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Composition of Canopy Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) at Ton Nga Chang Wildlife Sanctuary, Songkhla Province, Thailand

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Composition of Canopy Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) at Ton Nga Chang Wildlife Sanctuary, Songkhla Province, Thailand ORIGINAL ARTICLE Composition of canopy ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) at Ton Nga Chang Wildlife Sanctuary, Songkhla Province, Thailand Suparoek Watanasit1, Surachai Tongjerm2 and Decha Wiwatwitaya3 Abstract Watanasit, S., Tongjerm, S. and Wiwatwitaya, D. Composition of canopy ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) at Ton Nga Chang Wildlife Sanctuary, Songkhla Province, Thailand Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol., Dec. 2005, 27(Suppl. 3) : 665-673 Canopy ants were examined in terms of a number of species and species composition between in high and low disturbance sites of lowland tropical rainforest at Ton Nga Chang Wildlife Sanctuary, Songkhla province, Thailand, from November 2001 to November 2002. A permanent plot of 100x100 m2 was set up and divided into 100 sub-units (10x10m2) on each study site. Pyrethroid fogging was two monthly applied to collect ants on three trees at random in a permanent plot. A total of 118 morphospecies in 29 genera belonging to six subfamilies were identified. The Formicinae subfamily found the highest species numbers (64 species) followed by Myrmicinae (32 species), Pseudomyrmecinae (10 species), Ponerinae (6 species), Dolichoderinae (5 species) and Aenictinae (1 species). Myrmicinae and Ponerinae showed a significant difference of mean species number between sites (P<0.05) while Formicinae and Myrmicinae also showed a significant difference of mean species number between months (P<0.05). However, there were no interactions between sites and months in any subfamily. Key words : ants, canopy, species composition, distrubance, Songkhla, Thailand 1M.Sc.(Zoology), Assoc. Prof. 2M.Sc. Student in Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112 Thailand. 3D.Agr., Department of Forest Biology, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900 Thailand. Corresponding e-mail: [email protected] Received, 29 April 2005 Accepted, 18 July 2005 Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol. Composition of canopy ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Vol. 27 (Suppl. 3), Dec. 2005 : PSU. Open Week 666 Watanasit, S., et al. ∫∑§—¥¬àÕ »ÿ¿ƒ°…å «—≤π ‘∑∏‘Ï 1 ÿ√™—¬ ∑Õ߇®‘¡1 ·≈– ‡¥™“ «‘«—≤πå«‘∑¬“2 Õߧåª√–°Õ∫¢Õß¡¥∫π√ࡉ¡â (Hymenoptera: Fromicidae) „π‡¢µ√—°…“æ—π∏ÿå —µ«åªÉ“ ‚µπß“™â“ß ®—ßÀ«—¥ ߢ≈“ ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬ «. ߢ≈“π§√‘π∑√å «∑∑. ∏.§. 2548 27(©∫—∫摇»… 3) : 665-673 ∑”°“√»÷°…“®”π«π™π‘¥·≈–Õߧåª√–°Õ∫¢Õß¡¥√–À«à“ßæ◊Èπ∑’˪ɓ∑’Ë∂Ÿ°√∫°«π Ÿß·≈–æ◊Èπ∑’˪ɓ∑’Ë∂Ÿ°√∫°«ππâÕ¬ ¢Õߪɓ¥‘∫™◊Èπ√–¥—∫µË”„π‡¢µ√—°…“æ—π∏ÿå —µ«åªÉ“‚µπß“™â“ß ®—ßÀ«—¥ ߢ≈“ ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬ √–À«à“߇¥◊Õπ惻®‘°“¬π 2544- 惻®‘°“¬π 2545 ‚¥¬∑”°“√«“ß·ª≈ß∂“«√¢π“¥ 100x100 µ√.‡¡µ√ ®”π«π 2 ·ª≈ß ·≈â«·∫à߇ªìπ·ª≈߬àÕ¬Õ’° 100 ·ª≈ß (10x10 µ√.‡¡µ√) ¢Õß·µà≈–æ◊Èπ∑’Ë»÷°…“ ∑”°“√‡°Á∫µ—«Õ¬à“ß¡¥∫π‡√◊Õπ¬Õ¥‰¡â∑ÿ°Ê 2 ‡¥◊Õπ ¥â«¬«‘∏’ °“√©’¥æàπ¬“¶à“·¡≈ߪ√–‡¿∑‰æ√’∑√Õ¬¥å‰ª¬—ß√ࡉ¡â ‚¥¬·µà≈–§√—ÈߢÕß°“√‡°Á∫µ—«Õ¬à“ß∑”°“√ ÿà¡æ◊Èπ∑’Ë·ª≈߬àÕ¬¡“ Õ¬à“ß≈– 3 ·ª≈ߢÕß·µà≈–æ◊Èπ∑’Ë ´÷Ëß·ª≈߬àÕ¬∑’Ë ÿà¡·≈â«®–‰¡à¡’°“√´È”„π§√—Èß∂—¥¡“ º≈°“√»÷°…“æ∫¡¥∫π‡√◊Õπ¬Õ¥ ∑—ÈßÀ¡¥ 118 ™π‘¥„π 29 °ÿ≈ ¢Õß 6 «ß»å¬àÕ¬ «ß»å¬àÕ¬∑’Ëæ∫®”π«π™π‘¥ Ÿß ÿ¥§◊Õ Fomicinae (64 ™π‘¥) √Õß≈ß¡“ Myrmicinae (32 ™π‘¥) Pseudomyrmecinae (10 ™π‘¥) Ponerinae (6 ™π‘¥) Dolichoderinae (5 ™π‘¥) ·≈– Aenictinae (1 ™π‘¥) ”À√—∫æ◊Èπ∑’˪ɓ¡’º≈µàÕÕߧåª√–°Õ∫¢Õß™π‘¥¡¥„π«ß»å¬àÕ¬ Myrmicinae ·≈– Ponerinae Õ¬à“ß¡’π—¬ ”§—≠ ∑“ß ∂‘µ‘ (P<0.05) „π¢≥–∑’ˇ¥◊Õπ∑’Ë∑”°“√»÷°…“¡’º≈µàÕÕߧåª√–°Õ∫¢Õß™π‘¥¡¥„π«ß»å¬àÕ¬ Formicinae ·≈– Myrmicinae Õ¬à“ß¡’π—¬ ”§—≠∑“ß ∂‘µ‘ (P<0.05) à«πæ◊Èπ∑’Ë»÷°…“°—∫‡¥◊Õπ∑’Ë»÷°…“‰¡à¡’Õ—πµ°√‘¬“µàÕ°—π¢ÕßÕߧåª√–°Õ∫ ¢Õß™π‘¥¡¥„π·µà«ß»å¬àÕ¬ 1¿“§«‘™“™’««‘∑¬“ §≥–«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬ ߢ≈“π§√‘π∑√å Õ”‡¿ÕÀ“¥„À≠à ®—ßÀ«—¥ ߢ≈“ 90112 2¿“§«‘™“™’««‘∑¬“ªÉ“‰¡â §≥–«π»“ µ√å ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬‡°…µ√»“ µ√å ®µÿ®—°√ °√ÿ߇∑æœ 10900 Arthropods have a great diversity in every to species level (e.g. Wilson, 1987; Majer, 1990; tropical rainforest canopy e.g. over 3,000 arthropod Floren and Linsenmair, 1997 and Harada and Adis, species from Bornean lowland rainforest trees 1997). Thailand also has few studies of canopy ants (Stork, 1991), over 170 arthropod families in when compared with the terrestrial species (e.g. primary forest in New Caledonia (Guilbert, 1997), Watanasit et al., 2000; Prasityousil, 2001 and more than 900 beetles species in Venezuelan Phoonjumpa, 2002). rainforest tree canopies (Davies et al., 1997) and Many factors influence the diversity of more than 150 ants species in Budongo forest of arthropods (Didham and Springate, 2003). There the Uganda (Schulz and Wagner, 2002). are a few studies on the effect of study sites and Ants are one group of arthropods belonging temporal change on diversity of insects in this to class Insecta (Borror et al., 1989). They play an region. In Thailand study sites affect the diversity important role in maintaining the natural balance of canopy beetles at Klong Seang Wildlife of ecosystem and they can be used as an indicator Sanctuary (Dumluk, 1998) and at Ton Nga Chang of environmental changes (Maryati, 1997; Peck Wildlife Sanctuary (Watanasit et al., 2004). More- et al., 1998, Toda and Kitching, 1999). They are over the study sites influence the diversity of widely distributed in tropical rainforest. In addition, butterflies in Bornean rainforest (Willott et al., in the canopies, individual numbers and total 2000) and the diversity of geometrid moths in biomass of ants are higher than other arthropods Peninsular Malaysia (Intachat et al., 1999). (Watanabe and Ruaysoongnern, 1989; Holloway Watanasit and Noon-anant (2005) found that study and Stork, 1991; Guilbert, 1997). There are few sites also have an impact on the diversity of under- studies that have identified individuals collected storey ant at Ton Nga Chang Wildlife Sanctuary. Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol. Composition of canopy ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Vol. 27 (Suppl. 3), Dec. 2005 : PSU. Open Week 667 Watanasit, S., et al. Hence, these studies indicated that study sites have canopy ants and also compare species-richness by an effect on diversity of insects. study site and month at Ton Nga Chang wildlife Although the tropical rainforest area provides sanctuary. At least this study will provide a good an aseasonal climate, diversity of insects still database on the canopy ants in the region and more changes along the time of the year. For instance, research will be carried out in Thailand. Boonvano et al. (2000) found that the monthly diversity of butterfly in southern Thailand was the Materials and Methods highest diversity in February and the lowest in September and also Watanasit et al. (2004) found Study area that the canopy beetles diversity differed among Field work was carried out at Ton Nga Chang months of the year. However, there is no sign of Wildlife Sanctuary, which is located in southern seasonality in the ant (Watanasit and Noon-anant, Thailand in a mountainous section of Songkhla 2005). and Satun provinces (longitude 6º 5' - 7º 3' N; Thus the present study aims to examine the latitude 100º 8' - 100º 16' E) (Figure 1); 82% is number of ant species and species composition of tropical rainforest covering the Bantad mountain Figure 1. Study sites at Ton Nga Chang Wildlife Sanctuary [1], low disturbance site, [2], high disturbance site. Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol. Composition of canopy ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Vol. 27 (Suppl. 3), Dec. 2005 : PSU. Open Week 668 Watanasit, S., et al. Table 1. Weather conditions during sampling months at Ton Nga Chang Wildlife Sanctuary (data supported by Meteorological Station at Hat Yai International Airport) Month - year Mean temperature (ºC) Humidity (%) Rainfall (mm) Nov-01 26.3 85.6 126 Jan-02 26.1 80.2 2.1 Mar-02 28.3 75.3 35.7 May-02 28.4 79 102.4 Jul-02 28.1 76.1 40.3 Sep-02 27.1 78.4 33 Nov-02 26.5 86.2 275.4 range. It can be divided into three area types by disturbance site. Another site is located in a height above sea level, lowland tropical rainforest natural arboretum. The characteristics of this site (<300 m above sea level), upper tropical rainforest are low density forest, less continuity of canopy (300-750 m above sea level) and hill evergreen and high human activities. It was defined as a high rainforest (>750 m above sea level). disturbance site. The average monthly temperature at Ton Each site was established in a permanent Nga Chang Wildlife Sanctuary during the sampling plot of 100x100 m2 .The plot was divided into 100 period was relatively stable; the humidity was small quadrates of 10x10 m2. Every two months constantly higher than 70% every month and (November 2001 - November 2002), three rainfall showed high fluctuation (Table 1). randomly selected small quadrates (non-repeated sampling) were sampled. Using 10 umbrella bags Sampling procedures (2 m2/umbrella bag) and fogging equipment Canopy ants were collected at two sites (SWINFOG® model SN 50) which were hauled to in lowland tropical rain forest, Ton Nga Chang the canopies. The pyrathoid insecticide was mixed Wildlife Sanctuary. One site is located near Ton with diesel in the ratio of 1:49 and was fogged into Nga Chang Waterfall. The characteristics of this the canopies (15-30 m height) in the morning about site are dense forest, high continuity of canopy 6.00 am for 20 minutes/tree (Figure 2). After 2 and low human activities. It was defined as a low hours, fallen ants were collected and they were Figure 2. Insecticide fogging and umbrella bags, applied for collecting ants on tree canopies. Ant identification and data analysis Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol. Composition of canopy ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Vol.
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