in the villages, fewer but P more modern, where people will be engaged in tomorrow's higher-value agriculture. And all of them, in village, cantonment, and town, will want more and better education, for children and adults, for men and women. Education will be seen, correctly, as the ticket to economic growth, to family well-being, to national L survival and advance. The corollary, in my view, is that the thirst for universal, rrn quality education will dominate Pakistan's public policy choices in the years ahead. Thoughtful Pakistanis is naturally focus on today's great cities, on Karachi, on it Lahore, on Quetta and Peshawar. Naturally, because they are where today's most acute problems are. They have grown fast, and for lack .of timely investment they have outstripped their infrastructure. A century ago, so had London and Paris, Vienna and Berlin, St. Petersburg and Moscow, New York and Chicago. In the 01 first wave, great cities are where people coming from the countryside concentrate, along with the institutions of higher learning, the mass media, and the weaponry, in both state and non-state hands. In the view of many, the shape uf Pakistan fifty in years from now will depend to a degree on how well Pakistan's great cities are managed, how skillfully their special problems are dealt with. And I of course agree. - Years Page 3 - Simons, The Next Fifty Years tre, a But I would venture the prediction that the real battle for Pakistan will be fought iues. in the secondary towns, in Nultan rather than Lahore, in Hyderabad rather than hdad Karachi, in Muzaffargarh, Abbottabad, and Sibi. Everywhere that democracy has ;1tan, taken secure root, including my own country, the seedbed has been the town ill be numbcri hundreds othousands rather than millions. Ilt has provided the wy what station for the first generation of those leaving the countryside, before their children went on to the great city. Large enough to need new services, new rules, new practices for common living, the town is still small enough for people to know d for each other well, so that they can work out affordable ways to serve the legitimate ities" interests of each to the benefit of all. Skipping that step -- going directly to the 11be great city -- often entails radicalism among large floating populations of uprooted s for people, mass violence, and the calamities in which our dying century has been so )lice, rich. I believe Pakistan can still afford to make that step available to its people. 2ipal Doing so will take wisdom, and it will take resources. So it seems to me that at :qual any given moment over the next fifty years the acid test of where the nation is lient going will be the state of its secondary towns. only cod "If all goes reasonably well," I wrote at the beginning. And if I see the health of but Pakistan's small towns as the major micro-variable for what Pakistan will become, alue I confess that I see the state of Pakistan-India relations as the main and macro-variable. 11be onal Like many other observers of Pakistan-India tension, here of course I have in rsal, mind the weight of defense expenditures which drain the resources both countries 'ears need and would like to devote to welfare and development, and the threat of a spiralling arms race that would break the bank and back of each. But the basic issue seems to me even broader and deeper. That issue, I would suggest, is what on it takes to keep democratic electorates mobilized to bear that burden, to pay for nost those expenditures, to sacrifice in order to fund another round of the spiral. they aris, We Americans have some experience with what it takes. We believed in our side the of the Cold War, and we managed to mobilize to fight the Cold War without ate, sacrificing our essential liberties in the process. But we started with a deep human .nrv, and physical resource base, and we too paid a price, in the degradation of Fifty important elements of our national infrastructure -- our cities, our schools, our are roads and bridges -- that we are now struggling to restore. urse Moreover, it was not always a sure thing that we would keep our liberties intact. Mobilization for cold war does not keep old structures in place. That is not Page 4 - Sinons, The Next Fifty Years possible in today's world and will not be possible in tomorrow' s. But it does make the old structures rigid. It can stifle the creativity needed to adapt them to emerging new demands. It can make them seize, with the risk that rather than adapt they will be swept away. We Americans have been committed to our liberties, and creative, but we have also been lucky. So it is with humility and a full heart that we wish Pakistan and India well in their efforts to reengage and to reduce and manage the historic tensions between them, including the tension Jammu over and Kashmir, as they celebrate their first fifty years. i September 21, 1995 CO NGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE S 13997 I can tell you with confidence that there is is adopted that our restriction against weapons with regard to Pakistan and no bomb programme in Pakistan . . . There military assistance stays in place and not be willing to talk about the phe- is no bomb programme ... there is no bomb it stays in place even though Pakistan nomenon of nuclear weapons with re- programme. has significant national security prob- gard to India. December, 1988: lems, our restriction against military My own view of this is that we want We're committed to a peaceful energy pro- sales stays in place, and it does so even to be friends with both India and Paki- gram. We don't have any [nuclear] weapons though they have a great need and stan. We want to stand beside them. policy . .. Pakistan doesn't have any inten- want to buy equipment from the Unit- We want to work with both of them. tion to get a nuclear device or a nuclear ed States. Perhaps it was not widely noticed, but weapon. For a country that is in need of as- I was the prime critic of the adminis- Another one in June 1989, Prime Min- sistance and in need of weapons, those tration when it was slow to name an ister Benazir Bhutto, in an address be- are significant and major restrictions, Ambassador to India. It seemed to me fore a joint meeting of Congress, right and to throw them away or ignore that was an important function to do, down the hall, a joint meeting of Con- them, I think, ignores the facts. The with a country that should be our gress, and made this statement to all fact is, they are strong sanctions that friend and we want to work with. of us. I was in attendance at that meet- are in place and continue in place if the I spoke out against the bashing of ing: amendment is adopted. India over the question of Kashmir. I believe what we want is a balanced pol- Speaking for Pakistan. I can declare that We should not forget the fact as well we do not possess nor do we intend to make that Pakistan signed a contract for icy, but. Mr. President, we should not a nuclear device. That is our policy. these some 9 years ago, for other parts look at the questions regarding Paki- in a vacuum. New York Times, 1989 interview with 8 years ago. and for other parts 7 years stan's national security To assume that we are going to have Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto: ago. They paid for those, and whether a policy that denies Pakistan nuclear any in- they paid all up front or paid in install- Pakistan has not, nor do we have weapons and not comment about In- tention of putting together or making, a ments, as most people do, I think dia's nuclear weapons is a mistake. To bomb. or taking it to the point where you misses the point. assume we are going to bash Pakistan can put it together. The fact is, they paid for these, they for trying to find missiles and not say So much for the word of Pakistan. contracted for these.-These items they anything about India's missile program So when we say, Mr. President, that have contracted for have sat around. is a mistake. What we ought to have is issue of just giving the Does anybody think military equip- this is an a balanced policy in that part of the back, as though we have made a ment that was due for delivery 5 years money world, not a one-sided policy. is ex- it deal at Sears someplace, that ago is as valuable today as when I retain the remainder of my time. tremely misleading, and I disagree came up? Of course, not. Mr. President. I yield 10 minutes to not been with that characterization of what this So to suggest there have the distinguished Senator from Iowa. is about. and do not continue to be enormously Mr. HARKIN. Mr. President, I want What this is about is whether the significant sanctions in place against to compliment the Senator from Colo- United States has a nuclear non- Pakistan is to simply ignore the facts. rado on his diligence and his effort to proliferation policy and whether we are It is misleading, I think. to say that bring some rationality and reason to truly willing to stick to it or are we there are not major penalties that we this debate, to try to get us to focus on not. Do we have the guts to make the have demanded that the Pakistanis pay fairness and equity in dealing with this tough decisions in the interest of see- and will continue to pay in the future. part of the world. ing nuclear weapons not spread further Mr. President, a great deal has been I certainly would not want any of my around the world, just at the same made about disingenuous statements comments that I made last night in the time we are trying to get our own nu- by the Pakistanis with regard to their debate, or any I might make now, to be clear weapons stockpiles and those of nuclear program. I. for one, think it is construed to indicate in any way that I the former Soviet Union under control regrettable that that has happened. have it in for India. That is not it at and doing a good job in that area. But, we should not be holier than thou all. But I do believe that the history of Mr. President, that is what this vote when we talk about misleading state- our relations with Pakistan are such is all about. I know from the vote yes- ments regarding national security. Are that we have to start dealing in a more terday what the vote is likely to be our memories so short around here, evenhanded fashion in that part of the today. I think it is a wrong vote be- particularly with regard to Pakistan? world. cause it sends all the wrong signals to Does not anyone recall that Francis Last night in my remarks, I went the 178 nonproliferation members Gary Powers' flight took off from Paki- over the long history of Pakistani- around the world who are doing what stan, an area we asked the Pakistanis United States friendly relations. I do we wanted them to do, what we tried to to make available to us, at a base we not mean to belabor that again and go lead them to do and which they have asked them to let us fly out of, to fly over that, other than to just say that continued to do, and that is try and over and spy on the Soviet Union? Has going clear back to when Pakistan got stop the spread of nuclear weapons everyone forgotten how important that its independence, Pakistan has always around the world. That is what this was to national security? been oriented toward the United vote is all about. Incidentally, does anyone remember States. They supported us in the Ko- I reserve the remainder of my time. what President Eisenhower said when rean war. As the Senator from Colo- Mr. BROWN addressed the Chair. he was asked about it? No one has men- rado pointed out, the flights of the U- The PRESIDING OFFICER. The tioned that today. But if you want to 2 over the Soviet Union came from Chair recognizes the Senator from Col- talk about disingenuous statements, Pakistan. After the U-2 was shot down, orado. what about President Eisenhower? Are Nikita Khrushchev threatened Paki- Mr. BROWN. I yield myself 3 min- we so holy we have forgotten it? This stan with nuclear weapons. Pakistan utes. emanated from Pakistan. President Ei- stuck with the United States. In the Mr. President, there are several im- senhower denied the flights. Was it an gulf war, Pakistan helped us out; they portant points raised by the distin- incorrect statement? Of course it was. were on our side. In Somalia-and even guished Senator from Ohio that I Why did he do it? To protect our na- in Haiti, Pakistan has sent troops to would like to address. One is the sug- tional security. help restore democracy to Haiti. gestion that we have somehow backed Does anybody remember what Presi- So in almost everything that we have down.on our nonproliferation objective dent Kennedy said with regard to the done, Pakistan has been our strong or let Pakistan off the hook if this Bay of Pigs? We do not dwell on it, but friend and ally. Yet, I believe we have amendment is adopted. before we get so holy, before we get too not treated them evenhandedly. All I sincerely believe that is an inac- holy, remember, Americans have felt a this really is is a question of fairness. curate statement, and I want to draw need to protect their national security, Last night. I quoted-and I want to the attention of the Members to the too, and it is strange that people would repeat that-the statement by the Sec- facts. The reality is, if this amendment talk about the phenomenon of nuclear retary of State, Warren Christopher, in S 13998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENA TE September 21, 1995 a letter dated September 20 to Sen ator ergy Development . Organization (KEDO) counternarcotics assistance, and would, in effect, prevent U.S. funding of DASCHLE. He said: counterterrorism programs. We also support KEDO and greatly hinder, if not destroy, the language that would allow for the return of the bipartisan interes t we international effort to implement the Agreed We appreciate military equipment for which Pakistan has with Framework. We oppose linking KEDO fund- have seen in improving our relationship already paid. To engage Pakistan on issues support an amendrnent Pakistan. We would in ing to substantial progress on North Korean/ of concern to us, including non-proliferation, that would permit aid to Pakistan that Is inSouth Korean dialogue. Imposing an artifi- it is essential to resolve this unfair situa- tion. cial and unrealistic deadline on North/South our own interest, such as trade promo tion. counternarcotics assistance, and counter - talks, which have taken years to progress. There remain other problematic issues in terrorist programs. We also support language will hold hostage the very funding that will the bill, but we are encouraged by the will- that would allow for the return of mili.tary facilitate the progress we all so desire. We ingness of the bill's managers to work with equipment for which Pakistan has alr eady remain convinced that the North/South dia- us, and we hope that these other issues can To engage Pakistan on issues of con- logue will move forward substantially as a paid. be resolved on the Senate floor or in con- cern to us, including nonproliferation. it is result of the Agreed Framework and the cre- ference. essential to resolve this unfair situation. ation of KEDO. Our failure to contribute to Sincerely, That is what the Brown amendn'ent KEDO will threaten its ability to meet its WARREN CHRISTOPHER. does. obligations under the Framework and, con- Mr. HARKIN. Mr. President, there is Mr. President, I ask un ani- sequently, invite North Korean non-compli- Again, also a letter from Secretary Perry, the mous consent that this letter, d ated ance. The Agreed Framework is working. North Korea has frozen its nuclear weapons Secretary of Defense, who said: September 20, from Secretary of State program. We need Congressional support for Christopher, be printed in its enti rety KEDO to keep the freeze in place. This is an effort to resolve issues involving in the RECORD at this point. Regarding assistance to the New Independ- "fairness" that have become a major irritant in our relationship with Pakistan-it is in no objection, the le tter ent States (NIS) and Russia. we have reached There being no way an effort to resume a military supply re- was ordered to be printed in the a critical moment in the reform process. Continued funding is essential. It can make lationship. Meanwhile, our ability to work RECORD, as follows: a maj.or difference in whether reformers in with Pakistan to achieve nonproliferation THE SECRETARY OF STATE, Russia, Ukraine. Armenia. Moldova and goals is eroding. The status quo, unfortu- Washington, September 20, 1. ?9. other states will be able to maintain momen- nately. offers few incentives for future co- Hon. THOMAS A. DASCHLE, tum, or the opponents of reform will halt the operation or restraint by Pakistan-or by Democratic Leader, development of democratic market societies. India. whose nuclear and missile programs U.S. Senate. We need to stay the course for this transi- are also of concern. DEAR SENATOR DASCHLE: As the Senat e be- tional period. while normal trading and in- 0 We do not hear much talk about that gins consideration of the FY 1996 Foreigi"' P vestment relationships develop in the former programs and erations Appropriations bill, I would liike to Soviet states. We very much appreciate the around here. The nuclear address several issues in the version o f the continued support we have received from the the missile programs of India ought to bill as reported by the full Appropria tions Congress, and the Senate Appropriations be a big concern of ours also. Committee. Committee in particular. for this critical ef- Secretary Perry concluded: At the outset I would like to thank Chair- fort as reflected in this bill. in putting this issue behind man McConnell and Senator Leahy for their Ai the same time, however, we oppose new If we succeed us, we will be in a better position to engage willingness to work with us and to in clude conditions on assistance to the NIS. It is of Pakistan in a constructive way on issues of priority initiatives such as a long-terni ex- course tempting to withdraw our assistance concern to us, particularly nonproliferation. tension of the Middle East Peace Facilita- as punishment when we do not agree with tion Act (MEPFA) and a drawdown authority Russian actions or policies. But this would I ask unanimous consent that the for Jordan in the subcommittee mark . We be a mistake. This assistance is in our na- letter from Secretary Perry, dated Au- would oppose any amendments that vwould tional interest. Cutting or restricting aid gust 2, also be printed in the RECORD. languag e for would hurt reformers. the very people who alter the carefully negotiated There being no objection, the letter of these initiatives. Also, we appre- have protested the war in Chechnya. criti- either in the ciate the Subcommittee's removalI Of cized Russia's proposed nuclear sale to Iran. was ordered to be printed objectional conditions adopted by the 1-louse or insisted that Russia end cooperation wit RECORD, as follows: on population assistance and aid to Tu rkey, Cuba. We urge you to remove such condi- THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE, Haiti, and Mexico. We hope to contini ie in tions from this bill. Let me assure you that Washington, DC, August 2, 1995. this cooperative fashion to produce a For- we share your concerns about Russia's poli- Hon. SAM NuNN, eign Operations bill that can be present ed to cies in these areas: that is why we continue Ranking Democrat, Committee on Armed Serv- the President with bipartisan support. to work on other fronts to stop the Russian ices. U.S. Senate, Washington, DC. Despite the favorable aspects of the legis- nuclear reactor sale to Iran and to prevent DEAR SENATOR NuNN: For the past six lation, there are several items that are of completion of the Cuban reactor project. months, the Administration has wrestled great concern to the Department of S;tate. We also urge you to restore the national with the difficult problem of trying to build The funding levels throughout the bil l are security waiver for the certification require- a stronger, more flexible relationship with well below the President's request level . The ment on violations of territorial integrity. Pakistan-an important moderate Islamic Foreign Operations cuts, coupled witih the which has been removed from the Senate democracy in a troubled region which has cuts being proposed to international pro- version of this bill. It is important that the been a long-time friend and has become a grams in the Senate's Commerce, Ju stice. President retain the ability to determine major partner in peacekeeping operations- State Department Appropriations bill, rep- whether the national security of the United while promoting the very important non- resent a serious threat to America's le ader- States justifies a waiver of this requirement. proliferation goals of the Pressler Amend- ship in international affairs. Moreover, removal of the waiver provision ment. also contains numerous earniarks could have unintended consequences, such as The bill Based on a detailed review within the Ad- our foreign prohibiting humanitarian assistance to the and substantially restructures ministration and consultations with Con- We expect international agen- victims of regional conflicts in countries aid accounts. gress, the President has decided to address share in the effort to ba lance such as Armenia. cies to do their this matter on three fronts: the budget as the President's budget plan The language regarding restrictions on the First, he strongly supports provisions al- makes clear. However, we, the Admin istra- termination of sanctions against Serbia and ready contained in the House and Senate tion, should have the flexibility to apply Montenegro also reflects objectionable versions of the Foreign Aid Authorization funds to the programs that provide the best House language carried over in the Senate bill that would permit us to resume eco- results. Earmarks in our programs for the bill. The recent combination of NATO's re- nomic assistance and limited military assist- New Independent States, Internat ional solve and energetic United States leadership ance affecting clear U.S. interests (including Counternarcotics, and economic assistance on the diplomatic front has led to some en- in peacekeeping, would prevent us from being able to re:spond couraging opportunities for a negotiated set- assistance and counternarcotics as to the crisis and unexpected requiremeints of tlement to the conflict. To prematurely counterterrorism well as IMET). the post-Cold War world. Further, the pro- close off any avenues that may lead to a dip- portionality requirement in the new Eco- lomatic settlement, including adjustments Second, the President has decided to seek nomic Assistance account restricts our abil- to the sanctions regime against Serbia. authority, as provided by an amendment to ity to change the distribution of these funds would complicate our efforts. be proposed by Senator Brown, that would from year to year. We oppose these re stric- We appreciate the bipartisan interest we release approximately S370 million worth of tions. have seen in improving our relationship with embargoed military equipment purchased by The bill also contains a number of )bjec- Pakistan. We would support an amendment Pakistan before the imposition of Pressler tionable policy provisions. Restrictioi is on that would permit aid to Pakistan that is in sanctions. This authority would specifically our ability to contribute to the Korea n En- our own interest, such as trade promotion. exclude the release of the F-16s. Among the items that would be released are three P-3C September 21, 1995 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE S 13999 Orion maritime patrol aircraft. Harpoon missiles at night; however, these 19 heli- Stored anti-ship missiles, counter-mortar radars. copters, so equipped, would hardly offset In- Im Stored value Funding quantity (mil- source howitzers, and support kits for F-16s and dia's 2 to I advantage (by over 2000 tanks) lions) Cobra helicopters already in the Pakistani over Pakistan. inventory. These items will not disturb the The Pakistani F-16s are already equipped Navysubtotal ...... 191.8 conventional arms balance in South Asia with the AN/ALR-69 radar warning receiver which overwhelmingly favors India. and AN/ALQ-131 electronic counter measures AirForce: PeaceGate II supportequip- Finally. the President has decided that, jamming equipment. These are defensive ment, 220Eengine kits ...... 30,968 28.5 FMF/Cash. rather than releasing the 28 F-16s to Paki- rather than offensive systems. The ALR-69 Depotengine spares prograer 4,746 8.0 FMF. stan, he will seek to sell them to a third alerts the pilot that a radar has "painted" ILCkits: Spares for 1LC, ALO- 131,F-100, ALR-69, support 2,035 7.9 FMFICash. country and deposit the proceeds of any sale his aircraft; the ALQ-131 electronically de- PeaceGate Ill supportpackage: in the Pakistan Trust Fund to reimburse. as flects the hostile missile. The ALR-69 and Peculiarsupport equipment 37 .9 FMF. much as the sale permits. Pakistan's invest- ALQ-131 kits that would be released would Enginespares ...... 511 9.1 FMF. Spares...... 154 1.6 FMF. ment in these aircraft. enhance the reliability of these systems Standardsupport equip- While we recognize that this is not a per- rather than provide any new military capa- me it ...... 67 .4 FMF. fect solution, it is, we believe, the course bility. PeaceGate IV supportpackage: Since Pakistan has previously received Enginecomponents ...... 14 .1 Cash. which will best help us resolve a difficult Developmentalsupport problem with a country which has long been over 200 AIM-9L air-to-air missiles, the re- equipment...... 144 8.0 Cash. a friend. This is an effort to resolve issues in- lease of 360 more will not provide any new Standardsupport equip- a major capability. Furthermore, India will still ment...... 386 1.2 Cash. volving ''fairness" that have become Non-standardsupport irritant in our relationship with Pakistan- enjoy an almost 2 to I advantage in jet com- equipment...... 9 .5 Cash. it is in no way an effort to resume a military bat aircraft over Pakistan to include a bet- Standardspares ...... 204 1.3 Cash. ter than 2 to 1 advantage in aircraft equiva- Testequipment ...... NA .1 Cash. supply relationship. Meanwhile, our ability ALQ-131pods and spares 20 21.7 Cash. to work with Pakistan to achieve non- lent to the Pakistani F-16s (i.e., MiG-29 and ClassA explosives...... 245,046 1.5 Cash. proliferation goals is eroding. The status Mirage 2000). OtherAir Force items ...... NA 8.2 FMFICash. The 24 howitzers that would be released to quo, unfortunately, offers few incentives for AirForce subtotal ...... 98.8 future cooperation or restraint by Paki- Pakistan are M198 155 mm towed howitzers. stan-or by India. whose nuclear and missile Given the fact that the Indian Army has over Grandtotal ...... 368 programs are also of concern. If we succeed 3000 towed artillery pieces (almost twice the in putting this issue behind us. we will be in number in the Pakistani inventory). 24 more INITIATIVE To STRENGTHEN RELATIONS WITH a better position to engage Pakistan in a will not make a significant difference. It PAKISTAN constructive way on issues of concern to us. should be noted that during toe nearly five After extensive review and consultations particularly nonproliferation. years that these howitzers were embargoed. with Congress. President Clinton has decided The second aspect of this three-part ef- India acquired over 250 eq uivalent artillery to support legislation to permit a stronger fort-embodied in Senator Brown's pending pieces from Czechoslova kia and Russial and more flexible relationship with Paki- release USSR. amendment to provide authority to pedos.akitanstan, while maintaining the nonproliferation the embargoed Pakistan equipment other In regard to MK-46 tor pedoesgoals of the Pressler Amendment. than the F-16s-may be coming to a vote will receive parts that co nstitute less than The President's decision builds on provi- I urge you to support our ef- one operational MK-46. very shortly. the House and Senate ver- forts to resolve this problem by supporting As for the 2.75' rockets, t hese constitute a sions already in resupply of ammunition fo r one of the weap- sions of the Foreign Aid Authorization bils. Senator Brown's amendment when it is of- Cbrahe a- hich would permit the United States to re- ons systems on the Paki stani otaiCobra heli- 'i fered. economic assistance and limited forms Sincerely. copters-they do not give Pakistansume~akitananynew of military assistance (including IMET. WILLIAM J. PERRY. capability. counternarcotics. counterterrorism and assistance) to Pakistan. PUTTING THE RELEASE OF EMBARGOED BROWN AMENDME NT TEXT peacekeepingThe President has decided to seek author- PAKISTANI EQUIPMENT INTO PERSPECTIVE Add the following subpar agraph to section ity, as provided for in legislation proposed by The total package has a value of $368 mil- 620E of the Foreign Assista nce Act of 1961: Senator Brown, to release to Pakistan ap- lion-not $700 million as has been reported. ( ) Applicability.-(a) The restrictionse retrition ofproximatelyof $370 million in military equip- Although the P-3C Orion provides a long- section 620E(e) of the Forei gn Assistance Act ment, exclusive of F-16s. contracted for by range offensive capability, three aircraft of 1961 shall continue to a pply to contracts Pakistan prior to the imposition of Pressler would hardly disturb India's nearly 2 to I ad- for the delivery of F-16 air craft to Pakistan. sanctions in October. 1990. vantage over Pakistan in naval systems: (b) Notwithstanding the restrictions con- This equipment includes air-to-air and It is claimed that the P-3s provide a "le- tained in section 620E(e) military equip- anti-shi missiles, radars, howitzers, three thal stand off capability" against Indian ment. technology or defen se services.se srvics, oherP-3Cother Orion Aircraft, and support kits for the naval targets as far south as Cochin: how- than F-16 aircraft. may be transferred to F-16s already in Pakistan's inventory. This ever, it should be noted that because the Pakistan pursuant to cont racts of cases en- non-strategic equipment does not have the Pakistan Navy has no aircraft carriers (of tered into before October 1. 1990. symbolism that the F-16s have come to ac- which the Indian Navy has two), the Paki- IMPACT OF THE BROWN AMENDMENT quire in the region. Release of this equip- stanis would be unable to provide fighters to The proposed legislation would authorize ment would be a one-time exemption to the at escort these slow aircraft when operating the release of approxima tely S368 million Pressler Amendment. We do not seek repeal such a great distance from Karachi-thus worth of military equipm ent purchased by of the Amendment or a resumed military by leaving them vulnerable to interception Pakistan before the imposition of Pressler supply relationship with Pakistan. either land-based Indian Air Force fighters sanctions (1 October 1995) but not delivered The President also decided not to seek re- or carrier based Indian Navy aircraft. er sanctions. Spe- lease of the 28 F-16s in the pipeline. Instead. that the P-3C rep- to Pakistan due to Pressl It is incorrect to say from r elease to Pakistan he will seek to sell the aircraft and return for the region cifically prohibited resent a new weapons system under this legislation are the 28 Pakistani the proceeds of any sale to Pakistan. to re- already has two squad- as the Indian Navy F-16s. Items to be released include: imburse as much as possible of the $684 mil- rons of similar maritime patrol aircraft that lion that Pakistan has expended on these include five 11-38 (the Russian version of the Stored aircraft. P-3) and eight Tu-142 Bear F aircraft. While Stored value Funding itemquai ntity (mil- source these aircraft do not have a system equiva- lions) a more normal and productive relationship lent to the Harpoon. they do have equipment Armes - between Washington and Islamabad, without to locate submarines and are capable of progress on nonproliferation and launching torpedoes. C-NITEmodificatioin kits ...... 18 $24.1 FMF. which real M198Howitzers ...... 24 18.7 FMFICash. other issues of importance to the United The Indian Navy also possesses an anti- TPQ-36radars ...... 4 10.5 FMF. States will remain difficult. ship missile. the Sea Eagle. which is similar M-Seriesrebuild parts ...... NA 6.8 FMF. 135 6.1 FMF. Finally, in making his decision, the Presi- to the Harpoon. Although not capable of TOWlaunchers ...... of there being air- 2.75inch rockets ...... 16,720 9.4 FMF. dent stressed the importance being launched from the maritime patrol MiscellaneousArmyitems ...... NA 1.7 FMFICash.no substantial change in the status quo in craft mentioned above, the Indian Sea Eagles Pakistan with regard to nonproliferation is- can be carried on the Sea Harrier jets and Armysubtotal ...... 77.4 sues of concern to the United States. In par- the Sea King helicopters which operate from Navy: ticular, we expect that Pakistan will exer- India's two aircraft carriers-thuggiving the P-3Caircraft ...... 3 138.1FMF. cise restraint in the nuclear and missile Navy a more formidable long-range Harpoonmissiles ...... 28 30.8 FMFICash. Indian areas. strike capability than that provided by three AIM-9Lmissile components. 360 19.7 FMFICash. M(-461Mod2 torpedocompo- P-3s. Mr. HARKIN. On July 28. to the Na- nents ...... NA .1 Cash. of State C-NITE would enable Pak Cobra heli- MiscellaneousNavy items ...... NA 2.1 FMFICash. tional Press Club. Secretary copters to launch TOW 2 anti-tank guided Christopher responds to a question. S 14000 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE September 21, 1995 This gets to the heart of the arguments I want to review for my colleagues needs to consolidate the prodemocracy made by the Senator from Ohio and the some of the proposals that Pakistan forces in Pakistan, then we have to put Senator from Michigan about the so- has put forward, going back over 20 this behind us. called evidence that justifies the impo- years. First of all, Pakistan proposed This will do more to help promote a sitions of sanctions. to establish a nuclear-weapons-free regional solution to these problems Here was the question: zone in south Asia in 1974. than anything else we can do. Will the Clinton administration order addi- In 1978, they proposed to issue ajoint It is simply a question of fairness and tional sanctions against China for supplying Indo-Pakistan declaration renouncing equity. I hope that the vote will be missile technology to Pakistan and Iran? the acquisition and manufacturing of SECRETARY CHRISTOPHER. As I mentioned overwhelming, overwhelming in favor in my remarks, we are concerned about pro- nuclear weapons. of the Brown amendment. Let Pakistan liferation issues, and we are certainly con- In 1979, they proposed to have mutual know we will not turn our backs on cerned about it as they relate to South Asia. inspections by India and Pakistan of Pakistan after all of these years of We monitor it very carefully and very close- nuclear facilities. friendship and support that Pakistan ly. Also in 1979, they proposed simulta- has given to us. At the present time, although there is a neous adherence to the Non-Prolifera- fairly large body of evidence, we do not I yield back whatever time is remain- tion Treaty by India and Pakistan. ing. I thank the Senator from Colorado think there is the evidence there that would en- justify the imposition of sanctions. Again in 1979, they proposed to for his leadership on this. dorse a simultaneous acceptance of that that be Mr. GLENN. Mr. President, I yield 2 I ask unanimous consent full-scope international atomic energy printed in the RECORD, also. minutes to the distinguished Senator There being no objection, the mate- safeguards and to have the IAEA do in- from Illinois, Senator SIMON. was ordered to be printed in the spections. rial They proposed, also in 1987, an agree- Mr. SIMON. Mr. President, I will vote RECORD, as follows: ment on a bilateral or regional nuclear against the Brown amendment, though SECRETARY OF STATE WARREN ADDRESS BY test ban treaty. I agree with much of what my col- CHRISTOPHER ON U.S. NATIONAL INTEREST IN league from Iowa has to say. I will vote THE ASIA-PACIFIC REGION, NATIONAL PRESS In 1991, Pakistan proposed to com- mence a multilateral conference on the against any weapons in any amend- CLUB, WASHINGTON, DC, JULY 28, 1995 ment that go to Pakistan or India or QUESTION. Will the Clinton Administration question of nuclear proliferation in order additional sanctions against China for south Asia. China until we get this nuclear thing supplying missile technology -to Pakistan A couple years ago, they proposed to worked out. and Iran? create a missile-free zone in all of Many of the things that Senator Secretary CHRISTOPHER. As I mentioned in south Asia. HARKIN says are correct; for example, are concerned about pro- my remarks, we Pakistan has proposed all this. What Pakistan and India, Pakistan suggest- liferation issues, and we are certainly con- ing that they have mutual inspection cerned about it as they relate to South Asia. is the stumbling block? India will not We monitor it very carefully and very close- accept any of these. They are the ones of nuclear facilities and so forth. The ly. that have said "no" to all of these pro- difficulty is India also fears China. At the present time, although there is a posals. Yet, we are the ones that are There has to be a tripartite agreement. fairly large body of evidence, we do not sticking it to Pakistan. I do not under- I think that necessarily means United think there is the evidence there that would stand this at all. It seems to me that States leadership working together justify the imposition of sanctions. But I with Russia to bring that about. want to assure all that we feel an obligation this is the kind of regime that we want to keep this matter carefully under review in south Asia. We ought to be behind There is no question Pakistan has and to follow and comply with the law in these proposals, and we ought to be some legitimate grievances. We ought this regard. using our influence with India and to get those worked out. I think the Mr. HARKIN. Again, I want to point other countries in that area to agree Feinstein amendment that is going to out that under the missile technology with Pakistan, to sit down and nego- be coming along shortly will help to Control Regime, which has been talked tiate these proposals, which were made move in that direction. about by the Senator from Michigan in good faith by Pakistan. We want to maintain friendship with and the Senator from Ohio, even under Last, Mr. President, two quotes, first Pakistan. Pakistan has moved from a that, even if MTCR sanctions were im- by President Clinton, April 11, 1995: dictatorship to 4 functioning democ- posed tomorrow, all of the items in the I don't think what happened was fair to racy. Like all functioning democracies, Brown amendment could still go to Pakistan in terms of the money . . . I don't it has problems. We ought to be work- Pakistan, because MTCR violations think it is right for us to keep the money ing with Pakistan more closely. prohibited new licenses to Paki- and the equipment. That is not right. And I However, I do not think we ought to only am going to try to find a resolution to it. I stan and China. These items were al- don't like this. be sending weapons to any one of the ready licensed in the 1980's. three parties, who now have the great- Again, Mr. President, there is a lot of President Clinton, April 11, 1995. est nuclear threat, I think, anywhere talk about Pakistan not admitting cer- That is exactly what the Brown amend- in the world. tain things. I think the Senator from ment does. I think it would be a mistake to ap- Colorado answered that quite ade- The PRESIDING OFFICER. The time prove the Brown amendment. of the Senator has expired. quately. Mr. GLENN. How much time is re- Again I would just ask a question: Mr. BROWN. Mr. President, I yield to the Senator from Iowa 2 additional maining? Has India ever admitted that they have The PRESIDING OFFICER. The a nuclear weapon? We know that they minutes. Mr. HARKIN. Mr. President, the Chair will advise the Senator from detonated one in 1974. Has India ever Ohio that his side has 15 minutes. that they have a nuclear President is supporting the Brown admitted Mr. GLENN. I yield 3 minutes to Sen- weapon? If not, are they lying to us, amendment because it reflects exactly LEVIN. also? what President Clinton said April 11. ator I think that is enough of that. Mr. On the same date, Prime Minister Mr. LEVIN. I thank the Chair and my President, I want to close my remarks Bhutto said: friend from Ohio. by pointing out that Pakistan has al- The Pressler amendment has been a dis- Mr. President, the Brown amendment ways gone the extra mile to try to get incentive for a regional solution to the pro- moves us in the opposite direction of a reasonable solution and compromise liferation issue. trying to restrain missile proliferation. in that part of the world with India. April 11, 1995, Prime Minister Bhutto. We have a law on our books and it says Let us keep in mind what we are talk- Mr. President, it is time to put this that where there is a determination ing about here. We have India, a large behind us. It is time for fairness and that a transfer of a missile with a cer- nation with 981 million people, con- equity. It is time to recognize that if tain range and payload has been made fronting Pakistan, a small country we want to support the democratic that we will then impose sanctions. with only about 125 million people. We forces in Pakistan, if we want to give There is a large body of evidence. It have to kind of keep that in context. Prime Minister Bhutto the support she is up on the fourth floor. We have had three briefings. The briefers left the Pakistan Institute of Chemistry July 25, 1998 TY to Ali Syed for that great introduction (SECOND BEST). TY also for your leadership of this great organization. And TY to everyone who worked so hard to organize this meeting. I see an old friend in the audience--Rashid Chaudry. I also want to recognize the distinguished group of speakers I am sharing the podium with tonight: I am proud to be here tonight, because you are doing great work in two important causes: 1) You are leaders in building stronger communities and a better America, and 2) you are leaders in the effort to build strong, responsible and even-handed policies and relations between the US and Pakistan. I believe that Prime Minister Sharif has moved steadily in the right direction since his election. He has demonstrated that by his efforts to reach out to the Indian Prime Minister to resolve their differences.(CHANGE THIS A LITTLE) In fiact, Pakistan has been trying for years to resolve its differences with India, only to be met with resistance and argument. I'm sure that is one of the reasons Pakistan felt compelled to conduct its own nuclear tests afler India did. It's the difference between defense and aggression. Now, I would prefer that neither India nor Pakistan had tested nuclear devices, but I am not here to interfere in Pakistan's internal affairs. I do want to call on both nations to sign the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty and the Nuclear Non- Proliferation Agreement. The world community condemned both countries for their tests, and I know the sanctions that were imposed have been tough on the Pakistanis. Recently, as part of the Ag. Appropriations Bill, the Senate voted unanimously to give President Clinton the authority to waive the sanctions at his discretion. To help Pakistan's economy bounce back, I am working to get the private sector and the Overseas Private Investment Corporation involved--developing programs, promoting investment, and improving peoples' lives. And through ily conversations with Prime Minister Sharif, I have worked to establish a framework to upgrade Pakistan's education system--another key to greater economic development. I share your concerns with the ongoing conflict in Kashmir. The human rights abuses must end. And it's time for democracy and real elections. Not sham elections. I think the US can play a role in bringing an end to the tensions in Kashmir. Pakistan Institute of Chemistiy July 25, 1998 Istc(lbaal (Is-tek-bahl, Urdu for "welcome") TY to my good friend Rashid Chaudry for that great introduction (SECOND BEST). TY also to Ali Syed for your leadership of thistpwt organization. And TY to everyone who worked so hard to organize this meeting. I also want to recognize the distinguished group I am sharing the podium with tonight: Aside from Ali Syed, I want to acknowledge Khalid Nadi, Secretary of the Institute and Dr. Eunice, tonight's keynote speaker. I am proud to be here tonight, because you are doing great work in two important causes: 1) You are leaders in but-fstrongesconsummttes-d-a-better-Amenga, and 2) you are leaders in the effort to build str-r- esRdsible-end-even-hand edid I know that your Islamic heritage puts the highest premium on education, on understanding, on tolerance, and I think through the work that you are doing, you are living up to the best spirit of your heritage, and the best spirit of our country. For instance, the scholarships your group offers go a long way to bringing the best and brightest minds into our labs. Science and scientific research are the backbone of a strong and successful nation. Clearly, the United States benefits from your se iftc-work. President Clinton and I both recognize this, and we continue to support expanding funding for research. Recently, the President stated that "advances in health research and prevention and treatment depend upon the entire scientific enterprise, including engineering efforts," as he renewed our nation's commitment to science. What you do in the lab or in the field has important applications across the world. It builds strong communities, a strong economy, and a strotiger America. Aside from your leadership in the community, you are also leaders in the effort to improve relations between Pakistan and the United States Now I believe Pri-ned se -Sharif-has-moved steadily in the right direction since his ele 'on. He demonstrated that by I effo is to reach out to former Indian Prime Minister 1.K ur' o resolve4heir differences Whil harif anurjal I rogress during their meetings, PakistaI 1 a relations suffered a huge setback India. Ii4 ce nationalist agenda led tocludia-recent nu cartests. Q40, I'm sure that is one of the reasons Pakistan felt compelled to conduct its own nuclear tests after India did. It's the differclicg defusit .nd aimrssion I also share your concerns with the ongoing 41lict-imKashmir. The human rights abuses must end. And it's time for democracy and real elect ions. 'ot-shani elections. I think the US can play a role in bringing an end to the tensions in Kashmir. And so can you. As scientists, you can play a key role in bringing peace to the region, just as scientists did during the Cold War. Early on, Soviet and American scientists engaged in a series of scientific U exchanges. We understood that sciecis al it ernatignal and intucuitual 1guage. We learned that science allows adversaries to ir"T4e 9 rai csclin y rivalries. This is a role you can undertake now in order to help bring about a lasting peace between Pakistan and India. I'm not saying it is an easy role, but it is vitally important W l1l'preflirlaiic~idn i,- r dis but I am not here to interfere in either country's internal affairs. I do want to call on both nations to sign the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty and tile Nuclear Non-Proliferation Ait i% And I am happy to report some positive movement in thatI irection. Deputy Secretary of State S robe Talbot recently led a U.S. delegation that held meetings with Pakistani and Indian The meetings focused on encouraging both nations to sign the two documents. Unlike previous meetings, neither country dismissed the talks, and neither rejected the U.S. proposals outright. And that's a step in the right direction. The world community condemned both countries for their tests, and I know the,salfiint tlt were imposed have been tough on tile Pakistanis. Recently, as part of the Ag. Appropriations tI& Bill, the Senate voted inaninois t President Clinton the authorit to waive the sactions at his discretion k.3% W P44S.Pl01 To help Pakistan's economy k, I am working to get the private sector and the 4% O(elrseasP ivate-lnvestmezat-Corporat ion.-mvol ved--developiig programs, promoting investment and improving peoples lives. C) There is still m k do in addressing Pakistan's overall economic crisis--promoting investment, expanding trade, raising revenue and expanding the tax base. holds heavy swa in Pakistan. I will continue to support the*F as long as it keeps Pakistan's long-term interests at the forefront. U& LWd 4-6 And through my conversations with Prime Minister Sharif, I have worked to establish a framework to upgrade Pakistan's education system--another key to greater economic development. A C A && %L'wA This has always been a land of great dit erences. You may be from Texas or Iowa or New York, you may be black or white or brown, your ancestors may have come over in the Mayflower or be an immigrant like my mother, you may be Christians or Muslims or Jews. But there's one thing all of us here tonight have in common: commitment. We're all committed to a strong scientific ~&~~~4*?~ka ~cp Thank you for all your hard work to achieve our common goals. You can count on me to keep fighting for you. Thank you again for asking to be with you tonight. It is always an honor to be among friends. Shab ba Khaer (Shub-buh-kar, Urdu for "goodnight") V0 September 20, 1995 A IM of to the Soviet aeeupetunited states instead orsueeo ettoteHro hyd efforts by 'MOSCOWto en- b"1- wol'emtu ave c upe nof Union, despite W ile in the United ONRSSOA thatD to ocae sbmain s y d tice s him, there. Minister bill~~ ~ ~ ~ ad lmitd m litryassst- u m rns a during 1950, the Prime no~ ~S~ m: -lt sit o lct poasesses an anti- States American au old er Nanhigvoydos also exlined to various bitat~ (nCldfg ea Eagle which is Similar on whichi t claU.S. interests The Indian at tha th e pprinCiples anc ffeting in peacekeepin. i p mis sil e , tno h e aabeoS e ences were as n t e r a o tic s a s Harpons h Although Of Pakistanl was based i t a e r r r e n d c o u to the patrol ar- nation o a s s from the maritimendaTeaEges&).o t ha eiedtekbenanhed thedelgia with the politic ~n ectlm wellassien ha.deiethe Pvresien mentionedon above, the Sea the HaTri5 IninSaEge et and ompatible h econd anemenmendtwould craftcan be carried In- cal an.do~l~gaso Patible w~h tt operate from as 'they were incom authotYaspoie of Se- Il eicpeswich u giving the States t to mllonwth hirc tr s hcai era He expresge ntha tt relas aprXi1~el~3 p.cae by dias twog lng ra ge com MUnim view fhlio e n e roped miiy sen tor Bran Navy, a more form idable by three would be the be enston urf hase dler Indian r thanD that provided weight in the effort to eaist ed befo r t e ipm oi nou rspe all its ws eoe th m ei-iiyinAi. b l t i s n g e s As ia .e caud llyc stiecpblt.throw b ra e a n ta n in g ta sanctions..This authority Among the P-3.ukCor ld e n a b le P -a k o t ecueterlaeoth -168. Fp - C C-N I T E w o u 2 ani~ tn guidedec isaire s rm e bere le a se d a re t h e copte r5 to launch TOW In a sp e h to t proli e ie xc ud th wo ar e th rp o ow ever, th ese 19 h ell- Lia~at All Khan ionm mhatiw ulm eparlea m issiles a t n igh t ; h offset In- Minister or Persuasion, no ma- ao l aircraft raar so eqIpPed, would hardly tanks) that "no threat ent t - h p m ai si e s p nd cpers. 0 to u 1a ntag (by over 2000 or idological allurem a u r -mitins theortF Pakistani a dia' s terial peril, bah hitelmi ssiles. a spt and oarad r acy." the l ove Pa toan.ove could deflect Pakistanfrm15coeh o f f r e e d mo c t- e ad it mil nth aista 8 are already equipped g r e c e i v e r p a t P t o i t s comi hn o The e sa TePksai - 1 r a d a r wa r n i n a k i s t a l i v e d U alln disurbth i t T h e P 4a i t n t e r me a s u r e s P convenio~ ams s em i t f a v o r I nAas e l c r On iC c o u n w i hen t o r y . h e a t d A NIA L -9 o t 950 wh e i m a c ' i d e th later on in June c o ional e s * are defesiv ments r orti jasm mling enys~t its nqualifed supp mgI the 28F-16 to Paki- declared raterth n ela than offensive yte3 electronically de-c.tatwrbakeui r l ' ea el thm t hr hisrather aircraft the ALQ-1thatle1 a h radr hspand they joined theCeta n r- will;tr eek anddepsit s he reimurea the pio be released would ,In 1954, rher cc, theprcd of anyealblerse Trusti LFundotie Q -1 l kite would th ate joined contry Pkan depost inmism uthestn~ h a hPikistan a eA in 1955, they systems ty Organiation. two Axnerican-backed eliability of these cap- SEATo. These a per- en a nce the provide any new miitr a cr o at tisi not thous rather than Wnn intwehi e e rcgitat belive mie evry u- h ore9 n aspeiul rcivdndw it is, we blee a difficult- bilitY. 9 sxnkn _ fact solution.whic wilbs elp us resolve oe 0 inajX Pa ir- srmsieter-'r"e 7 th e w e- ~ -a _ e 95'-e ie aLttO the which has 1ogbe0 more i previouslYl nto rois ileS, nrecied e ciesau.Id a , polmwith a country gbelissues in- oer" o 200 Atnhasm wl o rvd ~ "~ probeman effort to resolve ao es f38mr willu stlise opratio~ a friend. This is that have become a India-din je o - is still "ovn fairness" " - apabliY 2 to 1 adv ntge abet-7 long history. 11 sawlPakistan o rrlationhp with t torsuPakit aamiirbtarafovr noy anyaalmost pakistan to -include oin u ra Iawhr oa ailitay ritais in 2biiy' to I advantage in irateuv-'oeWlsye lainhp Mea chive ilt PaiIn FUn-ie, hMO2 e n gan oni ta irc16',-MG29addittr hqi a a d t ritosa t i theenn a senO IMRlI ueielt e th t - I supply reltosi bile on- lt th P ki8e,1 F 0 ) . bbt wlatiu d bn d eofhuan e s gt. s an av Pakistan status noahivquo lenf o r f u - Mi r a g e o iffeh2 0 0 t o ldb elae tow nPa to workprlieato with gaSt isif eroding.ew0i nThe c e n t i v e s ThI424h wt m 15n D o ed oizrses p r o l f e r er ant by Pakistan- Th a vr freo d~b ea v tht theheaebe y ufortunately , o rre18Um e tn d ht Bt iu l y COOPertiOn orisa mmndato e h wiet d av b ee ture Pak stn re fact 155t ndan mysovrfedmaoctsiPkl e td con tinaly.Teyd nuclea and missile pro- thed fact thatetes the bee snat democratic or by Indi,, whose we succaed in Gie iec enalost) twic to struggle for of concern. if 30toein thearilyp Paistaniivetr)24meassinedndotrdbthy difference., it continue are grams are also we willin bea con-in a numbernot make a. significant country. Those thisostio issue toenagebehind us,Pakistan to l toUs. ar-will freedoms in that not the puttingbeter bettr Poitio during the nearly five whom I spoke, should be noted that ar yoe theuo , not the repressive conIcer ous these howit zers wee nte ne iao are on issues of - years that lent an rtier of Which there struotive way e o s20l c.uva m zecosloakiaafrcsinia Paita.!rs' ticularly nonpro eration. -at ef n snatoia& - Bown' pedingIn wbtt hs aspect Of thstre fortemboied nPksa o h s The second release pieces, fromfre an Ju st a. f, b u auhrt.to. 6 Pakist anf more th thog t to VpetohrSSprovide . to MK -4 . torpedoes, e peoa itn w o torugleand amendment to a v e In regard -constitute less that brave t h i s , c o n t i n ue akistan. b e in will ", receive Parts that o k t t h s a l l o f ~ ~ theP b e ou' n to p or ou e A s f r t o n a 2 . '7 " .r ve h rty o s p o t o u r Of - o m t i-6 - my - u ,itn' thInie S e n a t o e then2.5!rc r kesAPakistanifor hseO.9Lone OfCbahl-Pt.teUie the wa'democracy. Senator by~reaedetwhni ~upot.nf ~ ~ ~s0-supply one~ fortio~ ofo amnition a ih n o annaderencestoe M forts to resolve this problem She c nsiuew Stae was put to a.oystemS-t ery sevrts. Brown's amnmn do not give Pakistan " frei o Sicrl.copters-theY011 as e eta t s Mu-we fapabed.y W nhLIA J. ERRtY. in accold.c~wt Lthe I wanted Again, orMr. A~tIN.Mr.. President, 50t4j PU.TINGT~tEIt 11A5 front f t e those points up ase fom e b s . Wnehfiche '"' "" to make c i ofs the onlew o e pzTA 1FQ 1' I think, s m tiche S~s aovieht mi l quately refute, from al e has a value of S M6 made by.M Y friend i h s.9s w l o t o iets Th"o a a kage been reported - points the Senator theo it o on and a I 0milon as has gn. This basicaly is,.as allo h s e if~ al to o s a l y t e Then not 3 pW- C Oro provides a long- a o b -sa . o e r fl g hS , a sw e i o . W ~l onno t h aircraft from Coo re so . ma n - o f eth G ary P w r a hbyth e d o its ofe e cpabiitY. three V ) I ~o ~ h ad - s a l a n d F ran cis erwa ho th do vin t A og d ia 's - e a rlystrdn 2hasur ,t 1 been.s,a-a i1 -sa long-timu -O f fin 9a1- mem eoulsi v hcrlywould~~ d i tu ~b ~i ti e as b een~ sueo hi rpis w a systems tmes oeo u s ch v over Pakistan i naval United States. asa vantage a3Ia-e late, b u t I th in k it that the p48t provide I k n ow th e h ou r is r N kita n becrusche' ItI lid bso th '! a gains how -a edire onPkitnbcueh naal target o -a a on e a an-wPeaoitwe turned his from . ubose i mportant itebtothat, itr so that is where the Plane left toPesihawarH otd at because the crir o vea a vaurya knew that arm and iwitepn-g evritshud notaicrte i d o oe at ins tn d to use nuclear ehowOurr~eAtls Paksta bay ea h a i o o , Hetre a ~ or thatsom th India bayitto, P kstn w s b r yesterday aircraft w h e n P e m wh i fiher to-nh a h slow because wolabsnal twvid -e . _t wiped off the face of the earth staliavy p j a e - u t s a 7jI5ttd~ ~b wh old rbe o a s h - h s ts he r t e of s e hw as. '.td w'P that ,i i escort thgreat esef dstance from k s a Such a * by isa I ' i e O t n e hefome. to i tr e tion r T hi is7 a v th Misih er he bas wa. leaving them sedvulnerabl Indian A ir Force fight of it i n- thati account Of the mi ai eih r a d b y At the ti m fjj5ipcently published confident ircrft. dent, escrib s the Oi an carrier based Indian Navy choicen to d cei thrh recinothete-r.deto .t threat or oa s sytem fo the P-reio Miese dim set he- SvieS i ieet as new we e rather w hPrim ee t e ~ asn squd w -evtt 'the n;Th.te-a Itrst Indian Navy already has two that SOw a?t athe e patrol ai cr f et b sta n gh," ow rons of stinl a aritim f aitn, a All Kh l cho toe 5 .1111551 rinOfh deak e isn firqst include five-fl- (the2 aircraft. While of eight T -14 Bear F equiva- drkehsfstoreavittohebsyng p 3) and not have a system these aircraft do 'September 20, 1995 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE -S 13955 Again, put yourself in that context. Again, at our request, Pakistan has United States companies to do business var, uat been at the forefront of contributing-to- in Pakistan. So it advances our inter- 0be ourc-2-fffghts U.N. pacekeeping operations. ests abroad. here. Tgg are .bordering rigit-on the t av-eef deploy for Again, on the question of military So'at I'on, ahd yetithey-stood by us. eacekeeping-purposer in-i oifiLa,- be- equipment, the Brown amendment is a Pakistan again came to the help of r ti. Pakistani-troops-wer eiVin fair and responsible approach. A fair the United-States byh610 Ffac Hatt helping us to restore democracy and responsible approach. We should 6jthe-ercial-opening of Amrican 10oHiti, Western Sahara, Mozambique, not be. charging Pakistan with the reations-withChina. Ip 1970, then-Sec- Georgia. . storage of military equipment they retary-of-StatW.HenryKissinger under- Recently, the United States and purchased that we did not release. It is took a secret visit to China from Paki- Pakistan have.alsoLjoined-hands in the not fair. We should not be holding on stan. Thus, again Pakistan served as fighti inst-terrorism-and-narcoitbs. to military equipment that Pakistan that e Recently, and in cooperation with simply sent here for repair. It is not S tharAgain, it was critical American personnel, Pakistan recently fair.*And we should not hold on to the in the cold war to restrain the Soviet apprehended Ramzi Yousaf for alleged money and hold on to the equipment Union. involvement in the-World-Trlde Clintr that Pakistan has bought and paid for. . Moscow began to speak of the Wash- bomb blast, andJ staw-H1Us elta - 'That, too, is unfair. ington-Beijing-Islamabad axis. Again, 4tEdoveflif a-ozen-drug-baronsAo . This issue has led to a steady erosion it was only Pakistan which bore the teUntitecEStates in our joint counter- of our relationship with Pakistan, an brunt of Soviet anger when Moscow narcotcs drive. . old friend-a struggling democracy, signed the defense treaty with India, Again, Mr. President, I recite all struggling, a very troubled part of the alid through a massive transfer of arms this. I know a lot of people know this world. as well as political support which en- history, but maybe too many of us So in order to strengthen our part- abled India to invade East Pakistan in have forgotten, and we.havrforgotten nership and advance American inter- 1971. what a-close friend an TlyPakistan. ests, it is essential to 'put this problem Regrettably, the United States stood .- . behind us, wipe the slate clean and con- by even though we had a mutual de- Again, as a modifrte democratic Is- centrate on the issue of nonprolifera- fense treaty with Pakistan at that lamic country, Pakistan is the only tion, which is the intent of the Pressler time. - tried-and-trutd-friend-t-hai-we-have-jn amendment. In 1979, once again Pakistan's friend- t at Isai&i -rld-The-recent-visit- The Brown amendment helps us do asiprewi t hennte Sat w ptn t Prime Minister Bhutto clearly dem- just that.. adedr Afghastahn. OerSiet nt d- onstrated that Pakistan's commitment Again, when you look at the equip- vaded Afghanistan. Over the next dec- to friendship with the United States re- ment that we are talking about, there ade Pilgtoloffl--b the-UnitaedI tes mains as strong as it -was during the is nothing in here that is new. As I inelingto-rollback Soviet com- cold war. said, these are items that were already un aLNoi exp ain did So Mr. President, with this kind of his- approved. These are not items that gret st.Not only, again, did the So- tory, for the life of me, I cannot under- would be covered under the ' missile viet Union threaten Pakistan with dire stand why we continue to treat that technology control regime. . consequences, but launched acampaign country as we do. Again, I am only I want to make that point one more of subversion and terror against Paki- talking again about fairness. Secretary time to my friend from Michigan. Even stan. Tie country experienced numer- of State Christopher said that. It is an if the MTCR sanctions' were imposed ous violations of its ground and air- issue of fairness. Secretary of Defense tomorrow, all the items in the Brown to these problems, Pakistan Perry said it is a question of fairness amendment could go because they had To add the old re- provided refuge to more than 3.2 mil- and a question of our -relationships already been approved under lion Afghans at great political and .eco- with Pakistan. ' gime. nomic cost to itself. Think about that Mr. President, again, neither India or Again, the Brown amendment is fair, 3.2 million Afghans Pakistan are a party to the Nuclear it is responsible, it is reasonable, it Mr. President: will sought refuge in Pakistan. 'Nonproliferation Treaty. I wish they will wipe the slate clean. I think it Pakistan continues to pay the price were. If I had an argument against help promote democracy and the demo- for the role it played in the defeat of Pakistan, it would be that argument.. cratic forces that are struggling and the Soviet Union in Afghanistan. But They ought to be a part of it. But so have struggled so hard in Pakistan. I they stood by us and they helped. Iron- should India. India cannot skate by on do not think it will-do one iota in any ically, however, this successful co- this simply because they say they are way to encourage any kind of nuclear operation between Pakistan and the not importing and they are building proliferation or technology of missiles United States was followed by the their own. They cannot skate by on or anything else. As I said, the Sec- worst period in their bilateral relations that kind of flimsy excuse.' retary of State and the Secretary of with our country with -the imposition Again, I do not think anyone here Defense have both said that the evi- of the Pressler sanctions against Paki- would advocate unilateral. disar- dence is not there in sufficient amount stan in 1990. mament on our part. Certainly, we to impose these kinds of sanctions. Even despite this development, Paki- could not expect Pakistan to have a So, again, I would just 'say that it is stan continued to seek friendly rela- unilateral disarmament on their part. In our best interests to adopt the tions with the United States and came- Again, I hope that both sides, India Brown amendment. That is why the ad- r i ii i wee and Pakistan, would agree to a regime ministration supports it so strongly. nail -made-!: siifip'nt of peaceful relations and a downgrad- That is why I support it. I believe we troo -contributiins-to-tfe ultl Ing of both of their military systems. have to get on with renewing our rela- lnational-forees-during-the-gulfrwar to But we cannot expect Pakistan unilat- tionship with Pakistan, to wipe the Ciiberate-KuwaitCAt the political level, erally to do that, not given the history slate clean, to treat them fairly-not Pakistan-not tnlcondemned the Iraqi of that region. unfairly. invasion of Kuwait but was instrumen- I understand Pakistan is not a per- If people want to talk about the tal in promoting the U.N. efforts for fect country. But, again, what we are country that has, I think, pushed us to the liberation of Kuwait. doing is not fair. Absolutely not fair. the limits in terms of using nuclear de- Again, Pakistan took a lead role in The Brown amendment moves United vices, testing nuclear weapons, and the peacekeepi-ng=egert-tomftFS-ma- States policy forward so that we can building up nuclear arsenals, we ought -lie, serving together with American work with Pakistan to tackle a lot of to be talking about India, not Paki- troops in that country. It was not the problems: drug trafficking, inter- stan. So I think this will get us back fffs@time-th~t Therlean-and=Pgksf i national terrorism, peacekeeping, ille- on a more even keel and perhaps will -oldIgrs died togethe for the same gal immigration. But, again, it also set us up In a regime where we can ac- c strengthens a competitive position for tually engage both India and Pakistan 4ATE September 2Q, 1995 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SE O si hm it onl fb get that nuclear capabil- S 13956 neoitoslaigtwa~ de necessaryity. They haveto been embarked on a nu- one and are We Willing to abi to begin a process of more peaceful re- we have or even clear weapons program ever since, denied it, Is it only for ca he though they have steadfastly of the press conferences? t year after year. thn Bdown in that region paign talk and little else? That is ed year after year after even a reduction in been untruthful to Us. wolnperhaps, the U we And they have question. wing I went to Pakistan, met personally in bothIndia and Paki- ago, Sweapons how much' with President Zia back wasyears foreign we are States, let us talk about th.cld with Yaqub Khan, who If continue on the way of the wo forces- can trust other nations )ur com- going, then I fear the hard line to help and work wi minister, and their atomic energy forces, whom we try met with all in Pakistan, the antidemocratic felt strongly enough about i on h issioner at that time, to the forefront. I think We have ex- and talked to them are going to go stockpiles and what is going these people, sat who -are going to be nuclear we have looked them right in the they are the ones the around the world that up one on one, say look, how can you trust sign they swore up and down they able to all horted other nations to please sit-At eye and States? Here we have done treaty. no nuclear program underat way.that United over under the nonproliferation hadAnd I think they even knew things for the United States pledged that if a art what they were thesep rt l ea nm r t ,hoa i n e t a dsupported pit oo n f theh asame 17yl time, t ea r?we s nria t I sn i t Stn a t e time that I knew that all these yers-we have to where we culd st ear friends, backed uation ever got even though them, been their great our stockpiles of nuc siet Stelling me was not true, turned their back on working So information them up, and they weapons down, vis-avis the ely,iese atwe thathad time.goodintelligence Fortunat to put US. as Union, we would do that. Let me just quote-I am going you want to push Pakistan, If time, after all taohat on at closer at this day and t some of this in the RECORD later some of these people are saying, of cold war, we have reached us bring is the way you do it. If years where we now are downsizing - the' end of my remarks, but let to China, that amendment you point curock the present you defeat the Brown weapons st - it up to date here with- You we call it, our nuclear get just what you asked for. glad that is oc Minister, Benazir Bhutto. Listen will forces in piles. And we are all Prime on this. will get the more repressive o na - to some of her comments with the repres- ring. sub SGoing back when she was 'opposition. Pakistan going along the meantime. we asked other are dominant in China In to Bhutto, shortly before sive forces that tions to sign up under the NPT, eavpue leader Benazir we really will have a inspections. And we Prime Minister, the Wash- today, and then - mit to IAEA t she bcamne South Asia. . saying: problem in nations that have f ington Post quotes hercontroversy as with the the adoption of had 178 other State sa~7. We don't want any Mr. President, I urge yield the their faith.-in the United the Brown amendment and I follow our lead and issue. We want it clear America, to wi11 U.S. on the nuclear only in floor. - you. And; yes, we r beyond doubt that we are interested OFFICER. Who "Yes, we trust develop nu cle weapons. The PRESIDING along, we will not s c - energy, not nuclearon November 19, 1988., timne? -go r That was yields in return for- America' se Mr. President, I yield weapons. nu 28, 1988, once again op- Mr. GLENN. operation in peaceful uses of On November time as I may require. leader Benazir Bhutto,says; inter- myself PRESIDINGsuch OFFICER. The Sen- energy.".- por otof positionviewed in-Time Magazine, - -The most egregious viola Who is the tc kind with regard nu clear program from Ohio is recognized. all these things We believe in a peaceful ator President, before er GLENN. Mr. to sign up Mr. up, refusing purposes and nothing else. I want signing t. c w- for energy Minister Benazir Bhutto, from Iowa leaves, no *ct Now Prime the Senator the nonproliferation treaty, fa was -questioning in point out, he matters nuclear, to operating in in the Calcutta TelegraphPrime- the guts to r he interviewed 14, 1988-she is now we would have afte So nd on December whether telling untruths, one - right n 0 India. I point out to him that the other, on a sanction the MTCR. other, one right after Patd- Minister-is quoted as follows:there is no we did sanction India under and on and on? That is I can tell you with confidence States sanctions im- on and on siti --- - We had 'United There is no bomb space stan. o SoI a-bomb program in Pakistan.. against India the Indian very much the There is no bomb program. posed and against - I can appreciate Ucl fe program. organization, in..- Minister Benazir *research tion Pakistan finds itself of t ar Bhutto,'Later interviewedon Prime on MacNeilLehrer Glavcosmos, for the Russian ago China developed n ~h§ Russia, - rocket engines. kears world on December 16, 1988: transfer of cryogenic ,eapons. They have been part; energy in '1992, I believe. So we did w thea.h~ weWe are committed to a peaceful -That was nuclear weapons scene across any nuclear weapons have sanctions against India. and Chins tel rri'- program. We don't have 4.;actually -for many years..India any intention was we cut the United eas UP policy. Pakistan doesn't have -What we did disputed weapon. 4!; for a 2-year had border troubles, e b to get a nuclear device or a nuclear S tates exports of missiles claimed -certain ar een Mmh- I do not have -tories. Both ma Bring it on up a little bit. Prime period, -I believe it was. the border, and they hay ny, ad- it was put into effect'- along So, later Benazir Bhutto, once again the exact date and forth at each other for Sas the U.S. Con- do. This is out of the May 12, back back. aP-- dressing a joint-session of - - ,- - yes, we decades, going way e the Capitol Post, an article by R. many Lme gress, on the other end' of 1992 Washington as China developed nuclear over here and' titled, "U.S. Imposes soon to do thife. SO from us, when she came Geoffrey Sm1 Con- ons, India felt they had d us on June 7, 1989, said: Sanctions Against Russian-Indian they would not be s ons de- addresse - - thing or *set for Pakistan. I can declare that cerns Over Rocket Deals." ,set about a nuclear weap toff 'Speaking to make If the Senator will they cafled we do not possess nor do we intend Mr. HAKIN~l. program. In 19'74 they '- is true, but the-.sanctions velopinent ~los ion. a nuclear device. That is our policy. yield, that of the Unit- their first nuclear device.nuclear They exIit Vrhat That was to the Congress expired. but I it a PNEj a peaceful haveMr. since' GLENN. They expired, is fine, they can call mb is a ed States. was we- did not have OK,. that lall July 10, 1989, Prime Minister Benazir thought the point they want, but a bomb is a bo~ it a enough - to assign sanctions you cor test - Bhutto: guts have bomb is a bomb, whether nor do we have any in- India-but we did. We fnb that - Pakistan has not, against peaceful bomb underground together or making a done it. -- or whether it 'is a boihat will .tention of -putting Again, we continued purposes taking it to the point where you can Mr. HARKIN. is usable, an explosiv~eelse. -ev~cet bomb or sanctions on Pakistan but let them .n -off so newhere then put it together. the one quoted by APP on Au- - expire on India.elPE sanctions ex- As a result of the Indian dget Another Mr. GLENN. The same swore they woul mat- gust 29, 1989: But, anyway, the issue we had Pakistan but I do think pired on India. the bomb one way or another, no fact ' We do have the knowledge is notthe money, small amounts it. In a difference between knowledge and here is: tr what they had to do to do cur- there is if of equipment and so on. The issue the capability. So we do have a knowledge, of America then Prime Minister Bhutto, later use, but we do Does the United States father, who 'ords, confronted with a threat to policy rent Prime Minister's absence of any threat intend to have a nuclear nonproliferation said' that, to quote his w" was not in the the name or not?' That is ba- died, if it worthy of Do Pakistan would "eat grass" sically what we are talking about. Sptember 20, 1995 CON GRESSIONAL RECORD - SENA TE S 13957 use that knowledge. In fact, as a matter of Now, in an attempt to dampen such big thing this was going to be, and that policy, my government is firmly committed Lctivity, in 1976 and 1977, Congress en- was the best thing to do to get- the to nonproliferation. Lcted- what is now called the Glenn-Sy- Pakis to hold back on their bomb pro- Then quoted in an interview in a Ger- nington amendment to the Foreign gram. So we required reports, and man newspaper, as quoted by Reuters, Assistance Act which provided that those reports,. along with supple- on October 22, 1989: countries importing or exporting such mentary intelligence information, re- It is true that Pakistan has certain knowl- dangerous technologies under certain vealed there was "no effect whatsoever edge in the nuclear field but it has no inten- conditions would be cut off from U.S. on the pace or the direction of the Pak- tion of using this knowledge. To put it an- ecdnoillieand riiilitary-assistance. istani bomb program. other way, we do not.want to convert this This law was universal in its applica- .'The Pakistanis continued to say pub- knowledge into, shall we say, a nuclear capa- tion. It was not directed specifically' licly they hadno nuclear weapons pro- bility at the present time. toward Pakistan at all. Nonetheless, in gram and continually lied to United And the last one that I Will read here 1979, after much information became States authorities whenever -ques-- out of a number of other examples I available about illegal Pakistani ac- tioned. Indeed; then-President Zia. and could give was in 1994, last November, tivities involving the smuggling of de- then-head of the Pakistani atomic en- November 18, 1994, being interviewed by sign information and equipment relat- ergy commission, Mir Khan, both lied David Frost on PBS. Prime Minister ed to nuclear enrichment, President to me in my visit to Islamabad in 1984. Benazir Bhutto: Carter invoked the Glenn-Symington Lying is a harsh word, but I cannot put We have neither detonated one nor have we amendment to cut off the Pakistanis. . any other word to it. That occurred got nuclear weapons. Being a responsible After the war in Afghanistan broke when I asked about information I had. state and a state committed to nonprolifera- by the Carter adminis- concerning their nuclear program. - through five successive out,..attempts tion, we in Pakistan tration to restore some assistance to The result of all this mendacity, plus governments have taken a policy decision to Paki- program. Pakistan in return for restraints on ongoing information that the follow a peaceful nuclear was progressing, was the to their nuclear program were rebuffed by stani program Well, at a later time I will ask the Pressler amendment. end of the Pakistanis. When the Reagan ad- enactment of enter these in the RECORD at the Pressler amendment was passed in examples of ministration arrived, aid to Pakistan The my remarks. But those are 1985, which was designed to draw a new and there are and the mujaheddin was high up on the some of the statements policy agenda. line in the sand regarding the extent-of- dozen others here by various administration's foreign several even suggested re- United States forbearance over Paki- Pakistani officials that go along the At that time, they peal of the Glenn-Symington amend-. stan's nuclear weapons program. - same line. The amendment required the United for the protestations ment. That was suggested during some Well, so much we President to certify.. annually --that that they have made through the of the congressional consultations had with them. That was rejected.. - Pakistan did not "possess," in quotes-- years. nuclear explo- of the Instead, a proposal was made and "possess," key word-a In 1987, Yaqub Khan, father device in order for assistance to as he is known, in an adopted into law that allowed the sive bomb in Pakistan such - assistance was in London, President to resume aid to Pakistan continue. and that interview, I believe it significantly reduce the risk, of saying that, yes, for 6 years despite its violations of sec- would made the mistake that Pakistan would possess such a de- they had the bomb. That was it, period. tion 669 of the Glenn-Symington up a little while amendment which related to uranium vice. MTCR was brought Please note that the argument about ago as well as M-11's. When we talked enrichment activities. President Reagan used this authority in 1982 and the Pressler amendment being unfair to some of the people over at the White is if the also issued a waiver under section 670 because it applies only to Pakistan House today, after I said, what it ig- MTCR, has been of the amendment. This related to re- completely disingenuous because missile technology, fact that Pressler was cre- would be the adminis- processing activities--to exempt Paki- nores the violated? What to.shape further the unique spe- policy? I was told by the per- stan indefinitely from the-cutoff provi- ated tration's cial exemption from United States son I was talking to, not the President, sions of that section of. the Glenn-Sy- talk-. mington legislation as well. nonproliferation law given to Pakistan but I was told by the person I was the been vio- Now, he could not do the same under years earlier. If -we had hot had ing to, "Well, if MTCR has assur- needed Pres- by the law." section 669 unless he had reliable - waiver, we would not have lated, we will abide were not de- I hope they mean it. I wish they ances that the Pakistanis sler. -It.has that CIA offi- thing with regard to veloping nuclear weapons. And such as- been reported would do the same privy to intelligence in- amendment and with the surances were clearly not available. cials who were the Pressler formation concerning the Pakistani other legislation that we have had on Thus, a specific waiver for Pakistan was created .and has been subsequently program were very skeptical beginning the books for a long time. President could To understand how we arrived at this renewed five times. That allowed them from 1987 on that the make the appropriate certifications difficult state of affairs with Pakistan, to escape from the sanctions imposed paid $658 million in by United States law for -proliferators. under Pressler to allow aid. to continue; in which they have coun- cer- used $200 million in credits for This has been done for no other in other words, to say with some cash and did' not possess any but cannot have them deliv- try that I am aware of. So anyone whc tainty that they 28 F-16's and that our assistance ered, I think we need to go back. I thinks we are being too harsh on Paki - nuclear device review a little bit of stan, poor little Pakistan, we have re-- was significantly reducing the risk think we need to they would possess. . the history of Pakistan. newed that waiver on five different oc - that also add that $658 million in casions. Nonetheless, Congress was un- Statements from high-ranking Paki- I would this time sug- cash and $200 million in credits comes willing to give a complete blank check stani officials around $858 million that we are to Pakistan and stipulated in the waiv - gested they had the bomb within their up to about Reagan talking about. er legislation that Pakistan would stil i grasp. Nonetheless, President But to go back a little bit, in the be cut off if-if-it received or exploded in 1987 and 1988 and President Bush in mid-1970's, Congress became concerned a nuclear device. 1989 made those -certifications. It has about increasing evidence of inter- Now, in addition, Congress stipulate(I also been reported that President Bush national nuclear trade in dangerous that an annual report would be pro- told the Pakistanis in 1989 that he technologies associated with producing vided on Pakistan's nuclear activitie: would be unable to make this certifi- nuclear weapon materials. so that Congress could confirm- tha,t cation the next year in 1990. A number of countries, including but United States assistance was indeed in Now, the contract for the sale of 28 not limited to Pakistan, South Korea, hibiting Pakistan's* bomb program a.s F-16's was signed in 1989, the year Brazil, Taiwan, were actively engaged was confidently assumed by Reagan ad- Pakistan ostensibly had been warned in seeking such technologies, and sup- ministration officials. that there would be no further certifi- pliers such as France and Germany We have a number of statements tha t cation that would allow them to re- seemed prepared to meet the demand. they made at that- time about what a ceive military equipment from the XjujeoS japufl iXq pau~is ielll L :smalOJ se '(]HOORNJ SupIlzisa jo Xol}ad etpj Sulnulquoo jo -3djaoai ui osle tue I ':IU@P!SaId 'N ae~l UT pauTid eq oaj pajepio seM. 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X:Oap Oguesl ewiepaiu '[email protected] -.iadu xj Xiemedxa uL 'PeepuT 'sT el EtpIM pasuadsip eq juatupuatue atp " 'ueeq s0q SuOj P~UB 'mOu s! uglslltd *Sls@ qlnoS xii uoijejeJTloiduau jo 8fl55i aqJL joO uipeaj atlI -dep juasuaz) snouiusun -Jaelul -snf wusadui Su~meqjnj ja suseau *sulaOuoa esaip jo exuos axsqfs I PUs >Ise I d:UaPisald 'I'N -NI)RVH -JW e se:inq-us~pfed 03 pipmaI e se jou-stuuiS 'UE~sT)sd od1 pisea UT sansuiaa Xxii *668 pemequinu iueiupuetus -aid esetpl ensind aij Isoluassae a Ae!pq 2M eoauos jo suieoua3 eaqj puesimpun I uesSeadamd 'NOSNHOf 4'J4 PUB J1)JQJJLVS 'INA fllS-12lMOl UN -MaNlVM iTA, *Jlg-tu4 erfi mepun uUTs)isd uo pesadruT u@EeqeAsq -SUoTTCTX:TS moj [INI)OAVH *JI sBaI UJaIJ iawuas eil :tur~t suopouss Xq pepnpeid S(puiino aes -ex aseql~ Xq paepejje XjeSJeApB asis 51 suSoiad asaLe ujUslD~d ul suxsm~amd Sui ussi)d UT suotUW~Tld5ui :)iwouooa pus, :SMOllOJ se -pIjnq-Xosmjaouep PUB (VaiL) X:uaSV -4uaiuda AceDlOtuap uaq~tuais o~j X-4!jqs ino pseml NIjO~ aATdIlejI ULI49SS eqi -I@AacI PUB aesm '(clldo) uaT~lJO~O luetu pus dtqseopsej Xjedj~llu TudsPi~d Dql :Ijodeax IM ije1C -:1SeAUI a'4UA!i SB2S.I@AQ (Laq) BUU13ij. Ul aoaUejui JflQ -Ued5Isd UT d~UId5A eqi *HIIq O NIUIS3Ud eqji PUB uapeonpa XAmell1W4 IsuaileuialuI eqj -U! Pue, 9pLJci UTsisaladuT sa~uls PaeUun - jsap eaosemai uaTesi; i naoX maj imaddns Suamqs aOusAps 01 k4fljqv aq3 o~j Pues I PTLIM. Xxii ssemdxea~ oUt1J Sup tI :wol Nvacj 'no' japui~ Xjsno jumuzpuatue us -lias SUoTIOT11sai esaeq 'IUxId ewes aq~l DAeq I 'luaPTS91 JW 'NNIX IVH 'NW 'NIXAVH W01 'UOH IV uesy tEnoS ui s,4xojja uoideejjlojd (*UjSjpRsd Ul SefljAflZI5 1661 '91TAlnr 'j 'uO2ffuqsBs Sm~pjTfq-X:)usmoaep eaiomod ajL :esadjrd) OPITTM UuqslT)1d Ol iL3WI PUB DIdO 668 *ON1.N3PWON3WV Z661 'g I f[nf 166! '9[k~flfIVNIS - UGHOJ3H 'INOJSSaHNO9 09GLS- -.July 16, 1997 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE S7551 Thomas Pickering. Again, I will ju tion issues. We consider non-proliferation to While I appreciate that there are other im- read a couple parts of that: be one of the most complex and troubling is- portant and serious issues impacting on our sues Dear Senator HARKIN: The Secretary h in the South Asia region, and it will bilateral relationship, I respectfully ask that continue asked me to convey her strong support f to be one of our highest priorities you consider the vital commercial link that to your proposed amendment to restore OPI work with the Pakistani government to exists between the U.S. and Pakistan and restrain its IMET, TDA and democracy-building pr nuclear and missile programs. move quickly to permit OPIC guarantees in Pakistan. The grams for Pakistan. We firmly believe th That said, we need to consider carefully how U.S. is the largest foreign in- vestor in Pakistan and allowing these programs to operate in Pal to pursue our non-proliferation objectives in its largest trading conformity partner. I am convinced stan is in the U.S. interest, and that once r with the entire range of U.S. in- that U.S. commer- terests cial interests in Pakistan would increase stored they will be a key factor in strengt in Pakistan. We believe that an ini- tiative such even more if OPIC programs were available. ening our relationship with an importa as yours-which will help to de- velop Pakistan's democracy, increase bilat- Furthermore, I am sure you will agree, that and friendly country in a vital part of t] permitting OPIC to operate in Pakistan world. eral trade and investment, and enhance our access to and influence with Pakistan's would contribute in a meaningful way to im- Mr. Pickering goes on: emerging military leadership-will advance proving our overall bilateral relationship. In the wake of the election of Prime Mi our interests without undermining our non- Thank you for your consideration. ister Nawaz Sharif, Pakistan has adopted it proliferation agenda. Sincerely, portant political and constitutional reforir We appreciate and are pleased to support JAMES B. TAYLOR. which promise to strengthen both the quE your effort. ity and continuity of democratic rule. V THOMAS R. PICKERING. MCI COMMUNICATIONS CORPORATION, Washington, DC, March 22, 1996. want to bolster that effort by implementii Mr. HARKIN. Mr. President, a num- programs to train Pakistan's elected re Mr. STROBE TALBOTT, ber of prominent United States busi- Deputy Secretary, Department of State, Wash- resentatives in democratic structures ai ness leaders have asked the State De- legislative procedures. Your amendme ington, DC. partment to resume OPIC support for DEAR MR. TALBOTT: For many years, MCI would give us the requisite flexibility to pr has successfully conducted business in Paki- ceed. investment in Pakistan so that Amer- ican business interests are promoted in stan with Pakistan PTT, the government- Mr. President, I ask unanimous coi owned telephone company. that region. In no other country in Pakistan has sent that Secretary Pickering's lett proven to be a reliable business partner. We South Asia is OPIC prohibited from be printed in the RECORD. understand that the Overseas Private Invest- providing support and assistance. I There being no objection, the letti ment Corporation (OPIC) is finalizing an have examples, a number of letters of agreement with the government of Pakistan was ordered to be printed in t United States businesses urging the ad- to provide political risk insurance covering RECORD, as follows: ministration to resume OPIC's support foreign investments in Pakistan. This agree- DEPARTMENT OF STATE, UNDER SEC- of Pakistan. ment should provide the added security nec- RETARY OF STATE FOR POLITICAL Mr. President, I have letters from essary for MCI and other American compa- AFFAIRS, nies interested in increasing their invest- Washington, DC, July 15, 1997. several different companies that I have ments in Pakistan. Any action taken to ex- Hon. TOM HARKIN, here that have written letters asking pedite completion of this agreement would U.S. Senate. that OPIC be allowed to resume in be helpful. DEAR SENATOR HARKIN: The Secretary ha Pakistan so that they can begin to in- Sincerely, asked me to convey her strong support f vest in Pakistan-a letter from Occi- MARK ESHERICK, your proposed amendment to restore OPI dental Oil and Gas; a letter from MCI Senior Policy Advisor. IMET, TDA and democracy building pr Communications; a letter from Solar SOLAR TURBINES, grams for Pakistan. We firmly believe th; Turbines, a Caterpillar Company; a let- allowing these programs to operate in Pak Washington, DC, March 26, 1996. ter from stan is in the U.S. interest, and that once r Alpha-Gamma Technologies, Hon. STROBE TALBOTT, stored they will be a key factor in strengt Inc., in Raleigh, NC; a letter from Bos- Deputy Secretary, Department of State, Wash- ening our relationship with an importai ton Technology, Inc., in Wakefield, ington, DC. and friendly country in a vital part of tl MA; a letter from Hawkins Oil & Gas, DEAR MR. TALBOTT: This letter is a request world. Inc., in Oklahoma; a letter from for you to look favorably upon making the In the wake of the election of Prime Mi Tenaska International, Omaha, NE; resources of the Overseas Private Investment ister Nawaz Sharif, Pakistan has adopted in Corporation available to U.S. exporters when and several other letters. I will not doing business in the Country of Pakistan. portant political and constitutional reform read them all. But Mr. President, I ask both the quo Such action would be consistent with the which promise to strengthen unanimous ity and continuity of democratic rule. V consent that several of availability of Export-Import Bank financ- want to bolster that effort by implementir these letters be printed in the RECORD. ing and insurance and the apparent desire on programs to train Pakistan's elected re There being no objection, the mate- the part of the U.S. Government to work resentatives in democratic structures at rial was ordered to be printed in the closely with the Government of Pakistan legislative procedures. Your amendment wi RECORD, as follows: after the prime minister's visit of last year. Pakistan represents an important market give us the requisite flexibility to proceed. OCCIDENTAL OIL AND GAS CORP., to U.S. exporters and the resources of OPIC At the same time, the Government Bakersfield, CA, April 10, 1996. will be of considerable value in generating Pakistan is undertaking an ambitious r Hon. STROBE TALBOTT, additional export revenue and jobs within form program to stabilize Pakistan's trol Deputy Secretary, Department of State, Wash- the United States. At the same time, the bled economy. The United States, as Pak ington, DC. U.S. businesses will, by working more close- stan's leading trading partner and large DEAR MR. SECRETARY: I am writing at this ly with Pakistan, further the cause of de- source of foreign investment, is in a favo time concerning an important matter im- mocracy and environmental awareness. able position to influence and benefit from pacting on U.S. commercial relations with Your leadership in this matter will be stable economic situation in Pakistan. E: the Republic of Pakistan. I understand that greatly appreciated. Thank you for your con- tending Trade and Development Assistant the Overseas Private Investment Corpora- sideration. and OPIC support to U.S. firms in Pakiste tion (OPIC) is still not permitted to offer its Most sincerely, will increase our engagement with the Pak programs in Pakistan. I urge you to review PETER CARROLL. stani government on reform issues, while ei this matter and to do what you can to expe- suring that our firms are well positioned 1 dite the implementation of OPIC programs ALPHA-GAMMA TECHNOLOGIES, INC., compete for investment and trade opportun in Pakistan. Raleigh, NC, March 18, 1996. ties. Occidental Petroleum Corporation has had Mr. STROBE TALBOTT, Finally, we believe that restoring IME successful oil and gas producing operations Deputy Secretary of State, programs will have an appreciable impact c in Pakistan for twelve years. Pakistan pre- Washington, DC. our relationship with the Pakistani militar sents unique business opportunities and of- DEAR MR. TALBOT: Alpha-Gamma Tech- For seven years, the United States h, fers a stable environment for American com- nologies, Inc. is actively pursuing a private lacked contact with junior and mid-lev panies and for companies from a host of power development project in Pakistan. Pakistani officers, from whose ranks wi other countries around the world. U.S. trade Along with two other U.S. based companies, emerge the next generation of Pakistai and commercial ties with Pakistan serve to we have plans to make a significant invest- military leaders. We would serve our inte enhance the overall relationship between our ment in the power generation sector in that ests well by giving them exposure to U.! two countries. However, in order for U.S. country. However, we are placed at a signifi- practices, institutions, and values. companies to compete more aggressively in cant disadvantage against foreign competi- We, like you, continue to have concerns ri Pakistan, they must have access to OPIC tion due to non-availability of OPIC cov- garding Pakistan's record on non-prolifer programs. erage. --S7552 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENA] TE July 16, 1997 I believe that recent legislation passed by is very desirable for the Uch project. Due to port an expeditious signing of the relevant the U.S. Congress makes OPIC covera ge the project's advanced stage of development, protocol. available In Pakistan. However, implement :a- we hope that OPIC insurance becomes avail- Southern Electric is a wholly owned sub- tion of this legislation seems to be taki ng able for Pakistan as soon as possible. sidiary of The Southern Company. one of the some time. Any assistance you can provi de Speaking for Tenaska, we are most inter- largest electric utility holding companies in in expediting the availability of OPIC cc ,v- ested in future project development in Paki- the U.S.. and is based in Atlanta, Georgia. erage in Pakistan would greatly help U. S. stan as well. Availability of OPIC insurance Southern Electric finances, builds, owns and firms in their efforts to compete in the Pal d-will be of great benefit to us for future operates electricity generation, transmission stan market. We ur~gently request your support in mak- and distribution assets in the U.S. and Sincerely. around the world. Currently, Southern Elec- REESE H. HOWLE, ing OPIC insurance available for projects in tric has international assets in Argentina, President. Pakistan. Bahamas, Chile, Trinidad and the United Sincerely. Kingdom. BOSTON TECHNOLOGY, INC., PAUL G. SMITH, Again. I appreciate your consideration and Wakefield, MA, March 19, 1996. CEO. Tenaska International. support with respect to OPIC insurance for Mr. STROBE TALBO'T, Pakistan. If you have any questions or con- UNION TEXAS PETROLEUM, Deputy Secretary of State, cerns regarding this matter. please feel free Washington, DC. March 20, 1996. to contact me. DEAR MR. STROBE TALBOTT: I am writing in Mr. STROBE TALBOTT. Regards. response to a phone message from a MVIr. Deputy Secretary of State. THOMAS G. BOREN. Monsori Ali. the Economic Minister of Palng Washington, DC. stan, at the Embassy in Washington. Bosti3n DEAR MR. TALBOTIT: We are writing in sup- HYCARBEX, INC. Technology is a telecommunications fir mn port of initiatives by the Administration and Irving, TX, March 20, 1996. employing more than 500 people in the Bc i-in Congress to further improve relations be- tween the United States and Pakistan. par- Mr. STROBE TALBOTT. ton Area, with offices worldwide. Deputy Secretary of State, We have already done some business in ticularly the reactivation of Overseas Pri- Washington, DC. Pakistan with Paktel. and are currently n,e- vate Investment Corporation (OPIC) pro- DEAR MR. TALBOTT: This letter is a request grams. Union Texas is gotiating for additional business with PT C. a United States public that the process to restore OPIC insurance company that has operated the Pakistan Telephone Company. oil and gas con- coverage for Pakistan be completed at the It would be of great assistance if the Sen- cessions in Pakistan since 1977. During 1995. earliest date. Our company has obtained a ,-our operations produced approximately 37% ate would approve the Opic Insurance prov petroleum concession in Pakistan and is of Pakistan's domestic oil production and sion currently under consideration. soon mobilizing our resources for the explo- Thank you for your interest in Bost )n 10% of its natural gas production. Over the years. we have had a productive and mutu- ration and development of hydrocarbon re- Technology. sources ally beneficial relationship with the peoples in Pakistan. I am confident that an Sincerely, agreement between the Governments of the TODD HASSELBECK, and Government of Pakistan. We strongly believe that the United States should work United States and Pakistan regarding OPIC's Vice PresidentInternational Sales. coverage will assist not only in our to further strengthen its relations with business but also others who are interested in doing HAWKINS OIL & GAS. INC., Pakistan. During 1995. Union Texas and the Govern- business in Pakistan. Tulsa, OK, March 14, 1996. Please accept my thanks and appreciation Mr. STROBE TALBOTT. ment of Pakistan signed a new petroleum concession agreement and we began discus- in advance for your assistance. Deputy Secretary of State, Yours sincerely, Washington, DC. sions regarding downstream projects, includ- ing electrical power generation and liquefied DAVID L. Cox, Ref: OPIC Restoration for Pakistan. petroleum gas opportunities. The availabil- President. DEAR MR. TALBOTr: This letter is a request ity of OPIC programs could be a critical fac- that the process to restore OPIC insuran ce tor in our ability to commit to certain of AES CORP.. coverage for Pakistan be completed at tl ie these rojects in the future. Arlington, VA, March 19, 1996. earliest possible date. Our company has be an We hope that the Administration will give Hon. STROBE TALBOTT, working since 1989 to construct and operate its full support to reactivating OPIC's abil- Deputy Secretary of State, a 586 MW power plant-the Uch Power ity to offer its programs in Pakistan. thus Washington, DC. Project-in Pakistan. We have been pleas,ad encouraging U.S. investment and fostering a DEAR MR. TALBOT: The AES Corporation by the policy behind the Brown Amendmerit, positive and supportive environment for re- is an American company in the business of and now are hopeful that its expected ben e- lations between our two nations. building, owning and operating private elec- fits can be realized. U.S. companies own over Very truly yours. tric power generating facilities in the United 50 percent of the Uch project equity, as W. M. KRIPS. aae n bou ehv ee lnsi most of the $625 million plant budget is f the U.S.. three in the U.K.. three in Argen- purchase of U.S. sourced goods and servicE SOUTHERN ELECTRIC INTER NATIONAL, tina, and four in China. More recently, we We are on the verge of financial closing Atlanta, GA, March 19, 1996. have completed the financings for and begun this project, and hope to receive clearant Mr. STROBE TALBOTT, construction of two power plants in Paki- for filing our application for OPIC insuran Deputy Secretaryof State, stan. It is because of this activity that we thereafter. Washington, DC. write to you. Please accept my thanks and appreciatic DEAR MR. TALBOTT: You ma,y be aware that We have been working in Pakistan for two in advance for your assistance. the Government of Pakistan (GOP) is pursu- and one half years. and have committed sub- Sincerely. ing a comprehensive program of privatizing stantial amounts of time and-more re- JOHN B. HAWKINS. some of Its major state-owned companies. As cently-equity capital to this country. Our part of this program, the GO is privatizing dealings with the Government of Pakistan TENASKA INTERNATIONAL, the Kot Addu Power Station ( KAPS) which is have been uniformly characterized by both Omaha, NE, April 8, 1996. the largest (1600 MWE) thermal electric power fairness and remarkable expedition. We're Mr. STROBE TALBOTT, generating station in Pakistan. Southern pleased with our success there, and with the Deputy Secretary, Department of State, Was Electric International is seriously pursuing positive impact on Americanjobs that this ington, DC. this opportunity in competit ion with three success will have, indirectly and directly. DEAR MR. TALBOTT: On behalf of the U< other major international con panies. two of What has been lacking in Pakistan is our Power project sponsors, I am writing to r which are non-U.S. This proj ect will be bid ability to access the insurance and financing quest your support for making Overseas Pr this month with financial cl osing expected programs of the Overseas Private Investment vate Investment Corporation (OPIC) fundir in September. Corporation (OPIC). As you know, until re- available for Pakistani projects. As a U.S. company. Sou thern Electric cently OPIC was congressionally prohibited As you know. Tenaska International at International's commercial objectives in from offering its services to U.S. companies four other companies are developing the U< Pakistan are constrained by the delays in operating in Pakistan. Power Limited independent energy proje, the signing of the relevant protocol that will These restrictions have now been lifted. in Pakistan. The other U.S. sponsors are C allow OPIC to provide the ne eded insurance and we urge you to act quickly to allow Capital Corp. and Hawkins Oil and Gas. A risk coverages. The availabili ty of OPIC in- OPIC to offer insurance coverage there. It ditionally. Midlands Electricity of the U surance coverage for Pakistan would en- will help our efforts and the efforts of many and Hasan and Associates of Pakistan ai hance the competitiveness and investment American companies to do business in Paki- project sponsors. options available to Southen Electric and stan. The $630 million project is nearing finai all U.S. companies interested in investing in Sincerely, cial close, and limited construction alreac Pakistan. Therefore, I would appreciate very ROBERT F. HEMPHILL, Jr., has begun. Having access to OPIC insurant much if your office would faci litate and sup- Executive Vice President. July 16, 1997 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENAT E S7553 Mr. HARKIN. Mr. President, the Go,v- briefly outline the long history of ance with the Mutual Defense Treaty, emnment of Pakistan is pursuing dr a- friendship between Pakistan and the Pakistan allowed us to set up some matic economic reforms, including lilb- United States. bases. One of them was a base from eralization, privatization, and deregi.I- I believe it is important that this ap- which we flew our U-2 flights over the lation in order to transition its ecoi-i- pear in the RECORD. Soviet Union. One of those flights, as omy into a fully market-oriented sy s- Since 1947-50 years ago-the found- we all sadly remember, was shot down tem. Once OPIC support is reinstated, ing of the nation of Pakistan, the peo- by the Soviets. Francis Gary Powers the United States will be able to inst i- pie of Pakistan have been helping to was the pilot, and we all know how the tute trade and development assistanc-e serve United States interests in South Soviets paraded him as one of their programs as well. U.S. companies wi 11Asia and around the world. When the trophies. be able to pursue business opportun i- first Prime Minister of Pakistan, Soviet leader Nikita Khruschchev ties in a wide variety of sectors, suc:h Liaqat Ali Khan, chose to undertake turned his ire on Pakistan because he as power generation, telecommun l- his first overseas visit, it was to the knew that was where the plane was cations, highway construction, port die- United States instead of to the Soviet based. He threatened to use nuclear velopment and operations, oil and gas, Union, despite efforts by Moscow to en- arms and weapons against Pakistan. and banking and finance. tice him there and despite their prox- He boasted that the city of Peshawar I also point out, Mr. President, th it imity to both the Soviet Union and would be wiped off the face of the the Government of Pakistan is in tf ie China. Since the late 1940's, Pakistan Earth. The Foreign Minister of Paki- process of privatizing its banking sys- has helped the United States on numer- stan, in his recently published account tem. OPIC can be of great help and sul ous occasions in promoting and pro- of the incident, describes the cool and port in doing that. tecting American interests. confident reaction of the then-Presi- Further, the prohibition of IMET h is In a speech to this Congress, Prime dent of Pakistan, who dismissed the meant an emerging generation of Pak i- Minister Liaqat Ali Khan proclaimed- Soviet threat by saying, "So what?" stani military officers has not had aic- and I quote- Again, put yourself in that context. Korean war, Mutual Defense Treaty, cess to training in the United States. No threat or persuasion, no material peril., Let me be clear that IMET does n At or ideological allurement could deflect Paki- allowing us to base our U-2 spy planes mean the transfer or sale of any weal p-stan from its chosen path of free democracy. there. They are bordering right on the ons. It only means valuable educaticin Pakistan lived up to its commit- Soviet Union, and yet they stood by us. assistance to other militaries whic:h ments later on in June 1950, when it de- Pakistan again came to the assist- ance help foster valuable military-to-mil i- dlared its unqualified support for the of the United States by helping to tary contacts with the United Stat s United States in our war in Korea and facilitate the crucial opening of Amer- and the host country and allows thie backed us in that war. ican relations with China. In 1970, then-Secretary of State Henry Kissin- United States to impart its values t:o In 1954, they joined the Central Trea- ger undertook a secret visit to China other militaries. ty Organization. from Mr. President, according to the DiE!- In 1955, they joined SEATO, the Pakistan. Thus, again, Pakistan partment of Defense, the Chinese ai-e South East Asian Treaty Organization. served as that vital bridge between the United States and China. Again, it was currently the single largest provider )f These two American-backed alliances critical in the cold war to restrain the military training to Pakistani Force s. were aimed at the containment of comn- Soviet Union. assis t- Cutting off Pakistan from IMET munism and were very successful.' From 1979 In 1959, our two countries signed a to 1989, the United States ance over the last 7 years has therefoi-e went to Pakistan and asked them to reduced our contacts among the mil i- mutual defense treaty which is still E!- operational today. cooperate with us in and help us fight tary leadership in Pakistan and r the Soviet s So this is a long history. invasion of Afghanistan duced their exposure to United Stat through infiltration of military Pakistan equip- institutions and values. This 7-ye, ir Again, some will say, well, ment and other devices. )t has had military dictatorships and vio- Once again, vacuum has been filled by China-n Pakistan said yes to the United States in our best interests. In addition t:0 lations of human rights. That is true. I -y understand that. But I believe that the even though they faced great danger. providing American-style militar Not only did the Soviet Union, again, training, IMET can be used to provicle freedom advocates, the freedom fight- s- ers, those who struggle continually in threaten Pakistan with dire con- training in human rights, military ju sequences, but launched a campaign Pakistan for democracy and freedom of tice, and civilian-military relations. subversion and terror against Paki- The chief of the Army staff, Genenal have been at it continually. They have stan. The country experienced numer- tortured and put Karamat, for Pakistan, who attendE*d been assassinated and ous violations of its ground and air the United States Army Command an*d in jail, but they continue to struggle space, terrorist bombings, and subver- General Staff College in Fort Leavei1i- for democratic freedoms in that coun- sion. worth, KS, has stated that he woulId try. Since 1992, Pakistan has been at the rather send his officers to the UniteAd Those are the ones about whom I forefront of peacekeeping operations. States to study rather than to China. I speak, not the military dictatorships, We went to them and asked them to think we ought to take him up on that. but the brave people in Pakistan that supply troops for Somalia, and they The United States has an IMET Pri - continue to struggle and fight and to said yes. And we went to them and gram with every country in South Asiia maintain an adherence to democracy. asked them to supply troops for the except for Pakistan, including Nepa1. Mr. President, from that time on, Haiti operation, and they said yes. Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, India, even t ie Pakistan has been on our side and by And, Pakistan made significant con- Maldives. This policy does not mak, e our side whether it is in Korea or tributions to the multinational force sense. IMET should be restored not is whether It Is in Somalia, whether it is during the Gulf War to help liberate a favor to Pakistan but because it is in Haiti, or in Bosnia. Yes. Pakistan Kuwait. Pakistani troops are currently clearly in the United States interes ts right now has troops in Bosnia. And in Bosnia. to do so. they have faced dangers time and time In 1995, we asked Pakistan to return That is what this amendment is reaI- again, but they have stuck by our side. a suspected terrorist, Ramzi Yousaf, ly all about, helping the Unites StateS. I spoke, not the military dictators, for his alleged involvement in the It is pro-American. Pakistan is not ge t- not the repressive forces in Pakistan, World Trade Center bombing. And they ting military training from the UniteAd but to those brave people of Pakistan did. States; it is getting it from China. Is who, through all of this, continue to And, recently, the CIA was able to re- that serving U.S. interests? I do n )t struggle and to fight against corrup- turn to the United States, Mir Aimal think so. tion and to maintain an adherence to Kansi, a Pakistani who is charged with This amendment is not for anyor ie democracy. killing two CIA employees outside CIA else but the United States because it In 1960, Pakistan's commitment, its headquarters. will be our interests that are be 3t friendship to the United States was put As a moderate democratic Islamic served by it. Mr. President, let mie to a very severe test. Again, in accord- ally, Pakistan is our most tried and -S 7554 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE July 16, 1997 trusted friend we have in the Islamic Afghanistan. Pakistani cooperation WARNER, which would authorize the re- world. They have stood by our side was critical to the success of United sumption of certain forms of economic against the Soviet Union's aggression. States operations related to Afghani- assistance and military training activi- And they have stood by our side in the stan. ties with Pakistan. fight against terrorism. The amendment before the Senate The amendment would allow the pro- So I say to my colleagues, let us today does not call for a full resump- vision of assistance by the Overseas treat our friend and ally Pakistan as tion of United States assistance to Private Investment Corporation they deserve to be treated due to their Pakistan. Most importantly, the exist- [OPIC], the resumption of military longstanding support for the United ing prohibitions on providing military training activities, and certain other States, but most importantly it is in equipment would be retained. The pro- trade and democratic assistance to our best interests to do so. Granting grams we are talking about-particu- Pakistan. This aid had been terminated OPIC and IMET will help U.S. business larly OPIC and IMET-are of great ben- due to Pakistan's continued inability interests and U.S. national security in- efit to the United States, as well as to keep its many promises and assur- terests. It will help exports, foster Pakistan. OPIC financing will allow ances to the United States concerning military-to-military contacts and give United States businesses to success- the peaceful nature of its nuclear pro- the United States better intelligence in fully compete for business opportuni- gram. The amendment would resume the region. It is fair, it is right, and ties in Pakistan; and IMET will allow this specific assistance and do so un- makes good sense for the United States the next generation of Pakistani mili- conditionally. to change its shortsighted policy and tary leaders to be exposed to our val- I used the word, "unconditionally." pursue long-term interests in the re- ues. That means, the assistance could con- gion. During today's debate on this amend- tinue in the future to flow even if Paki- Mr. President, I yield the floor. ment, we will likely hear discussion stan acquired new uranium enrichment Mr. WARNER addressed the Chair. about Pakistan's nuclear activities. assistance from China or transferred The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. AL- While I share the concerns of my col- its own technology to some other coun- LARD). The Senator from Virginia. leagues with the proliferation of weap- try. Mr. WARNER. Mr. President, I am ons of mass destruction in South Asia, The aid could flow if Pakistan deto- very pleased that my distinguished this amendment does not undermine nated a nuclear device or transferred friend and colleague approached me to our nonproliferation goals. To the con- nuclear weapons designs or components form a partnership for the purpose of trary, I believe that we may be better to some other country. this amendment. In different ways and able to influence developments in The aid could flow if Pakistan once at different times both of us have Pakistan if we remain engaged with again attempts to violate United worked closely with Pakistan. As a that nation. States nuclear export control laws by member of the Intelligence Committee I urge my colleagues to support this acquiring nuclear equipment or mate- for 8 years, and then as vice chairman, amendment. rials for its bomb program. I worked very closely during the war in I compliment Senator HARKIN for his The aid could flow if Pakistan starts Afghanistan, and through the years hard work on this amendment. We have the unsafeguarded production of pluto- have come to know many of the distin- talked with a number of our col- nium, an activity that may soon com- guished persons from that nation who leagues. We have talked with the ad- mence with the completion of its pro- have come to the United States either ministration. Former Ambassador duction reactor at Khushab. in an official capacity or indeed many, Pickering, now a senior official at the The aid could flow, in short, with no many who have a heritage in Pakistan Department of State, of course had expectation whatsoever that such aid who have come to reside and take up written us. Those letters are now in the would be accompanied by further their responsibilities in America. RECORD, to my understanding. progress in restraining Pakistan's And that is why I agreed to be the I rank him among the most knowl- bomb program. And in so flowing, the principal cosponsor with my distin- edgeable of our present-day persons in aid could help Pakistan-albeit in a re- guished colleague. the Department of State, indeed stricted way-to alleviate the burdens Specifically, the amendment would throughout the administration, and of United States nuclear sanctions. In allow the United States to provide value his judgment greatly. I have other words, America could be helping OPIC financing for United States com- worked with him for some 15 to 18 Pakistan to cope with United States panies operating in Pakistan; would years now. And therefore, Mr. Presi- nuclear sanctions, rather than signal- allow the resumption of the IMET pro- dent, I strongly urge the adoption of ing our fundamental national convic- gram to train Pakistani military offi- this amendment. tion in policy and in law that prolifera- cers in the United States; and would At this time I yield the floor in rec- tion must have a price. Instead of mak- allow assistance for activities to pro- ognition of my colleagues. ing proliferators pay, we could be issu- mote the development of democratic Mr. HARKIN. I just want to thank ing special rewards for proliferation. institutions. my colleague for his aid, his assistance, The key here is obviously the word, This limited economic and training and strong support of this amendment, "could". The President would be left, assistance to Pakistan will ensure that and for talking to colleagues here on under this legislation, with the dele- the United States will remain con- the Senate floor about the importance gated responsibility of determining structively engaged with a nation that to the U.S. interests of making sure we whether the continuation of U.S. as- has a long history as a friend and ally reinstate OPIC, IMET, TDA, the de- sistance in the face of any of the ac- of the United States. mocracy initiative, and thank the dis- tivities above would truly serve the Almost from its creation as a nation tinguished Senator from Virginia for U.S. national interest. And I for one in 1947, Pakistan has assisted the Unit- his strong support and his help in this surely cannot imagine any cir- ed States in containing Soviet expan- effort. cumstance where such a determination sion in this critical part of the world. Mr. WARNER. I thank my distin- could be made. In 1954, the United States and Pakistan guished colleague, and particularly for Yet I hope that this amendment will signed a mutual defense assistance his reference to IMET. It is a program not send the entire world exactly the agreement which, over the following 10 I have dealt with throughout my career wrong message about America's com- years resulted in the United States both in the Department of Defense and mitment to nonproliferation. providing Pakistan over $700 million in here in the Senate. And it returns The amendment must not suggest military grant aid. United States eco- great dividends to the United States. I that America has lost the political will nomic aid to Pakistan was even more am delighted that this will be a part of to keep nonproliferation as a key na- generous-this Nation provided over $5 it. tional security policy in our dealings billion to Pakistan from 1951-82. I yield the floor. with other countries. This close relationship was of great Mr. GLENN. Mr. President, I rise to It must not signal that our country benefit to the United States following speak about the amendment offered by is more concerned with promoting its the December 1979 Soviet invasion of my colleagues, Messrs. HARKIN and opportunities for trade and investment July 16, 1997 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE S7555 than it is about curtailing the global keeping and other multilateral oper- stan is not detonating nuclear weapons spread of nuclear weapons. ations: antiterrorism assistance; an ex- right now. We should rejoice that Paki- It must not indicate that countries emption from storage costs for embar- stan is not transferring its bombs, can make-and then systematically goed military equipment; and delivery bomb designs, or bomb components- break-solemn promises to the United of military items sent to the United right now anyway-to other countries. States concerning matters of profound States for repair before the 1990 sanc- We should be happy that Pakistan has importance to regional and inter- tions. not yet imported a complete nuclear national security, and do so without For its sponsors, the Brown amend- reprocessing plant or uranium enrich- jeopardizing the flow of much-desired ment suffered from one rather serious ment plant from China, and be grateful U.S. foreign assistance. problem, however. That amendment that it is only technical assistance and Now all of us here today are familiar failed to recognize that Pakistan was components that Pakistan has received still in violation with the notion that America should of the Symington for its bomb program from China. By amendment, sec. 101 of engage Pakistan by providing in- the Arms Ex- golly, we should celebrate the fact that port Control Act, and the creased United States assistance as a likelihood of Pakistan does presidential not yet have an ICBM, means of restraining its nuclear pro- waiver of the latter was or that it has not yet attacked Indian extremely remote, in light gram. It would not be the first time of Paki- civilian or military positions with nu- stan's continued violations that members of the Senate or the Ex- of that law. clear weapons hung under the wings of In short, because the Brown amend- ecutive had argued that additional United States-supplied F-16 aircraft. ment neither repealed nor military or economic aid would serve amended the Yes, we can surely Symington amendment, be grateful for all as a valuable instrument of non- the Symington the above restraint. amendment continues proliferation. But I do not believe that to outlaw the But maybe, just maybe, all of provision of aid this the sponsors of this amendment today under the Arms Export heroic nuclear restraint that Pakistan Control Act or the Foreign Assistance would sincerely make such an argu- has exercised is due in good measure to Act to Pakistan. That is why the ment. We simply cannot turn a blind the real and palpable costs that Paki- present amendment is being offered-it eye to history. stan would pay if it engaged in any is being offered to liberalize the of Mr. President, I ask unanimous con- sanc- those flagrant activities-costs tions under that in- sent to insert at the end of my remarks the Symington amend- clude, but are ment. no means limited to, the a list of statements concerning the al- costs that are found in existing United leged value of United States foreign as- I note that the International Finan- cial Institutions Act only requires U.S. States sanctions legislation. sistance as a tool of nuclear restraint We must executive officers at those institutions examine, however, not just In Pakistan. I urge my colleagues to at what Pakistan has not done, but read a few of such assurances that merely "to consider" the nonprolifera- tion credentials of the potential recipi- also recall what Pakistan has done. United States officials provided to Con- Here is what Pakistan has done re- gress throughout the decade of the ent country, and hence this does not prohibit continued aid via such institu- cently: 1980's, the very decade, lest we forget, Pakistan tions. Pakistan has received has acquired thousands of that Pakistan crossed its most signifi- hundreds specially-designed of millions of dollars in assistance ring magnets for its cant milestones on its march to the unsafeguarded from such institutions since October uranium enrichment bomb. project, and reportedly acquired them The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without 1990. The Export-Import Bank Act only re- just about the time the United States objection, it is so ordered. Congress was debating the Brown (See Exhibit 1.) quires the denial of credits in the event of violations of safeguards or a US nu- amendment in 1995. Pakistan's actions Mr. GLENN. I would like to remind make a mockery not just of the Brown my colleagues that most United States clear cooperation agreement; nuclear detonations; or persons or countries amendment, but also of America's nu- economic and military aid to Pakistan clear nonproliferation policy as a was cut off in October 1990 by President that willfully aid and abet non-nuclear- weapon states to get the bomb. whole. George Bush, when he was no longer A host of other legislative amend- Pakistan is nearing completion of an able to certify that Pakistan did not ments have authorized the provision of unsafeguarded plutonium production possess nuclear weapons or that the the following forms of assistance to capability with its production reactor provision of further United States aid Pakistan, notwithstanding existing nu- at Khushab and, by some reports, a re- would reduce the risk that Pakistan clear sanctions, via nongovernmental lated nuclear reprocessing plant. would come to possess such weapons. organizations: agricultural, rural de- Pakistan has in the eyes of most of That language, found in the Pressler velopment, and nutrition; population the world, but evidently not yet those amendment, sec. 620E(e) of the Foreign and health; education and human re- in our own State Department, acquired Assistance Act, has been substantially sources development; energy; appro- nuclear-capable M-11 missiles from relaxed in recent years, in part by the priate technology; use of cooperatives China, and recently test-fired its HATF actions of Congress, and In part by ac- in development; integrating women missile. tions taken unilaterally by the Execu- into national economies; human rights; On March 20, 1997, the trade publica- tive. Let me review briefly just how far environment and natural resources; en- tion, Nucleonics Week, reported that America has gone already to relax dangered species; and private and vol- "Pakistan has completed its tests of these sanctions. untary organizations. its atomic bomb capability success- The Brown amendment, which was So America has not been heartless to fully through computer simulation." enacted in February 1996, amended the the lot of Pakistan's vast majority, its This claim was made by one who Pressler amendment to allow the provi- poor people. We have over the years should know, Pakistan's former Army sion of all types of economic assist- provided billions of dollars of assist- Chief of Staff, Mirza Aslam Beg, and ance, notwithstanding Pakistan's con- ance intended to improve the living comes as a particularly bitter reminder tinuing non-compliance with the Pres- conditions of the people of Pakistan. of the Senate's unfortunate decision sler criteria. In addition to allowing Our grievance today is not with the last week to vote down a proposal by the transfer of over a third-of-a-billion people of Pakistan but with their Gov- my colleagues, Messrs. COCHRAN and dollars of embargoed military gear to ernment. It arises in particular from DURBIN, to tighten up export controls Pakistan-including spare parts and the awesome and growing credibility over high-powered computers going to upgrades for Pakistan's probable nu- gap between the peaceful words of Pakistan and other risky countries. clear-weapons delivery vehicle, the F- Pakistan's leaders about their coun- In June 1997, the CIA Director sent to 16-the Brown amendment also uncon- try's nuclear program, and the certain Congress an unclassified report on ditionally authorized the resumption of fact that Pakistan Is continuing to de- global weapons proliferation in the last the following aid: international narcot- velop nuclear weapons and the missiles 6 months of 1996-Report entitled: "The ics controls; military-to-military con- to deliver them. Acquisition of Technology Related to tacts, including IMET; humanitarian Now some might argue that we Weapons of Mass Destruction and Ad- and civic assistance projects; peace- should simply be grateful that Paki- vanced Conventional Munitions: July- TOM HARKIN (202) 224-3254 IOWA TTY (202) 224-4633 [email protected] COMMITTEES: AGRICULTURE Enfited 16tates 16enatc APPROPRIATIONS WAW fe ( 502 SMALL BUSINESS LABOR AND HUMAN RESOURCES To: Tom Fr: Rosemary Re: India/Pakistan sanctions (Brownback bill) Dt: June 9, 1999 Senator Brownback's foreign affairs staffer, Christina, called me at 7:00 pm last night to inform me that a modified version of Senator Brownback's bill regarding sanctions to India and Pakistan, attached to the DoD appropriations bill was passed by unanimous consent last night. She apologized for not having time to call the co-sponsors of the original Brownback bill but she said that things moved quickly on the floor. Apparently Senator Roberts had an amendment of sanctions and Senator Brownback attached a modified version of his original bill on sanctions regarding India and Pakistan. Below is a description of what the legislation does. India-Pakistan Sanctions Relief Amendment 7 *.The bill suspends fo five ears all economic sanctions imposed on India and Pakistan by the Glenn Amendmen. fter the five year period of suspension, gives the President a national interest waiver to renew the suspension of these sanctions. It allows: -- Economic assistance (though this is limited to support NGOs, democracy or establishment of democratic institutions and humanitarian assistance) -- IMET -- Peacekeeping operations assistance -- Credit, credit guarantees or other financial assistance -- Loans and financial or technical assistance by international financial institution -- US banks may make loans or provide credit to the governments of India and Pakistan -- EXIM guarantees, insurance and/or credits; as well as participation in the extension of credit in support of US exports to India and Pakistan * The bill provides the President with a national security waiver for sales of defense articles, defense services, foreign military financing and dual use technologies which are not primarily used for missile development or nuclear weapons programs. * Congressional review procedures: These sales are subject to congressional review procedures * Reporting requirement: The President must submit a report within 60 days of enactment listing those Indian and Pakistani entities whose activities contribute directly to missile programs or weapons of mass destruction programs. 150 FIRST AVENUE, NE 210 WALNUT ST. 131E. 4TH ST. 350 WEST 6TH ST. 320 6TH ST. SUITE 370 733 FEDERAL BLDG. 314B FEDERAL BLDG. 315 FEDERAL BLDG. 110 FEDERAL BLDG. CEDAR RAPIDS, IA 52407-4884 DES MOINES, IA 50309 DAVENPORT, IA 52801 DUBUQUE, IA 52001 SIOUX CITY, IA 51101 (319) 365-4504 (515) 284-4574 (319) 322-1338 (319) 582-2130 (712) 252-1550 TOM HARKIN (202) 224-3254 IOWA TTY (202) 224-4633 [email protected] COMMITTEES: AGRICULTURE 'United $tats efnate APPROPRIATIONS Economic Support Fund aW .t sd t SMALL BUSINESS -- assistance that supports the activities of nongovernmental organizations LABOR AND HUMAN -- assistance that supports democracy or the establishment of democratic institutions -- humanitarian assistance Sense of the Senate a: no waiver for sales of defense articles, defense services, foreign military financing should be invoked with respect to any party that initiates or supports activities that jeopardize peace and security in Jammu and Kashmir b: the entities list requires refinement c: Entities should only be on that list if they make direct and material contributions to weapons of mass destruction and missile programs. The bill also repeals the Pressler Amendment which imposed the same sanctions on Pakistan before Glenn was imposed. 150 FIRST AVENUE, NE 210 WALNUT ST. 131 E. 4TH ST. 350 WEST 6TH ST. 320 6TH ST. SUITE 370 733 FEDERAL BLDG. 314B FEDERAL BLDG. 315 FEDERAL BLDG. 110 FEDERAL BLDG. CEDAR RAPIDS, IA 52407-4884 DES MOINES, IA 50309 DAVENPORT, IA 52801 DUBUQUE, IA 52001 SIOUX CITY, IA51101 (319) 365-4504 (515) 284-4574 (319) 322-1338 (3191 582-2130 (712) 252-1550 Pakistan http://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/factbook/pk.html [Country Listing] [Factbook Home Page] O"r,"I.. Economy Communications Transportation Military Trans"ational Issues Pakistan Geography [Top of Page] Location: Southern Asia, bordering the Arabian Sea, between India on the east and Iran and Afghanistan on the west and China in the north Geographic coordinates: 30 00 N, 70 00 E Map references: Asia Area: total: 803,940 sq km land: 778,720 sq km water: 25,220 sq km Area-comparative: slightly less than twice the size of California Land boundaries: total: 6,774 km bordercountries: Afghanistan 2,430 km, China 523 km, India 2,912 km, Iran 909 km Coastline: 1,046 km Maritime claims: contiguous zone: 24 nm I of 8 7/21/99 2:38 PM Pakistan Pakistanhttp://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/factbook/pk.html P continentalshel.W 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorialsea: 12 nm Climate: mostly hot, dry desert; temperate in northwest; arctic in north Terrain: flat Indus plain in east; mountains in north and northwest; Balochistan plateau in west Elevation extremes: lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m highestpoint: K2 (Mt. Godwin-Austen) 8,611 m Natural resources: land, extensive natural gas reserves, limited petroleum, poor quality coal, iron ore, copper, salt, limestone Land use: arable land: 27% permanent crops: 1% permanentpastures: 6% forests and woodland: 5% other: 61% (1993 est.) Irrigated land: 171,100 sq km (1993 est.) Natural hazards: frequent earthquakes, occasionally severe especially in north and west; flooding along the Indus after heavy rains (July and August) Environment-current issues: water pollution from raw sewage, industrial wastes, and agricultural runoff; limited natural fresh water resources; a majority of the population does not have access to potable water; deforestation; soil erosion; desertification Environment-international agreements: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation Geography-note: controls Khyber Pass and Bolan Pass, traditional invasion routes between Central Asia and the Indian Subcontinent People' [Top of Page] Population: 135,135,195 (July 1998 est.) note: population figures based on 1981 national census results-1998 census results are pending Age structure: 0-14 years: 42% (male 29,083,284; female 27,425,172) 15-64 years: 54% (male 37,432,059; female 35,731,170) 65 years and over: 4% (male 2,716,739; female 2,746,771) (July 1998 est.) Population growth rate: 2.2% (1998 est.) Birth rate: 34.38 births/1,000 population (1998 est.) Death rate: 10.69 deaths/1,000 population (1998 est.) 2 of 8 7/21/99 2:38 PM Pakistan http://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/factbook/pk.html Net migration rate: -1.71 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1998 est.) Sex ratio: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.05 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.99 male(s)/female (1998 est.) Infant mortality rate: 93.48 deaths/1,000 live births (1998 est.) Life expectancy at birth: totalpopulation: 59.07 years male: 58.23 years female: 59.96 years (1998 est.) Total fertility rate: 4.91 children born/woman (1998 est.) Nationality: noun: Pakistani(s) adjective: Pakistani Ethnic groups: Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashtun (Pathan), Baloch, Muhajir (immigrants from India and their descendants) Religions: Muslim 97% (Sunni 77%, Shi'a 20%), Christian, Hindu, and other 3% Languages: Punjabi 48%, Sindhi 12%, Siraiki (a Punjabi variant) 10%, Pashtu 8%, Urdu (official) 8%, Balochi 3%, Hindko 2%, Brahui 1%, English (official and lingua franca of Pakistani elite and most government ministries), Burushaski, and other 8% Literacy: definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 37.8% male: 50% female: 24.4% (1995 est.) [Top of Page] Country name: conventional longform: Islamic Republic of Pakistan conventional shortform: Pakistan former: West Pakistan Data code: PK Government type: federal republic National capital: Islamabad Administrative divisions: 4 provinces, 1 territory*, and 1 capital territory**; Balochistan, Federally Administered Tribal Areas*, Islamabad Capital Territory**, North-West Frontier, Punjab, Sindh note: the Pakistani-administered portion of the disputed Jammu and Kashmir region includes Azad Kashmir and the Northern Areas Independence: 14 August 1947 (from UK) 3 of 8 7/21/99 2:38 PM Pakistan Pakistanhttp://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/factbook/pk.html National holiday: Pakistan Day, 23 March (1956) (proclamation of the republic) Constitution: 10 April 1973, suspended 5 July 1977, restored with amendments 30 December 1985 Legal system: based on English common law with provisions to accommodate Pakistan's status as an Islamic state; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations Suffrage: 21 years of age; universal; separate electorates and reserved parliamentary seats for non-Muslims and tribal areas Executive branch: chief ofstate: President Mohammad Rafiq TARAR (since 31 December 1997) head ofgovernment: Prime Minister Mohammad Nawaz SHARIF (since 17 February 1997) cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the prime minister elections: president elected by Parliament for a five-year term; election last held 31 December 1997 (next to be held no later than 1 January 2002); following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or leader of a majority coalition is usually elected prime minister by the National Assembly; election last held 3 February 1997 (next to be held NA February 2002) election results: Mohammad Rafiq TARAR elected president; percent of Parliament and provincial vote-NA; Mohammad Nawaz SHARIF elected prime minister; percent of National Assembly vote-NA Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament or Majlis-e-Shoora consists of the Senate (87 seats; members indirectly elected by provincial assemblies to serve six-year terms; one-third of the members up for election every two years) and the National Assembly (217 seats; 207 represent Muslims and 10 represent non-Muslims; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) elections: Senate-last held 12 March 1997 (next to be held NA March 1999); National Assembly-last held 3 February 1997 (next to be held NA February 2002) election results: Senate-percent of vote by party-NA; seats by party-PML/N 30, PPP 17, ANP 7, MQM/A 6, JWP 5, BNP 4, JUI/F 2, PML/J 2, BNM/M 1, PKMAP 1, TJP 1, independents 6, vacant 5; National Assembly-percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party-PML/N 137, PPP 18, MQM/A 12, ANP 10, BNP 3, JWP 2, JUI/F 2, PPP/SB 1, NPP 1, independents 21, minorities 10 Judicial branch: Supreme Court, judicial chiefs are appointed by the president; Federal Islamic (Shari'at) Court Political parties and leaders: government: Pakistan Muslim League, Nawaz Sharif faction (PML/N), Nawaz SHARIF; Balochistan National Movement/Mengal Group (BNM/M), Sardar Akhtar MENGAL; Mutahida Qaumi Movement, Altaf faction (MQM/A), Altaf HUSSAIN; Jamiat-al-Hadith (JAH); Jamhoori Watan Party (JWP), Akbar Khan BUGTI; Pakistan People's Party/Shaheed Bhutto (PPP/SB), Ghinva BHUTTO; Baluch National Party (BNP), leader NA opposition: Pakistan People's Party (PPP), Benazir BHUTTO; Pakistan Muslim League, Junejo faction (PML/J), Hamid Nasir CHATTHA; National People's Party (NPP), Ghulam Mustapha JATOI; Pakhtun Khwa Milli Awami Party (PKMAP), Mahmood Khan ACHAKZAI; Balochistan National Movement/Hayee Group (BNM/H), Dr. HAYEE Baluch; Pakhtun Quami Party (PKQP), Mohammed AFZAL Khan; Awami National Party (ANP), Wali KHAN frequently shifting: Jamiat Ulema-i-Pakistan, Niazi faction (JUP/NI); Pakistan Muslim League, Functional Group (PML/F), Pir PAGARO; Pakistan National Party (PNP); Milli Yakjheti Council (MYC) is an umbrella organization which includes Jamaat-i-Islami (JI), Qazi Hussain AHMED, Jamiat Ulema-i-Islam, Sami-ul-Haq faction (JUI/S), Tehrik-I-Jafria Pakistan (TJP), Allama Sajid NAQVI, and Jamiat Ulema-i-Pakistan, Noorani faction (JUP/NO) note: political alliances in Pakistan can shift frequently; subsequent to the election Jamiat Ulema-i-Islami, Fazlur Rehman group (JUI/F) was disbanded Political pressure groups and leaders: military remains important political force; ulema (clergy), landowners, industrialists, and small merchants also influential 4 of 8 7/21/99 2:38 PM Pakistan Pakistanhttp://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/factbook/pk.html International organization participation: AsDB, C, CCC, CP, ECO, ESCAP, FAO, G- 19, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MINURSO, NAM, OAS (observer), OIC, PCA, SAARC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNITAR, UNMIBH, UNMOP, UNOMIG, UNOMIL, UNPREDEP, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Riaz KHOKAR chancery: 2315 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 939-6200 FAX: [1] (202) 387-0484 consulate(s) general: Los Angeles and New York Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Thomas W. SIMONS, Jr. embassy: Diplomatic Enclave, Ramna 5, Islamabad mailing address:P. O. Box 1048, Unit 62200, APO AE 09812-2200 telephone: [92] (51) 826161 through 826179 FAX: [92] (51) 214222 consulate(s) general: Karachi, Lahore consulate(s): Peshawar Flag description: green with a vertical white band (symbolizing the role of religious minorities) on the hoist side; a large white crescent and star are centered in the green field; the crescent, star, and color green are traditional symbols of Islam -~______IEconomy >.] [Top of Page] Economy-overview: Pakistan continues to suffer through a damaging foreign exchange crisis. The crisis stems from years of loose fiscal policies that exacerbated inflation and allowed the public debt, money supply, and current account deficit to explode. In April 1997, Prime Minister SHARIF introduced a stimulus package of tax cuts intended to boost failing industrial output and spur export growth. At that time, the IMF endorsed the program, paving the way for a $1.5 billion Enhanced Structural Adjustment Facility. Although the economy showed signs of improvement following the measures, SHARIF has refused to implement the tough structural reforms necessary for sustained, longer-term growth. As a consequence, at yearend 1997, industrial production continued to flag, foreign exchange reserves continued to teeter around $1 billion--only four weeks of imports-and borrowing to support the budget deficit already exceeded the amount allocated for the entire fiscal year. At the same time, the government must cope with long-standing economic vulnerabilities-inadequate infrastructure, low levels of literacy, and increasing sectarian, ethnic, and tribal violence. GDP: purchasing power parity-$344 billion (1997 est.) GDP-real growth rate: 3.1% (1997 est.) GDP-per capita: purchasing power parity-$2,600 (1997 est.) GDP-composition by sector: agriculture:24.2% industry: 26.4% services: 49.4% (1997) Inflation rate-consumer price index: 11.8% (FY96/97) Labor force: total: 37.8 million (1998) 5 of 8 7/21/99 2:38 PM Pakistan Pakitanhttp://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/factbook/pk.htm1l by occupation: agriculture 47%, mining and manufacturing 17%, services 17%, other 19% note: extensive export of labor, mostly to the Middle East, and use of child labor Unemployment rate: NA% . Budget: revenues: $9.6 billion expenditures: $13.6 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY96/97) Industries: textiles, food processing, beverages, construction materials, clothing, paper products, shrimp Industrial production growth rate: 3.3% (FY96/97 est.) Electricity-capacity: 13.169 million kW (1995) Electricity-production: 58.1 billion kWh (1997) Electricity-consumption per capita: 436 kWh (1997) Agriculture-products: cotton, wheat, rice, sugarcane, fruits, vegetables; milk, beef, mutton, eggs Exports: total value: $8.2 billion (FY96/97) commodities: cotton, textiles, clothing, rice, leather, carpets partners:EU, US, Hong Kong, Japan Imports: total value: $11.4 billion (FY96/97) commodities: petroleum, petroleum products, machinery, transportation equipment, vegetable oils, animal fats, chemicals partners:EU, Japan, US, China Debt-external: $33 billion (1997 est.) Economic aid: recipient: $2.2 billion from all bilateral and multilateral sources (FY96/97) Currency: 1 Pakistani rupee (PRe) = 100 paisa Exchange rates: Pakistani rupees (PRs) per US$1-44.050 (January 1998), 41.112 (1997), 36.079 (1996), 31.643 (1995), 30.567 (1994), 28.1 (1993); note-annual average of official rate; parallel market rate is higher Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June [Top of Page] Telephones: 2.552 million (1997) Telephone system: the domestic system is mediocre, but adequate for government and business use, in part because major businesses have established their own private systems; since 1988, the government has promoted investment in the national telecommunications system on a priority basis; despite major improvements in trunk and urban systems, telecommunication services are still not readily available to the major portion of the population domestic: microwave radio relay international:satellite earth stations-3 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 2 Indian Ocean); microwave 6 of 8 7/21/99 2:38 PM Pakistan http://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/factbook/pk.html radio relay to neighboring countries Radio broadcast stations: AM 26, FM 8, shortwave 11 Radios: 11.3 million (1992 est.) Television broadcast stations: 29 Televisions: 2.08 million (1993 est.) L T ttion ---- [Top of Page] Railways: total: 8,163 km broadgauge: 7,718 km 1.676-m gauge (293 km electrified; 1,037 km double track) narrow gauge: 445 km 1.000-m gauge (1996 est.) Highways: total: 224,774 km paved: 128,121 km unpaved: 96,653 km (1996 est.) Pipelines: crude oil 250 km; petroleum products 885 km; natural gas 4,044 km (1987) Ports and harbors: Karachi, Port Muhammad bin Qasim Merchant marine: total: 24 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 416,875 GRT/684,580 DWT ships by type: bulk 5, cargo 15, container 3, oil tanker 1 (1997 est.) Airports: 115 (1997 est.) Airports-with paved runways: total: 80 over 3,047 m: 11 2,438 to 3,047 m: 20 1,524 to 2,437 m: 31 914 to 1,523 m: 15 under 914 m: 3 (1997 est.) Airports-with unpaved runways: total: 35 over 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 8 914 to 1,523 m: 8 under 914 m: 18 (1997 est.) Heliports: 6 (1997 est.) 1Mhtary [Top of Page] Military branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Civil Armed Forces, National Guard Military manpower-military age: 17 years of age 7 of 8 7/21/99 2:38 PM Pakistan Pakistanhttp://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/factbook/pk.html Military manpower-availability: males age 15-49: 32,450,056 (1998 est.) Military manpower-fit for military service: males: 19,888,353 (1998 est.) Military manpower-reaching military age annually: males: 1,472,272 (1998 est.) Military expenditures-dollar figure: $3.3 billion (FY96/97) Military expenditures-percent of GDP: 5.3% (FY96/97) L17_- -- ~TranstionalJisues______[Top of Page] Disputes-international: status of Kashmir with India; water-sharing problems with India over the Indus River (Wular Barrage) Illicit drugs: illicit producer of opium and hashish for the international drug trade (cultivation in 1997-4,100 hectares, a 21% increase over 1996; potential production-85 metric tons, a 13% increase over 1996); center for processing Afghan heroin and key transit area for Southwest Asian heroin moving to Western markets [Country Listing] [Factbook Home Page] 8 of 8 7/21/99 2:38 PM Pakistani Institute of Chemists Dinner July 24, 1999 Isteqbaal [Is-tek-bahl - Urdu for "Welcome"]. TY to my good friend, ashid Chauda ,' for the kind introduction. TY, too, to li Syed or your leadership of P.I.C. And, to everyone else involved with organizing this meeting, TY for your efforts. Pk, - t- -f-L5 want to acknowledge all of the P.I.C. officers who are here tonight. And I want to welcome your -P .JAt~n ntp. PnPk~rw QSv~d7 'Rqhqr- .A AuIa=VVtAh whn i P 'herP*A fromt A P21ci tnn A /0 I am proud to be here tonight to recognize the fine work you are doing. You are leaders in your communities here in America, and you are leaders in our mutual effort to strengthen relations between the United States and Pakistan. I know that your Islamic heritage puts the highest premium on education. And, I'm reminded of Muhammad Ali Jinna said over sixty years a goA ., Q- ...... I ...... 2 C[JINNAH QUOTE]; -T-here-are at least three main pillars which go to make a nation w,,ghy of possessing a territory and running the government... th firs /, education... next, no nation and no peop e can ever do anything without making themselves economially powerful in commerce, trade and industry. And lastly, when you have got that light of knowledge by means of education, and when you have made yourselves strong economically and industrially, then you have to prepare yourselves for your defense. Jinnah had it exactly right. A nation which puts the education of its peopl first will achieve a vibrant economy and a strong defense. Quality education is the cornerstone of true national security. 3 I know the Pakistani-American community takes education seriously. You have embraced the American tradition of bringing the riaecor together with government to effect social change. I know, for instance, that the Development in Literacy organization founded by the Pakistani- American community in Los Angeles supports forty one teacher home schools in the Mianwali District. I know that the All-Pakistan Physicians of North America facilitates Pakistani-American groups working in primary education, primary health care, and anti-poverty programs. 4 And, I know that the scholarships P.I.C. offers to Pakistani students bring the best and brightest minds into labs around the world. Science is a powerful agent for economic advancement, a vital tool for promoting democracy. I commend you all for your good work. In my view, the U.S. should offer more educational assistance to Pakistan. But, USAID is unable to do so at this time because sanctions are in place. This is wrong. Education should not be held hostage to the politics of international affairs. 5 As I said earlier, educating or youth not only improves the quality of life of a nation, 4t it fosters peace and harmony between nations. However, despite my best efforts, sanctions are in place and USAID is prohibited from conducting government-to-government education assistance programs with Pakistan. There is an exception, however: USAID can support programs through the NGO community. And, this is where PIC can play a role. 6 PIC can create new opportunities for U.S. and Pakistan partnerships by fostering private, NGO educational programs. This would bring together the best of privatsector, NGO, and government programs and allow more U.S. support of Pakistan's education. W~ You know, about five years ago, I decided to take a closer look at the U.S. relationship with Pakistan. And, the more I learned, the more I realized that this relationship has been a one-way street that through the years Pakistan has unfailingly come to the aid of the United States, but the U.S. has seldom reciprocated. 7 America's friendship with Pakistan goes back to Independence in 1947, when Pakistan made the conscious choice to promote friendship with the United States rather than with the Soviet Union. At that time, your new Prime Minister made his first state visit to the United States to assure our government of Pakistan's "chosen path offee demo cracy2 And, Pakistan has lived up to that commitment over and over and over again. In 1950, Pakistan backed the U.S. in the Korean War. 8 In 1959, the United States and Pakistan signed a Mutual Defense Treaty which is still active today. And, under the terms of that treaty, Pakistan allowed the United States to set up bases on its soil. In fact, we used one of those bases to fly U-2 flights over the Soviet Union. And, in 1960, one of those flights was shot down, putting Pakistan's friendship with the U.S. to a severe test. Soviet Premier Nikita Khruschev threatened to retaliate against Pakistan with nuclear weapons. He threatened to level the city of Peshawar. But, Pakistan's President was unruffled, dismissing the Soviet threat with a courageous, ''So what." 9 Could there be a stronger statement of solidarity? Pakistani soldiers fought with multinational forces during the Gulf War, and they took part in peacekeeping operations in Somalia, Bosnia, Liberia Haiti. Time and time again, Pakistan has supported the United States. In fact, Pakistan may well be the best friend we have in that part of the m world. Since he took office in 1997, Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif has reaffirmed Pakistan's friendship with the United States. 10 And, he has worked diligently to resolve Pakistan's differences with India. I know he is searching for a resolution to the very serious Kashmir problem which has taken its toll on both Pakistan and India. When Prime Minister Sharif met with President Clinton on July 4 here in Washington, he agreed to pull back Pakistani forces p L 1c~A9~4~t~ He has lived up to his part of the bargain. N ow, it is up to the United States to live up to our commitment to take a greater interest in the Kashmir issue. 11 Prime Minister Sharif told me when he was here that he wants to rebuild Pakistan's economy and to educate Pakistan's children. But, he can't do that because Pakistan's military presence in Kashmir is siphoning off money that should be used for education, health care, and infrastructure. As scientists, you can play a key role in bringing peace to the region. You know, during the Cold War, exchanges between American and Soviet scientists opened up areas of communication that transcended superpower rivalries. 12 You are in a position to initiate similar relationships to help bring about lasting peace between Pakistan and India. The United States must do all it can to help Pakistan strengthen its economy. The private sector and OPIC need to develop programs which promote investment to stimulate Pakistan's economy. We must do everything we can do to shore up this struggling democracy. For my part, I support Prime Minister Sha if's g to educate Pakistan's childre -evit ze Pakistan's economy.- S7,j171? 7 6A111V It V And, I will continue to urge President Clinton to visit Pakistan later this year. - E? ac /? I(- C/I U kf-c ft-";, TY for your hard work to achieve our common goals. You can count on me to keep fighting for you. Shab ba Khaer [Shub-buh-kar, Urdu for "Goodnight"]. 14 Pakistani Institute of Chemists Dinner July 24, 1999 Isteqbaal [Is-tek-bahl - Urdu for "Welcome"]. TY to my good friend, kind introduction. TY, leadership of P.I.C. And, to everyone else involved with organizing this meeting, TY for your efforts. want to acknowledge all of the P.I.C. officers who are here tonight. And I want to welcome your keynote speaker, Syed Babar Ali, who is here from P2citl A r - 6t )P /- XfC"-'c-e I am proud to be here tonight to recognize the fine work you are doing. You are leaders in your communities here in America, and you are leaders in our mutual effort to strengthen relations between the United States and Pakistan. I know that your Islamic heritage puts the highest premium on education. And, I'm reminded of so Muhammad Ali Jinna said over sixty years ago. . 2 [JINNAH QUOTE]: There are at least three main pillars which go to make a nation wsth of possessing a territory and running the government... th firstts-> , education... next, no nation and no peop e can ever do anything without making themselves gconomigally powerful in commerce, trade and industr. And lastly, when you have got that light of knowledge by means of education, and when you have made yourselves strong economically and industrially, then you have to prepare yourselves for your defense. Jinnah had it exactly right. A nation which puts the education of its peo le first will achieve a vibrant economy and a strong defense. Quality education is the cornerstone of true national security. 3 I know the Pakistani-American community takes education seriously. You have embraced the American tradition of bringing the private sector together with government to effect social change. I know, for instance, that the Development in Literacy organization founded by the Pakistani- American community in Los Angeles supports fo one teacher home schools in the Mianwali District. I know that the All-Pakistan Physicians of North America facilitates Pakistani-American groups working in primary education, primary health care, and anti-poverty programs. 4 And, I know that the scholarships P.I.C. offers to Pakistani students bring the best and brightest minds into labs around the world. Science is a powerful agent for economic advancement, a vital tool for promoting democracy. I commend you all for your good work. In my view, the U.S. should offer more educational assistance to Pakistan. But, USAID is unable to do so at this time because sanctions are in place. This is wrong. Education should not be held hostage to the politics of international affairs. 5 As I said earlier, educating ar youth not only, improves the quality of life of a nation, lat it4 fosters peace and harmony between nations. However, despite my best efforts, sanctions are in place and USAID is prohibited from conducting government-to-government education assistance programs with Pakistan. There is an exception, however: USAID can support programs through the NGO community. And, this is where PIC can play a role. 6 PIC can create new opportunities for U.S. and Pakistan partnerships by fostering private, NGO educational programs. This would bring together the best of privatesector, NGO, and government programs and allow more U.S. support of Pakistan's education. J wi c\, \ (-- You know, about five years ago, I decided to take a closer look at the U.S. relationship with Pakistan. And, the more I learned, the more I realized that this relationship has been a one-way street that through the years Pakistan has unfailingly come to the aid of the United States, but the U.S. has seldom reciprocated. 7 America's friendship with Pakistan goes back to Independence in 1947, when Pakistan made the conscious choice to promote friendship with the United States rather than with the Soviet Union. At that time, your new Prime Minister made his first state visit to the United States to assure our government of Pakistan's "chosen path offee democracy2 And, Pakistan has lived up to that commitment over and over and over again. In 1950, Pakistan backed the U.S. in the Korean War. 8 In 1959, the United States and Pakistan signed a Mutual Defense Treaty which is still active today. And, under the terms of that treaty, Pakistan allowed the United States to set up bases on its soil. In fact, we used one of those bases to fly U-2 flights over the Soviet'Union. And, in 1960, one of those flights was shot down, putting Pakistan's friendship with the U.S. to a severe test. Soviet Premier Nikita Khruschev threatened to retaliate against Pakistan with nuclear weapons. He threatened to level the city of Peshawar. But, Pakistan's President was unruffled, dismissing the Soviet threat with a courageous, "So what." 9 Could there be a stronger statement of solidarity? Pakistani soldiers fought with multinational forces during the Gulf War and they took part in peacekeeping operations in Somalia, Bosnia, Liberia Haiti. Time and time again, Pakistan has supported the United States. In fact, Pakistan may well be the best friend we have in that part of the, world. Since he took office in 1997, Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif has reaffirmed Pakistan's friendship with the United States. 10 And, he has worked diligently to resolve Pakistan's differences with India. I know he is searching for a resolution to the very serious Kashmir problem which has taken its toll on both Pakistan and India. When Prime Minister Sharif met with President Clinton on July 4 here in Washington, he agreed to pull back Pakistani forces fi-mlasim- i He has lived up to his part of the bargain. Now, it is up to the United States to live up to our commitment to take a greater interest in the Kashmir issue. 11 Prime Minister Sharif told me when he was here that he wants to rebuild Pakistan's economy and to educate Pakistan's children. But, he can't do that because Pakistan's military presence in Kashmir is siphoning off money that should be used for education, health care, and infrastructure. As scientists, you can play a key role in bringing peace to the region. You know, during the Cold War, exchanges between American and Soviet scientists opened up areas of communication that transcended superpower rivalries. 12 You are in a position to initiate similar relationships to help bring about lasting peace between Pakistan and India. 9. The United States must do all it can to help Pakistan strengthen its economy. The private sector and OPIC need to develop-programs which promote investment to stimulate Pakistan's economy. We must do everything we can do to shore up this struggling democracy. For my part, I support Prime to educate Pakistan's childre Pakistan's economy. Ji- Iv -S-7+ r p X1 3 -4- /kk-C,-LQ- I- And, I will continue to urge President Clinton to visit . ( Pakistan later this year.,-- F -) , .c (A/? (- E , w;,I/+ P-h, TY for your hard work to 'achieve our common goals. You can count on me to keep fighting for you. Shab ba Khaer [Shub-buh-kar, Urdu for "Goodnight", 14