Eficácia Defensiva Nos Lances De Bola Parada No Futebol. Defesa À Zona Vs Defesa Individual E Mista

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Eficácia Defensiva Nos Lances De Bola Parada No Futebol. Defesa À Zona Vs Defesa Individual E Mista Eficácia defensiva nos lances de bola parada no futebol. Defesa à zona vs defesa individual e mista. Estudo realizado no Campeonato da Europa de 2008. Manuel Batista Casanova Porto, 2009 Eficácia defensiva nos lances de bola parada no futebol. Defesa à zona vs defesa individual e mista. Estudo realizado no Campeonato da Europa de 2008. Monografia realizada no âmbito da disciplina de Seminário do 5º ano da licenciatura em Desporto e Educação Física, na área de Alto Rendimento – Futebol, da Faculdade de Desporto da Universidade do Porto Orientador: Prof. Doutor Júlio Garganta Manuel Batista Casanova Porto, 2009 Casanova, M. (2009). Eficácia defensiva nos lances de bola parada no futebol. Defesa à zona vs defesa individual e mista. Estudo realizado no Campeonato da Europa de 2008. Monografia de licenciatura apresentada à Faculdade de Desporto da Universidade do Porto. PALAVRAS – CHAVE: FUTEBOL, OBSERVAÇÃO E ANÁLISE DE JOGO, LANCES DE BOLA PARADA, DEFESA À ZONA. Agradecimentos AGRADECIMENTOS Ao Professor Júlio Garganta, pela simplicidade de processos, pela pertinência das suas questões, e por nunca me ter dado as respostas mas sim o caminho indicado para as encontrar. Foi o Professor o fio condutor deste trabalho. Ao Professor Vítor Frade por ter incutido em mim a paixão pelo futebol. Nunca esquecerei as suas aulas fantásticas. Ao Daniel Barreira pela sua disponibilidade na cedência dos jogos, sem a sua ajuda nada disto seria possível. Aos meus pais por terem apoiado sempre as minhas escolhas e por serem os grandes “arquitectos” daquilo que eu sou hoje em dia. Aos meus irmãos pelas “discussões que nos enriquecem e pelas brincadeiras que nos unem”. Aos meus avós, pela humildade que caracteriza as pessoas da aldeia e que muito bem me souberam transmitir, tornando-me assim numa pessoa melhor, bem melhor. Aos meus amigos de Soajo, pelas discussões futebolísticas de fim-de- semana à mesa do café, pois no futebol nem tudo é ciência ou arte, por vezes a paixão e o coração também são importantes. Ao pessoal da “casa da areosa” pois só com boa disposição se pode viver, e nisso vocês são especialistas. À “Três” pela sua preciosa ajuda. Há coisas que só alguém com paciência pode fazer. III Agradecimentos À Cristina e à Sónia, o vosso apoio e disponibilidade foram muito importantes na “recta final”. À “Maltinha”, pelos grandiosos momentos que passamos juntos. Se todas as histórias estivessem escritas, estaríamos no top de vendas de livros durante anos e anos. IV Índice ÍNDICE AGRADECIMENTOS III ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS VII ÍNDICE DE QUADROS IX LISTA DE ABREVIATURAS XI RESUMO XIII ABSTRACT XV RÉSUMÉ XVII 1. INTRODUÇÃO 1 2. REVISÃO DA LITERATURA 7 2.1. As vantagens da observação e análise de jogo no futebol 9 actual 2.2. Situações de bola parada: definição e aspectos mais 12 relevantes 2.2.1. Pontapés Livres 14 2.2.2. Pontapés de Canto 16 2.2.3. Lançamentos Laterais 19 2.3. Lances de bola parada: a referência constante dos treinadores, dos jogadores e dos meios de comunicação 22 social 2.4. Importância dos lances de bola parada no futebol actual 25 2.5. Diferentes formas de defender no Futebol 29 2.5.1. Defesa Individual 29 2.5.2. Defesa à zona 32 2.5.3. Defesa Mista 35 2.6. Defesa nos Lances de Bola Parada 37 2.6.1. Defesa nos Pontapés de Canto 38 2.6.2. Defesa nos Pontapés Livres 40 V Índice 2.6.3. Defesa nos Lançamentos Laterais 42 2.7. Pertinência da utilização do contra-ataque na transição 44 ofensiva após defesa em lances de bola parada 3. PROCEDIMENTOS METODOLÓGICOS 47 3.1. Caracterização da amostra 49 3.2. Procedimentos de observação e registo de dados 50 3.3. Explicitação das variáveis de estudo 51 3.4. Determinação da fiabilidade da observação 56 3.5. Procedimentos estatísticos 57 4. APRESENTAÇÃO E DISCUSSÃO DOS RESULTADOS 59 4.1. Tipos de defesa utilizados em todos os lances de bola 61 parada observados 4.2. Tipo de defesa utilizada nos lances de bola parada e a sua 65 eficácia na utilização do contra-ataque 4.3. Eficácia defensiva demonstrada pelas equipas nos lances de bola parada e a sua relação com o resultado final do 70 jogo (vitória ou derrota) 4.4. Eficácia defensiva das diferentes formas de defender nos 74 lances de bola parada 5. CONCLUSÕES 83 6. SUGESTÕES PARA FUTUROS TRABALHOS 87 7. REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS 91 8. ANEXOS 8.1. Anexos I (Fichas de registo dos dados) 8.2. Anexos II (Dados dos jogos) V VI Índice de Figuras ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS Figura 1 - Divisão por zonas dos locais de marcação dos pontapés 64 livres Figura 2 – Frequência de ocorrência dos níveis de eficácia na utilização do contra-ataque, apresentados pelas diferentes formas de 66 defender, após os pontapés de canto Figura 3 – Frequência de ocorrência dos níveis de eficácia na utilização do contra-ataque, apresentados pelas diferentes formas de 67 defender, após os pontapés livres Figura 4 – Frequência de ocorrência dos níveis de eficácia na utilização do contra-ataque, apresentados pelas diferentes formas de 67 defender, após os lançamentos laterais Figura 5 – Frequência de ocorrência dos níveis de eficácia apresentados pelas diferentes formas de defender nos 75 lançamentos laterais Figura 6 – Frequência de ocorrência dos níveis de eficácia apresentados pelas diferentes formas de defender nos 76 pontapés livres Figura 7 – Frequência de ocorrência dos níveis de eficácia apresentados pelas diferentes formas de defender nos 77 pontapés de canto VII Índice de Quadros ÍNDICE DE QUADROS Quadro 1 - Análise aos golos marcados de bola parada na Liga Espanhola 98-99. 18 Adaptado de López (1999) Quadro 2 - Análise aos golos marcados nos Campeonatos do Mundo de 1994 (USA), 27 1998 (França) e na Liga Espanhola 98-99. Adaptado de López (1999) Quadro 3 - Jogos observados e fase da competição. 49 Quadro 4 - Valores atribuídos aos diferentes níveis de eficácia 55 Quadro 5 - Índices de fiabilidade encontrados para cada uma das variáveis 56 Quadro 6 - Frequência e percentagem de observações dos diferentes lances de bola 61 parada e dos diferentes tipos de defesa utilizados em cada um deles Quadro 7 - Comparação das percentagens de utilização dos diversos tipos de defesa nos pontapés de canto, no nosso estudo e nos estudos de Barreira (2006) e 63 Gil (2004) Quadro 8 - Média e desvio padrão da eficácia demonstrada pelas diferentes formas de 66 defender na utilização do contra-ataque Quadro 9 - Frequência e percentagem de ocorrência dos níveis de eficácia na utilização 68 do contra-ataque apresentados pelas diferentes formas de defender Quadro 10 - Nível de significância (p) entre as médias de eficácia de utilização do contra 69 ataque das diferentes formas de defender nos lances de bola parada Quadro 11 - Eficácia média defensiva nos lances de bola parada nos diferentes jogos 71 observados e respectivos vencedores Quadro 12 - Frequência e percentagem de equipas com melhor eficácia média 73 defensiva nos lances de bola parada nos jogos observados Quadro 13 - Média e desvio padrão da eficácia defensiva nos lances de bola parada das equipas que saíram vencedoras e derrotadas nos jogos observados, e 73 resultado do t test Quadro 14 - Média e desvio padrão da eficácia defensiva das diferentes formas de 74 defender nos lances de bola parada IX Índice de Quadros Quadro 15 - Frequência e percentagem de ocorrência dos níveis de eficácia defensiva 79 nas diferentes formas de defender os lances de bola parada Quadro 16 - Nível de significância (p) entre as médias de eficácia defensiva das diferentes formas de defender nos lances de bola parada 80 X Lista de Abreviaturas LISTA DE ABREVIATURAS Lances de Bola Parada – LBP Pontapés de Canto – PC Pontapés Livres – PL Lançamentos Laterais – LL Defesa Individual – DI Defesa à Zona – DZ Defesa Mista – DM Contra-Ataque – CA XI Resumo RESUMO O Futebol tem sofrido grandes alterações nos últimos tempos, porém tem perdido algo muito importante, e que o tornava atraente para a maioria dos seus adeptos: a qualidade e a espectacularidade do jogo. Esta perda deve-se, fundamentalmente, à grande importância que as equipas dão, actualmente, ao momento defensivo. Devido a este facto, os treinadores têm apostado cada vez mais nos lances de bola parada para poderem resolver um jogo e chegar à vitória. Logo, se por um lado se trabalha no sentido de melhorar ao nível ofensivo este tipo de jogadas, por outro, importa agir no sentido de acautelar possíveis situações de perigo para a baliza a defender. Torna-se assim crucial procurar as melhores soluções para defender a própria baliza nesses momentos do jogo. Com o presente estudo procura-se responder aos seguintes objectivos: i) apresentar as diferentes formas de defender os lances de bola parada, exaltando as suas principais características; ii) realçar a importância da defesa à zona nos lances de bola parada; iii) verificar se a defesa individual é uma forma de defender cada vez menos utilizada pelos treinadores; iv) verificar se a utilização da defesa à zona apresenta maior eficácia na realização do contra-ataque, quando comparada com outras formas de defender; v) demonstrar que as equipas que defendem com maior eficácia os lances de bola parada apresentam maiores hipóteses de vencer um jogo; vi) evidenciar, neste tipo de lances, a maior eficácia defensiva da defesa à zona quando comparada com outras formas de defender. Para este efeito, para além de uma revisão bibliográfica, realizou-se a observação de dezanove jogos do Campeonato da Europa de 2008. Do cruzamento da informação decorrente da revisão bibliográfica com os resultados das observações realizadas foi possível retirar as seguintes ilações: a) a defesa mista foi o tipo de defesa mais utilizado (49,6%), seguida pela defesa à zona (27%), e estando em último lugar a defesa individual (23,4%); b) a utilização do contra-ataque, após um lance de bola parada, não se mostrou muito eficaz, no entanto, a defesa à zona é o tipo de defesa mais eficiente na utilização do mesmo; c) as equipas que defendem com maior eficácia os lances de bola parada apresentam maiores probabilidades de saírem vencedoras dos seus respectivos jogos; d) Tendo em consideração as diversas formas de defender (individual, zona e mista), verificamos que a defesa à zona se mostrou como a forma mais eficaz de defender os lances de bola parada.
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