Durham E-Theses
Settlement and economy in the forest and park of Weardale, Co. Durham, 1100-1800: a study in historical geography.
Bowes, Peter
How to cite: Bowes, Peter (1979) Settlement and economy in the forest and park of Weardale, Co. Durham, 1100-1800: a study in historical geography., Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/3599/
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2 SETTLEMENT AND ECONOMY IN THE FOREST
AND PARK OF WEARDALE, CO. DURHAM, 1100 - 1800:
A STUDY IN HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY
VOLUME TWO
The copyright of this thesis rests with the author.
No quotation from it should be published without his prior written cvnsent and information derived
from it should be acknowledged.
219. CONTENTS Page No.
List of Figures 221
Figures 223
List of Tables 252
Tables 253
List of Plates 267
Plates 268
220. LIST OF FIGURES h1troduction
Fig.1 Upper Weardale
Chapters 1 - 6
Fig. l. 1 The medieval forest of Weardale: relief and drainage.
Fig.l.2 Administrative and land-use divisions c. 1450.
Fig. 1. 3 Forest and Park leasehold tenures 1600.
Fig.2.1 Approximate limits of colonisation in middle Weardale 1183-1381.
Fig. 2. 2 Tenements in the High Forest and Park 1438.
Fig. 2. 3 Farm site, enclosures and land use in the Forest Quarter 1438.
Fig. 2. 4 Single and clustered sites, Forest Quarter 1511.
Fig.2.5 Fifteenth century occupation and land use in Stanhope Park Quarter.
Fig. 3. 1 Pioneer settlement: extent and process,
Fig. 3. 2 Settlement growth: expansion process.
Fig. 3. 3 Settlement growth: extension, expansion, transhumance, infiltration and agglomeration processes.
Fig. 3. 4 Durham Priory lands at Burnhopeschele 1424.
Fig. 3. 5 Thirteenth century settlement diffusion and reiative chronology.
Fig. 4.1 Farms and land divisions at West Black Dene, Harthopeburn and Westgate.
Fig. 4. 2 Farm units and land enclosure c. 1600.
Fig. 5. 1 The Weardale lead industry 1400-1650.
- Fig.5.2 Forest and Park baptisms and burials 1610-1805.
221. Fig. 5. 3 Settlement growth 1660-1715.
Fig. 5. 4 Mining in the eighteenth century.
Fig. 5. 5 Population distribution and settlement types 1772.
Fig. 5. 6 Population distribution and settlement types 1799.
Fig. 6. 1 Number of farms 1620-1800.
Fig. 6. 2 Land tenure 1620-1800.
Fig. 6. 3 Killhope Moor intakes.
Fig. 6. 4 Burnhope land 1700-1799.
Fig. 6. 5 West Black Dene land 17 32-1799.
Fig.6.6 East Black Dene land 1732-1799.
Conclusion
Fig.1 Upper Weardale: Time - space -process settlement model 1500-1800.
Fig. 2a Arvidsjaur settlement model F.
Fig.2b Upper Weardale: Time - space - process model 1250-1800.
...----·--
222.
Introduction. Figure 1. UPPER WEARDALE
Based on the 1:63, 360 O.S. map, Sheet 84, to show the extent of the Forest and Park Quarters of Stanhope Parish.
223. N 0 miles 3
-, 0 kms
STANHOPE t PARISH
Burn
FOREST
PARK
QUARTER
QUARTER
FIG.1 UPPER WEARDALE Pa..f!o Figure 1. 1. PHYSICAL SETTING OF THE BISHOP'S FOREST
Based on the 1:63,360 0. S. map, Sheet 84. Altitudes are shown in metres: 306 m. (1, 000 feet), 459 m. (1, 500 feet), 611 m. (2,000 feet). Extreme heights are 750 metres (2,452 feet) 'n the west and 229 metres (750 feet) in the east.
224. N 0 mile I D 65 hectares t 0 km 2
\ /
~\
- 1
IF~G. ~-~ l"HIE MIEIDl~IEVAl IFORIESu
OIF WEAIRIDlAliE: IRIEIUIEIF ANIDl IDlRlA~~AGIE Fi_g_m·e 1. 2. ADMINISTRATIVE AND LAND:...USE DIVISIONS c. 1450
The map is a compilation of information included primarily in the Master Forester's and l'vline Surveyor's Accounts. It demonstrates (i) the initial partition of the medieval forest into the High Forest and Park, (ii) the later addition of the Forest and Park Quarters, (iii) the diversification of land use including stock-farming, lead mining, red and fallow deer-grazing.
225. N FIG.1·2. ADMINISTRATIVE AND LAND-USE DIVISIONS c.1450
D Stock farms ~ Prescribed. shared L:....:J § Ag1sted pastures D Aed deer~grazings on open tell ~ Surface lead m1ne .... ork•ngs Fallow deer-grazings in triths 0 miles 2 0 (Qurnhopa. Spr1ng, Park) I I Forest Court and Castle 8 0 k m. 3
P.LI!.. Figure 1. 3. FOREST AND PARK LEASEHOLD TENURES, 1600
The distinction between minority leasehold and majority customary tenures was well established by the later sixteenth century. The record of surviving leasehold lands is contained in the Weardale Chest and rental registers continuing into the nineteenth century.
226. FIG. 1·3 FOREST AND PARK N LEASEHOLD TENURES
1600 ,,,,,.I " and~ Well hope
Sp nng Hnuse anc1
Lee Park ......
0
3
PL.e>. Figure 2.1. MEDIEVAL LAND COLONISATION IN MIDDLE WEARDALE
A comparison of Boidon Book (1183) and the Hatfield Survey (1381) reveals new farms whose locations show a spread of settlement away from the villages of Sta.'1hope and Frosterley. The upper limits of clearance cannot be shown with total accuracy. In view of the existence of areas of wasteland in the 1381 record and field evidence of deserted arable fields, it seems likely that the map is a conservative estimate of a probable thirteenth century expansion.
227. N FIG. 2·1 0 mile APPROXIMATE LIMITS
0 km 1 OF COLONISATION IN
Ml DOLE WEAR DALE
1183-1381
C 13 LAND UNITS FARMS ESTABLISHED BY 1381
1 Redburn 1 Bishopley A Stanhope 2 Stotsfield s Bollihope Shield B Rogerley 3 Brandon Walls 9 Woodcraft C Frosterley 4 Harrowbank 10 Ridding House D The Peak s Bewdley 11 Snowhope Close 6 Ravensfield E Broadwood PL.b. Figure 2. 2. TENEMENTS IN THE HIGH FOREST AND PARK, 1438
The accurate location of medieval cattle stations in upper Weardal.e is a vital preliminary if any understanding of occupational processes is to be achieved. Tenement names in the High Forest are listed in the 1438 Master Forester's Account and those much more recently established in the Park are contained in J. L. Drury's article, "Early settlement in Stanhope Park". As shown in the key, the problem of correlating initial and later farm names is very real.
228. N
;)4
0 Killhopeburn Shield A 0 Smadsburn 0-----...... 0' 1 2 • 0, 3 0 Burtree .'3 0 4 '0 Ford '---~v\'-1~ ... 0. ; ~-· ., a,~ 6 J 0- Dene I East Black _____----.....______Burnhope 0 '-.,. / Dene e Eastgate ~---o oO>O"--o · / 10 14 21 26 0 9 11 12 ....,.o'--
27 ~ c8 I 1 Blakeley Field ( Bekleshele) 18 Windyside (Westramshawell) / r- 2 Heathery Cleugh 19 Windyside ( Eastramshawell) 3 Low Allers ( Crokeford) 20 Shallowford )·'"'''·'"·L------;------4 Bridge End ( Burlreewellknot) 21 Weeds (New Close) 5 Blackcleugh 2 2 South Hanging Wells B 6 Wearhead 23 North Hanging Wells ) 7 Holm House (Burnhope) 24 Lintzgarth ( Fallowhirst) 8 Greenwell ( lreshopeburnholehouse) 2 5 Westgate (W'IIodyatshele) Q Forest farm sites c1300 9 Ulls Field ( l'h' burnpapworthhill) 26 Westgate 10 Gate (l'h'burnmouth) 2 7 Swinhopeburn 11 Earnwell 2 8 Brotherlee • Park farm sites c.1420 FIG 2·2 12 Middle Black Dene 2 9 Westernhope burn 13 Burnloot (Westerharthopeburn) 30 Ludwell lWhitwelh'seshele) TENEMENTS IN THE 14 Huntshieldlord 31 Billing Shield (W'hirstshele) 0 1 mile 15 Dad dry Shield ( Esterharth'burn) 32 Horsley Hall HIGH FOREST AND PARK 16 Pinfold House (Harth'b'pundloldh'se) 33 Sunderland km 11 Saugh Shield (Dirtpotshele) 0 1438 FLe Figure 2. 3. FARMS, ENCLOSURES AND AGRICULTURAL LAND USE IN THE FOREST QUARTER. 1438
Based on an interpretation of the 1438 Master Forester's Account and the writer's field work. It is not possible to show to what extent there is farm clustering at each site.
229. FIG. 2·3 FARM SITE, ENCLOSURES AND LAND USE IN THE FOREST QUARTER 1438
Smailsburn 20 ~
Lintzgarth 40
13-4
13-4 Killhopeburn LL__._flTI1 0
Holm House 33-4
0 Vaccary site
29s-8d Annual farm rent Greenwell lnby meadow 20
In by pasture Outby tell pasture
Agisted tell pasture N
~ SHEEP Saugh 20 ':::::Regulated tell-grazing ·ou CATTLE Shield 0 mite 20 0 Stanhope Park t 0 •m
...... Figure 2. 4. SINGLE AND CLUSTERED SITES..L FOREST QUARTER, 1511
The earliest indication of more than one farm household at some medieval sites comes in a 1511 Bishop's schedule of new leases. In certain cases, no information is available.
230. FIG. 2·4 SINGLE AND CLUSTERED SITES -~/~\ t ? ? Killhopeburn FOREST QUARTER L1nt zgart h oo 1511 Blakeley ~ Burn Field """"\ 0~ 0 Smailsburn ? "-oo
0 '------0 oo oo~o 0 W Black Dene
? Holm House 0 ocyo 0 /00~ 00 0 ~0 Dadd r y N oo Shield ---? ooooo 0 Hill ? j House 0 miles oo 1 oo 0 Farm dwellings I
I 0 kms 2 ? No information available / p Lf> Figure 2. 5. FIFTEENTH CENTURY OCCUPATION AND LAND USE IN STANHOPE PARK QUARTER
The vai'i ous components of this map show a substantial change in economic policy in the Park. The Spring meadow was, in effect, a smaller version of that in the Park frith. Again, the location of certain Park farms is problematic and the writer's conclusions are fully discussed in Vol. 1. FIG. 2·5 FOREST QUARTER Middlehope agisted FIFTEENTH CENTURY
OCCUPATION AND LAND USE The H1Qh ol WEST the Park QUARTER IN STANHOPE FARK QUARTER
FOREST
QUARTER
FAUNLES QUARTER QUARTER
0 Early C15 frith 0 Stage 1 farms 1406-1419 e Stage 2 farms 1458-1476 - Late C15 frith 0 Park House farm c.1505
D lnby meadow Westgate Castle and Forest Court
* Cambo Keels stock Deserted 1:11lnby pasture Swinhope agisted pasture Westernhope agisted pasture 0 .... } sites: West i rhirstshele 0 after ~ Outby pasture ------~~------® Whitwelhouseshele Drury (1976)
PLe>.
Figure 3. 1. PIONEER SETTLEMENT: EXTENT AND PROCESS
The term "pioneer" is used to describe and analyse the very first phase of medieval settlement during the thirteenth century. Five pioneer sites and associated enclosures are indicated. It is w1likely that all five sites were settled simultaneously. They are best seen as being closely contemporaneous. A tentative case has been made to suggest West Black Dene as the first in the succession of pioneer farms. The inset map (Fig. 3. la) is a simplified statement of the proc'ess involved.
232. FIG. 3·1 PIONEER SETTLEMffNT:EXTENT N PLAN MODEL I AND PROCESS + ( !~H~~~~\~~H?S.,.0.""~ """•, co ./ ::::::::::.:::::::::" ""' Fell pasture/j)::-; Home pasture :T:\ . :: ...... ·::::l:o .::·: ..... :::\ R . 0...... ······ ... ., 1ver~ O ..... · ------Meadow Shieling ...... vaccary a · West '-/·. ·· Black Dene .?~:
382 ( ··•:t
',""' . . -~ ___) -----=----=- ;--, :: .. :. (- '"' ······· .....
Shieling-vaccary site: periodic~ 0 seasonal~permanent occupation i n Cattle and deer fell-grazings ~ I . ::::1 Enclosed and improved pasture \, ~ \ .. . . N ~ R1verine hay meadow L ~J ~·~
Potential riverine meadow-not yet enclosed n 0 mile l:j Stanhope Park t 0 km 1 b -- ·-----
Figure 3. 2. SETTLEMENT GROWTH: EXPANSION PROCESS
Contiguous enlargement of the enclosed area and additions to the number of farm sites are the essential features of Fig. 3. 2 which shows a more complete occupation of the best valley-floor zone in the High Forest.
233. F~G. 3·2 SETTLEMENT GIROWTH: PLAN MODEL I N EXPANSION PROC~SS t
13oo' LAND·US$ SECTION ALONG A-B River A
FELL PASTURE \ B
South a 45oo'
A
0 Pioneer farm
• Expansion farm
F Primary ford: early river-crossing
Cattle and deer fell-grazings, fuel and [__] B buildmg resources N ~ Enclosed and improved pasture ~
~ Contmuous zone of hay meadow ~ 0 mile , ' [22] Stanhope Park +0 km b
Figure 3. 3. SETTLEl\fENT GROWTH: EXTENSION, EXPANSION, TRANSHUl'viANCE. INFILTRATION AND AGGLOMERATION PHOCESSES
Note the distinction between the "core" and "fringe" zones. The most recent farms within the core zone - Wearhead, Ulls Field, Pinfold House, Hill House - have their land use shown and are excluded from the appropriate shading.
234. I FIG.3·3 SETTLEMENT GROWTH (i) EXTENSION (ii) EXPANSION (iii) TRANSHUMANCE I PLAN MODEL
N (iv) INFILTRATION AND I UPPER WEARDALE ~~] + (v) AGGLOMERATION PROCESSES
KILL HOPE r-·'-'I~fpf· '-· , PASTURE .... ttt::J L1n1 sgarlh t\\ ROOK HOPE SEE LARGE KEY PASTURE \ WELL.~O:EE ~ Smallsburn ~\~ ~ ~ I MIDDLEHOPE PASTURE I \ Nor! h Hat1g1ng Wetts ••• 1
© PIONEER SITE • EXPANSION SITE E9 EXTENSION S1TE t;~-~U.T1>\ AGGLOMERATED EXPANSION STANHOPE @ GreenweiA••.... SETTLEMENT 1.7! / _/--.r--/ / BUANHOPE :::;~ IUI~s PARK ~~~l ~ BQUNDAAV BETWEEN CORE PASTURE F1eld ~ AND FRINGE ZONES / /// r-:;l ·;;~;:;;··!-<:·:.•• LANDLORD ·REGULATED t?JJ· • ~ OPEN FELL-GRAZING Ho"'e/!: .. "• ///_/··// Seugh ~ TENANT· REGULATED ( Sh1eld //// / L____j ENCLOSED PASTURE-GRAZING / .
IN·BV MEADOW D 1 0 mile 2 A.GISTED TRANSHUMA.NCE SWINHOPE PASTURE WESTERNHOPE PASTURE ~ PASTURE t ' 0 km '1 b Pco
Figure 3. 4. DURHAM PRIORY LANDS AT BURNHOPESCHELE, 1424
The map is reconstructed from a written description of 1424 (see text) and <;:an be linked with the known extent of Burnhope in the eighteenth and .nineteenth centuries.
235. N
0 yards 550 +0 metres 500 Burnhope Pasture (Grazing for 40 draught animals)
Burnhopey le ...,..,~_ ~ Close ( subdivid
Close (subdivided)
:D Outby fell D. Hay meadow i ••••• lu····' ...... lnby pasture Neighbouring farm lands
FIG.3·4 DURHAM PRI:ORY LANDS AT BURNHOPSCHELE 1424 P. L.f,.
Figure 3. 5. THIRTEENTH CENTURY SETTLEMENT DIFFUSION AND RELATIVE CHRONOLOGY
A simplistic reconstruction of the probable (?) spread of farm settlement from a suggested single centre at West Black Dene. Note the diffusion in four different directions.
236. LINTSGARTH • FIG. 3·5 C113 SETTLEMENT DIFFUSION '·
AND RELATIVE CHRONOLOGY I KILLHOPEBURN
,~------.. • • ~ ', . .'. • ', J '
• '' ' ' WEST BLACK 1-- . DENE
.-- .-- -· ' l w,,., ~ ~ STANHOPE PARK • Farm site ".. ~ --· .. ,~.' ·--- ·~ Maximum direct generator ., 0 N ,I of settlement •
Expansion growth
0 mile ~
Extension growth
0 I km 1 PL&
Figure 4.1. FARMS AND LAND DIVISIONS AT WEST BLACK DENE, HARTHOPEBURN. WESTGATE
The difficulties of reconstructing in detail the first stages of in-by land enclosure are commented upon in the text. The internal divisions at West Black Dene, Harthopeburn and Westgate show how unequal was the complexity of the new land tmits so formed. The latter can be equated quite well with known rents at West Black Dene and Harthopeburn but a complete breakdown at Westgate (for 1600) where there were 13 rents has proved impossible.
237. .. ~, .. /. .. ·~ FIG. 4·1 FARMS AND LAND DIVISIONS
1 AT [!] WES T BLACK DEN E t ~ HAR'JHOPEBURIN C.160Q
0 WESITGATE
t
Other divided land - 00 details not shown
Park wall 0 yards 1100
0 metres 1015
Figure 4. 2. FARM UNITS AND LAND ENCLOSURE c. 1600
. This map is based upon a retrogressive analysis of land and rents from 1843 to 1595. Prior to the sixteenth century, open field and open pasture arnmgements existed. Subsequently , units of enclosed land were appo1·tioned to each farm. Fig. 4. 2 attempts to show only the common boundaries (i) between single farms, (ii) between single and clustered farms, (iii) between adjacent clusters of farms. Note too the arrival of new scattered farms mainly at head dykes and further clustering at valley-bottom sites.
238. FIG 4·2 FARM UNITS AND LAND ENCLOSURE c.1600 Wolle laugh
Moor Peature IWihope
Yoor Paatura
Puddingtltorn N Moor Pasture Bur1taa lrnllgarth Pasture Moor Pllllure
I Sedtlng I Ha,..glng Walla Moor! Pat hi ra Moor P•!iiture t Mrddlehopa W'altl\opa Moor Peatura
·Black Dana
:Carr Bro• Paatura
Burnhopa
Moot Peature lraahopaburn Bllllntiil Peatura Moor Pattura Paatura Waatar Lea
Paat11ra
Hart hope' i Wlndyslda pi""''' Moor Pallurt Chapel
Moor Paatura 1 Burlfaeford 2 Waarhaad
Farms present 5 HIQIIA1911 Weatarnhopa 0 a Wham in 1511 1 Hlyh Wham Moor Pattura Bllng AIDIII New farms at 1511 Swlnhopl () sites: clustered settlement
New farms at new sites: 13 lllldGIIIIII&tkD•n• • dispersed single settlement , .. e"'•ll•EI'CI ~ Primary property boundaries I 0 Westgate Side Common Field 20 D• I PLO Figure 5. 1 THE WEARDALE LEAD INDUSTRY 1400-1650 Basec' primarily upon the Mine Surveyors' Accotmts (1425-1529), Bishop Matthew Survey (1595), Rector v. Moor Master dispute (1667) and The Northern Pennine Orefield (1948). 239. FIG. 5·1 THE WEARDALE LEAD INDUSTRY 1400-1650 t~J Stannope A Rectory * ::~~.:~~~am Park / Baal Hill /. Stan hoD~· Park ~~ T~~:~::~, //:' ,...... -__ L / . / C ~~~ le / / / /' 0 ~ / / * Bollohope N \,§ 1 .. ·· Principal galena veins [] with shafts I Stream-located mines [£] in 1425 i Mine totals by sub-regions ~ 1n c.1650 C15 & C16 charcoal- burning 0 Farm supplying carrier and lead- smelting in boles horses C16&C17 lead-smelting 0 m des 3 * Stanhope Rectory tithe with water power • ore store * Carrier routes Miner's dwelling in 1527 .--- km [S] • 0 p L .8.. Figure 5. 2 FOREST AND PARK BAPTISIVIS AND BURIALS 1610-1805 Basecl on actual registers anc transcripts by H. M. Wood and W. M. Egglestone (1899). The gaps in the graphical presentation of baptismal and burial information are unfortunate. Nevertheless, the four stages of demographical activity seem to be justified. 240. Stage 4 FIG. 5·2 200 FOREST AND PARK BAPTISMS AND BURI~LS Stage 3 160 1610-1805 1 120 Stage 2 80 Stage 1 . fVI'I r I 40 \Jf ,···_JV\··. ··.' \ !\. Y' . :. :" ·... ··. I ..M.i .. ·. j).. .. PL.I>. BURIALS ' 0 1800 1700 1750 1610 1650 Figure 5. 3 SETTLEMENT GROWTH 1660-1715 Detection of new sites and additional dwellings at old ones is based on Halmote Court Rentals (1673, 1698, 1732) and the occurrence of place names in the Parish Registers. 241. FIG.5·3 SETTLEMENT GROWTH 1660-1715 !) N Hag gate • New head-dyke site o New infill site ? m 1 le 1 • Clustering at earlier site . Enclose All five graphs have been compiled from Blackett-Beaumont records. To~ether they are a convincing demonstration of the accelerating progress of mining during the eighteenth century. 242. 600 ·-· '' '' '' 40( n '' '' ·-· BARGAINS :: .-, '' I' '' '' 200 I'' MINERS. BING 25s 30s PRICES 40 20 LEAD MINES ] 0 n n ~ 1730 1740 1750 1760 1770 1780 1790 20 ------_\~ 15 TOTAL i OUTPUT 10 BINGS (000 s I 5 0 ~ 10 MINING COSTS (£/TON ORE) 1730 1740 1750 1760 1770 1780 1790 180C FIG. 5·4 MINING IN THE C 18 Figure 5. 5 POPULATION DISTRIBUTION AND SETTLEI\1ENT TYPES 1772 Based on Halmote Court and Leasehold Rentals (1754, 1762, 1770), Poor Rate Valuation Surveys (1767, 177 2) r1nd Stanhope Parish Registers. 11 addition to new settlement, an attempt has been made to show population distribution and settlement size by individual households. As explained in the text, total precision is impossible. 243. FIG. 5·5 POPULATION DISTRIBUTION AND SETTLEMENT TYPES 1772 ~~ 't7 \) N -1 PARK FOREST ', '' GJ( ' QUARTER ,, ' / / ' -----Gr/------' ~'o, • ., 8D~d., " One dwelling QUARTER • New site and one I Mld-C 18 intake dwelling - alter 1715 D I © Small cluster (2-7 households) I Park .. ·' Limit ft in~by land ~ 0 Large cluster (8 or more households) Park wall P'-r> Figure 5. 6 POPULATION DISTRIBUTION AND SETTLEl'viENT TYPES 1799 Based on Poor Rate Valuation Survey (1799), Halmote Court and Leasehold Rentals (1799, 1803), Land Tax Account (1803), Population Census (1801), Stanhope Parish Reg·isters. Again, the number of families is incomplete and, as explained, is some 61 understated. 244. FIG 5·6 POPULATION DISTRIBUTION AND SETTLEMENT TYPES ' . ~... 1799 '{) N D t PARK FOREST ' QUARTER '' e_, ' ~-- ...... , __ ', ----1 ,, " //J/ _\1, ,------:' : Cio••... ------,- r ',,\ I b-- --- ~ ~---- One dwelling QUARTER New aite and one D Late CIS dwelling- after 1772 ....r @ Small cluster ( 2-7 houaahold a ) -- Limit of in-br 1and 1 I ® Large cluster ( 8 or mora household a) --- Park wall I'L-& Figure 6. 1 THE NUMBER OF FOREST AND PARK FARMS 1620-1800 There are almost no records which reveal the precise number of farms during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The graph is compiled from a number of sources - customary and leasehold rentals, tithe information (1700-1713), Poor Rate Valuation Surveys and Land Tax Accow1ts. It is stressed in the text that the farm totals are best regarded as reliable minima which are probably very close to the actual numbers. Note the approximate trebling of farms between 1624-1799 and their disproportionate increase in the High Forest. 245. Figure 6. 2 LAND TENURE 1620-1800 An attempt is made to collate the changing incidence of local and absentee owners and tenants between 1624-1799. The sources employee are the same as in Fig. 6. 1. 246. I 600 FIG. 6·2 LAND TENURE Landless Tenants 400 Farm Tenants 200 Resident Landowners Absentee Landowners 0 jlllll I 11!1 400 Fl G. 6·1 N~MBER OF FARMS I Park I / Quarter / ' /• ' / '200 --+- Forest Quarter 0 I• I • I • I I • I • 1 .,. 1620 1650 1700 1750 1800 ------Figure 6. 3 KILLHOPE MOOR INTAKES The progress of farms and enclosures at the western outpost of Killhope is based upon Poor Rate Valuations (17 67, 1799), Leasehold Rentals (1800, 1820), Tithe Apportionment Plan (1843). 247. ····.;:.o:...... · '"">t N &\~ ·.. .. ··\·....•.... ···... ',. ,.,;;;r::·~r;~ # ....,,.'' . l ··············· / 535 (J,?•" Land reclamation 0 Farm dwelling and in-:-bY land k/1 Medieval core .i 0 mile 4 4 Stints per farm ~ 1760-1800 I o metres 4oo r=J 1800-1820 FIG. 6·3 KILLHOPE MOOR I INTAKES P.L.6. Fig_ures 6. 4, 6. 5, 6. 6 BURNHOPE, WEST BLACK DENE AND EAST BLACK DENE LANDS 1700-1799 The three contrasting examples of changing population distribution and density 8nd increasing lane fragmentation are reconstructed from the recorc~s of reducing rents during the eighteenth century which can be equated with actual parcels of land. 248. ' 1700 1799 ' ' \ ' / ____ ----::~"- / ------' / / / / / / / I I I I I I I ' ____ ,.,...,., ___ -, "'"', ----I '-.1 I -1 I / \ cv.-- \ ' I \ I I I I / / r- ' FIG. 6·4 BURN HOPE LAND I I I \ / ' \ I \ I 1732 1799 I / _,...... _...... , ...... -- _..... I I I~ / ) I I I \ I ___.___; _____ - _, ____ ( -· . - ( FIG. 6·5 WEST BLACK DENE 1732 ~-- 1799 I 1 I I I I I '-----I I ____/ ,I Farm s1te household numbers unknown S1ngte farm un11 Farm s11e s1ngle household ----- MultiPle farm unt! ------/ ______..... 0 Farm S1le two or more tarmer/m1ner households / 0 m1te 0 400 FIG. 6·6 EAST BLACK DENE LAND PL 6 Figure 6. 7 STINTED PASTURES AND MOORS 1799 Stint totals, their price, allocation among the various owners and density of grazing (acres/stint). During the deliberations of the three \Veardale Enclosure Commissioners, 1799-1815, it was vitally important to have an accurate record of existing moor and pasture rights. l\Iuch of the above data has been collated from the Enclosure Awards. The varied densities of stinted grazing are, of course, calculated findings. l l I I 249. CJ) CL 0 0 :::iE 0z <( CJ) LLJ CL => 1- C/) <( a.. 0 LLJ 1-z 1- C/) "cb <-'u: D ~- ' f .S ~ ~ "' o - ~-- i .... ll. - 0 0 0 0 -~- "'I 9 0 "'.!. ..!."' - -<'-·-- N N ... =-@- - - - CONCLUSION Figure 1. UPPER WEARDALE: Tll\IE - SPACE - PROCESS SETTLEMENT MODEL 1500-1800 The four maps show the reconstructed progression of settlement, land enclosure an cl land use after the medieval period. The primary controls and responses of settlement are also summarised briefly. 250. Settlement ROSilOI1SO FIG. I. 1500 Control I Settlement Response 1600 Control Stagnmt medieval oororian UnchonQed poet- 1300 Lond-intoklnCJ and in-by Modest clusterinCJ at practices. . I settlement distribution. enclosure. elistinCJ site a. UPPER N 2 Small scale lead -m1n1r 2 Small clusters with volley-floor 2 Stinted teii-CJrazino. 2 Settlement dispersion to WEARDALE: locations. medieval and new head dykes. ::-. RestnctNe leasehold .tenures. 3 Little or no population 3 Exploitation of new lead veins. 3 Small papulation increases. I mcreoses. TIME-SPACE-It / I ••• , ..... :!,~<·"~~ / 4 Tenurial freedom and spate of ';;;;-- PROCESS ,.,...,,~ land sates. / ,-1-1-1-~-~_....¢"'"'~ ..,,...... ~ .... -... ~ SETTLEMENT / 't I ,/ MODEL. / ~:::·:);::( 1500- 1800. Dwellings ® Pioneer farmer 0 Former 8 Former- miner mile 1-1-1-1-/ - ~:r- ;~:~ :t~:--:.::'-~.. ::·;;;-:- :~·! - CD Miner- farmer I km 1-1-1-I-J-,_ 1 _ _ ~, _,-I_,_,_,_,_, • Miner or craftsman 1 1 Cootrol Settlement Response 1800 Control Settlement Response Land Use 11700 Improved lead technoiOQ~. ma-e Clusterino resumes at earlier Unprecedented increases in lead LarCJe and small clusters efficient management Ond !lites. production. New 1ncenti>Jes and widespread. increased are output. 1 labour· intensive methods meadow 2 Land competition and ~peculationj 2 Another •ave of head dpo Lor1dlord and tenant competitiun 2 CiJnsideroble dispersion to head Some outside landlords: and settlement dispersion. for ICild. dyke and infill sites. pasture #-:-:.-:? immiorant tenants. ,,..o;.:. .. Small amounts d ... ..-.tro lur1d 3 Rapid but erratic mfluxes of -Y 3 't..,...... ""-- AQricultural land available for I 3 duo ,_,_,_,_,_ ...... - ovoilahle. p~ulation. 'i- - em"'"' '"' -·· r- ,_,_...... -Y/":1 _.... "" tell " .- /I-/ - pasture .---+:' hush shaft (shallow) shaft (deep) ,/' Lead level .../' --x-x-x __ ~"'~~~- -t-1-1-1- / §2- ,_,...... \'_, ...... , ,_,_,_,_J-1-/-,_,...... >(.>( ,.....\'..-\ ...... 1-1-1-t-1-,_,_ .,...... v···',...... ,_, ,- PL.!> Figure 2. UPPER WEARDALE: TIME - SPACE - PROCESS MODEL 1250-1800 Reference to Examples A and B (see text) will aid the overall interpretation of Fig. 2b. A full explanation of the use of circles and sectors is also included in the text. 251. Fi~. 2o. ArvidSJaur, Model F. (After Bylund) ~ -G1r B i I FIG. 2b. UPPER WEARDALE : TIME - SPACE - PROCESS MODEL. I 1250-1800 P.L.&. LIST OF' TABLES Table 3. 1 Suggested settlement evolution: chronology, process and tenure 1250···1300. Table 4. 1 A sample comparison of rents: 1535 cmd 1595. Table ·1. 2 Examples of complex l:md a...n.cl rent subdivisions 1595. Table 4. 3 Trend towards sixteenth century farm clustering: 1511 and 1595. Table 5, 1 Upper Wea1·dale lead mines 1800. Table 5. 2 Baptisms and burials in the Forest and Park: 177 0-1801. Table G. 1 D\veJJ.ings, landowners and ten~U1ts in upper Weardale: 1624~1799. Table G. 2 Total valuation of all property and land: 17G7 ~1799. Table G. 3 Mean valuation of dwellings and land per household: 1767-1799. Table 6. 4 Mean valuation per farm: 1767-1799. Table 6. 5 Mean acreages of farms and valuation pel' acre: -1-7-67--1199. ------ Table 6. 6 Land turnover at East Black Dene in the eighteenth century. Table G. 7 Allocation of stints in upper Weardale 1799. Table G. 8 Occupations in upper Wear dale: 17 98-1805 (derived from St. John's Chapel baptismal records). Table 6. 9 Farmers and non-fm.·mers in upper WeaJ.·dale: 1700-1713. 252. Table 3. 1 Suggested Settlement Evolution: Chronology.z_ Process and Tenure z.._l250-1300 - - Vaccary Chronology Location Process Occupation Tenure West Black Dene Core Pioneer Episodic Hired, wage-earning Middle Black Dene Core Pioneer Expansion j stockman. East Black Dene Core Pioneer Expansion Seasonal Short-term contract Huntshieldford Core Pioneer Expansion ! New Close Core Pioneer Expansion Permanent Gate ! {Ireshopeburnmouth) Core Expansion j Short-term Earnwell Core Expansion Seasonal resident Burnfoot lessee (Westerharthopeburn) Core Expansion j responsible to Daddry Shield Core Expansion Master Permanent Wino'yside (West and Forester East Ramshawell) Core Expansion Shallowford (Sherwenford) Core Expansion Pinfold House (Hart- hopeburn Pundfold) Core Expansion Ulls Field (Ireshope- ---burnpapwoi'th-Hill-)-- -Gov.e----Expansion--- Wear bead Core Expansion Greenwell (Ireshope- burn Hole House) Fringe Extension Saugh Shield (Dirtpotshele) Fringe Extension Longer term Burnhope Fringe Extension Seasonal absentee .. Burtreeford Fringe Extension lessee Heathery Cleugh Fringe Extension responsible Killhopeburn Shield Fringe Extension to Master Blackcleugh Fringe Expansion Forester. Bridge End Sub-tenant _(Burtrcewellkrwt) Fringe Expansion -Permanent -rarmer Low Allers (Crokeford) Fringe Expansion responsible to Blakeley Field lessee. (Bekleshelc) Fringe Expansion South Hanging Wells Fringe Extension 253. ! Table 3. 1 (cont ... ) - Vaccary Chronology Location Process Occupation Tenure North Hanging Wells Fringe Expansion Smailsburn Fringe Extension Lintzgarth (Fallowhirst) Fringe Extension Hill House (Swinhopel awe) Fringe Expansion - Burnhope Pasture Fringe Transhumance Tenant Wellhope Pasture Fringe Transhumance farmer paying Seasonal Killhope Pasture Fringe Transhumance seasonal rent Wolfcleugh Pasture to Master (Rookhope) Fringe Trru1shumance Forester ' 254'~ Table---- 4. 1 A Sample Comparison of Rents: 1535 and 1595 I Bishop's Rents Farm 1535 1595 West Black Dene 40/- Rowland Harrison 15/- George Harrison 5/- George Peart 20/- Pinfold House 20/- Thomas Richardson 10/- Ralph Nattrass 10/- Westha1·thopeburn 40/- Robert Stevenson 13/4 Anthony Cuthbert 13/4 Nicholas Sheale 13/4 Daddry Shield 40/- Ralph Emerson 20/- Peter Westwood 20/- ------~------ Huntshieldford 26/8 Widow Rutter 6/8 Ralph Nattrass 3/4 George Harrison 13/4 Christopher Shorte 3/4 .. 255. Table 4. 2 Examples of complex land and rent subdivisions 1595 Wearhead 17 lld. 14 4d. 10 9d. Ling Riggs 10 Od. 8 Od. 13 4d. Westgate 26 8d. (including New Close 14 2d. lmd Spring House) 21 3d. 28 4d. 14 2d. 21 3d. 28 4d. 28 4d. - - - - .------28 4d. 26 8d. 26 8d. 10 Od. 10 Od. 256. Table 4. 3 Examples of Sixteenth Century Farm Clustering 1511 and 1595 Customary farms Tenants in 1511 Tenants in 1595 in the Park Horsley Hall 2 2 Billing Shield 1 3 Ludwell 1 2 Gate Castle 1 3 Westernhope Burn 1 2 Brotherlee 1? 4 Field Head Non-existent 1 Stone Carrs " 1 Field Stile " 1 Swinhopeburn 3 2 Westgate 6? 13 Customary Farms in the Forest Wolfcleugh Non-existent 2 Lintz garth No information 2 - 1 - _Smailshurn - - "- -- ~--- North Hanging Walls 1 2 South Hanging Wells 1 1 Shallowford 1 1 Windyside 4 4 Daddry Shield No information 2 Pinfold House 1 2 Saugh Shield 4 3 Huntshieldford 3 ·- 4 Burnfoot 1 2 Harth opeburn Non-existent 1 Earn well 2 3 Gate 2 1 Low Burn Non-existent 1 Ulls Field 2 1 257. Table 4. 3 (cont ... } Customary Farms Tenants in 1511 Tenants in 1595 in the Forest Loning Non-existent 1 Greenwell 2 1 Ling Riggs Non-existent 2 Blackcleugh 3 3 East Black Dene 3 6 Middle Black Dene 1 1 West Black Dene No information 3 Wearhead 3 3 Cowshill Non -existent 1 Bent House " 1 Bridge End 1 1 Hill Non -existent 1 Low Allers 2 1 Heathery Cleugh 2 2 258. Table 5. 1 Upper Weardale Lead Mines 1800 Old Faw Ludwell Burn Head Dry Sike Green Lawes Breckonsike Great Slitt Brod Mea Slitt Aller Cleugh Westernhope Middlehope Shield Barbary Ireshopeburn Levey Cleugh Lodgefield Rigg Hazly Gill Swinhope Rispy Rogers Well Midge Pitts Wolfcleugh Greenwell Sedling Broaddale Pasture Burtree Pasture Pikestone Killhopehead Grove Heads Billing Level Grove Level Gate Pasture Grove Burn Grove Long Sike Scraith Head Cowhaust . ------~------ Longtyhead Deep Cleugh Puddingthorn 259. Table 5. 2 Baptisms and Burials in the Forest and Part 1770 - 1801 Excess of Accumulated Accumulated Period Baptisms Baptisms Burials over Burials 1770-1785 1333 782 551 17 86-1801 1905 888 1,017 ~------ 260. Table 6.1 Dwellings l Landowners and Tenants in Upper Weardale 1624 - 1799 1624 1673 1698 1732 1772 1799 Households ? ? 174 ? 311 590 Farms 111 120 155 144 262 365 All 103 105 119 111 136 165 0 L w A N Absentee c.10 c.10 19 ? 55 63 N E D R s Resident 93 95 100 ? 81 102 All Tenants ? ? 74 ? 230 488 Farm Tenants c. 18 c.25 55 ? 181 263 Owner-Tenant ? ? 1:0.62 ? 1:1. 69 1:2.96 Ratio ------~- ~ ------Owner-Farm 1.:0.17 1:0.24 1:0. 46 ? 1:1. 3~ 1:1. 59 Tenant Ratio .. ~ 261. Tabl~2..:..!_ Total Valuation of all Property and Land* (£) 1767 1799 Percentage Increase- Forest 2,309 4,074 76 Park 1,644 2,555 55 Table 6. 3 Mean Valuation of Dwellings and Land per Household (£) 1767 1799 Dwellings Mean Dwellings Mean Households and land valuation/ Households and land valuatim valuation household valuation househol Forest c.195 2,309 11.8 c.389 4,074 10.5 - Park c. 88 1, 644 18.7 c.201 2,555 12.7 Table 6. 4 Mean Valuation per Farm (£) 1767 1799 Mean Mea.n--- Farm Farm Farms valuation Farms valuation valuation valuation /farm /farm Forest c.159 2,255 14.2 c.256 3, 741 14.6 --Pa-r-k e-.-7-3-- -1-,6-21-- ~--- -2-2.-2 C-;-l-09 - -- - 2-,3£5------2-1~3- Table 6. 5 Mean Acreage of Farms and Valuation per acre (£) 1767 ation/~~:~~ "'<'o. acre Forest % c. 159 16. 55 ac. 0.86~ Park ~c. 73 40.60 ac. 0.55~ * Excluded from the total valuation are the sums for the lott on'l, tithe ore, and the Lintsgarth smelt mill. 262. Chanter 6. 6 Chan.ging Land OWnership at East Black Dene in the Eighteenth Century I 1698 1732 1799 I I I EAST William Harrison I 11-Sd. Mr. Richardson 13-4d. Joshua Watson 2-9d. I BLACK Cuthbert Hall 6-Sd. George Robinson 1-Sd. DENE LAND William Harrison 1-Sd. Thomas Walton 2-2d. Widow Emerson ' 10-0d. Thomas Bowes 1-4d. 1 John Bainbridge 6-4d. Widow Philipson 5-4 /2d. t..:> C) George Bainbridge 3-4d. William Hall 8-4d. John Hall 8-4d. w I Cuthbert Hall I 1-Sd. Cuthbert Emerson 5-0d. Widow Hetherington 5-0d. I Richard Hall 10-0d. John Golightly 10-0d. Joseph Barnfather 4-3d. Widow Harrison 3-7d. ' I Thomas Bowes 1-0d. I Thomas Hall 1-0d. John Walton ld. - John Lee 1d. Margaret Crook 8-4d. Joseph Watson 3-4d. Joseph Barnfather I Senior 3-0d. I Joseph Barnfather 2-4d. ! ------Table 6. 7 The Allocation of Stints in Upper Weardale 1799 Stinted Area Stints Stinted Area Stints ' 3 Billing Pasture 225 /4 Ireshope Moor 307 2 Easter Lee Pasture 82 /10 Burnhope Pasture 80 1 Wester Lee Pasture 65 Burnhope Moor 339 /2 2 Westernhope Moor 813 /3 Moss Moor 40 5 Swinhope Moor 159 /6 Puddingthorn Moor 120 1 1 Windyside Pasture 67 /5 Burtry Moor 186 /2 Windyside Moor 217 Sedling Pasture 84 Chapel Pa.sture 84 Sedling Moor 176 Chapel Moor 168 New House Pasture 42 Harthope Moor 195 New House Moor 155 ------. - . - C_ar_r _B.r:_o_w_ Eas. ture_ -. -- --~-6_4 1 Carr Brow Moor 140 /2 1 Westgate Side Pasture 22 /2 2 Westgate Height Pasture 62 /3 Middlehope Pasture 737 264. Table 6. 8 _Q_ccupat!.oEs in Upper Weardale 1798- 1805 (derived from St. John 1s Chapel baptismal records) Occupations 1798-1805 Percentage Miner 796 87,0 ·Carrier 23 2.5 Joiner 15 1.6 Blacksmith 13 1.4 Tailor 9 - Farmer 8 Weaver 7 Clogger 6 hmkeeper 6 Miller 5 Schoolmaster 5 ------ Mason 4 Surgeon 4 7.5 Merchant 3 Butcher 3 .. Gentleman 3 Shoemaker 2 e Shopkeeper 2 Tallow Cha11dler 2 Glazier 1 Curate 1 Labourer 1 Excise Officer 1 - 265. Table 6. 9 Farmers and Non-farmers in Upper Weardale 1700-1713 -- Total Households Households households with land without land 1700 174 155 (88%) 19 (12%) 1701. 166 154 (93%) 12 ( 7%) 1702 168 151 (90%) 17 (10/{) 1703 178 156 (88%) 22 (12%) 1704 186 160 (86/.) 26 (147.) 1705 No data - i - 1706 213 177 (88%) 36 (12/,) 1707 212 173 (s2X> 39 (18ft) 1708 213 174 (82/) 39 (18/c) 1709 228 182 (SO/c) 46 (20%) ·- ·17-10· 2-30·- - 179 - -(7·8·~ <) . ------51- -(22*)- 1711 218 176 (81/.) 42 (19%> 1712 223 182 (82/;) 41 (18/) 1713 216 180 (83%) 36 (17 /.c) 2GG. LIST OF PLATES Plate A. Killhopeburn Shield. Plate B. Ki llhopeburn Shield me ad ow. Plate C. Low Allers and the valley of the upper Killhopeburn. Plate D. Burtreeford and Cowshill. Plate E. Blackcleugh and head-dyke sites. Plate F. Lanehill - Ling Riggs head-dyke dispersion. Plate G. West Black Dene and Ireshopeburn. Plate H. West Black Dene and Ling Riggs. Plate I. Ireshopeburn and New House. Plate J. Harthopeburn. ------ .. 267. PLATE A. KILLHOPEBURN SHIELD 1370 feet (419 metres) 0. D. A former extension shieling. The most westerly limit of thirteenth century colonisation in upper Weardale. Now uninhabited. 2G8. Q ...:l [:l :x= U) .:1 .. z ~ w~ ~ :x= H H ta . < ~ :sE-l ~ ·-----PLATE B. KILLHOPEBURN SHIELD I\1EADOW View eastwards dovm the valley of the Killhope Burn from Killhopeburn Shield. Note the restricted amotmt of valley-floor hay land. 269. PLATE C. LOW ALLERS AND THE VALLEY OF THE UPPER KILLHOPEBURN Note the existence of valley-floor and valley-side clustering in a generally inhospitable environment. Low Allers, formerly a thirteenth century shieling, lies beside a sheltered and watered pocket of alluvial land. 270. PLATE C. LOW ALLERS AND THE VALLEY OF THE UPPER KILLHOPEBURN PLATE D. BURTREEFORD AND COWSHILL View westwards up the Killhopeburn valley and across the two small clusters of 'Durtreeford and Cowshill originating as single homesteads in the thirteenth and sixteenth centuries respectively. Note the 'congested' landscape beyond. 271. ..,: PLATE E. BLACKCLEUGH AND HEAD-DYKE SITES Note Blackcleugh cluster (A), succession of head dykes (broken lines) and domina..'1ce of head-dyke settlement. 272. PLATE F. LANEHILL - LING RIGGS HEAD-DYKE DISPERSION Note routeway along this thirteenth century head-dyke, variety of settlement size and close spacing. 273. PLATZ G. WEST BLACK DENE AND illESHOPEBURN Note Wear valley--floor cluster of West Black Dene (centre) and Ircshopeburn viJlage (foregrouild), the proximity of fluorsp&r - lead 111ine and processing plant and other scattered settlement. 274. PLATE H. WEST BLt\CK DENE AND LING RIGGS Note the development of long and short rows in West Black Dene and its regulated form. In the distance is the head dyke line of dwellings at Ling Hig·gs and infill settlement situated between Ling Higgs and West Black Dene. 275. PLATE I. IRESI-IOPEBURN AND NEW HOUSE Much of the mid-nineteenth century linearity of Ireshopeburn arose from additions to existing farm dwellings at a time of high dem~md for accommodation even without agricultural land. Right of centre is New House, initially, like Shorthorns to its left, a head-dyke development occurring in the late seventeenth century. Eventually, New House becar.1e the home of the Blackett-Beaumont management in Weardale and as such was the administrative centre of the lead industry. The higher ground behind New House and Shorthorns shows allotments and access roads resulting h·om the Weardale Enclosure Act, 17 99. 276. I uI PLATE J. HARTHOPEBURN, ST. JOHN'S CHAPEL A fine example of row development and vernacular architecture. As population. increased, end-on growth occurred within settlement clu_sters: old byres and barns were converted into dwelli!1gs and new ones added. 277.