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Bioweapons Monitor 2013 BWPP BioWeapons Monitor 2013 1 BioWeapons Monitor 2013 BioWeapons Monitor n 2013 1 BWPP BioWeapons Monitor 2013 Copyright and credits © BioWeapons Prevention Project, 2013 Editor First published in November 2013 Gerald Walther ([email protected]) Graham S. Pearson All rights reserved. No part of this publication may ([email protected]) be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or Simon Whitby ([email protected]) transmitted, in any form or by any means, without 2 the prior permission in writing of the BioWeapons Design, Layout and Printer Prevention Project, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate Inprint + Design, Bradford reprographics rights organization. Enquiries www.inprintdesign.com concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to Gerald Walther at Images [email protected] or Simon Whitby at [email protected]. Shutterstock Images and iStockphoto ISBN: 978 1 85143 273 8 BioWeapons Prevention Project Contents About the BioWeapons Monitor 4 Introduction 7 Findings 14 Argentina 16 Germany 30 3 India 46 Japan 63 Kenya 80 Philippines 88 South Africa 96 Switzerland 111 BioWeapons Monitor 2013 About Bioweapons Monitor The BioWeapons Monitor is an initiative of the agreement of Standing Agenda items on international BioWeapons Prevention Project (BWPP)—a global cooperation and assistance, developments in network of civil society actors dedicated to the science and technology and strengthening national permanent elimination of biological weapons and of implementation, the BioWeapons Monitor will seek the possibility of their re-emergence—to help monitor to provide relevant national information that will compliance with the international norm prohibiting assist the States Parties in developing approaches biological weapons, laid down chiefly in the 1972 that will enhance the effectiveness and improve the 4 Biological Weapons Convention (BWC). Particularly, implementation of the BWC. A key starting point it aims to increase the transparency of activities is the information submitted by the BWC States relevant to the BWC, and thereby complement the Parties annually under the BWC confidence-building current treaty regime. Preventing states and non- measures (CBMs). The proposals submitted by Canada state actors from acquiring and using biological and Switzerland to the Seventh Review Conference to weapons is an urgent need. The BioWeapons explore a broader concept of compliance assessment Monitor seeks to provide factual information that based on examining and assessing the national will enhance discussions on strengthening the regulatory programme that has been implemented effectiveness and improving implementation of the to ensure compliance with a regulatory/legislated BWC and other national and international measures requirement provide an interesting approach. relating to the prohibition of biological weapons. Its objective is to benefit the international community The BioWeapons Monitor 2013 contains country as a whole. reports on BWC-relevant activities in eight states: Argentina, Germany, India, Japan, Kenya, South The BioWeapons Monitor seeks to complement Africa, Switzerland, and The Philippines. In-country and work with governments in their activities to authors collected and analysed relevant information effectively implement the BWC and to fulfil their that is distributed through this publication. The obligations to permanently eliminate biological authors used open sources and actively sought weapons and prevent their re-emergence. Following information from government departments, research the Seventh Review Conference in 2011 and its institutions, industry, scientific societies and other BioWeapons Prevention Project entities. This wide range of sources helps to ensure Origins of the BioWeapons Monitor that the project is as comprehensive as possible and draws on as many reliable sources as possible. The The BioWeapons Monitor idea grew in response to BioWeapons Monitor 2013 is based on the model for the wish to find a way forward to strengthen the 2011: For future years the intention is to extend the effectiveness and improve the implementation of coverage to include all three of the Standing Agenda the Convention in the early twenty-first century. Over time, its aims have become more concrete. items of the Intersessional Process. In 2008, a group of four civil society organisations The BioWeapons Monitor takes the Landmine – the Institute for Security Studies in South Africa, Monitor – a product of the International Campaign the Research Group for Biological Arms Control in to Ban Landmines, which is a global network of civil Germany, the Society for the Study of Peace and society organisations – as its role model. Although Conflict in India, the Verification Research Training a civil society initiative, the Landmine Monitor is and Information Centre in the UK – took up the regarded as the de facto monitoring regime for the challenge of increasing transparency in areas related 1997 Mine Ban Treaty, reporting on States Parties’ to the BWC by monitoring the activities of states. implementation of, and compliance with, that With the input of the BWPP Board of Directors, accord. The country reports in the BioWeapons the BioWeapons Monitor was further developed Monitor 2013 provide factual information and and initial funding secured in early 2010. The first are constructive in their analysis. As a rule, any edition of the BioWeapons Monitor was released on potentially controversial piece of information is 10 December 2010. backed by two different sources. More importantly, 5 States Parties are invited to advice on and comment on the information prior to publication. This third Acknowledgements edition of the BioWeapons Monitor builds on We gratefully acknowledge the receipt of funding for experience obtained during work on the third issue this third edition of the BioWeapons Monitor from in 2012. The fourth edition was, and future editions the Governments of Norway and Switzerland. The will be, able to build on relationships established views expressed in this publication do not necessarily by the in-country authors with relevant experts on reflect those of the Governments of Norway and the ground and experience of finding and using data Switzerland. sources, allowing, over time, reports to be more comprehensive and presenting a more complete picture of BWC-relevant activities. The BioWeapons Monitor is a work in progress, being constantly updated, corrected and improved. We welcome comments from governmental and non-governmental actors. BioWeapons Monitor 2013 List of researchers Philippines: Katherine Christine Woolbright, Research Group for Biological Arms The following authors carried out the research and Control, Hamburg University, Germany. produced their respective country reports: South Africa: Louise Bezuidenhout, WITS Centre for Argentina: Maria J. Espona, ArgIQ, Argentina. Ethics and Department of Philosophy, Germany: Gunnar Jeremias, Research Group University of Witwatersrand, for Biological Arms Control, Hamburg Johannesburg, South Africa. University, Germany. Switzerland: Géraldine Marks, Independent India: Animesh Roul, Society for the Study of Consultant. Peace and Conflict, New Delhi, India. Japan: Masamichi Minehata, Pacific Forum－ The work was coordinated by the Bradford Center for Strategic and International Disarmament Research Centre, University of Studies (CSIS), Tokyo, Japan. Bradford, Bradford, UK. Takako Kobayashi, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Tokyo, Japan. Kenya: Eucharia Kenya, Embu University 6 College, Constituent College of University of Nairobi, Embu, Kenya. Margaret W. Muturi, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya. BioWeapons Prevention Project Introduction State of the biological weapons control regime States not members of the BWC 1. Andorra The centrepiece of the multilateral biological 2. Angola weapons control regime is the Biological Weapons 3. Chad Convention (BWC) of 1972, which entered into force 4. Comoros 1975. In total, 170 states have ratified or acceded 5. Djibouti to the Convention. An additional ten countries are 6. Eritrea 7 signatories. Only 16 countries remain outside the 7. Guinea Convention. 8. Israel States that signed the BWC but have yet to 9. Kiribati ratify or accede 10. Mauritania 11. Micronesia (Federated States of) 1. Central African Republic 12. Namibia 2. Cote d’Ivoire 13. Niue 3. Egypt 14. Samoa 4. Haiti 15. South Sudan 5. Liberia 16. Tuvalu 6. Myanmar 7. Nepal 8. Somalia 9. Syrian Arab Republic 10. United Republic of Tanzania BioWeapons Monitor 2013 The past decade has seen some signs of progress and Switzerland. This attention to compliance has towards strengthening the Biological Weapons considerable potential as it enables all States Parties Convention. Security Council Resolution 1540 to engage in seeking to find common understandings (2004) is particularly significant as under Chapter and effective action. VII of the United Nations Charter the resolution affirms that the proliferation of nuclear, chemical At the Fifth BWC Review Conference in 2002, and biological weapons and their means of delivery States Parties agreed on regular annual meetings to constitutes a threat to international peace and discuss a specific range of issues, including national security. The resolution obliges all UN Member States implementation measures, disease surveillance, to
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