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Pakistan Institute of Chemistry Printing, Graphics, & Direct Mail Document Scanning Index Form High Speed Scanning Date of Request: 12/01/14 Box 18 of64 Senator or Department: SENATOR HARKIN Instructions: Prepare one form for insertion at the beginning of each record series. Prepare and insert additional forms at points that you would like to index. For example: at the beginning of a new folder, briefing book, topic, project, or date sequence. Record Type*: Speeches Inclusive Month/Year of 1994-2014 Records*: (1) Subject*: International-Human Rights Speeches (2) Staffer*: Jim Whitmire ii Maintain (Return to Office) O- Destroy (Shred) *REQUIRED INFORMATION II11111111IIIII1111111ll1I STRAIHT TALK BRUCE M. ALBERTS Toward a Global Science In the early 1990s, the Carnegie helped to spread democracy, and Commission on Science, Technol- this is even more true today. Many ogy, and Government published a By working governments around the world series of reports emphasizing the exert power over their citizens need for a greatly increased role together through the control of information. for science and scientists in inter- internationally, But restricting access to knowl- national affairs. In a world full of edge has proven to be self-de- conflicting cultural values and scientists can better structive to the economic vitality competing needs, scientists every- use their knowledge of nations in the modern world. where share a powerful common The reason is a simple one: The culture that respects honesty, gen- to benefit humanity. world is too complex for a few erosity, and ideas independently of leaders to make wise decisions their source, while rewarding about all aspects of public policy. merit. A major aim of the National New scientific and techno- Academy of Sciences (NAS) is to State Department determine "the logical advances are essential to strengthen the ties between scien- contributions that science, tech- accommodate the world's rapidly tists and their institutions around nology, and health can make to expanding population. The rapid 'the world. Our goal is to create a foreign policy, and how the de- rise in the human population in the scientific network that becomes a partment might better carry out its second half of this century has led central element in the interactions responsibilities to that end." I want to a crowded world, one that will between nations, increasing the to help stimulate that effort by sug- require all of the ingenuity avail- level of rationality in international gesting four principles that should able from science and technology discourse while enhancing the in- guide our international activities. to maintain stability in the face of I fluence of scientists everywhere in Science can be a powerful increasing demands on natural re- the decisionmaking processes of force for promoting democracy. sources. Thus, for example, a po- their own governments. The vitality of a nation's science tential disaster is looming in We recently received a letter and technology enterprise is in- Africa. Traditionally, farmers had ce from the Department of State in creasingly becoming the main enough land available to practice which Secretary Madeleine Al- driver of economic advancement shifting cultivation, in which fields bright requests that we help the around the world. Success requires were left fallow for 10 or so years a free exchange of ideas as well as between cycles of plantings. But universal access to the world's now, because of Africa's dramati- Bruce M. Alberts is president of the Na- great store of knowledge. Histori- cally increasing population, there is tional Academy of Sciences. cally, the growth of science has not enough land to allow these SUMMER 1998 25 A S practices. The result is a continuing ised to provide heavily subsidized an enormous opportunity to spread 0 process of soil degradation that re- connections for the developing the ability to use scientific and S duces yields and will make it world. technical knowledge everywhere; P nearly impossible for Africa to Developing countries have tra- an ability that will be absolutely v feed itself. The best estimates for ditionally had very poor access to essential if we are to head for a v the world's store of scientific more rational and sustainable the year 2010 predict that fully le one-third of the people in Sub-Sa- knowledge. With the electronic world in the 21st century. haran Africa will have great diffi- publication of scientific journals, Science academies can be a sl culty obtaining food. we now have the potential to elim- strong force for wise policymak- It has been argued that the eth- inate this lack of access. The NAS ing. In preparing for the future, we if nic conflicts that led to the mas- has decided to lead the way with need to remember that we are only aiNN sacres in Rwanda were in large our flagship journal, the Proceed- a tiny part of the world's people. re part triggered by conflicts over ings of the National Academy of In 1998, seven out of every eight limited food resources. We can ex- Sciences, making it free on the children born will be growing up fc pect more such conflicts in the fu- Web for developing nations. We in a developing nation. As the Ir ture, unless something dramatic is also are hoping to spread this prac- Carnegie Commission emphasized, A done now. How might the tremen- tice widely among other scientific we need more effective mecha- te dous scientific resources of the de- and technical journals, since there nisms for providing scientific ad- er veloped world be brought to bear is almost no cost involved in pro- vice internationally, particularly in th on increasing the African food sup- viding such free electronic access. view of the overwhelming needs ra ply? At present, I see large num- The next problem that scien- of this huge population. to bers of talented, idealistic young tists in developing countries will In 1993, the scientific academ- er, people in our universities who face is that of finding the informa- ies of the world met for the first would welcome the challenge of tion they need in the mass of pub- time in New Delhi; the purpose ha working on such urgent scientific lished literature. In 1997, the U.S. was to address world population problems. But the many opportu- government set an important prece- issues. The report developed by vil nities to use modern science on be- dent. It announced that the Na- this group of 60 academies was W half of the developing world re- tional Library of Medicine's in- presented a year later at the 1994 lar main invisible to most scientists dexing of the complete biomedical UN Conference at Cairo. Its suc- en on our university campuses. As a literature would be made electron- cess has now led to a more formal Th result, a great potential resource ically available for free around the collaboration among academies, col for improving the human condi- world through a Web site called known as the InterAcademy Panel vic tion is being ignored. PubMed. The director of the (IAP). A common Web site for the sm Electronic communication PubMed effort, David Lipman, is entire group will soon be online, ch( networks make possible a new presently investigating what can and the IAP is working toward a cal kind of world science. In looking be done to produce a similar site major conference in Tokyo in May the to the future, it is important to rec- for agricultural and environmental of 2000 that will focus on the chal- nic ognize that we are only at the very literature. lenges for science and technology beginning of the communications The communications revolu- in making the transition to a more iTh revolution. For example, we are tion also is driving a great trans- sustainable world. In I promised by several commercial formation in education. Already, Inspired by a successful joint Re, partnerships that by the year 2002 the Web is being used as a direct study with the Mexican academy ram good connectivity to the World teaching tool, providing virtual that produced a report on Mexico Ac, Wide Web will become available classrooms of interacting students City's water supply, we began a term everywhere in the world at a mod- and faculty. This tool allows a study in 1996 entitled "Sustaining scie est cost through satellite commu- course taught at one site to be Freshwater Resources in the Mid- nications. Moreover, at least some taken by students anywhere in the dle East" as a collaboration among of these partnerships have prom- world. Such technologies present NAS, the Royal Scientific Socie:v 26 ISSUES IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AIGHT TALK f Jordan, the Israel Academy of Department. My discussions with ture have made me aware that ciences and Humanities, and the the leaders of academies in devel- many experiments are carried out estine Health Council. The final oping countries convince me that to try to improve productivity. A ersion of this report is now in re- they will need to develop their own few are very successful, but many iew, and we expect it to be re- road maps in the form of national turn out to be failures. The natu- leased this summer. I would also science policies. To quote Jose ral inclination is to hide all of the like to highlight a new energy Goldemberg, a distinguished sci- failures. But as every experimental study that we initiated this year entific leader from Brazil: "What scientist knows, progress is made with China. Here, four academ- my scientist colleagues and na- from learning from what did not ies-two from the United States tional leaders alike failed to un- work, and then improving the pro- and two from China-are collabo- derstand was that development cess by incorporating this knowl- rating to produce a major forward- does not necessarily coincide with edge into a general framework for looking study of the energy options the possession of nuclear weapons moving forward.
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