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Life History Traits in a Capital Breeding Pine Caterpillar: Effect of Host

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Life History Traits in a Capital Breeding Pine Caterpillar: Effect of Host Luo et al. BMC Ecol (2018) 18:24 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12898-018-0181-0 BMC Ecology RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Life history traits in a capital breeding pine caterpillar: efect of host species and needle age Dan Luo†, Meng Lai†, Chuanfeng Xu, Haoni Shi and Xingping Liu* Abstract Background: For capital breeding Lepidoptera, larval food quality is a key determinant of their ftness. A series of studies have suggested that the larval host species or varieties dramatically impact their development and repro- ductive output. However, few studies have reported the role of foliar age and adult mating success has often been ignored in these studies. In this paper, the infuence of host species and needle age on larval performances, adult mating behavior and ftness consequences has been studied using a capital breeding caterpillar, Dendrolimus puncta- tus Walker (Lepidoptera:Lasiocampidae). Results: In larval performance trial, a strong efect of larval host species and needle age was found on survivorship, developmental duration, body weight, percentage of adult emergence, and growth index, but not on percentage of female progeny. In adult mating trial, larval host species and needle age also signifcantly afected mating latency and mating duration, but not mating success. In adult ftness trial, female fecundity, longevity and ftness index, but not oviposition duration and fertility, infuenced by larval host species and needle age. Conclusions: These results reveal the importance of larval host species and needle age on larval performance and adult reproductive ftness in this capital breeding insect and provide strong evidence that old needles of masson pine P. massoniana is the best host for D. punctatus. Keywords: Host species, Needle age, Larval performance, Mating success, Fitness consequences, Nutritional quality Background is common in many Lepidoptera. Teir reproductive Interactions of herbivorous insects with their host potential critically depends upon resource accumulation plants play important roles in the evolution of a variety during their larval stage [3]. Terefore, larval host plants of traits. Herbivorous insects can use diverse feeding quality is a key determinant of their ftness for their pop- strategies to obtain required nutrients from their host ulation increases and outbreaks [2–6]. In general, high plants to ensure their development and reproduction [1]. quality food ingested by larvae promotes larval perfor- Numerous experimental studies have been performed to mance, as a consequence, enhances adult reproductive examine the infuence of host plants quality on their life output [2, 4–12]. history traits in recent decades. All of these studies have Te variance in both larval performance and repro- confrmed that plant quality dramatically impact larval ductive output of herbivorous insects is often attributed development and adult reproductive output [2]. Capital in large part to the nutritional quality of host plants. breeding, as one of an important reproductive strategy, Indeed, the nutritional quality of host plants varies natu- rally among diferent species [6, 7, 9, 11, 13–15], or dif- ferent varieties within cultivated species [16, 17]. In *Correspondence: [email protected] †Dan Luo and Meng Lai contributed equally to this work and should be some conifers, however, host nutritional quality usually considered co-frst authors changes as the growing season progresses [18–21]. In College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, this case, it is expected that life history characteristics Jiangxi, China © The Author(s) 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creat​iveco​mmons​.org/licen​ses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creat​iveco​mmons​.org/ publi​cdoma​in/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Luo et al. BMC Ecol (2018) 18:24 Page 2 of 8 of conifer-feeding insects may be infuenced by foliar age afect larval performances, by measuring the total age [22]. To the best of our knowledge, only few stud- developmental duration, larval and pupal survivorship, ies have reported that herbivorous insects can enhance pupal body size, percentage of adult emergence, percent- their performance by feeding on particular age classes age of female progeny and growth index. Ten we con- of foliage from a single host plant species [16, 23–25]. ducted adult trials from individual emergence to death to Meanwhile, most current studies take into account only estimate the efect of larval food quality on adult mating a few ftness parameters, female mating success has often behavior and ftness consequences. In the frst part, we been ignored, even though this parameter seems crucial recorded adult mating behavior such as the proportion in determining the ftness of herbivorous insects [2]. To of mating success, mating latency and mating duration. better assess the quality and suitability of host plants and In the last part, we measured the components of adult explore the adaptation mechanisms of insects, more rel- ftness in terms of oviposition duration, fecundity, egg evant studies are needed. hatchability, adult longevity and ftness index. Te results Te pine caterpillar, Dendrolimus punctatus Walker may aid our understanding of the adaptation of D. punc- (Lepidoptera:Lasiocampidae), is the most destructive tatus to host plants. pine defoliator of conifer forests, causing large economic losses and ecological efects in the south of China. Tis Methods caterpillar occurs in 17 provinces and regions in China Insects and plant materials [26, 27] and in Southeast Asia [28]. Tis species usually A laboratory colony was established from feld col- produce 2–4 generations in diferent regions, and over- lected larvae in Wan’an County, Jiangxi province, China winters as third to fourth instar larvae [26, 29]. Te larvae (26°20′N, 115°0′E) in April 2015. Te feld collected have 6–7 instars and feed gregariously on fresh pine nee- larvae were maintained on transparent plastic boxes dles [27, 30]. Mature larvae make their cocoon typically (20 cm × 15 cm × 7 cm) with masson pine needles as lar- near the tip of branch or treetop. Tis caterpillar is con- val food and reared in artifcial climate incubators. Upon sidered as a capital breeder because their adults do not maturation, the larvae were allowed to form cocoons, feed and have short lifespan [26]. Terefore it is essen- and pupae were harvested and placed into empty cages tial that larvae receive all necessary nutrients and other (30 cm × 30 cm × 40 cm). Newly emerged adults (on substances to survive and reproduce, making the larval the same evening, within 5 h) were transferred into new food critical to the ftness of the adults. Previous studies cages with fresh branches of masson pine as mating and showed that the preferred host plants mainly include a oviposition arena. Eggs produced by females were after- native species, masson pine Pinus massoniana Lamb and wards collected and transferred into plastic rearing boxes an exotic species, slash pine P. elliottii Engelm [26, 29]. (7.5 cm × 7.5 cm × 6 cm) lined with moist flter for fur- Further investigations have been carried out by He et al. ther development. Te insects had been maintained in [31], and revealed that this caterpillar sufered direct sur- the laboratory for about six generations on masson pine vival cost from feeding slash pine in larval stage, confrm- needles. Before starting the experiments, we subdivided ing that the role of host plants species may be much more the laboratory population. Some of larvae were reared important in larval development and survival. Despite on masson pine needles and some on slash pine needles the diferences observed, no study has explored whether for whole a generation (from eggs to adult emergence) to host plants species or needle age classes have any impact allow them to adapt to the new host plants and to remove on the mating activity and reproductive success in adult maternal efects. All insect rearing and experiments stage. A comprehensive study of the impacts of host were conducted under the same ambient conditions plants on D. punctatus reproduction will provide further at 28 ± 1 °C and 70 ± 10% RH with 14 h light: 10 h dark insight into the complex interactions between plants and regime in artifcial climate incubators (larvae rearing and herbivorous insects. Te results could also be highly use- adult ftness trials) and air-conditioned chamber (behav- ful for the better understanding of host plant resistance ior observation trial). mechanism and for evolving successful management Two pine tree species, masson pine P. massoniana and strategies for this pest. slash pine P. elliottii, were collected from local forestry Te main purpose of this study was to examine the near the campus of Jiangxi Agricultural University. Both infuence of larval food quality on a whole suite of life- of which are common in local forestry. Te current-year history traits in this caterpillar. Variation in larval food and previous-year needles were haphazardly collected quality was obtained by ofering to the larvae two pine from each tree species, respectively. Terefore, four species with two needle age types respectively. We frst treatments in this study were used according to larval performed larval rearing trial from egg hatching to adult food species and needle age in our experiments, includ- emergence to fnd out whether pine species and needle ing current-year needles of P. massoniana, previous-year Luo et al. BMC Ecol (2018) 18:24 Page 3 of 8 needles of P. massoniana, current-year needles of P. elli- scotophase or until copulation fnished. Observations in ottii and previous-year needles of P.
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