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Body Knizka 3 Edited.Indd Volume 33, Issue 3, September 2017 ISSN 0204-8809 AACTACTA MMICROBIOLOGICAICROBIOLOGICA BBULGARICAULGARICA Bulgarian Society for Microbiology Union of ScienƟ sts in Bulgaria Acta Microbiologica Bulgarica The journal publishes editorials, original research works, research reports, reviews, short communications, letters to the editor, historical notes, etc from all areas of microbiology An Offi cial Publication of the Bulgarian Society for Microbiology (Union of Scientists in Bulgaria) Volume 33 / 3 (2017) Editor-in-Chief Angel S. Galabov Press Product Line Sofi a Editor-in-Chief Angel S. Galabov Editors Maria Angelova Hristo Najdenski Editorial Board S. Aydemir, Izmir, Turkey L. Boyanova, Sofi a E. Carniel, Paris, France M. Da Costa, Coimbra, Portugal E. DeClercq, Leuven, Belgium F. Delpeyroux, Paris, France S. Denev, Stara Zagora D. Fuchs, Innsbruck, Austria S. Groudev, Sofi a I. Iliev, Plovdiv A. Ionescu, Bucharest, Romania L. Ivanova, Varna V. Ivanova, Plovdiv I. Mitov, Sofi a I. Mokrousov, Saint-Petersburg, Russia P. Moncheva, Sofi a M. Murdjeva, Plovdiv A. Netrusov, Moscow, Russia R. Peshev, Sofi a M. Petrovska, Skopje, FYROM J. C. Piffaretti, Massagno, Switzerland S. Radulovic, Belgrade, Serbia I. Ranin, Belgrade, Serbia P. Raspor, Ljubljana, Slovenia B. Riteau, Marseille, France J. Rommelaere, Heidelberg, Germany G. Satchanska, Sofi a E. Savov, Sofi a A. Stoev, Kostinbrod S. Stoitsova, Sofi a T. Tcherveniakova, Sofi a E. Tramontano, Cagliari, Italy A. Tsakris, Athens, Greece F. Wild, Lyon, France Volume 33, Issue 3, AACTACTA MMICROBIOLOGICAICROBIOLOGICA BULGARICABULGARICA September 2017 CONTENTS Review Article Tannins as Natural Helpers in Reinforcement of Human Health . 105 Neli Vilhelmova-Ilieva, Angel S. Galabov Regular Papers An update on Brucellosis: Endemic and Potential Global Re-emerging Zoonotic and Foodborne Disease . 111 Vaso Taleski, Milka Zdravkovska, Liljana Simjanovska, Marija Darkovska Serafi movska Propolis Use and Helicobacter pylori: two case reports . 115 Lyudmila Boyanova, Rossen Nikolov, Rumyana Markovska, Daniel Yordanov, Ivan Mitov Microalgae Flat Plate-Photobioreactor (FP-PBR) System Development: Computational Tools to Improve Experimental Results . 119 Camila Hinterholz, Adilson Schuelter, Aparecido Módenes, Daniela Trigueros, Carlos Borba, Fernando Espinoza-Quiñones, Alexander Kroumov Therapeutic Alternatives to Antibiotic Administration in Veterinary Medicine . 125 Constantin Chiurciu, Viorica Chiurciu, Mihai Danes, Costin Stoica, Gabriel Oltean, Bogdan Frunzareanu, Dana Banciu, Elena Lupu, Cristian Uluitu, Diana Oprisiu, Petre Stefan, Irina Ionescu, Valentina Filip, Catalin Tudoran, Ion Nicolae, Lucia Diaconu, Silvia Stanculescu, Alina Radu, Paul Chitonu Investigation into the Antimicrobial Activities of Tincture Prepared from Twenty Six Plants Growing in Macedonia . 131 Natalija Atanasova-Pancevska, Dzoko Kungulovski Selected Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus Strains from Bulgarian Yogurt Demonstrate Signifi cant Anti-Infl ammatory Potential . 137 Irina Gotova, Zhechko Dimitrov, Hristo Najdenski Comparison Of The Expression Levels Of Exopolysaccharide Genes in Streptococcus thermophilus LBB.T54 Grown in Semi-Defi ned Media and Milk . 143 Miroslava Terzieva, Zoltan Urshev Cronicle . 147 AACTACTA MMICROBIOLOGICAICROBIOLOGICA BULGARICABULGARICA Volume 33 / 3 (2017) Review Tannins as Natural Helpers in Reinforcement of Human Health Neli Vilhelmova-Ilieva*, Angel S. Galabov Department of Virology, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofi a, Bulgaria Abstract Since ancient times, folk medicine has used the potency of a wide range of plants for treatment of various diseases. In recent years, the development of technology has made it possible to identify the active ingredients determining these properties of plants. One of the largest group of substances isolated from plants are polyphenols. Tannins are a type of polyphenols that have already proven to possess different bio- logical activities important to human health, such as antioxidant, antitumoral, antimicrobial, antiviral, etc.. As an integral part of many food products, tannins are included in the daily diet of many people suffering from various diseases. Tannins can naturally enhance the body‘s ability to cope with various infections and diseases, improving the immune response and also having a positive effect on patients with heart disease and high blood pressure, which makes them promising therapeutic agents. All of the activities described above allow tannins to be considered as promising therapeutic agents. Keywords: tannins, ellagitannins, plant substances, biological activities, antiviral effects, therapeutic agents Резюме От древни времена народната медицина използва ефективността на голям асортимент от рас- тения за лечение на различни заболявания. През последните години развитието на технологиите направи възможно идентифицирането на активните съставки, които определят тези свойства на рас- тенията. Една от най-големите групи вещества, изолирани от растения, са полифенолите. Танините са вид полифеноли, вече доказали различни свои биологични активности важни за човешкото здра- ве, като антиоксиданта, антитуморна, антимикробна, антивирусна и други. Като неделима част от много хранителни продукти танините са включени в ежедневната диета на много хора, страдащи от различни заболявания. Танините подобряват способността на организма да се справя с различни инфекции и заболявания, усилвайки имунния отговор. Също така те имат положителен ефект върху сърдечно-съдовите заболявания и високото кръвно налягане. Описаните активности позволяват та- нините да се смятат за обещаващи лечебни средства. Introduction Tannins are a group of polyphenols with mo- connected by carbon-carbon bonds (Okuda et al., lecular weight ranging between 500 and 3000. They 1991). Hydrolysable tannins can be subdivided into are soluble in water and alcohols and are located in gallotannins or ellagitannins, depending on wheth- the root, bark, stem and outer layers of the plant tis- er they contain gallic or ellagic acid in their struc- sue. They form complexes with proteins, carbohy- ture. Ellagitannins are made up of two galloyl units drates, alkaloids and gelatin (Widsten et al., 2014). connected together and forming the basic structur- Tannins are divided into two groups: hydrolysable, al unit of ellagitannins – hexahydroxydifenic acid which can be hydrolyzed to glucose and gallic acid (HHDP). They are important secondary metabo- or other polyphenolic acids, and condensed tan- lites of plants because of their property to induce nins (proanthocyanidins), composed of fl avonoid resistance against microorganisms due to their abil- monomers, mostly (+) catechin or (-) epikatehin ity to bind with proteins and polysaccharides, there- 105 by blocking their growth. purpurea (foxglove), reserpine from Rauwolfi a ser- Many tannins are isolated and structurally pentina (snakeroot), aspirin from Salix alba (willow characterized from plant species used in traditional bark), tetramethylpyrazine, also known as Ligus- medicine. Grape, strawberry, cranberry, blueberry, trazine, from Jatropha podagrica, and tetrandrine pomegranate, chestnut, walnut, Brazil nut, pecan from Stephenia tetradra (Kwan, 1994; O’Kane et nut are with the highest content of tannins (Asca- al., 2003; Iwalokun et al., 2011). cio-Valdés et al., 2011). Along with other representatives of natural This group of plant products has attracted origin, certain types of tannins also show a positive the attention of an increasing number of research effect against hypertension. Castalagin, chebulinic teams due to their multifunctional properties that acid and corilagin isolated from the leaves of Lum- make them promising medicinals. nitzera racemosa are hydrolysable tannins with Antioxidant activity pronounced antihypertensive activity (Lin et al., Free radicals, which are present in the human 1993). body, are considered to be responsible for the ap- Antitumor activity pearance of more than 100 chronic disorders in hu- One of the most remarkable abilities of tan- mans, including atherosclerosis, arthritis, jaundice, nins is their activity against various tumors as cer- liver damage, central nervous system injury, gastri- vical cancer, prostate cancer, malignant cells in tis, neoplasms, etc. The reasons for their formation skin, breast, stomach, lung, esophagus, liver, etc. are different: environmental pollutants, radiation, (Barrajon-Catalan et al., 2010; Ascacio-Valdés et chemicals, toxins, fried and spicy foods and physi- al., 2011; Yildirım and Kutlu, 2015). cal stress can cause depletion of antioxidants in the Ellagitannins possess the ability to bind to immune system, changes in gene expression and proteins located on the surface of the cell membrane production of abnormal proteins. The struggle with thus preventing the proliferation of metastatic cells. degenerative diseases requires increased levels of They can induce apoptosis in tumor cells by inhibit- antioxidants in the body. Foods of plant origin usu- ing the factors responsible for the formation of me- ally contain natural antioxidants. The role of anti- tastases. Another mechanism suggests that during oxidants is to inactivate reactive oxygen species, DNA replication ellagitannins bind to carcinogens and thus slow down or prevent oxidative damage thus preventing their mutation effect (Sepúlveda et (Jain et al., 2015). al., 2011). Corilagin induces cell cycle arrest at the Tannins have the ability to prevent
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