Durham E-Theses Settlement and economy in the forest and park of Weardale, Co. Durham, 1100-1800: a study in historical geography. Bowes, Peter How to cite: Bowes, Peter (1979) Settlement and economy in the forest and park of Weardale, Co. Durham, 1100-1800: a study in historical geography., Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/3599/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 SETTLEMENT AND ECONOMY IN THE FOREST AND PARK OF WEARDALE, CO. DURHAM, 1100 - 1800: A STUDY IN HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY VOLUME TWO The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published without his prior written cvnsent and information derived from it should be acknowledged. 219. CONTENTS Page No. List of Figures 221 Figures 223 List of Tables 252 Tables 253 List of Plates 267 Plates 268 220. LIST OF FIGURES h1troduction Fig.1 Upper Weardale Chapters 1 - 6 Fig. l. 1 The medieval forest of Weardale: relief and drainage. Fig.l.2 Administrative and land-use divisions c. 1450. Fig. 1. 3 Forest and Park leasehold tenures 1600. Fig.2.1 Approximate limits of colonisation in middle Weardale 1183-1381. Fig. 2. 2 Tenements in the High Forest and Park 1438. Fig. 2. 3 Farm site, enclosures and land use in the Forest Quarter 1438. Fig. 2. 4 Single and clustered sites, Forest Quarter 1511. Fig.2.5 Fifteenth century occupation and land use in Stanhope Park Quarter. Fig. 3. 1 Pioneer settlement: extent and process, Fig. 3. 2 Settlement growth: expansion process. Fig. 3. 3 Settlement growth: extension, expansion, transhumance, infiltration and agglomeration processes. Fig. 3. 4 Durham Priory lands at Burnhopeschele 1424. Fig. 3. 5 Thirteenth century settlement diffusion and reiative chronology. Fig. 4.1 Farms and land divisions at West Black Dene, Harthopeburn and Westgate. Fig. 4. 2 Farm units and land enclosure c. 1600. Fig. 5. 1 The Weardale lead industry 1400-1650. - Fig.5.2 Forest and Park baptisms and burials 1610-1805. 221. Fig. 5. 3 Settlement growth 1660-1715. Fig. 5. 4 Mining in the eighteenth century. Fig. 5. 5 Population distribution and settlement types 1772. Fig. 5. 6 Population distribution and settlement types 1799. Fig. 6. 1 Number of farms 1620-1800. Fig. 6. 2 Land tenure 1620-1800. Fig. 6. 3 Killhope Moor intakes. Fig. 6. 4 Burnhope land 1700-1799. Fig. 6. 5 West Black Dene land 17 32-1799. Fig.6.6 East Black Dene land 1732-1799. Conclusion Fig.1 Upper Weardale: Time - space -process settlement model 1500-1800. Fig. 2a Arvidsjaur settlement model F. Fig.2b Upper Weardale: Time - space - process model 1250-1800. ...----·-- 222. Introduction. Figure 1. UPPER WEARDALE Based on the 1:63, 360 O.S. map, Sheet 84, to show the extent of the Forest and Park Quarters of Stanhope Parish. 223. N 0 miles 3 -, 0 kms STANHOPE t PARISH Burn FOREST PARK QUARTER QUARTER FIG.1 UPPER WEARDALE Pa..f!o Figure 1. 1. PHYSICAL SETTING OF THE BISHOP'S FOREST Based on the 1:63,360 0. S. map, Sheet 84. Altitudes are shown in metres: 306 m. (1, 000 feet), 459 m. (1, 500 feet), 611 m. (2,000 feet). Extreme heights are 750 metres (2,452 feet) 'n the west and 229 metres (750 feet) in the east. 224. N 0 mile I D 65 hectares t 0 km 2 \ / ~\ - 1 IF~G. ~-~ l"HIE MIEIDl~IEVAl IFORIESu OIF WEAIRIDlAliE: IRIEIUIEIF ANIDl IDlRlA~~AGIE Fi_g_m·e 1. 2. ADMINISTRATIVE AND LAND:...USE DIVISIONS c. 1450 The map is a compilation of information included primarily in the Master Forester's and l'vline Surveyor's Accounts. It demonstrates (i) the initial partition of the medieval forest into the High Forest and Park, (ii) the later addition of the Forest and Park Quarters, (iii) the diversification of land use including stock-farming, lead­ mining, red and fallow deer-grazing. 225. N FIG.1·2. ADMINISTRATIVE AND LAND-USE DIVISIONS c.1450 D Stock farms ~ Prescribed. shared L:....:J § Ag1sted pastures D Aed deer~grazings on open tell ~ Surface lead m1ne .... ork•ngs Fallow deer-grazings in triths 0 miles 2 0 (Qurnhopa. Spr1ng, Park) I I Forest Court and Castle 8 0 k m. 3 P.LI!.. Figure 1. 3. FOREST AND PARK LEASEHOLD TENURES, 1600 The distinction between minority leasehold and majority customary tenures was well established by the later sixteenth century. The record of surviving leasehold lands is contained in the Weardale Chest and rental registers continuing into the nineteenth century. 226. FIG. 1·3 FOREST AND PARK N LEASEHOLD TENURES 1600 ,,,,,.I " and~ Well hope Sp nng Hnuse anc1 Lee Park .......... .. 0 3 PL.e>. Figure 2.1. MEDIEVAL LAND COLONISATION IN MIDDLE WEARDALE A comparison of Boidon Book (1183) and the Hatfield Survey (1381) reveals new farms whose locations show a spread of settlement away from the villages of Sta.'1hope and Frosterley. The upper limits of clearance cannot be shown with total accuracy. In view of the existence of areas of wasteland in the 1381 record and field evidence of deserted arable fields, it seems likely that the map is a conservative estimate of a probable thirteenth century expansion. 227. N FIG. 2·1 0 mile APPROXIMATE LIMITS 0 km 1 OF COLONISATION IN Ml DOLE WEAR DALE 1183-1381 C 13 LAND UNITS FARMS ESTABLISHED BY 1381 1 Redburn 1 Bishopley A Stanhope 2 Stotsfield s Bollihope Shield B Rogerley 3 Brandon Walls 9 Woodcraft C Frosterley 4 Harrowbank 10 Ridding House D The Peak s Bewdley 11 Snowhope Close 6 Ravensfield E Broadwood PL.b. Figure 2. 2. TENEMENTS IN THE HIGH FOREST AND PARK, 1438 The accurate location of medieval cattle stations in upper Weardal.e is a vital preliminary if any understanding of occupational processes is to be achieved. Tenement names in the High Forest are listed in the 1438 Master Forester's Account and those much more recently established in the Park are contained in J. L. Drury's article, "Early settlement in Stanhope Park". As shown in the key, the problem of correlating initial and later farm names is very real. 228. N ;)4 0 Killhopeburn Shield A 0 Smadsburn 0-----........0' 1 2 • 0, 3 0 Burtree .'3 0 4 '0 Ford '---~v\'-1~ ... 0. ; ~-· ., a,~ 6 J 0- Dene I East Black _____----.....______ Burnhope 0 '-.,. / Dene e Eastgate ~---o oO>O"--o · / 10 14 21 26 0 9 11 12 ....,.o'-- 27 ~ c8 I 1 Blakeley Field ( Bekleshele) 18 Windyside (Westramshawell) / r- 2 Heathery Cleugh 19 Windyside ( Eastramshawell) 3 Low Allers ( Crokeford) 20 Shallowford )·'"'''·'"·L---------;------- 4 Bridge End ( Burlreewellknot) 21 Weeds (New Close) 5 Blackcleugh 2 2 South Hanging Wells B 6 Wearhead 23 North Hanging Wells ) 7 Holm House (Burnhope) 24 Lintzgarth ( Fallowhirst) 8 Greenwell ( lreshopeburnholehouse) 2 5 Westgate (W'IIodyatshele) Q Forest farm sites c1300 9 Ulls Field ( l'h' burnpapworthhill) 26 Westgate 10 Gate (l'h'burnmouth) 2 7 Swinhopeburn 11 Earnwell 2 8 Brotherlee • Park farm sites c.1420 FIG 2·2 12 Middle Black Dene 2 9 Westernhope burn 13 Burnloot (Westerharthopeburn) 30 Ludwell lWhitwelh'seshele) TENEMENTS IN THE 14 Huntshieldlord 31 Billing Shield (W'hirstshele) 0 1 mile 15 Dad dry Shield ( Esterharth'burn) 32 Horsley Hall HIGH FOREST AND PARK 16 Pinfold House (Harth'b'pundloldh'se) 33 Sunderland km 11 Saugh Shield (Dirtpotshele) 0 1438 FLe Figure 2. 3. FARMS, ENCLOSURES AND AGRICULTURAL LAND USE IN THE FOREST QUARTER. 1438 Based on an interpretation of the 1438 Master Forester's Account and the writer's field work. It is not possible to show to what extent there is farm clustering at each site. 229. FIG. 2·3 FARM SITE, ENCLOSURES AND LAND USE IN THE FOREST QUARTER 1438 Smailsburn 20 ~ Lintzgarth 40 13-4 13-4 Killhopeburn LL__._flTI1 0 Holm House 33-4 0 Vaccary site 29s-8d Annual farm rent Greenwell lnby meadow 20 In by pasture Outby tell pasture Agisted tell pasture N ~ SHEEP Saugh 20 ':::::Regulated tell-grazing ·ou CATTLE Shield 0 mite 20 0 Stanhope Park t 0 •m .......... Figure 2. 4. SINGLE AND CLUSTERED SITES..L FOREST QUARTER, 1511 The earliest indication of more than one farm household at some medieval sites comes in a 1511 Bishop's schedule of new leases. In certain cases, no information is available. 230. FIG. 2·4 SINGLE AND CLUSTERED SITES -~/~\ t ? ? Killhopeburn FOREST QUARTER L1nt zgart h oo 1511 Blakeley ~ Burn Field """"\ 0~ 0 Smailsburn ? "-oo 0 '------0 oo oo~o 0 W Black Dene ? Holm House 0 ocyo 0 /00~ 00 0 ~0 Dadd r y N oo Shield ---? ooooo 0 Hill ? j House 0 miles oo 1 oo 0 Farm dwellings I I 0 kms 2 ? No information available / p Lf> Figure 2. 5. FIFTEENTH CENTURY OCCUPATION AND LAND USE IN STANHOPE PARK QUARTER The vai'i ous components of this map show a substantial change in economic policy in the Park.