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(Acari: Trombidiformes: Tarsonemidae) Ácaro De La Vaina Del Arroz

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(Acari: Trombidiformes: Tarsonemidae) Ácaro De La Vaina Del Arroz DIRECCIÓN GENERAL DE SANIDAD VEGETAL DIRECCIÓN DEL CENTRO NACIONAL DE REFERENCIA FITOSANITARIA FICHA TÉCNICA Steneotarsonemus spinki Smiley, 1967 (Acari: Trombidiformes: Tarsonemidae) Ácaro de la vaina del arroz Créditos: Hummel, 2008a; Erbe, USDA-ARS-EMU, s/a. Febrero, 2021 DIRECCIÓN GENERAL DE SANIDAD VEGETAL DIRECCIÓN DEL CENTRO NACIONAL DE REFERENCIA FITOSANITARIA CONTENIDO IDENTIDAD DE LA PLAGA ........................................................................................................................................................... 1 Nombre científico ........................................................................................................................................................................ 1 Sinonimia ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 Clasificación taxonómica ....................................................................................................................................................... 1 Nombres comunes ..................................................................................................................................................................... 1 ESTATUS FITOSANITARIO ........................................................................................................................................................... 1 IMPORTANCIA ECONÓMICA .................................................................................................................................................... 1 DISTRIBUCIÓN MUNDIAL ............................................................................................................................................................ 1 HOSPEDANTES .................................................................................................................................................................................. 2 CARACTERÍSTICAS MORFOLÓGICAS DE RECONOCIMIENTO ......................................................................... 3 CICLO BIOLÓGICO ........................................................................................................................................................................... 5 DAÑOS ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7 MEDIDAS FITOSANITARIAS .................................................................................................................................................... 10 Muestreo........................................................................................................................................................................................... 11 Control cultural ............................................................................................................................................................................ 11 Control biológico ....................................................................................................................................................................... 12 Control químico ......................................................................................................................................................................... 13 LITERATURA CITADA ................................................................................................................................................................... 14 DIRECCIÓN GENERAL DE SANIDAD VEGETAL DIRECCIÓN DEL CENTRO NACIONAL DE REFERENCIA FITOSANITARIA IDENTIDAD DE LA PLAGA Programa de Vigilancia Epidemiológica Nombre científico Fitosanitaria en los estados de Campeche y Steneotarsonemus spinki Smiley Veracruz, por lo que no cumple con la EPPO, 2021. definición de plaga cuarentenaria establecida en la NIMF No. 5 “Glosario de términos Sinonimia fitosanitarios” (CIPF, 2019). Steneotarsonemus madecassus Gutierrez EPPO, 2021. IMPORTANCIA ECONÓMICA Steneotarsonemus spinki está considerado el Clasificación taxonómica ácaro plaga más destructivo del cultivo del Phylum: Arthropoda arroz. Este estatus lo alcanzó por primera vez en Subphylum: Chelicerata la década de 1970, en Asia tropical, donde Clase: Arachnida provocó afectaciones en los rendimientos entre Subclase: Acari un 5 y 20%, llegando en algunas áreas a Orden: Trombidiformes producir pérdidas entre el 70 y 90% de las Familia: Tarsonemidae cosechas (Rao et al., 2000; Xu et al., 2001). En Género: Steneotarsonemus general, se reportan pérdidas entre el 15 al 30% Especie: S. spinki de los rendimientos (cantidad y calidad) por EPPO, 2021. afectaciones directas, incrementos de los costos de producción por insumos Nombres comunes fitosanitarios y agronómicos, pérdidas de Español: ácaro del arroz, ácaro del vaneo materiales de siembra por su alta sensibilidad, del arroz, ácaro de la vaina del arroz. disminución de las áreas dedicadas al cultivo Inglés: rice panicle mite. por abandono de los productores y por la baja Portugués: ácaro-tarsonemídeo-do-arroz. rentabilidad en los complejos agroindustriales. (EPPO, 2021). Asimismo, tiene un impacto directo en el medio ambiente por el uso indiscriminado de ESTATUS FITOSANITARIO productos químicos para su manejo, por las De acuerdo con la Norma Internacional para dificultades para el control tradicional. Medidas Fitosanitarias (NIMF) No. 8 “Determinación de la situación de una plaga en DISTRIBUCIÓN MUNDIAL un área” (CIPF, 2017), Steneotarsonemus spinki S. spinki se encuentra distribuido en los se encuentra en México como Presente: sólo principales países productores de arroz del en algunas áreas sembradas con cultivos mundo. Rao y Prakash (2003) indicaron que, hospederos, ya que ha sido detectada por el probablemente, la primera mención de S. 1 DIRECCIÓN GENERAL DE SANIDAD VEGETAL DIRECCIÓN DEL CENTRO NACIONAL DE REFERENCIA FITOSANITARIA spinki en la literatura se refiere a un "artrópodo Nueva York y California (Hummel et al., 2009; diminuto en movimiento" que atacaba las CAB International, 2010). plantas de arroz en la India (Ramaiah, 1931). La primera referencia publicada a S. spinki como HOSPEDANTES plaga de un cultivo de arroz fue del sur de China Los principales hospedantes reportados son: en 1968 (Ou et al., 1977). Esto fue seguido por arroz (Oryza sativa), Oryza latifolia y informes en la India, Taiwán, Kenia, Filipinas y Schoenoplectus articulatus. (CAB en Japón entre 1977 y 1984. En 1999, se encontró International, 2010). Este ácaro es una especie S. spinki en Corea, Tailandia y Sri Lanka. El preferentemente específica del cultivo del primer reporte de S. spinki como plaga del arroz; sin embargo, se han reportado arroz en América fue en Cuba en 1997 (Ramos y hospedantes alternos o transitorios diferentes a Rodríguez, 1998). En años posteriores, S. spinki este cultivo. En el Cuadro 1 se relacionan las se extendió rápidamente por la región del especies de plantas donde S. spinki ha sido Caribe y Centroamérica. Se informó de su reportado. La mayoría de estos hospedantes presencia en República Dominicana, Panamá, alternos le permiten al ácaro la sobrevivencia Haití y Costa Rica. Posteriormente fue por corto tiempo, mientras se establecen interceptado y erradicado de un invernadero nuevas plantas de arroz en los campos. En en Ohio, Estados Unidos. En 2005, se informó China en particular, el ácaro pasa el invierno en de su presencia en Colombia, Guatemala, ausencia del cultivo principal. En estas Honduras, Nicaragua y Venezuela. En 2007, se condiciones la población del ácaro, reportó en México la presencia de S. spinki en especialmente las hembras adultas, migran a Palizada, Campeche, México; seguido de su los hospedantes silvestres y aunque no se detección en Veracruz en 2009 (Trujillo, 2007; desarrollan, sobreviven hasta el inicio de la Trujillo, 2009). Durante 2007, se identificó primavera. Sin embargo, se demostró la mayor positivamente en Alvin, Texas (condado de preferencia de S. spinki por O. sativa y O. Brazoria). Éste se convirtió en el primer informe latifolia, de acuerdo a sus índices de que indica la presencia de S. spinki en campos sobrevivencia y desarrollo del ciclo de vida en de arroz en los Estados Unidos, seguido de cada una de ellas. intercepciones en Texas, Luisiana, Arkansas, Cuadro 1. Hospedantes alternos o transitorios en donde Steneotarsonemus spinki ha sido reportado. Familia Especie País Autor Amaranthaceae Amaranthus spinosus L. Cuba De la Torre, 2004. Caryophyllaceae Stellaria spp. China Jiang et al., 1994. Cyperaceae Cyperus iria L. India CRRI, 2006. Schoenoplectus articulatus India Rao y Prakash, 2002. Alopecurus aequalis China Jiang et al., 1994. 2 DIRECCIÓN GENERAL DE SANIDAD VEGETAL DIRECCIÓN DEL CENTRO NACIONAL DE REFERENCIA FITOSANITARIA Bambo China Jiang et al., 1994. Zizania caduciflora China Jiang et al., 1994. Coix lacryma-jobi China Jiang et al., 1994. Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers India Rao y Prakash, 2002. China, República Digitaria sanguinalis L. Jiang et al., 1994. Dominicana Cuba, Costa Rica, De la Torre, 2004. Echinochloa colona L. República Gamboa et al., 2009. Poaceae Dominicana Echinochloa crusgalli China Jiang et al., 1994. China, Taipei, Costa Jiang et al., 1994. Eleusine indica (L.) Gaerth Rica, República Gamboa et al., 2009. Dominicana De la Torre, 2004. Cuba, Costa Rica, Gamboa et al., 2009. Oryza latifolia (Desv.)
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