PAGE PAGE, NOTESOF THE WEEK . . 209 THEADVENTURES OF A YOUNGRUSSIAN. By C. E. FOREIGNAFFAIRS. By S. Verdad . . . 211 Bechhöfer . . 222 IN THE 212 FREEDOM GUILD-IX. ByG. D. H. Cole VIEWS AND REVIEWS: LAWAND OPINION. By SIX YEARS-VI. By MarmadukePickthall . . 214 A. E. R. . . 224 A WORDTO THE MIDDLECLASS. By I. J. C. Brown 215 REVIEWS . . 225 WARAND THE ÆSTHETE. By Lionel deFonseka . 216 CURRENTCANT . . 227 IMPRESSIONSOF PARIS. By Alice Morning . . 217 THE LITERATUREOF THE UKRAINE. By Vasyl PASTICHE.By UptonSinclair. Mary Createau, Levitzky. (Translated by P. Selver) . . 219 J.A.M.A., WilfridThorley, P. Selver, A.B.C. 227 THECHAMELEON. By Anton P. Tchekhov. (Trans- LETTERSTO THE EDITORfrom Y. Y., Fairplay, lated by P. Selver) . . 220 R. B. Kerr,Christina Just, A. S. Neill, READERSAND WRITERS.By R. H. C. . 221 J. S. D., Ida G. Hyett . . 228

sugar represented £4,250,000. The figures for 1912 NOTES OF THE WEEK. are available to showthe value of German goods ex- OF all the foolish people who clamoured so loudly at the ported to other British possessions. India, for instance, took nearly £7,000,000 worth ; Australia, £7,250,000; beginning of the war for the capture of German trade, Canada, £3,000,000; South Africa, £3,400,000; West how many,we wonder, have actually succeeded in Africa, £1,400,000; andtheStraits Settlements, capturingany? Probably onlyone man in a hundred £800,000. Inthe same year, when ourexports to who seriously interested himself in the question at the Argentinaamounted to £23,750,000, theGerman ex- beginning knew that something more was necessary for ports were worth £13,000,000. TheGerman exports the proposed commercial warfare than the ,writing down to Brazilwere valued at £11,000,000, andours at of lists of German exports to this country and to other £16,000,000. The value of ourexports to the United parts of the world.Many of ourstock, unidea'd Stateswas £54,500,000 and of theGerman exports economists, whose names still appear in the newspapers £34,000,000. *** andreviews with irritating frequency, have so far re- strictedthemselves to this easy method of building up Superficiallyexamined, it would appear from these new business.But much more thanthat is required; figures that there is nothing for us to do but to clear and the difficulties are not yet known even to our busi- the seas and send out our commercial travellers. A few ness men themselves. Let us refer first of all to one or men of sense, chiefly in thepurely technical organs, two of the purely technical obstacles in the way of our have warned our enthusiastic journalists that there may commercial advancementat the expense of Germany be severe competition from the United States and Japan; which have beenentirely overlooked by the general butlittle heed has beenpaid to these warnings. It is public, andeven by manyexporters and exporters' assumed,quite erroneously, that we have all the agents. requisite machinery for manufacturing the goods in the *** export of which we propose to supplant the Germans; andnot until they had gone into the question very We have no intention,in our editorial columns, of thoroughlyindeed did our manufacturers, or a few of dealing with figures in detail; but a few may be brought them, find outthat they weremistaken. Even before to the recollection of our readers as a guide. Our own the war there had been anagitation infavour of the imports from Germany last year were valued at nearly starting of sugar-beet enterprises in this country; but £85,000,000. Ofthis amount sugar and sugar-beet let it be well noted that this was not possible without representedover £11,000,000; cornand other food- Government aid. Here was an Austro-German industry stuffs, £3,500,000 ; rawmaterials, includingcocoanut of which we were forced to take advantage every year oil, feathers,manures, wool, wood-pulp, rubber,and to the tune of £15,250,000; yet we could not supplant seeds, £3,000,000; andmanufactured or semi-manu- itwithout the assistance of theState. How isit pro- factured articles, £46,000,000. Inthe last category posed tosupplant industries, such as the German es- we imported from Germany metal ores and manufactures port of electrical goods, which do not affect us even to worth £12,000,000; cotton goods, £7,000,000; leather, this extent?In brass, copper, alloys,and brass tools, £3,250,000; silk, £2,650,000; armsand explosives, theGermans have an almost complete monopoly. In £2,150,000 ; anddye-stuffs, £1,800,000. Of the other dye-stuffsthey are equally well situated.For certain items in this category, skins and furs, chemical manu- classes of electrical goods they have a monopoly which, factures,paper, motor-cars, glass, and toys were im- even now, four months after the declaration of war, we ported to the value of about £1,000,000 to £1,700,000 havenot seriously attacked.Despite numerous adver- foreach item. 'There werealso many electrical manu- tisements in the papers, the German manufacturers still factures,pianos, and the like. Of the £7,700,000 possess a monopoly forcertain classes of chemical worth of goods weimported from Austria-Hungary, goods. 210

It is one thing to exploit German patents; it is quite What, under our present commercial organisation, does anotherto solve German scientificsecrets. Theglass theinvestor demand before he signs his cheque? Let for our electric lamps comes from Bohemia ; and we can an acknowledgedauthority supply the answer. To- manufactureit only withsome difficulty. The“ingre- wards the end of August-lest we should be accused of dients” for the filament are made almost entirely from concealingessential facts, let ussay that it was on metallic tungstenextracted inGermany from wolfram August 26, at the offices of the National Patriotic Asso- ore. We depended for years on German tungsten, and ciation, 32, St. Paul’s Churchyard, E.C.--certain busi- it is only within the last few months that we ourselves ness men assembled in solemn conclave under the chair- began to experimentwith the extraction of tungsten manship of no less a person that Sir George Pragnell. from wolfram. The ferro-chromeand ferro-tungsten “Replying to a question,”say the newspaper reports, used for hardening our steel both came from Germany. “as to whetherthere would beany protection of the We are finding it difficult to manufacture mantles for Britishtraders against German and Austrian imports incandescentgas-lighting, for the thorium nitrate and after the war was over, so that capital invested would ramie thread used for the purpose also come from Ger- not bethrown away by theundercutting of the many. The carbon for our arc-lamps-yes, the carbon foreigner, thechairman said theanswer rested with even for our Admiralty’s searchlights-has always come the sections. Inregard to chemicals anddrugs, the from Germany ; and only one firm, the General Electric Government had gone a long way, and he hoped pres- Company, Witton,is manufacturing carbons in this sure would be brought by the big chemists to ensure the country. German producers, in order to secure a mono- Government going still further, to make it easier when poly here, undercut the General Electric Company sys- the war was over, and for six months afterwards, for tematicallyby fifty per cent.in tendering ; andthe English people to competesatisfactorily with German company lost £70,000 up to August last, when even the patentgoods.” So muchfor the chairman. “Mr. Admiralty patronised it. When the German exports are R. B. Croydon said the labour question entered largely analysed it will be time enough to talk of supplanting intothe matter of capturingour enemies’ trade. Dis- them.Many of the German chemical concerns are tricts where there was plenty of female labour, such as merely the auxiliary businesses, or rather departments, Tottenhamand East Ham, should be developed.” of other industries; and the advantages of the kartel *** system(we speak, for the moment, commercially) en- able industries to co-operate to an extent which English We shall look for a striking increase in the popula- manufacturersdo not realise. The by-products of a tion andprosperity of Tottenhamand East Ham. In chemical firm may be utilised by a dyeing company ; the the meantime, let us consider the substance of these re- by-products of a brass works may be taken over by an marks made by the chairman and one of his prominent electricalengineering company. Only by the so-called supporters. It quiteis evident that our patriotic “vertical”Trusts in the United States-i.e., a Trust bankers will notadvance a penny of capitalfor the which monopolises or at least partly controls all stages establishment of new industries until they are satisfied of manufacture, from the raw material to the finished that those industries will be “protected” when the war article-is as gooduse made of by-products as in is over-and forsix months afterwards, to quoteSir Germany. George Pragnell. In a word, our investor, be he banker *** or private individual, demands adequate security for his capital,and as anadditional means of “protection,” Clearly, then,we cannot at oncebegin tosupplant cheap labour-female labour, as Mr. R. B. Croydon Germanmanufacturers, eitherin our owncountry or said,with admirable frankness. But at that point, anywhere else. We havechemical andengineering even with his capital secured and his machinery erected, works, of course ; but their machinery is not in all cases themanufacturer in search of new profits-we want adapted to making goods of the kind Germany has been Germany’s trade, i.e., Germany’s profits-will find other turning out.Manufacture has become specialised ; difficulties awaiting him. He will discover thatthere machinery cannot readily be diverted from one class of was a very close connection-we should rather use the manufacture to another. Take this as an instance : last present tense-between Germanbanking houses and year Germany exported to Canada socks and stockings German exporters;and between German exporters and valued at £118,000. Ourexports of almostsimilar the German diplomatic representatives in foreign coun- goodsto Canada were valued at £18,000. We sent tries. Itis a tritesaying abroad that British bankers socks to Chile worth £1,300; but the German hosiery knownothing of trade, and that British traders know sent to Chile was valued at £101,00. We exported nothing of banking. But in Germany the banks knew wool ; but not manufactured socks and stockings. We everything about trade. In fact, there were many large hadnot the machinery.Similarly in thecase of elec- exporting concerns which were little more than branches tric glow-lamps, which Germany exported to the value of the great banking houses ; and it is quite common to of £2,500,000, andwe tothe value of £150,000. In find representatives of the banks sitting on the boardsof this instance you have to take into account the costly large business firms. The system of interlocking direc- experiments which the Germans hadconducted over a torates is not confined to the United States. If a Ger- series of years. It has always been a common practice man trader, not in a very large way of business, secures forGerman electrical,chemical, and engineering firms a foreignorder, his banker will usually advance him to allocatea large proportion of theirprofits to re- sixtyper cent. of its value, so that he may, if neces- search-research scientifically carriedout by trained sary, lay down new machinery or make other prepara- scientists,and not left tothe scantyleisure of over- tionsfor executing it. This is a financialmethod of worked heads of departments. The German monopolies bolstering up business houses which is not to be com- having been acknowledged,then, what areour first mended in the abstract; but, thanks to it, German ex- steps?Naturally, as we shall be told, theerection of portshave risen from a negligibleamount to newmachinery, the training of skilledworkmen, the £450,000,000 sterling in less than half a century. organisation of a completesales system in as many parts of the world as we can reach. ***

*** If our manufacturercannot get capital from his banker, however, he makes no secret of the fact that he Here,however, the manufacturer will findhimself expects to beable to getit from the Government. faced with a new difficulty. He will discover that for “Bringpressure to bear,”says Sir George Pragnell, theerection of new plant he musthave money; and, emphatically;and, as theGovernment nowadays is althoughthere is plenty of money in thebanks, it is little more than the servant of the capitalists, why shall hard to come by. The Government, he will find, has theynot bringpressure to bear?The mere word of protected theinterests of the bankerwhile neglecting command,indeed, will beenough. But evenwith his theinterests of themerchant and the manufacturer. new machinery,his industry, his capital, and hispro- 211 tection, our manufacturer is not at the end of his diffi- culties. He will find that there are Trusts in the United Foreign Affairs. Statesand kartels in Germany, and that, despite the essentialdifferences in their organisation, these two By S. Verdad. commercialinstitutions can undercut him, utilise their IF no particulars of diplomatic events have appeared in by-products to greateradvantage, organise more ex- thesepages recently itis becausesome negotiations pensive andmore methodicalsales campaigns, and were in progress which could not be mentioned without generally continue CO make his life a misery in foreign prejudice.As theGerman and Austrianand other markets. Is theBritish manufacturer prepared to Governmentshave now become familiarwith the organise withhis fellows onsimilar lines? Is hepre- essential features of these negotiations, a reference to pared,in a word, to realisethat, in competing for them here may be regarded at this stage as justified. foreign markets, the Trust has admittedly great advan- *** tages? That the Trust has great advantages is a pro- It became clear to our naval strategists long before positionwhich, so far as export trade is concerned, is the end of August that the Navies, following out their not now disputed, we venture to say,even in America ; inevitable policy, could do verylittle. If a naval war and all the anti-Trust measures ever passed have had of attrition were to be foughtit might well go on for no effect in displacing any essential itemin Trust organ- years, for each side can build ships as fast as they are isation. Look at the work of the Standard Oil Corpor- sunk at the present rate of progress. It is well known ation and the Steel Trust in China ; of the International that all thePowers engaged are building war vessels HarvesterCompany everywhere ; of theWire Nail as fast as they can, and that men are working at them Association(before itwas absorbed into the “Billion- day and night. We had to expect an occasional raid, Dollar Trust”), of the Carnegie Steel Company, before an occasionalsubmarine feat. Beyond that nothing itwas absorbed likewise; of our ownAnglo-Scottish waspossible; and nothing is possible now. I exclude, SteelAssociation. And remember,too, thatEngland of course, one determined attack ; for neither side cares is, above all, “the home of finishing trades,” which are to riskthat at present. Strong commentshave been peculiarlyliable to cursethe consumer and to benefit passed on the late Lord Salisbury for giving away Heli- themselves by a process of what is now so widely known goland; but even if we had continued to hold Heligo- as trustification. land, I fancylittle could have beendone with the *** island.Heligoland islittle more than couplea of rocks,one large and one a sort of sandbank,and it Our observationslead us to believe that, even after could- easily have beensurrounded with mines. thewar, English manufacturers willfind themselves *** hard enough pressed by the efforts of Germans, Ameri- At a proper moment negotiations were opened by the cans,and Japanese. The large German and American Allies with the Scandinaviancountries. If anyone of “rings”and “syndicates” can find money for experi- them could have been persuaded to break its neutrality, ments which an English manufacturer cannot find; and and to carry out our Admiralty’s suggestion of leasing experiments in new methods and appliances are .nowa- usan islandfor temporary use as a navalbase, we days essential. A Trustor a kartelworking on a could naturally have evolved an ‘entirely new naval plan twenty, thirty, or fifty per cent. margin can do more, of campaign-a navalplan of campaign which would bothin new organisationand experiment, than an have had its effect on the progress of the Russian army. Englishmanufacturer working, with difficulty enough, Here a difficulty arose.Norway, Sweden, and Den- on a five per cent. margin-and in future five per cent. mark would have been willing to lease us an island two margins will become much more common with us than months ago if they had felt sure that the Allies were they have been. Let no sudden “boom” after the war going to winin the end. Norway, indeed, wasthe lead us into error on that point. A decadeis a small firstcountry to agree to the proposalsubmitted, con- period in the life of an industry. But, just as our ex- ditionally on the required assurances being given. Her porters are nowcalling loudly on the Government for attitude was half supported, half deprecated, by Sweden assistance, so must the Government, in the end, call on andDenmark. At this time, remember, the Germans Labour;and it is for Labour to make its terms. In had beensuccessfully working on Sweden’s fears of advisingLabour now, as always, to insistupon Guild Russia, and had even promised Sweden a Protectorate organisation, we are proposing a solution which should overFinland. Denmark knew well enoughwhat to surely satisfy every one but the mere profit-monger. expect if she aided the Allies and Germany proved suc- cessful. So nothingwas done. *** *** For what Trust, however large, let us ask, could hope At the beginning of December there was an obvious to competewith a Guild?What vast. sum of money change in the land situation and in the diplomatic situa- could a Trustset aside foc newexperiments which a tion as well. Itwas semi-officially known in every Guild could not set aside twice, thrice, six times over? Foreign Office in Europe that Italy and Roumania had Could a Trust, could a series of Trusts, utilise by-pro- promised to join the Allies as soon as they had made ducts ina way that Guildscould notimprove upon? their final preparations ; andit was clear that, even They could not. Theadequate utilisation of by-pro- withoutthis valued assistance,Germany’s defeat was ducts (do not sneer at them, for their by-products are merely a question of time. The Scandinavian countries worth tens of millions of pounds to the German export began to reconsidertheir decision, and were instantly traders) depends on the size of the Trust or kartel ; and threatenedfrom Berlin. The German Government in- noTrust could exceed a Guild in commercial or manu- formedthem, jointly andseverally, that Russia would facturing scope. Thelate Mr. Morgan’scelebrated be defeated by Germany but would be permitted to re- Money Trust was able, in defiance of the Government, compenseherself in Sweden for herlosses; and Den- to control the finance of the United States. What, then, markwas menacedwith annexation. Hence the meet- would not be the power of a Banking Guild, acting in ing of theThree Kings. It was unfortunate for the partnership with the State ! There is, we hold, no dis- German plans that this meeting was held just after Ger- puting these points. We could, given time and space, man warships had been holding up Swedish merchant setforth all arguments in indisputable figures-at a vessels; for this turned the sympathies of theSwedes later datewe may have an opportunity of demonstrating tothe side of the Allies. Russia, as Scandinavia had their financialaccuracy in anothersection of this begun to recognise,was destined to win in the east, journal. Above all, grantedour new social and in- as the other Powers were in the west, though this did dustrial. organisation, we should not attempt to develop not,for the time, induce the Swedish Government to “districtswhere there is plenty of female labour, such give up its financial encouragement of anti-Russianism as Tottenham and East Ham.” in Finland, It does not appear to be generally realised 212

amongFinnish sympathisers here that both Germany and Sweden have concentrated their attention upon this Freedom in the Guild. disaffected duchy; and only last year the Germans were By G. D. H. Cole. confident that they could attack Russia through Finland withouttroubling themselves about Kronstadt. (One IX. wonders whether this German name of a Russian for- How far will the system of National Guilds smash In- tress is to be altered, and whether it is as impregnable dustrialism?Just as far, I believe, as Industrialism as Antwerp was generally believed to be.) ought to be smashed,and no farther. But if I am *** asked precisely how far that is, I can give no direct It may be said now that the Scandinavian monarchs answer. and their Governments are thoroughly in sympathy with Weare allfamiliar, in general,with the effect of the Allies ; and even Sweden has realised that her pro- capitalismupon the skilled crafts. We know thatthe German attitudewas a mistake., At thesame time, progress of invention, instead of aiding the craftsman, Scandinavia is openly perturbed by the great strength tends, under modern conditions, to make him more and displayed- by the Germanic Powers, and by the immense more the slaveof the machine which he operates. In reserve forces which canbe drawn uponin Germany theengineering industry, for instance, there is a con- andAustria. The island hasnot yet beenleased. tinuous growth in the proportion of semi-skilled workers When it is, the public here is not likely to know of it to skilled and unskilledalike. If, on the one hand, the until afterthe German Government knows of it; and number of quite unskilled labourers diminishes, as they that will notbe for some time. Thereis nevertheless are taken on to work the simplified new machines, on nodoubt, island or no island, that the Russians will the other hand the skilled men have continually to re- makegreat efforts,with theassistance of the British sistthe encroachment of these newly recruitedsemi- Navy, to extendtheir operations along the Baltic. It skilled workers upon the old-establishedskilled crafts. cannot be said that the Germans command the Baltic, The number of real mechanics diminishes; the number for they do not; but they could make it very dangerous of machinists increases ; and, of the skilled crafts, only for transports to be sent to a German Baltic port from thetoolmaker thrives because he ministers to these any available port of embarkation in Russia. semi-skilled workers. The employers use every moment *** of vantage to secure a foothold for the semi-skilled in Even atthe other end of Europethere is no sym- the skilledoccupations. Thus,theshortage of pathy for Germany. It is not expected that it will be- mechanics due to the pressure of work for the war has comenecessary for Portugalto take any part in the led the employersonly this month to demandthe war,after all; but, if it should unfortunately fall to rightto set semi-skilled men on skilledwork. Hence, herto do so, weshall have the use of herarmy in too, theconstant demarcation disputes which have Egypt. At leastforty thousand men would be avail- prevented solidarity in the engineering industry. able, with modern guns ; but it is very doubtful if the It is from such bickerings that it will be the first mis- Turks will ever reach the Suez Canal, much less cross sion of the Guilds to deliver modern industry. The self- it in the face of a line of warships. governing fraternity of the Guild will determine for it- *** self all questions of demarcation, and will have in mind The war is having a curious enough reaction on the not so much the cheapening of production, which is the other side of the Atlantic.Early in November a gene- sole thought of capitalism, asthe preservation of a ral election was held in the United States, and all the high standard of workmanship coupled with reasonable seatsin the House of Representativesand one-third efficiency and cheapness. The. “cheap and nasty” pro- of those in the Senate werecontested. The result was duct will be replaced by well-made goods, sold at a “fair areduction in the Democraticmajority of 150 in the price,” and produced at a fair cost. House of Representatives to little more than 20, though The change will mean not the smashing of large-scale in theSenate the majority remained atthe narrow production, but theplacing of theworkers’ industrial figure of ten, .as before. A notunexpected feature of destiniesin their own hands. It will dependupon the the election wasthe smallness of thevote cast for feeling thatanimates the Guildsmen, as well as upon the“Progressive” party; for Mr. Roosevelt has been thematerial needs production has to meet,whether in the background for some little time. One very Sig- large-scaleindustry is to be destroyed or retained. If nificant feature of the election was,admittedly, the in anycase large-scale product is then found to lead value of Dr. Wilson’spersonality inchecking the inevitably to the turning out of shoddy work, or to the Democraticrout. The President himself wascriti- brutalisation of the worker, then the Guild will see to cised-more than for anything else !-because he cham- it that such production shall cease, or be transformed. pioned the English view of the Panama Canal prefer- But the scrapping of machines,where it comes at all, encetolls, a matter which hasalready been referred will come not of a general movement against machinery, to in thesepages. It is asignificant featurefor this but in response tothe definitediscovery thatthis or reason, that the United States as a whole wishedand that machine is degrading the industry to which it be- stillwishes todisregard the clear, written clauses of longs. The method of destroying the bad machine will a Treaty-and yet the UnitedStates is thecountry be experimental ; and this method will have the advan- above all others which has laid the greatest stress upon tagethat it will enableus both topreserve the good the value and sanctity of Treaties and international law. ones,and, inmany cases, to transform those that are *** bad. Here, too,the process will begradual and not It issaid, and widely believed, that Mr. Roosevelt catastrophic; but it will be none the less revolutionary. has withdrawn himself from the Progressive party plat- Let me return once more to my controversy with Mr. formbecause he expects to be “run”as Republican Penty in THENEW AGE of March and April. His point candidate at thenext Presidential election, the “cam- was that modern Industrialism was altogether degrad- paign”for which will beginnext year. Mr. Roose- ing, and that all attempts to reform it were doomed to velt’s public support of the Allies as against Germany failure. Thefault of thereformers, on his showing, has met with the approval even of people who wish to was that they came to believe in the verything they break the PanamaCanal Treaty;forno shopkeeper sought to reform : their vision of the Socialist State was can stand militarism, and the Americans are subject to only the vision of a more democratic Industrialism. In nerves morethan any other civilised nation. If Mr. short, they offered theworkers self-government, per- Roosevelt can be coaxedback tothe shattered ranks haps ; but they did not offer them freedom. of the Republicans he stands a good chance of getting Ireply in essence that even if Mr. Pentyand his in-with his “Progressive”policy. This policy is friends are right in their ideal, and right in wishing to frankly based on that of the present Liberal Administra- inspiremen with a faith in that ideal,revolutionaries tion here, and includes Labour Exchanges and National have to considernot only ends,but also means. It is Insurance. notenough to have “news from nowhere,’’unless we 213 have also a true conception of “the wage-system and So, in the workshop, the control of the individual will the way out.” For,after all, wehave not only to be real in most cases only if the workshop is small, un- dream dreams-which we must do to keep our sanity- less, as in a coal mine, onlythe simplest and most uni- but also to bringabout the revolution. We have to form questions have, as a rule, to & decided. Where- hew ourstatue out of the block of marble,and the ever at all a complex government is needed, the material on which we have to work is the modern wage- National Guild will need to be broken up into the slave. smallest possible units, or else the individual will possess My complaint, then, against Mr. Penty is that there self-government without freedom. For self-govern- are no stages to his revolution. It is a spirituel revo- ment is only a means to freedom ; and freedom is self- lution, which it is hoped may be accompanied by a con- government made effective. vulsion in thematerial world. I toodesire a spiritual Before, however, we can arrange whatscaleofpro- revolution ; but Ido not believe that hearts are changed ductionthe Guilds are to adopt, we have to get the all of a suddenany more than institutions. Let us work Guilds. “Smashing Industrialism”has a fine sound; for a change of heart, by all means; but at the same but from this point of view it does not help us. Only time let us begin to alterour institutions. Above all, through the strengthening of Trade Unionism can we let us set out to develop ‘‘dans le sein du système capi- hope for a new industrial revolution which man shall taliste,” as a French writer hassaid, institutions govern as he was governed by the last; only through capable of supplanting capitalism. such a revolution can thecraftsman hope to get a I do not know, and I do not believe that any man chance to be a true craftsman once more. If, then, the can know, the part machinery will play in the coming eyes of Guildsmen seem too often turned on the ‘‘wage- society. We have so regularly used themachine to system and the way out,’’ or on safeguards and checks enslaveman that we haveno idea how it could upon the power of producer or consumer, and too little be used to free him. A civilisationwhichin on the craftsman’s eternalproblem of reconciling art machines thedo skilled workandmen the andindustry, none the less thecraftsman must be dirty work cannot understand the potentialities of the lenient to US. He is now a voice crying in the wilder- appositesystem. There will, we may hope, be always ness; we daim that if we had our way he would at a growing number of machines to do the dirty work of least be able to cry in a more promising place. When the community.But, if machinery is to be putin its Trade Unionism, alive and class-conscious, has given proper place, if it is to do only work that is both neces- birth to theGuilds, we may hope that men,being at sary and dirty or mechanical, the first need is that the last their own masters, will have the strength and the craftsman shouldrecover the control of his craft, that leisure to understandWilliam Morris. The Guild the Trade Union should once more concern itself with System will bring Morris into his own : under Collectiv- standards of production, and that the unskilled man and ism, he would be remembered only as a quite unpracti- hismachine should cease to ape themechanic to the cal Socialist who was so little “in the swim” that he detriment of the quality of the product. refused to join the Fabian Society. This question of machinery, however, is not the only question involved in the moregeneral problem of In- A BALLADE OF THE LONDON WEEKLIES. dustrialism. We must ask ourselves also how far The “Saturday Review” in pallid slabs large-scale production will survive. The twoquestions Purveysits modicum of stodgyduff. are, no doubt, closely connected since it was the While the “New Witness” croaksand bluntly stabs, coming of the machine that made large-scale production Enlivening the surnamed with its bluff. Then, lo, the ‘‘Nation,” ponderous and gruff, inevitable;but they are hot, for all that, the same. Trots out as novel every threadbare wheeze. Large-scale industrymight survive with much less One there is only that is up to snuff- machinery;ormight,it as electric power,easily But that’s too precious to be named with these. divisible and cheaply transmitted, continues to develop, The “Statesman” with the theories that it grabs disappear even as machinery increased. Inflates the mould of its decrepit slough Here again I want to lay stresson the difference And like the spavined hacks of four-wheeled cabs, between productionand trading. The Guilds,we have Heralds its advent with a snorting puff, seen, will preserve the large unit for trading purposes ; “Spectator” and “Academy”--enough : but, whatever happens to machinery, it is to be hoped Hark to the sob that echoes on the breeze! One only can convey an honest cuff- that they will keep the small unit of actual production. But that’s too precious to be named with these. Recent investigations of industrial phenomena, particu- larly ProfessorChapman’s studies of theLancashire “English Review”’ . . . How daintily it blabs cotton industry, go to show that the size of the “model” Secrets of gallantry with- bits of fluff ; business doesnot necessarilyincrease with the con- Or probes the ‘real significance of scabs So nicely, that its patrons yell : HOT STUFF ! centration of capital. That is to say, there is no need What human sisterhood without rebuff, for the capitalist to increase ‘his scale of production be- What love for close relations in “T.P.’s” ! causehe increases his scale of trade. Experience goes One, one can put the boobies in a huff-- to show that the tendency in the past has even been to But that’s too precious to be named with these. let the scale of production outrun the limits of economic ENVOL efficiency, and thatthe capitalist,even from his own Mpret, you take these gentry by the scruff, point of view, has let his factories get too big. And trounce them till they grovel on their knees. But, if a national system does not imply large-scale Your paper brands the mountebank and muff- But that’s too precious to be named with these. production,it will clearlyrest with the Guilds to de- P. SELVER. terminetheir own scale. Certain demands of efficiency they will have tosatisfy; but they will determine PRAYER FOR SATURDAY. efficiency by quality as well as quantity. The scale on Our Clifford which art in Queen Street, which they choose to produce will doubtless vary very Hallowéd be thy page; greatly from industry to industry; but there is reason Thy Kingdom come, to suppose that there will be a decrease rather than an Thy will be done increase onthe scales now in vogue. In England, as it is in Germany. All this is not so far away as it may sound from the Give us this day our weekly Webb, general question of freedom in the Guild ; for freedom And forgive us our Current Cant, As we forgive you your supplements. will be secured only if the control of the individual over Lead us not into Guild Socialism ; his own work can be made a reality. Make a man a But deliver us from Orage. voter among voters in a democraticcommunity; it is For thine is the Bernard, the Beatrice and Sidney, at least a half-truth that the measure of control he will For ever and ever. AMEN. have will vary inversely to the total number of votes. A. B. C. 214

policy apart from Russia, might still be able andwilling Six Years. to protect Turkey if the Turkish Government made over thesupreme control to her. TheYoung Turks asked VI. for a British dictator and for British officials in all de- IT was a verydifferent Young Turk party which re- partments of the State. When this request was scouted turned to power in January, 1913, from that which fell as preposterous, theEnglish Government pointing to from office inJuly, 1912. Then its membershad been itslanguid Naval Mission as proof of its intention to conscious of unpopularity, exasperated by the network help Turkey,the Porte made other, less exorbitant, of intrigues, native and European, in which they found requests. At length they asked for no more than some themselves entangled ; nowthey were once more inspectors for Armenia, which they considered that Eng- popular,while European intrigue had transferred its land was by the terms of the Cyprus convention bound activity forthe moment to Albania andthe Balkan to provide. This last requestwas granted, as weall States.The leaders had been throughthe valley of believed. Itwas refusedmonths later because Russia humiliation, both as men and patriots. Some had been objected and, objecting, took a step towards the side of in prison in much peril of their lives. More than one of Germany. them had served unknown in the ranks of the Turkish I see it stated that with Mahmud Shevket Pasha the army. No vindictivemeasures followed theJanuary Young Turk party lost whatever wits it ever had and revolution. The new Government gave its whole atten- rushedimmediately intothe German net. It istrue tion to the task of raising the country out of the deplor- that, subsequent to Mahmud Shevket’s death, the Ger- ablecondition into which ithad been brought by manmilitary mission was renewed withincreased maladministrationand the accident of war. The first powers ; butthat was only afterEngland had, as I considerationwas, of course, the army. Military pre- havesaid, refused to take over the instruction of the parations and reforms were hurried’ on incessantly, with Turkish army with that of every otherState depart- theresult that the Turkish army whichreoccupied ment. But MahmudShevket Pasha was assassinated Adrianople in July, 1913,was twice as strong and ten in June, and the negotiations with Great Britain went times as efficient and well appointed as the army with ontill October, 1913, when thePorte’s request con- which Turkeyhad begun the war. At the same time, cerningthe Armenian inspectors was finally refused. civilreforms of a far-reachingkind were undertaken. Indeed, though pretty hopeless after that, the negotia- The law of the vilayets-an honest avowal of the failure tionsmay be said to havecontinued until March, of the Ottomanising policy-provided a fair measure of 1914. Then, at length,the Young Turks realised that localself-government for every province, and a fair England did notmean to help them. Anumber of measure of representation for the different nations and them then declared for Germany, since Turkey needed communities of the Empire. A law for the liberation of a protector.Ministers remained divided. Talaat Bey, vakf properties(land or buildings held in mortmain) Khalîl Bey, Kheyri Bey, Jemâland Enver Pashas are gave relief to thousands, since more than half the land notaltogether reckless, unreflecting persons, as they in Turkeyhad been thus tiedup. Theseand other have beenrepresented. I havenamed them asthe sensible measures were devised in the first two months, mostimportant members of theTurkish Government. before the tidings of the fall of Adrianople cast a gloom Jemâl and Talaat had an inclination towards the Triple over the Muslimworld. Theattempts of theTurkish Entente, Khalîl Bey and Kheyri Bey were neutral, En- armyto advance to the relief of thecity had failed, ver-the enfant terrible of the Cabinet-was a fierce owing to the flooded state of the country at that season pro-German.Almost all theother lessimportant (February and March). The reactionaries had supposed ministerswere in favour of neutrality. But, as I re- that the fall of Adrianople would bring with it the fall marked in thefirst article of thisseries, the apparent of theYoung Turks, who had madeit their cry that leaders in the Committee of Union and Progress were Adrianopleshould be saved. But the efforts to relieve always reallyin theservant’s place.Behind the the fortress were well known, and the Government and Turkish Ministry was a secret tribunal, of whichonly the people were one in sentiment on that occasion. The two of the said ministers-the two least known in Eng- work of rehabilitation was pursued more eagerly. I saw land-were members ; a tribunalanxious only for the theremarkable change which waswrought in five good of Turkey, but ignorant of all the under-currents months-months of infinite depression for the Turks- of European politics. Itsjudgment of thevarious andwith the country bankrupt. By the end of those Powerswas aMuslim judgment,all by works.Eng- five months’ the Civil Service had been working without landexpected to be justified by faith alone. The Ger- payfor nearly a year.Ministers were makingshift man help wasreal, if arrogant; the German promises with half, often a third, of theirsalaries. Every penny were satisfactory, and Germany, if she had driven some that could anyhow be raised was spent upon the army hardbargains, had never actuallybroken faith with and on public works.A capital in such a casemight Turkey. It is the constant complaint of the old Hami- well deteriorate. Constantinople, in its Turkish aspect, dian officials that the men who have supreme control of improvedsteadily, gathering fresh enthusiasm and the Committee of Unionand Progress are quite old- radiating hope into the provinces. fashioned Turkswithout anyintimate acquaintance In the meanwhile, foreign affairs were not neglected, withEuropean affairs. Thatis true. The judgment of althoughthe Minister forForeign Affairs might be a thosemen is quite objective. TheEnglish seized two negligiblemember of the Cabinet. TheYoung Turks Turkish Dreadnoughts-which had beenpaid for by a felt ‘that Germanyhad failed tojustify her boasts to fundsubscribed to by the very poor, to whichwomen them. They had been veryroughly made to realise even gave the hair off their heads-on the outbreak of thatthe Triple Entente was stronger than the Triple the European War. They turned German and Austrian Alliance. Theirsentimental trust in England’s good- subjectsout of Egypt, at thattime a neutralcountry nesswith whichthey entered the political arenahad under Turkish suzerainty ; and at the moment when the been thoroughly knocked outof them ; butthere re- threeEntente Ambassadors calledupon theGrand mained the clear perception that England was the one Vizier with their promise to “defend the integrity and greatPower of Europe whose interestswere opposed independence of theTurkish Empire against all to a partition,or a furtherspoliation, of theTurkish comers,” the secret tribunal was aware of their inten- Empire.Englishmen were more popular with Turks tion to rob Turkey of Constantinople, on some pretext, thanany other sort of European.Englishmen in the at thegeneral settlement. The Committee knew that Turkish service had served Turkey honestly, which was prosperouspeace was what the country needed; but more than could be generally said of other foreigners. peace is not without its horrors for a bankrupt country. No Turkish Government, desiring progress for the coun- The financial boycott had been borne three years. Ger- try, could put itself under the protection of a group of manygave money, andmade solemnpromises which, Powersheaded by Russia.But England, wasit supposingit were ever in her power to keep them, thought, might still be strong enough to take a line of would save Turkey. So when-by Russia’shostile 215 act, as Turks believe-war came to Turkey, the Com- Their argument is simple. If we are to bemulcted of mittee gave the word that warshould be. one-eighth of our dividends before they reach us, then Thus end the six years since the Revolution,when the we will do our best to beat up the rate of interest, so Turks were mad in their enthusiasm for England. The that our returns will not suffer so severely. That is the most hopeful movement of progress and toleration ever idea. Whether capitalis sufficiently controlledand made by the Islamic world has been repressed to some- organised by the few who can affordto keep their money thing like fanaticism. And the fate of Turkey, so they ondeposit at thebank instead of puttingit out at say, is sealed. Well, letthem try to conquerTurkey ! present rates; whether, that is to say,a capital-strike It was still possible to do in Abdul Hamid’s time, when is possible under present conditions remains to be seen. to overcome theTurkish army and depose the rulers In the meantime, gentlemen, your welfare is at stake. would have been enough. But now the fire of liberty is The reason is not far to seek. If the rate of interest in the people. Try to crush it, and the fire will scatter is being raised, and is likely to be raised further, then through the Muslim world ; the Committee of Union and the money must come from somewhere. It canonly Progress will become no longer merely Turkish, but a come from two sources-depreciation funds and wages great world-power. Cannotour rulers understand? bills. To take it fromthe firstis puerile finance and The East is rising. It is reallycomical to see a group destructive of thecapitalists’ purpose. Now, forthe of timeservers endeavouring to stop the rising tide. second. The wages bill includes two different entities- MARMADUKEPICKTHALL. the weekly money of themanual worker and thepay (THEEND.) of thesalariat. In the majority of casesthe wage of the manual worker cannot be forced down because he has alreadybeen reduced to thesubsistence level. A Word to the Middle Class. Moreover,our Servile State financiers, profiting by thesound advice of themeliorative Collectivists,have GENTLEMEN,--Youhave been told many a time that you realised what should long ago have been obvious, that arein reality proletarians and you haverefused to a reasonable minimum is a sound- investment, and that, believe it. Indeed, it was natural that, while the black- up to a point whichexperience reveals, better wages coatedproletariat of clerks refused to recognise their mean better profits. The National Minimum, like most unity with the coatless proletariat of manual labourers, of theFabian devices, haslittle or no terrorfor the the tail-coated proletariat of managers and professional Cadburysand Levers who govern the country. In men should snort with scorn at the very idea of being addition to this, a further attack on the manual labourer one with the great mass of dispossessed.Your educa- would not only beunprofitable but might well prove tion, your tradition, your hopes and fears, and above all futile. Thereare things called Trade Unions, about your natural but incorrigible snobbery have taught you which you areignorant. Weak as these still are, and to group yourselves with “the gentlemen” over against short-sighted as are their leaders in developing schemes “the workers.” Your sons go to the same schools and of attackon the profiteers’position, they aregood universities as the titled and the richest ; they take com- enoughfor defence. Inthe great industries adirect missionsin the army; theyimagine themselves to be attack on wages by themasters would not be worth very differentcattle from the menthey command in the while. industry or on the field of battle. But they are wrong. There remains the pay of the salariat, your income, If human grouping is to be based upon realities and not my sublimefriends. You have not yet been driven upon vanities,then, just asterritorial nationalism down tothe subsistence level. You have stillsome- must supplant sentimental racialism, so a real economic thing to spend on tennis lawns and suburban rents, on grouping in terms of the purchase and sale of labour dress-circles andupper boxes, on public schools and mustsupplant the old artificialassociation by class holidays abroad. Remember, too, that the competition and tradition. You have been told this before and you for the managerial positions is increasing and that the have laughed at the ideabecause you hated it. I detestable Polytechnic youths are prepared to do your suggest that various forces are working more’ strongly workjust as well andfor less. ’EneryStraker is not than ever before which will compel you to listen. limitinghis abilities to manual work. It istrue that To be frank, your market value is going down. And the Civil Servantsare safe enough with their class you arenot in a position toprevent that downward division, andthat the recent. Commissiondid not tendency, because in the majority of cases you, like the threatenthe middle class man. Butprivate employers poorest loafers atthe street corner, have nothing to are not so accommodating, and if, in their zeal to raise sell but your labour. Accordingly,you too arethe thedividends, they can find only yoursalaries as a victims of economic lawand economicaccident. Let reducible expense,then you aregoing to suffer. us see how you stand to-day. I amnot talking through my hat. A large propor- Ifthere is anythingthat is obvious in the present tion of the salariat have lost heavily through the war; situation it is the increase in the rate of interest. You incomes have beenhalved, and things may get worse know the present yield of Consols : you may remember ,yet.Look, for instance, atthe stage. At presentthe that in 1896 Londonand North Western 4 percent. leadingactors are playing for half their usual rates; PreferredStock (totake a notableinstance) reached the chorus and supers are mainly drawing their old pay 162½, so that it yielded less than 2½ per cent. because they had already reached the subsistence mini- Who would touch thebest guaranteed stock in the mum.Chorus-girls must be kept in better condition world on those terms now? In 1913 the same security thanseamstresses; hence theirhigher minimum. But was dealt in at 975/8. Although atthe present moment itis none the less a minimum. Do you suppose that there is a glut of capital lying in wait for investment this attack on the middle-class, on the salariat, will be owing tothe closure of theStock Exchange, and limited toone or two industries or crafts? Do you financial stagnation ; although, that is to say, there is supposethat once yourincome has been reduced you everyreason for interest to be low in thosesecurities will busily beat it up again? Can you blind your eyes which thewar doesnot affect, therate is abnormally to the fact that theprofiteers are determined not to lose high. The Government War Loanwas practically a by thewar and that you arethe only people from fourper cent.concern. Good trusteestock is now whom they can take? available at five percent. : forexample, the recent I admitthat the position is complex. Many of you issue of South Eastern Preferred was to yield five, and are at once the producers and the consumers of surplus British ‘Preferred RailwayStock is now an exception- value. Butthere are many more, and especially the ally sound investment owing to theGovernment guaran- young menwho are simpleproletarians, whose only tee. The Mond Nickel Company floated a six per cent. functionis to sell their labour to thehighest bidder, loanbelow par. Andeverywhere investors arehang- Anyone who knows University life will be aware of the ing on, waitingfor things to get betterand better. huge number of men who, at the close of an education 216

that must have cost about two thousand pounds are Press has carried our mother tongue away, and with it left helplessly stranded, hang about for a year or two, our very thought. A truly philosophic thought cannot and then drift in despair, not unaccompanied by debt, now be conceived or expressed in English. There is intothe Churches, the Schools, the Colonies, the Bar, nought but Latinleft to save the dignity of culture. I see start. Tell me honestly, Simpson, aren’t you the City, wherever,in fact,they can find a market. Up you till now these men have not recognised their community afraidnow to utter the English word culture. I mean, with the working classes because salaries have aren’t you afraid of being misunderstood? Wouldn’t been sufficiently high to make the distinction between you rather say Kultur if you definitely imply a sneer, wage and salary a reality. But the positionof these and speak of the humanities,perhaps, if you are quite men is getting worse and worse. The newer the school sure you don’t imply a sneer, and if by chance you do or the living, the worse paid is the pedagogue or parson. happen to use the word culture, doesn’t it meed a little They have to faceharder competition and a smaller self-collection to have this certainty of the absence of a reward. The war has hit themhard and forced even sneer inyou mental background?In short, my dear our mediæval War Office into offering a living wage fellow, a beautiful English word with beautiful associations to subalterns. Why? Because it has been seen that has been dragged in the mire. A sensitive writer the middle-class man has not necessarilya private in- or speaker will not touch it. This is one word; there come but is just as much a proletarian as the merest are others, honour, justice, even philosophy, The private. German militarists may have violated the neutrality of Your invincible snobbery, your memories of “the old Belgium but English journalists have done worse-they college,” and your passion to be “in with the bloods” have violated the neutrality of words, they have done a have blinded you to the reality of your position. And wrong to humanity, for in translation even Japanese and now, perhaps, you will learn by suffering that the vital Hindustani neutral words will take the English colour, dichotomy of society is not into gentlemen and workers, as they bear the current English import. Yes, our but into those who buy a commodity called labour and journalists have made beautiful English words ugly by those who sellit. The first class must unite in the a vulgar annexation, and put neutral words out of circu- teeth of the second. The doctors banded together and lation by makingtheir use, except in certain contexts, fought the labour-purchasingState with success. Will unpatriotic. This war has been called a war on German you never pull yourselves together and see where your trade-it certainly is a war on English words. There interests and your honour lie? As managers in a is good red blood in England, and there is plenty of iron, Guild-if you can win the position--you will be treated but our journalists would seem to imply that blood and honourablyand generously. You will live in a clean iron are made in Germany. The same use of certain world and enjoythe security ofan Oxford don. But if English words is as unpatriotic as a suave delight in a you cling to your damnable traditions, ifyou still reject glass of Munich beer, or a serene absorption in a the name ofworker and support a Press which does Turkish cigarette. Go and tell a ‘Daily Mail’ reader nothing but revile the labourer and cry up the in the Tube that you are a philosopher, and he willshout exploiter-your exploiter as well as his-if you have no at you, ‘Yah,Bernhardi!’ Before the war the ‘Daily ideals beyond golf and respectability, then may the Mail’ did not know the word philosophy; then it profiteers trample you down for the worms that you are, dragged the word out of its decent seclusion, only to and may the decent work of reconstruction be left to misapply it; now it is on the common tongue, and the poorerand bettermen. I. J. C. BROWN. P section of the Oxford Dictionary is antiquated while it ishardly out of the press. The pity of it is that our men of letters, ourpoets and thinkers directly countenance theAesthete. the corruption of our language. Whatever this War and war is, it is not a poet’s war. There is nothing even By Lionelde Fonseka. remotely poetical about it. It is run by machinery. I HAD not seen Rathbonefor some months, in fact, not But I forget-there was one genuinely poetical incident since the war began, and with many apologies on my in the course of this war-the reading of the Catalogue lips I called on him last week. I found him reading, in of Indian Princes in the House of Commons. It .had Latin,Erasmus on the Praise ofFolly. He had some all the characteristicsof poetry--freshness, surprise, rather curious books on his table and on the shelves and simplicity, and the quality of truth. It was a beside him. I noticed Grotius on Literary Studies, breath from an earlier world, a world of naïve ardour Vitruvius on Architecture, St. Jerome, St. Thomas for the fight, a world of knightly sentiment and knightly Aquinas, Bœthius, the Hours of the Virgin, some speech. The taleof the prince who offered ‘his troops, mediæval histories and some mediæval treatises on the histreasury, and hisjewels,’ and that other prince of nature of God-all in Latin. Simpson was in the seventy who came to the fight with his grandson of basket-chair, languidly glancing at Ortelius on geo- sixteen, though a modern English tale, could bear to graphical names. be told in Greek. The incident was truly poetical; Rathbone waved aside my apologies. “Tellme, "he the House of Commons was stupefied for a moment by said, “do you talk Latin?” “I don’t even read it,” I this strange experience; then it recovered itself, and, answered, “it is years since I tookmy fourth in Greats. as you know, burst intovulgar applause. The incident But why are you thus buried in a dead language? Are was closed.” you thinking of becoming a monk?” “I did think of “Don’t be too hard on the poets,” pleaded Simpson. it,” said Rathbone, “but I decided that it isn’t “After all, poetsare not intelligent beings. They are absolutelynecessary. It is enough to think in Latin. DO as much creatures of routine as postmen. Love and you remember Wilde’s remark on Meredith’s style- War, they have been trained to believe, will wait for ‘thathedge set with wonderful roses wherewithhe no man-no, not even for the Laureate.” keeps the world at bay’? But alas, Meridith wrote in “But what of our thinkers?” wailed Rathbone. “I English, and to-day I cannot fence myself in except wish our thinkers had thought enough at some time to with Latin. The English tongue has become realise that it befits them occasionally to sit still and unspeakablyvulgar and ourliterary men onlyprofane it the say nothing. Or, if they must always think aloud, more. Do you remember that manifesto which our why don’t they sometimes think in Latin? At the ‘representative men of letters’ jointly issued some time present moment it would be exceedingly good for them. at the beginning of the war? Fools! When the war For one thing their thoughts would be more sane, began they should have jointly retired into a monastery, they would be sure of what they were thinking, the or staying in the world they should have sought the comparative unfamiliarity of a dead language would monastic gift of silence. The English language is now compel them to weigh their words without takingtheir unfitted not only forthe speechbut even for the thought words at the current valuation of the newspapers; and of a man of sensibility. The violence of the popular if, even so, the popular passion in them should prove 217 too vehement, butfew people would know of their Eastern,Barbarians.’ ‘To crushmilitarism,’ says shame.Quite probably. the mere use of a passionless, the, EnglishPress, ‘ we. must becomemilitarists.’ dead tongue woulddivert their thoughts gently to You and I,. Simpson, may agree that Eastern Barbar- gentle themes; they would recover that serenity, toler- ism does not deserve to be avoided, and that militarism ance,and, calm regard for truthwithout which a doesnot deserve, to becrushed; but Germans and thinker is only half a thinker--that is. to say, quite an Englishmenalike agree on theabstract principle that ordinaryperson; they wouldcease to be topical, and to cast out thedevil you may, become the devil. Our by the grace that was in them in the days of blessed- men of letters follow theGovernment, and take the ness and peace, they would remain men. of letters and principle forgranted; theyrefuse to discuss Eastern not become journalists. And id a thinker has erred, Barbarism,and Militarism on their merits-in short, he should be compelled now, as a means of recovering they refuse ta discussthe devil. Butit is very im- lostgrace, to give us a discourse in, Latin on an portant for us to know who the devil is, andexactly innocent enthusiasm. How much better,, as an example how far we may go in trying to cast him out. That is to his brethren and a solace to. us, if in these troubled why L read the scholastic theologians, and do not read. times Chesterton had published a treatise on beer in the ‘Daily Mail ’ Latin, instead of that flamingtopical pamphlet of. his “Yes., resumeyour Latin, Simpson. There is no on the Barbarism of Berlin in English?” popular Press in Latin, and Latin words still retain. their “But,” I sa-id!, “Ithought Chesterton’s pamphlet true,meanings. But therewere popular speeches in was remarkably sane. and collected.” Latin,and Idon’t read Cicero. There were chronicle; of dispatches from the front, and I don’t read Tacitus- “It appears. to be,”said Rathbone, “but itis not We have at last found a use for the despised Latin of really. Chestertonnotis himself. This warhas the MiddleAges ; this is. the hedge wherewith I keep turned the writer of paradoxesinto a writer of plati- the world at bay. The Middle Ages possess. a tudes. The paradoxes were true, but the platitudes are familiarknowledge of the devilwhich we have lost- not.A platitude can only containhalf the truth, else and scholastictheologians,. can. be so charmingly con- it couldnever attainthe state of a platitude,for it fidential.” “ And isn’tChesterton confidential?” would missthe condition of popularity. Truths do not asked Simpson. bearrepetition, but half truths do. The Barbarism of “Yes, he is confidential, buthe fails somehow to Berlin ! Thatbears repetition. The Barbarism of give us a satisfying sense of the devil as an entity. He Berlin and London ! Does thatbear repetition? No. does not give. us a sense of sin.” The Refusal of Reciprocityis charged to Berlin. The frame of mind is equallycommon in London. Why, therewas a lengthyletter in the‘Morning Post’ the Impressions of Paris. otherday, stating that the Imperial bondimplies No doubtthe police arrested. all theGermans on the either common citizenship or common subjecthood, but East Coast in their own interest after the bombardment explicitly denying that in either case it implies common But what a state the populace must be in to make this rights.The Indian iseither your fellow-citizen or necessary. Thank goodness we had no spy-panic when, yourfellow-subject, but inneither case has he fellow- theGermans wereoutside Paris. If Iwere God, as rightswith you. Thisis more than a Refusal-it is it were, I should do in England as they did here when a Robberyof Reciprocity. Which is thegreater bar- there really wasdanger : put an extinguisher onthe barism-to refuse togive or to rob? So with the incendiaryjournals by forbidding more than one issue Appetite of Tyranny ; so withthe Escape of Folly. and that censored, and summarily arrest panic-mongers. Chestertonis exasperated: by theshortage of logic in It is all very fine to object to the censure, but the censure Berlin;anOriental reading Chesterton’s pamphlet kept Paris calm even while the timid and the foreigners would be distressed by the equally deplorable shortage were flying in thousands. If anyGermans were of that commodity in London. Where is the pamphlet, arrested, nobody knew but those concerned. Of course, Simpson-you haveit in yourpocket, haven’t you? now the rudest remarks are being made here about us ‘Inthese slight notes,’ says Chesterton, ‘I have (by neutrals, not by French). And it is a silly figure to suggestedthe principal strong points of thePrussian be cutting, to have missed the cruisers and arrested . . . character. A failure inhonour which almost amounts as if that would stop them coming again. to a failure in memory;an egomania that is honestly Icheerfully mention thatHarmsworth is again in blind to the fact that the other party is an ego;and, unsavoury odour with theFrench journals over his deal aboveall, anactual itch for tyranny and interference, in buying the Livre Jaune. This affair will make savage the devil which everywheretorments the idle andthe politics later on. Certainlyno one but a rogueor a proud. To these must be added a certain mental shape- fool would risk doing business with this man;but, then, lessness which can expand or contract without reference thereare rogues and fools. TheFrench, for the to reason orrecord; a potentialinfinity of excuses.’ moment, prefer to suppose M. Delcasse merely mad in An Orientalmay or maynot accept this definition of sellingthe Livre Jaune-“the madidea of selling the barbarism.If he does, he must reason from it, that copies to the ‘Times’”:“How can M. Delcassé have while Turks and Indians certainly are notbarbarians, come to suppose that this was anarticle to exploit com- Englishmenand Prussians as certainlyare. And yet, mercially?’’ M. Clemenceau,who used to love the throughout his pamphlet, Chesterton suggests that the “Times,”compares the priceexacted by that journal Oriental is, in some subtle way, the typical barbarian. with whatthe “New York Times” asked; the former Our cultured Mahomedan friends might wonder at the being exactly ten times as much. The American paper, discreetness of adefinition which defines, butrefuses of course, sold at cost. It is all very humiliating, though somehowto comprise and exclude. Theymight, of worse for the Frenchthan us. And, as they say, Ger- course, consider this a proofof refinement; on the many could scarcely have played a better game in the other hand, they might consider it a further instance of way of suppressing. the evidence of her mensonges. thebarbarism of London-a failurein imagination Really, if I wereGod, I’d putHarmsworth in irons which almost amounts to a failure in feeling. until the extremest endof the war. Whatever he does “The warthen is merely a warof barbarians-between isbound tobring disgrace on others, naturally-him- a barbarian in possession and a barbarian who covets self beingaltogether out of caste. To-day scarcely a possession.But men of letters still aspireto discuss reputable journal (if one) here makes any quotation from its principlein academic fashion. So far as I cansee the“Daily Mail” or “Times,” and only of newsre- only one principleclearly emergesfrom the conflict. ceived by CarmeliteHouse from foreign papers.. For ‘TheKaiser,’ says Chesterton, ‘ afterexplaining to which relief much thanks ! It alwaysunsettled my in- histroops how important it was to avoid Eastern tention of admiring the French to find them so ignorant Barbarism, instantlycommanded them to become about our Press. 218

“You can make him desperate,” I said. “At present, lady who threw over the wicked Vicomte. The joke of as I suppose, nobody can confirm what he says. Insist sending the little Volanges seduced to the arms of their on remaining faithful.” I knew that she would, anyway, mutual enemy appeals to theVicomte, but for the butthat the idea of being maliciously virtuous would moment he is occupied in the country by an attack on recompense her for all his supposed infidelities, which I the pious Madame de Tourvel. So little Volanges finds ratherdoubt being real, as I hear all thecan-can ex- time to fall in love with a young Chevalier, her mother cept, I suppose, whatconcerns myself. Thereis an apparently having eyes for all the peccable world, but academicden of microbeshere whencehatch half the not for her own family. None the less, it is the wicked scandals that amuse or exasperate the quarter. In the Vicomte who succeeds in seducing Cécile by a wild plan denalso congregate the bandits of Montparnasse, of borrowing the key of herbedroom for the alleged foreigners who havebeen here for anything from five to purpose of giving her there in the middle of the night fifteen years and who lie in flattering wait for the ever- a love-letter fromthe Chevalier ! If anyhigh and arrivingbudding geniuses : Personswho have been warningmoral is to be drawn from this scene, I am cruellychecked in theirproper criminal careers bya afraid I missed it. Cécile, after a period of penitence, dash of artistic talent, with the result that they will live dissipated by a single ironical and vulgar note from the and die dishonest, but poor. Every now and then they Marquise,finds the Vicomte a veryamiable man and break into fearful feuds with each other, and the world thoroughly enjoys herself on many lively occasions. For becomes immensely informed ;but sooner or a very little theheightening of the colour,this affair takes place laterthere they are again reconciled in petty villainy, under the same roof in the country which shelters the and where the population is so floating, it goes hard, but devoutand pursued Madame deTourvel, who, in her very few persons will forlong mark them. A fairly turn, succumbs to the Vicomte. The merciless sequence soundadvice to buddinggeniuses on enteringParis of the letters which exhibit alternately the roué and the would be to avoid for two or three months any friendly deceivedlady makes disgusting reading ; but the only foreigner of unknown artistic reputation who confesses possible moral conclusion would be for people passion- to have been here more than a year or two. He or she atelyin love never to trustthe personthey love- isprobably a -trumperyscoundrel. One or two of the which isagainst Nature. That nothing may belack- bandits are picturesque, and all, even the microbes, have ing in vulgar villainy, the Vicomte is made to write a acquired a working imitation of fine and confoundingly letter full of the vilestdouble entendre to his saint in foreignmanners. In fact, it is only by theirdeeds ye the bed of an opera girl whom he encounters en voyage mayknow them. I have apuerile penchant for pic- and to whomhe reads the letter. All the while, how- turesque bandits. Therewasan old creature ever,he is reallyenamoured of the wickedMarquise who used tohaunt the Louvre before the war, who promises him to commit an infidelity in his favour attired in Titianhair and a hugepacket of against her reigning favourite, on receipt of a certain drawings,and other papers which seemed to con- tenderletter written by Madamede Tourvel, and, of cernsome ancient convent scandal Italy.in As course, proof of thelatter’s passion. The Marquise, deep as couldI ever delve she would have been for her part, isattached to the Vicomte, but, bitterly universally recognised as the descendant of Raphael if jealous of the enormous pains he has taken to betray allhad their rights. During the war, the shine rather Madamede Tourvel, betrays him and breaks her went off theMontparnasse bandits. They drooped promisein favour of Cécile’s young Chevalier. The about the cafés and peaceablyswallowed soupe popu- moralis perhaps tobe found in thedisasters which laire along with the microbes. Then some very suspect overtake everybody ! The Chevalierkills theVicomte Swiss-German started a cantinewhere they all ran in in a dueland retires to Malta ; Madamede Tourvel, beautifulharmony until strayvisitors began to miss after receiving a note which shouldhave caused her things. You couldn’t find yourown hat at thehour onlya day’s indignation,dies mad ; Cécile enters a of parting,and your pursewas entirely unsafe. One convent;and the Marquise losesall her moneyand gay evening, I lost my passport there and was offered it catches the small-pox, which leaves her hideous. backfor aconsideration. However, beingEnglish, I After so much whipping the flanks in the service of didn’t care if I hadn’t got it and wouldn’t part with a morality, whatis left for immorality? The French sou, andthe papersmysteriously arrived without any criticremarks that the profound psychology of this word attached, at the Prefecture four days later, which dramaastounds us evento-day. I donot find itpro- even led me into confidential relations with the Commis- found, but either very obvious or of an accidental and sariat. Afterthis, and another scandal or two, nobody debatable quality. There is a merely apparent fatalism would go any more ; the sager bandits appear to have inthe scenes. Thearm of coincidencemoves in a left things to the microbes and the camp definitely split hundreddirections to forcethe characters together. up with roarings and hissings concealedunder poetry Finally, I doubtwhether Madame de Tourvel, though andmutual presentations. And nowthey honestly de- by far the mostegoistic of all thepersons and really scribe each other as Apaches. moved by a physical passion, would have died after re- This flippant style of describing rascals is perhaps a ceivingsuch a silly badpleasantry as thenote which .reactionary effect of reading the highly moral “Liasons proved the Vicomte simply a mediocre roué. ‘Dangereuses” by Laclos, a sulphuric, epistolary romance “One wearies of everything, my angel, it is a law of much devoured by the mothers of Franceand said to Nature; it is not my fault.” ‘havebeen largely responsible for the modern severity “If I wearyto-day of an adventure which has occu- towardsyoung daughters. A certainMarquise and a pied me entirely for four mortal months, it is not my Vicomte, who are alleged to,be in close touch with the fault.” ‘Court, butare never foundthere, agreeably write to This refrain is fitted to a series of insults culminating eachother accounts of their respective debaucheries. in“Adieu, my angel, I have taken you with pleasure, This sort of amusement would be clearly intolerable if I quit you without regret; I shall return perhaps. Thus arranged between a mereMonsieur and Madame. The goes the world. It is not my fault.” author includes in this published correspondence, which Not one of thecharacterisations but is amateurish. is supposed to beauthentic, letters written by the andopportune. But this book, sinceits publication victims of the noble couple, and these letters providenti- early last century, has come to be considered a classic. ally fill up manygaps. So we readthe firstfrom the With such subject-matter the style may be imagined of demoisellede Volanges advising a school-friend that an author who felt not the inclination or the necessity Mammaintends to marry her off shortly. The second to relieve the atmosphere by breaths’ from Nature, from epistleis from the wicked Marquise tothe wicked Art or even from the world of people outside the in- Vicomte advisinghim that Mademoiselle deVolanges trigues.Except for this book, itseems, his name is to be married to the Count de Gercourt, ancient lover would not hava survived him, though he wrote several. of the Marquise and unfaithful to her €or the sake of a works in the intervals of an official career. 219

of a mutual and even expansion,. This significant intel- The Literature of the Ukraine. lectual union was brought about by Taras Shevtchenko, By Vasyl Levitzky. the greatest Ukrainian poet. Besides his verses he also (Translated by P. SELVER.) wrote“The Artist,” an autobiographical novel. In this work, the curious vicissitudes of Shevtchenko, who THE modernliterature of theUkraine is scarcely a was free only for twelve years of his life (he was first a hundred and fifteen years old ; it has passed through a serf for twenty-four years and later banished for a full speedy and successful development, and is to-day worthy decade into the Kirghiz steppes ‘because of his spirited of general attention. chants), are related partly in diary form, partly in the It was in theeighteenth century that the Ukraine moreelaborate manner of fiction. Much canbe ceased to be politically independent. In 1764 the office of learned about Shevtchenko, the great poet, painter and “Hetman”was abolished, and the Republic of the martyr, by readinghis lyricalverses. But hisepic Ukraine on the right bank of theDnieper was incor- poems, breathing as they do the youthful fragrance of poratedinto the Russian Empire as “Little Russia.” Ukrainianpoetry, also deserve to be studied. Inhis Austria received a portion of the formerEmpire of “Bandits”he left asplendid and a true memorial to Halitch in 1772 and called the country Galicia. Then in those heroes who in 1768prepared a St. Bartholomew’s 1775 theSitch and the Saporog Republic on the left Eve at Uman for their Polish oppressors, and made a bank of theDnieper, after being destroyed, became final attempt to shake off the foreign yoke and to gain known as “New Russia.’’ freedom and independence for their native country. In The nation that had come to grief politically was to be his ballads the Ukrainian steppe, with the magic of its restoredintellectually. Inthe year 1798 appearedthe landscape,and its romantic traditions, is infused with first cantos of the “Aeneis” by Ivan Kotlarevsky. This fresh life. epic travesty ushered in the revival of Ukrainian litera- Thousands of Ukrainianpilgrims, like Moham- ture. In this work the poet set up a memorial to his medansseeking the grave of theirprophet, visit politically moribund nation by transferring the unhappy Shevtchenko’s resting-place and mound at Kanev onthe state of things in the Ukraine to the city of Troy, and Dnieper, andsing and recite the stern words intheir applying to the Trojans, hounded from their home, the poet’s ‘bequest, which in its secondclause (“Ye shall sympathetic features of the scattered Cossacks. Eupho- bury me, then arise, shake off the foreign yoke and pur- nious language and a regular metrical form endowed the chaseliberty with the blood of foes”)is still striving workwith thatstimulating power which was neces- towards fulfilment. sary. in order to arouse and renew intellectual activity. Sincethe year 1873 therehas been inexistence a In PoItava, where Kotlarevsky lived and laboured, there Shevtchenko Literary Societywith its centres at Lem- is to-day a monument in his honour. There also exists a berg and Kiev. It is soon to be raised to the status of special Kotlarevsky Society, which was founded at Lem- an academy,and inaddition to theliterary monthly berg,and which is concernedwith the cultivation of “Vistnyk” (“Bulletin”) it also issues “Communications dramatic art and literature. of theShevtchenko Society” and arranges systematic Itwas not untilsome decades later that Galicia, reprints of literary monuments. separated politically, was awakened. In 1837 there ap- Soonafter the death of Shevtchenko(February 21, peared at Budim (Hungary} the “Rusalka Dnistrovaya” 1861)Galicia became the focus of intellectual life, and {Fairy of the Dniester), a collection of Ukrainian folk- assumed the intellectual leadership for a lengthy period. songs, interspersed with songs by several young poets, The guiding spirit here was Ivan Franko, who is still under the editorship of Markian Shashkevytch. It was living. The latest instalment of the “Vistnyk” (Vol. IX. in 1911that the centenary of this poet was celebrated. 1913)is entirely devoted to the poet Franko, as a mark Together with three young associates, ,N. Ustianovytch, of respect for a literaryactivity extending over forty J. Holovatzky and J. Vahilevytch, he founded in years. Franko has issued numerous volumes of poems ; Galicia thefirst scientific andliterary society that set inhis lyrics he imitates Heine and his pessimism. In itself the task of furthering the development and elabo- hissatires he makes unmerciful attackson all empty ration of the Ukranian language and literature, in order patriotic shoeand middle-classprejudices. The ten- to raise and enlighten the Ukrainian nation. dency of his works is, on the political side, liberal; from It was even later still that the Bukovina was aroused theethical aspect, individualistic. Heaims at freeing to fresh vitality. Here, in theyear 1859,J. G. Fedko- himself and his friends from all shackles. Hence he in- vytch beganhis valuable literary activity. This Aus- fused the patriarchal, uncorrupted literature of a primi- trianlieutenant, who had served with his Ukrainian tive people with many new elements, which were very regiment in the campaign against Italy, and who at first rarely constructive, and frequently only destructive. He wroteGerman poems, turned his attention to his did not always succeed in moulding his style so as to at- desertedrace. The poet’sstories andtales, in tain ease in form ; often enough he was over-ruled by which hedeals with idyllic livesled by his fellow- a predilection for the base and ugly. He brought about countrymen,his love of personalfreedom and the a period of storm and stress in theintellectual life of his Freedom of hismountains, areworthy of com- nation.Nearly all the works of Frankoand his great parison with the best short stories of other literatures. school, which eked out an existence till the end of the He also wrote a number of dramas ; but, unfortunately, nineteenth century, foster radicalism and free-thought. thegreater part of hiswork was stillin manuscript Thesame is true of histales and novels. Perhaps when the poet withdrewinto solitude and made no Franko’sgreatest merit liesin the fact that by his further attempt to achieve literary fame. It was only a translations he made the great worksof literature known few years ago that arrangements were made to issue all to his people, and thus trained a whole generation. He hisworks in printedform. Four volumes,published translated the “Faust” and other works of Goethe, the by theShevtchenko Society at Lemberg, have already “Don Quixote” of Cervantes, and introduced the litera- appeared, and the remaining volumes are in preparation, ture of Western Europe to his fellow-countrymen. To- Although the poet died in 1888, a portion of his works, day the inhabitants of the Ukraine hold Franko’s ver- hitherto unknown, will not appear before next year. satile activity in high esteem, and his fiftieth year was Hungaryis the only countrywhere the Ukrainian marked by festive gatherings in his honour. nation is in a very backward stage of its development, Franko’s school, the so-called “Young Ukraine,” re- and takes scarcely any share in the intellectual life of its mainedfaithful to itsmaster by treating political and members in Galicia, Bukovina and the Russian Ukraine. social questions inhis manner. Occasionally, however, It may be said that the people of the Ukraine, which a quieter key-note was struck, as, for instance,in the had been divided into four parts politically, first began peasant tales of Vasyl Stefanyk. The youngest genera- to uniteagain intellectually aboutthe middle of last tion has emancipateditself completely fromFranko’s century,and from that time onwards it has shown signs influence,and treads its own independent paths. 220

The Chameleon. he could reach your finger. Him a little mite of a thing, and a great hulking chap like you. We’ve heard By Anton P. Tchekhov. of the likes of you before. I know your devilish shady (Translated from the Russian by P, SELVER.) tricks!” ATCHUMYELOVthe police inspector is going across. the “Hewas larking about, boss, and shovedhis fag market-place in a new cloak and with a smallbundle in the dog’s phiz. It ain’t fool enough to stand that, in his hand. Behind him strides a red-haired constable and so it snapped at him. And he’s a man with a dirty holding a sieve filled to the brim with confiscated goose- temper, he is, guv’nor.” berries. All is silent. * . . Not a soul is about. . . “Stow that gab, you one-eyed skunk. You never see The open windows of theshops and taverns gaze it, so what d’yer want to go and tell a parcel of lies moodily upon the wide world, like hungry jaws : the for? You knows what you’re about, boss-you can very beggars have deserted them. tell if a chap’s piling of it on, or if he’s talking gospel, “So you’d bite, eh, drat you?” hears Atckumyelov strike me lucky. . . Let the beak settleit if Iain’t suddenly. “Don’t let him go, mylads. There’s no a-telling of the truth. Me own brother’s in the force, biting allowed nowadays. Stop ! Aha-a!” if you wants to know. . .” The whining of a dog becomes audible.Atchum- “None of your lip here. . .” yelov looks sideways, and this is what he sees : From “Why, that ain’t the General’s, at all . .”remarked the merchant Pitchugin’s wood-yard, hopping on three the constable sagaciously. “The General ain’t, got none legs, and peering about, a dog comes running. Be- like that. All his are more setters like.” hind it dashes a manin a starched cotton shirtwith “Sure?” his waistcoat unbuttoned. Running behind the dog, he “Yessir.” bends his body forward, falls to the ground and seizes “No more heain’t, now P come to think. The the dog by the hind-paws. Again the whining is heard General has thoroughbreds-cost a pot of money, they and the cry: “Don’t let him go!” Sleepy countenances must. Why, as for this one,blow me; if I can make peep out of the shops and soon, as if it had sprouted head, or tail of him. He ain’t got no fur, and he ain’t out of the earth, a crowd collects around the wood-yard. got no build. An out-and-out mongrel, he is. Khryukin, “No disorder there, sir, if you please. . .” observes you’ve been injured, so don’t you take if lying down. the constable. You learn ’em a lesson. It’s about time- ’ ’ Atchumyelov turns half-way round towards the left “I dunno, p’raps it is the General’s, though. . .” andsteps up to the crowd. Close by the doorof the ponders the constable aloud. “It ain’t wrote up on his yard he catches sight of the aforementioned individual dial, But I see one like in his yard,. not so long, ago.” inthe unbuttoned waistcoat stationed with his right “Yes, that’s the General‘s Sure enough. . . ” says a hand in the air, and displaying to the crowd a bleed- voice from the crowd. ing finger. His half-tipsy face seems to bear the ira- “Hm. . . Yeldyrin, just give us a hand with my great- scription : “You see if I don’t make somebody fork out coat, ole man. It’s blowing up a bit fresh . . . quite for your pranks,you brute!”Atchumyelov recog- chilly, it is. . . You take him to the General’s and ask nisesthis man as Khryukin, the master-goldsmith. about it. Say I found him andsent him on. And say Inthe Centre of the crowd,with its forelegs out- as how they didn’t ought to let him out into the street. stretched and trembling all over its body, crouches the Most likely he’s worth a tidy bit, and if every swine’s cause of the bother, a young white hound with a pointed going to poke at his nose with a fag, it won’t be long nose and a yellow spot on its back. Its eyes are fairly afore it’s all U-P with him. A dog’s a delikit creature. running over with, an expression of grief and terror. . . . Andyou take yourhand away, fat-head. There “What’s all this here about?” inquires Atchumyelov, ain’t no need for you to show off your blessed finger. pushing into the crowd. “What’s up here?What’s. It’s your own fault. . . .” the meaning of that there finger, eh? . . . Who hol- “Herecomes the General’s cook, let’s ask him. . . . lered out?” Hi, Prokhor. Come over here, ole ’sport. Have a squint “I wasgoing along, bass, not interferingwith atthat there dog. Is ityours?” nobody, . .” begins Khryukin, hiccoughing intohis “Naouw.We ain’t never ’ad none like that there.” hand, “to Mitri Mitritch about somewood, and all of “There ain’t no point in hanging about here, asking a sudden, afore I knows where I am, this blooming cur of a lot of questions,” said. Atchumyelov. “It is a stray cotched hold of my finger. And asking of yourpar- ’un. It ain’t no goad standinghere, jawing about it. don, I’m a working man. I reckon as how with this If I said as it’s a. stray ’un, then it is a stray ’un. It’s here finger, I shan’tbe able to do a stroke of work got to be done away with, and that’s all about it.” for a week. . . It don’tsay in the law as how a “Itain’t ours,” continuedProkhor. “It belongsto whipper-snapperlike this here can play you upany- the General’sbrother, what’s jest arrived. Our boss how, da it? Why, if every one of ’ern was to bite, ain’t much takenwith ’ounds. But ’is brotherlikes then we wouldn’t get a look in, not down here. . .” ’em, ’e do. . . .” “Hm. . . All right ! . . .” observesAtchumyelov “So hisbrother’s arrived, has he? VladimirIva- sternly, coughing andmoving his eyebrows. “All nitch, ain’t it?” inquiredAtchumyelov, andhis whole right. . . Who doesthe dog belong to?We can’t countenance was floating in an unctuous smile. “Good allowof no such thing.I’ll learn ’em, lettingdogs Lord,just fancy that, now. And meall in thedark run about anyhow. It’s pretty near time something was about it, too. Has he comeon a visit?’’ done to showthem there people as won’t keep to “Yes.” the regulations. When this here swab gets dropped on “Well, good Lord, fancy that. I’ve been wanting to for a fine,I’ll learn him all aboutdogs and such-like see him, partikler. And me not knowing nothing about strayanimals. I’ll bring him up to scratch. . . Yel- it, and all. So the little dog’s theirn?* And verynice, dyrin,”says the inspector, turning to the constable, too. Take himalong. It ain’t half a bad little pup. A “find out who this here dog belongs to, and draw up a smartlittle chap, too. So hewent for hisfinger, did report.And the dog’ll haveto be doneaway with. he? Ha, ha, ha ! Why, what’s he tremblingfor, eh? Look sharp.Like enough and it’s a mad ’un. Who Rrrrrrrrr. . .Saucyyoung rascal. He is a nicelittle does it belong to, d’you hear?” feller. . . .’9 “Why, it’s General Zhigalov’s, ain’t it?’’ says some- Prokhor calls the dog and takes it out of the wood- body in the crowd. yard. The crowd startslaughing at Khryukin. “GeneralZhigalov’s? Hm. . . . Just take off my “I’ll be even with you yet,” says Atchumyelov to him great-coat,Yeldyrin, will you? . . . Shockingwarm threateningly, and, wrapping himself up in his cloak, he it is! We’re in forsome rain, if you ask me. . . . . continues his beat across the market-place. There’sone thing, though, what gets over me, and that is, how he managed to bite you at all,” says Atchu- *The popular use in Russian of “ikhni” for “ikh” can myelov, turningto Khryukin. “Why, I don’tbelieve be matched by an analogous form in English. 221

egotism; the less powerful experiments in all manner Readers and Writers. of tricks and grotesques as a means to procuring the MESSRS. CONSTABLEhave just published a shilling edi- sunlight of appreciation. Gissing’s was, I think, one tion of Gissing’s collected short stories (“The, House of the more powerful minds. Certainly, as his style of Cobwebs”). I need not mention more than one of shows, he was always repeating himself-like an them in particular-”Chistopherson,” that has already imprisonedsoul treading always the self-same wheel. The found its way into the Oxford Anthology. It is not monotony is depressing and adds its powerful to my mind thebest of the collection by any means; but melancholyeffect tothe choiceof rhythm. Look, as a last it is characteristic of Gissing, and as such deserves its example, upon this opening passage of “By the Ionian place. BUt who is the writer of the: prefatory “Study Sea.” It is the key of which there is practically no of Gissing’” that appears in this edition? He is anoymous variation throughout the whole book. No wonder my and exellent. I cannot myself rise to suchpraise mind could not take pleasure in more than a chapter or of Gissing as he easily reaches, but I admit that he is two of it at a time. There is no movement in it. (I only excessively right. By a coincidence a friend has have marked the prose-feet as they naturally fall, and just sent me Gissing’s “By the Ionian Sea” It is would refer my readers to Saintsbury’s. ‘‘Prose Gissing at his ripest-for “The Private Papers” were, Rhythm”’ (Macmillan, 7s. 6d.) for a full account of I think, a little over-ripe. The very autumn of his prose scansion) : melancholy was upon them. His account of his ramble This is the third day of Sirocco, heavy-clouded, in Southern Italy, on the contrary, should have repre- sunless. All the colour has gone out of Naples; seated, and partly did represent, Gissing’s Indian summer the streets are dusty and stifling. I long forthe . He was where he had all his life wished to be. mountains and the sea. He was alone. He was comparatively free from money A study of this passage will reveal more of Gissing than and other troubles. And he delighted in writing. As all the biographies written of him. The style is the little melancholy, therefore, as Gissing was capable of man. might have been expected of his Ionian diary. And *** yet I find it saturated with melancholy; and so powerfully I cannot refrain from mentioning here the sad fully as to challenge the reader to a fight to maintain rhythmic case of Mr. Henry Newbolt, who also, it his spirits after only one or two of the eighteen chapters. appears, is repeating himself. Years ago, and without, *** so far as I know, any great contemporary event to Why is this? The incidents of Gissing’s travel are inspire him, he wrote a song that everybody knows: not at all unpleasant; many of them are amusing. He ‘‘Drake’s Drum,’’ full of sentimental patriotism and met with no depressing misfortunes, and he appears pride of race. A few days ago, in the “Times,” and to have enjoyed himself. Despite it all, however, and apropos not of a story centuries old, but of the great despite, as well, Gissing’s manifest intention to write events of current history, Mr. Newbolt could do no as cheerfully as he travelled, a heavy air hangs over better than to parody his earlier poem. Recall “Drake’s every chapter, every page and almost every sentence. Drum” and then read these two couplets from his The secret, of course, is to be found in Gissing’s prose- poem of to-day : rhythm. On analysis, I find his characteristic “length” Dreary lay the long road, dreary lay the town, or “stride” to be of an essentially melancholy nature. Lights out and never a glint o’ moon. Try these sentences, for example, taken almost at Cheerly goes the dark road, cheerly goes the night, hazard from widely separated pages, and consider how Cheerly goes the blood to leap and beat. uniform their measure is; each of them is Gissing in Is it not apish? The contrast, however, suggests what little: every poet instinctively knows, that even the greatest So silent it is, so mournfully desolate, so haunted with events may be too recent for poetry. Shakespeare was memories of vanished glory. as bold as any human poet ought to be in even A fisherman’s boat crept duskily along the rocks, a allegorising his contemporary, Queen Elizabeth-and splash of oars soft-sounding in the stillness. But here, as there, one is possessed of the pathos of he nearly lost his genius in it. History must sink into immemorial desolation. the sub-consciousness of the race before it can safely Quite apart from the reflective content of each of these be employed in poetry. The older is almost always the examples, the sequence of prose-feet in them naturally better. The real poetry of this war of ours will not be produces the effect of melancholy. Though Gissing written for centuries. *** had wished to express the utmost lightness, the rhythm here employed (and habitually employed) by him would The “Daily Telegraph” of Tuesday last published have defeated his purpose. It would be as easy to the complete text of Sir J. M. Barrie’s so-called “War represent Chaminade on a bassoon as gaiety or wit Play,” “Der Tag.” Sir J. M. Barrie no doubt in these measures. persuadeshimself that he is a British patriot; but the *** atrocities he has perpetrated upon English style, language,and character in his brief occupation would get A more detailed analysis would show, I think, that him universally denounced as a literary Hun if there Gissing was a writer of a single string. It follows, were patriotic critics about. One step only, we are indeed, from the preceding that the last form of which often told, divides the sublime from the ridiculous; but he was capable was drama, in which (when it is written it depends upon the direction. From the sublime to the at all) each character must speak in his own rhythm. ridiculous may be only a step, but from the ridiculous Gissing could no more than Byron manage this, since to the sublime may be a thousand. Sir J. M. Barrie his own personal rhythm was tooinelastic-his imagination, finds no difficulty, of course, in making the descent, if you like, too limited and egoistic-to admit new when the sublime has been provided for him; but he has movements. As he was born, so he always remained; not once succeeded throughout this play in the ascent. he grew up, but he never grew out. Was this, I Its general level is lower than that of the neighbouring wonder, the effect, partially at any rate, of circumstances? dramatic comments of Mr. W. L. Courtney (?) in the Both Byron and Gissing were driven same journal: and that is to be severe! The German inwardsby their inappreciative days. Both, consequently, Emperor is insulted (but so are we in consequence) by were naturally bent towards the exclusive maintenance the attribution to him of the raggedest fustian ever put of their idiosyncrasies. Appreciation, after all, is a into the mouth of a penny dreadful. He says: “Red necessity to the personal development of the artist; blood boils in my veins . . . I could eat all the ele- and, most of all, probably, to the dramatist. Without phants in Hindustan and pick my teeth with the spire a general atmosphere of appreciation, genius tends to of Strasburg Cathedral.” Heine heard a sonnet of become either idiosyncratic or simply wilful. The Klopstock fall downstairs. HOW’Sthis for a fall, my more powerful mind, when surrounded by Philistines, countrymen? : retires within itself and creates works of amazing Emperor : These wounds might heal suddenly if Ger 222 man bugles sounded. It [Britain] is a land that in the the train brought us up through the Lebanon to Damas- past has done things. cus. Fromthere, again, we took train to the Lake of Or this : Galilee,steamed acrossits lovely watersto Tiberias, Emperor : To dim Napoleon ! Paris in three weeks- andthere we felt our pilgrimage was really begun. say four to cover any chance miscalculation. For now we took carriages along the road to Nazareth, Culture, “a noble female figure in white robes,” comes andwe began to meetour own people, hundreds of somesimilarly nasty croppers : “I havenever had a them-peasantswho looked upon thisjourney as the home in Germany . . . I am not of Germanmake.” consummation of their lives, and had saved and scraped “Whatdo you want of thenations? Bites out of foryears to be able to perform it. Therethey were, each!” The German Emperor is left to suicide, but it tall, stolid, bearded men, trudging along in their great would really be superfluous. *** boots,with their wives often carrying babies in their arms,babies that would learnin time how they had To end the year on a pleasanter theme-this issue of beensanctified so youngin holy Jordan water and at THENEW AGE is the four-hundredth under the present the holy shrines of theirfaith. There were troops of editorship. Now could I eulogise-but itis forbidden. them, crowds of them, hurrying along the muddy roads, Our epitaph shall be all ; and it shall be written by a hurryingboth that they might finish theirpilgrimage generationcannotwe know. R. H. C. withoutmishap and that they should get back home before their lands thawed and the fields were ready for The Adventures of a Young tilling.Most of themhad walked all theway from Russia, some even tremendous distances inside Russia Russian. where there were no railways. What a mass there was By C, E, Bechhofer- of them ! We used to give some of them a lift when- I. ever we could stand any extra weight on our carriages. IWAS sitting in a café overlooking the Nevski (which I rememberhow, in the middle of themain street at is just Unter den Linden, only more so) with my friend Cana, one of the horses in my carriage fell slap into a Fyodor, the student. You could not mistake his occupa- great hole full of mud, and the peasant that was sitting tion,for he was wearing the semi-military student’s with the driver lost his balance and fell on top of the uniform. I had been telling him how once I had woke beastand brought the other horse into the hole too. up to find a scorpion on my breast,but had escaped You never saw such a sight as those two horses when without a bite. Fyodor seemed to consider for a we got them out. They were grey when we came into moment. Thenhe smiled andsaid : I also havehad Cana, but they had a thick overcoat of brown mud by .adventuresin my life, two realadventures. don’tI the timewe got away.And to think that all the time estimatethem by theirmagnitude, for they were all the little imps of MissionSchool children were pester- verytrivial, but by theirqueerness. I judge of their ing us to buy clay models of the water-jug with which queerness by this : theyhave so stuck in my memory Jesus worked the miracle. They still have the original that,whenever I sitand muse,they are sure to pass jars in the church, so the priests said, and we saw all before me at last. I am certain that if Iwere ever in our pilgrimsgiving little presents to the church,just that state of mind in which a man reflectsupon the as they did in all the holy places along the route: But whole of his past life these events would be the first to I am afraid I am making a long story of it with all this present themselves and the last to fade. description of our journey. I should like to hear of them, I said. Nevermind, said,I I should do thesame thing Very well, I don’t mind telling you, said Fyodor. We myself. both glanced out of the window and smiled at the sight Anyhow,we camethrough all sorts of holyplaces of a fat and repulsive Jew who was pompously march- mentionedin Scripture, Shechem andNazareth and ingalong the pavement. My friend looked) at me Samaria, and we saw Edom in the distance and places whimsically andsaid : You wouldnever think I was like that, and at last we came to the place where the half a Jew, would you? Ilooked at himintently, but Holy Mother and Joseph looked for Jesus on their re- hewas a picture of healthand intelligence; one saw turn from Jerusalem and could not find Him. We knew nothing deeper in his face, none of the curious marriage now that we were near Jerusalem. We came to the top of linesand features thatis so often to benoted in of a steep hill, and suddenly one of us gave a cry and persons of mixed race, lines that an expression of fear pointed over the crest. There was Jerusalem, in sight. .or joy or greed will suddenly disclose. No, said I, one My friend,there are many lovely citiesin the world, wouldnever guess it. But I am,he said. My mother beautifulfrom near, beautiful from far off; butthere was the daughter of Jews. She diedwhen I was only is no sight in the world so wonderful as that first view a littlechild, but I have seen her photograph and she of Jerusalem. You know the phrase, “A city set on a was very beautiful and very little Jewish in appearance. hill.” That city is Jerusalem ! There, as far as one Perhaps that was because she was not brought up in cansee, allround, there are great ridges and ranges strict Jewish fashion by her parents. They had removed of bare limestone rock, bare as the barrenest place on from their native city and come to Petersburg, and they earth, so bare is this desert of Judea. But in the middle, leftbehind them all thefeasts and fasts of thestrict on the crest of the highest hill, is that wonderful city of ritual. So that my motherwas Jewish only by race churches and high houses and fortifications and mighty and not by habit;and as instinct-at leastseparate walls, all shining in the sun, with that monstrous, bare, racial instinct-counts for so little in women, you may gleaming limestone all round ; I tell you, it is “a city set perhaps see why it is that I show practically no signs on a hill, that cannot be hid.” We came to it at dusk. of my maternal ancestry. I hope I am not boring you. We weretoo excited to go andsleep in our Govern- Not at all, said I ; I am becoming very interested. ment’s buildings; we wanted to get out the first thing Well,all this is necessary to my story.Early one in the morning, and we feared formalities. So we went spring,when I hadjust leftschool, some friends of to one of the hotels and got rooms. mine told me that they had decided on a pious visit to How excited wewere ! Forthe next weekwe did the holy places of Syriaand Palestine, and suggested nothingbut ride donkeys all over the town, to Geth- that I shouldaccompany them. It was not a veryex- semane,up the steep Mount of Olives,from where I pensive trip, they pointed out, and one need never feel saw a marvellousrainbow stand over the city, to the homesick, for besides our being a party,we wouId Templealso and the Rock, to Mount Zion, to St. follow the ordinary route of the pious Russians, and we Stephen’smartyrdom, to little Bethlehem, and, above should meet our own people, speak our own language, all, to the HolySepulchre. In the churchthere I saw .and even sleep every night in the houses provided by our some of our peasants cross themselves a hundred times own Government.I fell in with thenotion, and we andprostrate themselves a hundredtimes and say a started off. We tookthe train to Odessa, caught a hundred prayers before the tomb, daily, for ever so long, Russian boat from there to Beyrout, and a few hours in andthen they entered the littletomb and kissed the 223 marble coffin. I am notvery religious, you know; I youngwoman opened it,who clearly was not a Jew. am not a fool-I lit a candle at the shrine on the railway She spoke to me in Arabic, but I answered her in Rus- station in Petersburg whenI wasleaving and crossed sian. She understood, and gave a little cry of surprise myself ; but, of course, I hadn’t been taken in by all the and calleddown an old woman. Herhusband was greedypriests’ fables along the road. I wentinto the inside.Yes, that was his name-mine, too, possibly a Church of the Holy Sepulchre only out of curiosity ; I relative ! She smiledever so kindly and led me inby never said a single prayer there all the time, nor crossed the hand. TheChristian womanwent awayand left myself ; you see, I didn’t believe it was the real place, us. There sat a noble-looking old man in Jewish gabar- noranything but a priests’arrangement. But-will dine and hat; the second I looked at him I knew we you believe me?-when I entered that tomb and stood were related. there alonewith a monkbeside that marble slab, I How so? I asked. couldn’t help it. I felt myself bound to kneel down and Have you ever noticed this rather curious hollow in kiss the stone. Wasn’tthat odd? my chin? It isn’tvery noticeable in me; it was more Thesame thing happened to me, I said, and you so in my mother,but all her family have it.By that wouldn’t call me precisely religious. littlepit alone Icould pick out mymother’s relatives Ah ! You have been there too, said myfriend. fromall the world. I toldhim I was Fyodor,the son ShallI everforget it? I said. And I hadshaved of Anastasia, whose parents had left their native town just before and my face was tender. forPetersburg. Yes, he had known my grandparents Whew ! At last, then, we had seenall there was to well, had this old man ; my grandfather was his cousin. be seen,and we made arrangements to taketrain to How glad he was to see me, he said ; and his wife, the Jaffa (Lord ! the oranges there!), and to take a boat kindly old lady,bustled about preparing me some re- fromthere back to Odessa. So wetrotted round a freshment. The roomwas poor, but comfortableand few days on donkeys and loitered about in the bazaars. spotlesslyclean. The old man, my cousin as hewas, We had arranged toleave early one morning, and the told me how he had left Russia and come to Jerusalem afternoonbefore we began to buypresents for our in the prime of life and had been a schoolmaster. Now friends. I bought a Bible boundin olive-wood formy hewas growing old andhad retired ; butwas it not aunt, my father’ssister. He was an impudent fellow, pleasant to sit up there, looking out over the orchard thesalesman, and asked me myname. I didn’t want faraway over the country? The house was right on to tellhim my realname for fear he should find out the border of the town and there was nothing to disturb where I was staying and come up to the hotel to pester the view. The old lady gave me some delicious choco- me to buy some more things, or come and make a noise late to drink and a sort of dry cake. It tasted all the about the payment. saying I owed him money, or some better (and it was superb) for the hospitality with which suchrubbish. But I didn’t want to tell a lie, so I told itwas offered. Itwas such a strange world I had him my firstname and as surname my mother’ssur- stumbled into-this gentleold Hebrew house and its name. He looked at mein such a queerway when I kindly people. All the time I wondered how the youth told him. Then he laughed and spat, like the impudent of Russia could be reared in such hatred of the Jews- fellowhe was.I thinkhe was an Arab; and then he hatred and contempt so great that I, who am not with- said : “There is an old man here of the same name. It out courage in some things, had always had to join in isnot a commonname.” He was right. My mother’s withthem and had never for a momentdreamed of name is not a common name, it is very rare; in fact, daring to acknowledge that I was half a Jew. I expect only her family bears it. So I said to the man : We chattedthere for an hour or so, untilit grew “Who is this with my name? Perhaps he is a relative.” dark.How kind they were ! But I knew myfriends The man spat again and grinned. “Has the gentleman, wouldbe waiting for me at the hotel, and the donkey then,relatives that are Hebrews? The old man with andthe boy weredown below. Atlast I made ready the name is a Jew.” to go. They both came to the door with me, smiling so All my friends laughed, and of course I had to laugh hospitably. The old ladyshook hands with me,and tooand disown the old manat once.None of my thenthe old man raised hishand, and I could see he friends knew that I was half a Jew, the name was not was about to bless me. Notthinking what the conse- like a Jewish name ; if they had known they would have quences might be, I said quickly, “Of course, you know, joked at me while we were together, and if one of them I amnot a Jew. My fatheris a Catholic,and I was had fallen out with me he would surely ever afterwards broughtup in theCatholic Church.” The old lady havemade a laughing-stock of meamong all my started back, and my cousin’s hand stayed in mid-air, acquaintances. So we alllaughed and went away, But trembling. “You are not a Jew,”he said slowly. I wasvery curious to see this old man,and it was “But you have touched my wife’s hand and have eaten alreadythree in the afternoon.I soon slipped away anddrunk with our vessels. Itis against our custom from my friends,but I didn’tknow how to find out for one who is not a Jew to touch even the hands of our where the old man lived. I felt sure he must be a rela- women.” The old dame had gone back into the kitchen, tive of my mother’s, and so of me. I hurried my donkey and he and I were alone. “God bless you, my boy,” he back to the merchant’s stall, but he had gone away, no said,and smiledtenderly. “Good-bye. You aregoing one knew to where. So I began to make inquiries about awayearly to-morrow. But youshould never have the old man, but I could not find anyone who knew him. comehere. You havebroken our custom.” “A Jew, a Russian Jew, who lived always in Jerusalem, “But,” I said, “you are a Jew”-I did not say “Only namedSo-and-so.” I could learnnothing about him. a Jew,” though I hardly knew what I was saying-“I Atlast an old manbuying some cloth advised me to am a Russian. I am not a Jew.” ride to the Jews’ quarter of the town and try my luck “It is just that, my son,” he answered, gently press- there.The Jews have a separate part on high ground ing my hand, “ you arenot a Jew. ” Then tothe north,and a grandsituation it is, too.I kept he closed thedoor, and I ran down stairsto making inquiries, in a few words of broken Arabic, from the donkey-boyand rode backto hotelthe postmen and watchmenand donkey-boys andsuch throughthe muddystreets. My friendshad given publicservants. I promised my donkey-boy a bigtip upwaiting for me andwere at dinner. When if I found my man, and so he set to work as well. At I enteredthey asked me where Ihad been, andfor ‘last he seemed to have got on the scent, and he urged answer I pointed out of the window to the lights of the the donkey along the little stony alleys and courts until distant Jewish quarter. “Why,” cried one of the party, we came to a big house at the edgeof an orchard. “He “that’sthe Jewish quarter. Aha ! I fancy a little liveshere,” said the boy. I wentup tothe door and Jewess!” Theothers alllaughed and took up the spoke to a woman there, repeating the name I wanted. notion,and to this day my friends remind me of the Shepointed upstairs and held upthree fingers. I littleJewess I am supposed to have wooed that last guessed she meant the third floor. It was the top, and afternoon in Jerusalem. I wonder if I shallever tell I knocked at the old wooden door of the dwelling. A them the truth ; if I shall ever dare. 224

Democracy and Socialism will never be fully recognised Views and Reviews, until earnest Socialists force upon the people some law Law and Opinion. which, though in conformity with socialistic principles, THISsecond editionof Professor Dicey’s Harvard lec- imposes some new burden upon the mass of the voters.” tures* is mademore valuable by an introduction, But he has no doubt that the “prevalence of inconsistent wherein theauthor traces the connectionbetween social and political ideals (which often, by the way, co- opinion andlegislation during the twentieth century exist in the mind of one and the same person) is full of inEngland. But the chief interest of the book for peril to our country. For it is more than possible that readers of THE NEW AGE will lie in its de- Englishlegislation may, through this inconsistency of monstrationof the fact that ideas (mere ideas, as thought, combine disastrouslythe defects of Socialism we call them in our testy moods) do tend to be realised withthe defects of DemocraticGovernment.’’ The in the law of the land.“Opinion rules everything,” warningmust, I think,be directed tothe Democrats, said Napoleon, who had no particular affection for ideo- who have steadily become more and more vague in their logues ; and opinion can be, and is, created. Professor definition of Democracy since Rousseau gave the word Dicey announces no new truth when he says that “the newcurrency, and theConstitution of 1793 attempted opinion which affects the developmentof the law has, to embodyit. Professor Dicey, likemost political in modern England at least, often originated with some theorists,insists that the word “Democracy”should singlethinker or school of thinkers” ; buthe does always be used to mean a form of government ; apart establish a fact that must comfort all. those who wish to from this, it has no definite meaning. SrHenry Maine control orguide the politicaldestinies of thenation. justly made fun of Edward Carpenter’s “Towards De- He provides us with a standard. of criticismfor ideas mocracy” ; but when we read, in a book just published, when he says : “Success, however, in converting man- entitled “The War and Democracy,” that “Democracy kind. to a new faith, whether religious, or economical, or isnot a mere form of Government . . . Democracy is political,depends butslightly on thestrength of the a spirit and an atmosphere,” we can only despair of the reasoning by which the faith can be defended or even future of Democracyin this country. For although on the enthusiasm of its adherents. A change of belief Professor Dicey says, as I have quoted, that “success arises, in themain, from the occurrence of circum- . . . depends but slightly on the strength of the reason- stances which incline the majority of the world to hear ing by which the faith can be defended,” he makes it with favour theories which, at one time, men of common quite clear that it is opinion, clear, definite opinion, and sensederided asabsurdities, or distrusted as para- not“spirit” or “atmosphere,” that is expressed in doxes.”There is no hope, in England,for theories legislation. So longas the Democrats prefer vague- thatare ultra vires; butfor those that are related to ness, they are likely to find that the enthusiasm roused the probable trend of events, however revolutionary they bythem is captured by theSocialists. We have paid’ may seem atthe moment, there is everyprospect of forOld Age Pensions with theInsurance Act; are we being realised in legislation. to pay for “Democratic Government” with conscription? Professor, Dicey reminds us of another characteristic “The main current of legislative opinion from the be- of law-making opinion in England which will discourage ginning of theTwentieth Century has run vehemently only those pragmatists who regard organic life as one towards Collectivism,” or Socialism (Professor Dicey long series of experiments : I refer to the slowness with uses both words indifferently). It is being checked and which legislativepublic opinion in England changes. countered by “the surviving belief in the policy of laissez Professor Dicey says : “AdamSmith’s ‘Wealth of faire,” by the“inconsistency between Democracy and Nations’ was published in 1776 ; the policy of free ex- Collectivism,” by the “opposition to the expensiveness changewas notcompletely accepted by Englanduntil orthe financialburdens of Collectivism.” ButPro- 1846. All thestrongest reasons in favour of Catholic fessor Dicey notes that “the Socialists of England who emancipationwere laid before theEnglish world by desire ‘the abolition of the wage-system’ are aiming at Burke between 1760and 1797;the Roman Catholic afundamental revolutionin the wholecondition of ReliefAct was notcarried until 1829. On no point English society. The change may be the most beneficial whateverwas Bentham’s teaching more manifestly of reformsor the most impracticable of ideals. But in sound than in his attack on rules unnecessarily exclud- any case it will involve a severe conflict, and a conflict ing evidence, and, inter alia, the evidence of the parties which may last not for years, but for generations. The to an action or prosecution. His ‘Rationale of Judicial arduousness of the fight is cettain.” It is unfortunate, Evidence specially applied to English Practice’ was pub- perhaps, that Professor Dicey quotes Charles Booth as lished in 1827, and his principles had been made known his only reference tothis passage ; criticisma of before that date, yet even the restrictions on the evidence National Guilds from him would have been interesting. of the parties to proceedings at law were not completely He seems to suppose that “the abolitionof the wage- removed till 1898.” Theseare only a few instances system” is a logical development of collectivism, but it from a long list given by Professor Dicey, a list which isnot even alogical development of Democracy. It is suggests that “he that believeth shall not make haste” a practical development of Trades Unionism, which was in England. alwaysa development of aristocracy;and since 1906, Professor Dicey demonstrates another fact that must according to ProfessorDicey’s own description of the encourage those who have the desire to reform : Legis- TradeDisputes Act, it has obtained the insignia of lationtends to embody thelegislative ideas of the aristocracy, privilege. TheTrade Disputes Act, he preceding generation; “a current of opinion,” he says, says, “makes a TradeUnion a privileged body exempted “may exert its greatest legislative influence just when from the ordinary law of the land” ; and we may justly itsforce is beginning to decline. The tideturns when predict that one the most powerful counter-currents atits height; a school of thought or feeling which of to Collectivism will come from this revival of aristocracy still governslaw-makers has begun to lose itsautho- in ourmidst. All themore necessary is it,therefore, rity among men of a younger generation who are not yetable to influence legislation.” We are nowreap- that we should be quite clear in our minds concerning ing in legislation the fruits of the Socialist propaganda the principles that we advocate. Democracy may be the of the’eighties and ’ninetiesbecause theFabians are “spirit” and “atmosphere” of the coming conflict, but now old men,and are exercisingthe privileges aristocracy will be the principle at stake ; and the aspira- of old men. To themnot less thanthe Demo- tion of areasonable Englishman, “that we may carry crats, may be commendedthe prophecy by Pro- the individualisticvirtues and laws of theNineteenth fessor Dicey of thecoming conflict betweenSocial- into the Twentieth Century, and there blend them with ism andDemocracy in thiscountry. Hesays, the socialistic virtues of a coming age,” is most likely to be realised by the creation of the last of the necessary truly enough,that “the inconsistencybetween monopolies, the monopoly of labour by the labourers. * “Law and Opinion in England.” By A. V. Dicey. (Macmillan. 10s. 6d. net.) A. E. R. 225

as a murderer and one or two other sorts of criminal. REVIEWS. There is a gang of shady financialpeople whose ex- The RightTrack. By C. L. Burnham.(Constable. ploits also occupy the attention of the author ; and as 6s. ) the heroine’s brother is a police official, it is impossible There was no love in this home, so the daughter went to avoid thesecriminal associations. The heroine to a finishingschool, and the boy was frightenedinto marriesthe journalist atthe end,but we think that nightmares by unskilful nurses. For the second wife of Mr. White has gone the longest wayround to create thisrich man had been toopoor before her marriage sympathy for journalists. to be educated so well as her brother had been;and she Mrs. Martin’s Man. By St. John G. Ervine. (Maun- neglectedher home and husband for books andthe sel. 6s.) “causes” that interest womenin America. So she be- This shouldhave been called “St.John Ervine’s cameestranged from her husband. But one of the Man,”for Mr. Ervineis specialising in theinferior friends of herhusband in hisboyhood, a femalewho male. Justas “Jane Clegg” was the only person of hadquite recently “got religion” of theChristian character in Mr.Ervine’s play of that name, so Mrs. Sciencetype through taking care of someoneelse’s Martinis the only person of character in this novel. baby, was introduced into the household, makes her first It may be so in Ulster;it must necessarily be so in a conquest of the boy with the nightmares, her second, of noveldedicated “To My Wife” It seemsthat Mrs. the father (this was quite platonic, for she was a hunch- Martin was wooed and won by a masterful sailor; was back,and he was a goodman, because unhappily deserted by him after she had borne one child, and was married), her third, of the daughter, and her fourth, of pregnant with another, and he had seduced her sister; the wife. To her, she preached the Universal Love and opened a hardware shop and prospered in a small way the Denial of Evil and Self, as the only means of bridg- until, and after, he returned to her, sixteen years later, ingthe gulf betweenthe wife andthe husband. The a broken man. The sister had nursed immoral hopes of poor wife tried, failed, was encouraged, persevered with his return ; when she discovered that he had ceased to the affirmation of Universal Love and the denialof Evil ; love her before he went away, she fled from the house, but what really “fetched” her husband was the fact that and finally bought a hardware shop in Belfast. To come she was in the family way. They are now so happy that to this glorious end, she has first to confess her sin with the husband has determined to retire from business so the father to the son, of whom she is inordinately fond ; that he may devote his energies to the realisation of the her love is a sort of incorporeal hereditament ; her con- greatesthappiness of the greatest possiblenumber by fession sends the son temporarily off his chump, and he providing every knownaid tofertility ; andwe con- refuses to live with his aunt in the hardware shop. His fidently expect to hear of a rise in the female birth-rate fatherhas fallen inlove with his own daughter,and of America. carrieshome the paraffin for her ; andhe objects so violently tothe disturbance of thedomestic arrange- The Woman Who Looked Back. By M. Hamilton. (Paul. 6s.) ments caused by the flight of his wife’s sister that he The firstwoman who looked back wasLot’s wife; follows her to Belfast for the purpose of telling her not since that time, women have been the salt of the earth. to interferewith his family. Buthe is not the man he But no miracleshappen in thiscase. Oliver and Sara was, and he is so drunk whenhe arrives that the real have been marriedfor twelve years, and have two import of his message is not conveyed withauthority. children, when it is discovered that they are not really The next morning, Mrs. Martin preaches on the text : married at all. A youthful indiscretion of Oliver is still “What is the use of quarrelling?” : with a sub-heading for her husband : “What will Aggie say?” She applies alive with a marriage certificate ; and even if Oliver got similar consolatory methods to her son, and he agrees a divorce, the children could not be legitimised in Eng- land. Sara decides to go on living with her husband as to forgive his aunt for having had her pleasure of his though nothing had happened, although she had previ- father, and to be the hero of her hardware shop tosolace ously longed to be free, for Oliver was a dull dog. But her declining years. His father .goes back to the other hardware shop, and his fond slavery to Aggie and the theman around whom herdreams of freedom had centred broke this unnatural and immoral compact, and paraffin can ; and Mrs. Martin, having proved herself to forcedher awayfrom herhusband tomarry himself. be the superior female, is conscious of the loneliness that accompaniesall superiority. ochone!’she said But dilly-dally, shilly-shally ; andthey do not get ‘‘‘Och, a little wearily, as she laid [the tea-cups] the table” ; marriedafter all. Shegoes back to her husband un- on and withthis cryptic utterance the book ends. Mr. soiled,except for the reasonable wear and tear of her marriedlife; and the lover will probably find another Ervine’s method is so suitable to his material that we noreason whyhe should not write novel about woman in India. The moralis that if awoman looks see a everycottage in Ulster ; sucha labour, we suggest, backlong enough and hardly enough, she goes back, would have all the value of a psychological census, and husbands preferring to bear those ills they had than to we commend the suggestion to the notice of this young fly io others they not know of. A most instructive and writer.Life would thusbe, for him, allhis eye and improvingstory, whichshould be in thehands of all Mrs. Martin. female candidatesfor holy matrimony. My Husband Still. A WorkingWoman’s Story. Cairo: A Novel, By Percy White.(Constable. 6s.) ByHelen Hamilton. (Bell. 3s. 6d. net.) We are obliged to Mr. White for his assurance of the This is a story of a girl who ran away from home to nature of his book ; we should otherwise have regarded marry a man,who subsequently took to drinkand itas atranscript from the “Police Gazette.” The burglary.In the intervals between his terms of im- Heroine is a woman who is credibly suspected of having prisonment,he interrupts her loveaffairs and upsets pushed her husband overa precipice;he was only an her family life. Withthe chance of going to Canada author, so thejury acquitted her. She makes friends with a real working-man, she prefers to stay in England with a Bey who is on both sides of the Nationalist move- because the real working-man will not go through the ment, insideand outside,and who becomes a Pasha; ceremony of marriage to provideher with a marriage uses his motor car, and all that sort of thing, becomes certificate. The real working-mancommits suicide by the subject of scandal, in consequence,and finally de- turning on the gas, and the working-woman awaits the clines tomarry the Bey. She isaccompanied through- next appearance of her wicked husband, against whom outthe book by a tameLiberal journalist, whom she hertwo sons, now fastapproaching maturity, have finally agrees to marry after he has promised to drink threatened physicalviolence. The story is as crudely hemlock so soon asshe tires of him.Before this de- written as any tract, and, in the opinion of Mr.Gals- sirableconsummation isreached, first her reputation, worthy (who has written a preface), is an argument in thenher life, is endangered by the malice of thedis- favour ofcheap divorce for the working classes, par- appointed Bey ; but he is finally assassinated by a poli- ticularlythe women. Thiswoman, by theway, does tical revolutionary, just in time to save him from arrest not believe in God because her husband is a scoundrel. 226

The Second Blooming. By W. L. George. (Unwin. has been misinformed, and has misunderstood, and she 6s.) is just lapsing into neurasthenia as a consequence of the Mr.George has sufferedmany thingsat the hands engagement when thetruth is told,and the proper of Mr. H. G. Wells, if one-half of what he says in his coupling is made. The musician makes his proposal to dedicationistrue. Listen ! “Tothe writer who the proper girl, with the approval of Billy ; the collector turned the strongest light upon the complexities of his resignsher hand and heart, and the painter proposes day; showed me myfellow-man strugglingthrough againand is accepted. All themisunderstandings endless misunderstandings and pains towards a hidden would have been avoided if these people had used proper goal; restored tome a trust I thoughtdead in the namesinstead of pronouns ; but how couldalady goodwill that will not die; shook scales from my eyes novelist get her living if she bothered about little things and filled those eyes with dreams ; bade me harbour no like that? illusion andyet nurse hope; showed me Imight love A “Water-Fly’s” Wooing. By Annesley Kenealy. that which I despised, because man must not bear the (Paul. 6s. ) burdenof my arrogance;to H. G. Wells,I dedicate this book.” It servesMr. Wells right. The story KNOWall men by thesepresents that a “water-fly” is not a land-crab,or any sort of lepidopteræ, itis not deals with three sisters who have been married for some even a seaplane;it is a man, a youthful indiscretion of years, and are getting bored with their husbands. One an heir to a baronetcy who was stationed for a time on develops into a politician,and has a nervousbreak- the Gold Coast.It was wicked of him todo such down ; theother has a clandestinelove affair, which things to a negress ; but he added foolery to wickedness finally bores bothparties ; thethird has a fewmore by marrying the woman, with the consequence that the babies. In neithercase does the husband ever know “water-fly”was the legal successor to thebaronetcy. howbored hiç wife hadbeen. It is all rightnow, of This would not have mattered,but he added another course ; and there has been no scandal. foolery to the foolery of marriage, and told the story to The Raft. By Coningsby Dawson. (Constable. 6s.) hisfriend. The “water-fly,” lying under the hut, heard the story; and knew that he was legally entitled The hero is a youth who had a mystical childhood, to succeedhis father as a baronet.Then the baronet that is to say, he knew intuitively when his mother was returned to England (his black wifehaving died), and pregnant.He developsall thevirtues and accomplish- proposedmarriage to a nice,clean, innocent English ments ; and finally strokesOxford to victory. Apart girl,who accepted him. Buthe didnot tell herthat from the sister of whose fœtal existence he was intui- he had been married to a negress, and that his secretary tively aware,and who monopolised his affections until was really hisson; so, of course,the story begins to puberty,he has a love affair withsomeone whom he get tragic; that is to say, everybodybegins to fall in callsa “fairy.” Thisfairy is in love with a novelist; lovewith everybody else. Thebaronet’s wife falls in thisnovelist is in love with a “golden woman”; and love with the noble friend to whom the baronet had told this goldenwoman is inlove with thehero, and tries hisstory, and the noblefriend falls in lovewith the unsuccessfully toseduce him. After thedeath of his baronet’s wife; but they, being honourable people, only sister,he proposes to and is acceptedby a shy cousin tell their love andwait for the death of thebaronet whoresembles his sister,and has loved himsilently beforebeginning business. The “water-fly” fallsin since ,childhood. There are numerous other love affairs ; love with, and marries, an English girl “of that queer, some getmarried, some get seduced, some marry lopsided stuff thatFuturists, or Cubists, or anything happily, some unhappily;an uncle goesto jail,a you choose to call them, are made of” ; and her nice, drunkencabman keeps popping in andout, four old clean, athletic Irish lover comes down from Oxford, and spinsters live togetherand do whatever the hero re- shoots her and himself before she is dishonoured by the quires. Forhe loves everybody-being amystic, and “water-fly.”The “water-fly” steals his father’s baby, everybody loves him;but how he is going to get his and murders his father, and then departs for the Gold livingwe can’t discover. Hispet name is Peterkins. Coast; and then the noble friend and the faithful wife The author is generous. can“wait no longer.” There issomething about “warm velvetlips,” and“letting herself go,’’ and a Miss Billy. By Eleanor H. Porter.(Paul. 6s.) honeymoonon theItalian lakes; and thus concludes Billy wasan orphan, Spunk was a kitten; and this melancholy story of miscegenation. bothwent to live withthree bachelor brothers whose only connectionwith Billy wasthat she The One Outside. By Mary Fitzpatrick.(Maunsel. wasthe daughter of one of the schoolboy friends 3s. 6d. net.) of eldestthe of thethree brothers. Imagine This is a collection of eight short stories, nearly all of the innocenthavoc thatshe made by herentry which are contrived to endunhappily. “The One Out- into the household, and the havoc that she made by her side’’is an Irishman who returns to his wife after an exitsome months later when shelearned howmuch absenceof sixteen years (like Mr. Ervine’s “Mrs. herentry had upset the brothers. For she had grown Martin’sMan”), and takes to drink and attempted not only into the homes, butinto the hearts of these murderbecause the children have grown up.. The threebrothers, being an American girlwith artistic children go to America so that he may murder his wife giftsand a fortune to come to her at maturity. Of without interference; but she dies conveniently of heart course, she is going to marry one of these brothers, but disease, and he will probably go raving mad from dis- it must nothappen all at once. Shespends a couple appointment. This going away and coming back again of years in Europe, and turns the heads of all the nice to disappointmentseems to be ahabit inIreland, for young men in Paris (that is, of no one), and comes back another çtory tellsof a woman who went to America, with anadorer tied toher tail, whose proposals of and came back years after to find her own sister married marriage she refuses three timesa day, shake the bottle. to her lover. She carefully walks down to the bog and Then the brother who paints, proposes ; but she could drowns herself. Thenthere is another story of a man never love him in that way. Then the brother who plays who went to Dublin for six weeks, and when he came the piano, and is a woman-hater, discovers her musical homehis girl had died of consumption,or a broken ability, thaws a little, and finally asks her advice about heart, or lack of parents, or something like that. Then his love affairs. She, supposing that he is in love with thereis another story of anIrish girl whocomes to her,turns “one auspicious and one dropping eye” on London ; her mother cornes to find her, and does so- his proposal; in fact,she squints at it, becausehe is she finds hersitting on a door-step,stone-dead. So really in love with someone else. Then the brother who the poor old woman goes mad. There are several more collects, theeldest, whosenamesake she is, speaks to stories of this kind, all warranted to be Celtic, and to her on behalf of the brother who paints ; and she falls give an Englishman the “blues.” Perhaps it is a subtle intohis arms. But itis all a misunderstanding ; she form of Irish gratitude for Home Rule. 227

Current Cant. Pastiche, “I admit that the Fabianbasis is somewhat stale.”-- CHRISTIAN WORSHIP UP TO DATE. DR. BEATRICEWEBB. “SheriffMax Grifenhagen has been appealed to by several clergymen for protectionagainst any possible “O€ course, I believe in democratic control.”--PRO bomb outrages, and in response to these appeals he has FESSOR SIDNEY WEBB. already enrolled the head ushers of six churches as special ~- deputy Sheriffs, withthe right to carry arms while on “God and the War.”-ROBERT BLATCHFORD. dutyin the churches to which theyare attached. The churches whose ushers have obtained deputy Sheriff’s “Walesand the War.”--MRS. LLOYDGEORGE. badges are St. Stephen’s, on East Twenty-eighth Street; St. Patrick’sCathedral, theFifth Avenue Presbyterian “The War is at bottom a religious War.”-CECIL CHES- Church, the RivingtonStreet Synagogue, the Church of TERTON. the Incarnation, and the Church of St. Stanslaw.”-New York “World,” November 17. “‘LeadKindly Light’ at the Front.”-“Sphere.” Jesus, lover of my soul, “Christmas cheer inthe trenches.”-“Weekly Dis- (Wonder if my pistol shows!) patch.” Let me to Thy bosom fly, (Sticking out behind my clothes!) “Somethingcheery for the wounded-‘Daily Graphic’ While the nearer waters roll, War Cartoons.”-“Daily Graphic.” (Coat-tails hanging in the way!) And the tempest still is high. “My powerful intellect.”--ROBERT BLATCHFORD. (Couldn’t get it quick in play!)

“‘DerTag,’ by Sir James M. Barrie. Theburning Hide me, O my Saviour, hide, words of a great mind.”--COLISEUM POSTER. (Wonder if that chap’s Bouck White!) Till the storm of life is past : “In extremity even secular newspapers are sermons on (He got out of jail last night!) Bible ethics.”-DR. W. T. A. BARBER. Safe into Thy haven guide- (If that fellow tries to speak) “An Englishman’s house is his castle.”-“Spectator.” O receive my soul at last ! (Throwhim out upon his beak!) “If Methodist ministers will forget their German teach- ing they will be better preachers.”--SIR ROBERTPERKS. Otherrefuge have I none- (Six detectives in the choir !) “Rudyard Kipling--Prophet.”--“T.P.’s Weekly.’’ Hangs my helpless soul on Thee ; (Police Headquarters on the wire!) “Mr. Masefield, like Euripides, is a moralist.”-CECIL Leave, ah! leave me not alone- CHISHOLM. (See that chap in red neck-tie !) Still support and comfort me. “Poets have always stimulated practical patriotism.”- (Glad that copper’s standing by!) HOLBROOKJACKSON. All my trust on Thee is stayed, (Could that hand-bag hold a gun?) “I have lived all my life on the power of my imagina- All my help from Thee I bring : tion.”-GEORGE ROBERTSIMS. (Gee ! This ushering’s no fun!) Cover my defenceless head “TheGermans will be able toland troops on this (God Almighty ! What was that?) coast.”--LORD DERBY. With the shadow of Thy wing. (Feather in a woman’s hat!) “O Lord, do Thoustrengthen us day byday. . . . A brilliant Naval Victory.”-“British Weekly.” Wilt Thou not regard my call ? (JesusChrist ! A bomb at last!) “Appreciation of good food comes with middle-age and Wilt Thou not regard my prayer? matures in later years.”-“Academy.” (No, it was a subway blast!) to! I sink, I faint, I fall- “Mr. Gordon Selfridge looks for a New Year that shall (Damn all Anarchists to hell-er-) be full of desire to build finer character.”-“Evening Lo ! on Thee I cast my care. News.” (Good morning--Mr. Rockefeller!) UPTONSINCLAIR. “There is more of the Christ spirit manifest to-day than there was a year ago.”-REV. K. J. CAMPBELL. THE ‘LARGE COMBAT. “Which is the bestadvertisement that has appeared FLEETSTREET STYLE. during the War ?”-“Weekly Dispatch.” I was present atthe great fight, and,as a woman, I jotted down my impressions for the benefit of your female “Vivid Warpictures by tiny children.Girls burned readers. I have never met any of your male readers, but alive. Khaki replaces Frills.Drunkards curedQuickly.” I shouldimagine that they arefearful creatures. How- -“Daily Mirror.” ever, this article is writtenexpressly for women, and I don’t mind what the dear men think about it. There are “Canon E. M‘Clure’s little book called ‘Germany’s War fizzling lights, paleblue lights, mauve lights, large Inspirers’ :--Nietzsche and Treitschke (with two portraits) quantities of sound,swift, quick volcanoes of applause, -is being published by the Society for Promoting Chris- and oceans of faces, beery and bilious, round the fighting tian Knowledge.”-“Globe.” place, and the sawdust was kindly lent by Messrs. Wood Tool and Co., the well-known builders. They had a duck “It remained for Sir Herbert Tree to remove the taunt of a little board announcing the fact; I thought it looked that the actor-manager is the sole lessee of the-limelight.” so nice, and besides, mydears, people must advertise, --ROBB LAWSON. mustn’t they? There were lots of women all about the place everywhere, chic little Chiliansand fuskylittle “He told us, so naturally,and without any sense of Frenchwomen; the latter are so smart, I think. their greatness, some of the things which he had seen in And then comes Jim Joiner and all the place is crammed a wild island, where theinhabitants were the worst withear-splitting, enraging shrieks, yells, and squeals. savages in the South Seas. Only seven years later, when You dear little women who read this have no idea what the British Governor visited that island, a choir of these the scene resembled-the gyrations of the spectators, the men came down tothe shore with the missionaryand glare and glitter, the piercing emotion of excitement that sang in English, ‘God Save the Queen.’ What is it that stings the ear-drums. can transform humanity in such a wondrous way? There Jim Joiner strips off his magnificent robe de chambre, is butone reply. It is the power of the Cross.”-PRO- shot with green streaks of ambrosia, and for the première FESSOR J.H. MOULTON. temps in myexistence I see the splendour of ahuman 228 being; you know mymother never would allow me to The blare of hooters filled the heavy air, indulge in mixed bathing. He looks so fresh, so gay, so The smoke of stacks rose black against the sky, happy, so white (theysay brown inthe next column, The roll of trains roused echoes in the arch but I am sure it is white), that I think he must win- That chattered down the waking street. But he- he must win-- he must win. His ears were deaf, his eyes had lost their sight, Youth will not be denied-he must win; I think of the His limbs no longer ached, he heeded not glory that was Greece, or somethinglike that, and did A mangy dog that snuffled round ‘his toes. you see it, my dears, his condition was all due to taking somebody’s pick-me-up ? O hero all unconscious of thy throne, And Rifleboat Tinker, he seems so determined, so vast, O waker of the ‘tears that lead to deeds. so smiling; he must not win, but he looks very fierce; Lifegave to thee that thou shouldst live to win, I hate him, I don’t like the way he parts his hair. And Death, that thou shouldst never dream of it. More howls,; the great roof of the building lifts up and J. A. M. A. down .to thesound of shouts.The walls seem to bend outwards. The lights swing about with emotion, and the THE PYRENEES. atoms of sawdust dance about as though they, too, were (After GuillaumeDu Bartas). joining inthe excitement. The men meet. Theyshake Frenchman halt here awhyle nor leave thys lande hands. The gong sounds. They fly at each other. I watch Where Nature a soe rockye wall doth rear, them, feeling like a ’blancmange on a creaky table, and That Ariége cleaves wyth hysimpetuous hande, then I hear the wallop of blows ; how I ‘hate Tinker ! A A countrye that in beautyehath no peer. fearful pause,another crunch, and then-my back hair Pilgrym, ’tis not a mountayne thou dost see comes down. I shall have to dismiss that maid of mine. I But a Briareus vast whose loftye girth didn’t likeher when I sawher for the first time-she Doth holde the pass against hys enemie, seemed so careless. But thefight--I jump, and I am Near Spaine from France, and France from Spanysh overjoyed in some sort of way. . .. earth. MARY CREATEAU. One arm in France, the other in Spaine sette, As Atlas on hys head he hath like weighte; AN EPITAPH. Wythin two seas hys separate feet are wette; The rain was driving down most steadily, The forests dense are locks upon hys pate; The wind had dropped, the night was hardly lit The rocks hys bones are, and the rivers roarynge By one poor gas-lamp in the filthy street. The eternal sweat of ‘travail downward pourynge. Tremendous in the gloom a railway arch WILFRIDTHORLEY. Shut in the vista like a prison wall That shuts out happiness. This was the room, LETTERS TO THE EDITOR. The ground was bed, the rain was sheets and shroud A LlTTLE NATION’S STRUGGLE FOR JUSTICE. To one that coughed and rattled in his throat And filled the night with moanings of his wrong. Sir,-The Tongan Islands, in the Western Pacific, con- tain about 20,000 native inhabitants who are among the His face was all obscured with stubbly beard, finest-lookingand most intelligent of the Polynesian His clothes were clogged with sweat and worn with races of the Pacific. Inthe old daysthey, under one age. of their chiefs named Maafu, conquered, a large part of Against the wall he huddled like a mass Fiji. Formerlyruled bydespotic chiefs, thissmall Of dirty linen ready for the wash, nation in the Pacific has now a limited monarchy, with That greasy Jane will cram within a bag a nativeKing, Prime Minister, Privy Council, Cabinet, And send off with a curse. and aParliament which meets everythree years. There are, too, some European officials, including an Assistant This was the man, Prime Minister and a Chief Justice. In 1900 a British The king, before whose feet policemen stood, Protectorate was proclaimed over thislittle kingdom of A group of three, that told him to come on, Tonga.The British Government is representedby a Come out of it, and come to get a bed, Consul-General. “You’ll catchyour death of cold there,dad, come In 1911 notice was drawn in THE NEW AGE to some on.” extraordinary proceedings inthe Tongan Islands,and At this he blinked at them, and cleared his throat, to the charges of serious and illegal wrong-doing brought And spat and hawked before that stalwart three, againstthethen Consul-General, Mr. W. Telfer Who watched like sentries, ponderous and grim ; Campbell, who had lately been transferred to Tonga from And when his throat would let him speak, let out the Gilbertand Ellice Islands Protectorate. A rush of language that should blister God, The former TonganPrime Minister, a man, it seems, God of good Christian gold and profiteers ; of arather independent spirit, had been deported by Then settled up against the wall again theHigh Commissioner of theWestern Pacific, Sir And put his head between his knotted knees . . . Everard im Thurn ; and the Prime Minister, Mateialona, whom Mr. Campbell found in office, was, it is declared, Toil cannot kill, Fate cannotkill thespark a mere tool inthe hands of the Consul-General. Other That glows and flickers faint and glows again, members, also, of the native Government were overawed And blazes into fury at the hand by Mr. Campbell’s threatsthat, unless hegot his own That would by stealthiness extinguish it. way, men-of-war would be brought to Tonga to hoist the When sorrow leads to sorrow 2nd the might British flag ; as a result of which Mr. Campbell began Of tyrants is too openly displayed, filling the Civil Service with his nominees tothe de- Then earth is shaken by the steps of force, pletion of theTreasury, hadordinances promulgated Till scales of right and wrong swing evenly; which caused troubleand were againstthe interests of Then men remember justice and adjust the community,especially one in regard to copra (dried Power and action and the works of men . . . kernel of cocoanut), which gave arbitrary power to officials to destroyany copra that mas not, intheir To grant free-handed equity to all, opinion, upto acertain standard of excellence. This To grant the means of fruitful work and praise, ordinance and the way it was administered were injuri- Dear homeliness and social harmony; ous tothe trade of Tonga. To sing the song of gladness in the land, Thenatives were alsobitterly incensed at Mr. Camp- When evening closes on the busy day bell’s action in regard to the Toga ma’a Toga Kautaha, And sleep walks softly in the shade of night; a native co-operative company which had, a little before To see at ease before the cheerful hearth Mr. Campbell’s arrival, been startedunder the presi- Young men and maidens, old men and their dames ; dency of aEuropean named Mr. A. D. Cameron, with To honour wisdom and to grant it space the object of saving middlemen’s profits. This new And all the little that is strength to it, companyhad already greatly reduced the price of im- Securityand peaceful passing days; ported goods. To grant and make this magic, make the Guild . . . Abusiness rival of thiskind was, it appears, looked on withanything but afavourable eye by influential Dawn came across the housetops, dull and grey, European firms doingbusiness in Tonga. Soon un- Dawn woke the sodden city to its life, pleasant criticisms regarding this native company began And men went forth to bondage for their wage. to be made,and one man, a late employee of the co- 229 operativecompany, was summoned for libelby the The natives found an ally in the Fijian Press and aIso Kautaha. Being an actionby a native company against in that of New Zealand. The matter, too, was taken up a European, the charge could not be heard by the native in the Parliament of the latter Colony, and the Premier courts, andtherefore came before the Consul-General, promised to makerepresentations tothe authoritiesat Mr. Campbell, who dismissed the case, and in the alleged home. interests of thenative shareholdersimpounded the Shortlyafter the trial of Mr. Campbell andthe other Kautaha’s books. Auditors were then appointed by the officials, the natives, on the advice of their counsel, made Government, and in due course a Government gazette application of Mr. Skeen, Chief Justice of Tonga, for the was published, dated August 26, 1910,which stated that suspension of the ordinance forbidding natives to form “thewhole of the books arewithout doubt faked.” At trading companies, and Mr. Skeen suspended it as illegal the sametime proof of thischarge wasnot given, and andagainst the Constitution. Thereupon Mr. Campbell thisextraordinary gazette closed with an apology to and his counsel called on the King to dismiss the Chief Mr. Cameron. No one was prosecuted for the alleged Justice, but the King declined to do so, and, though the wrong-doing, but the three or four thousand native share- Prime Minister supported Mr. Campbell when he applied holders were robbed by havingtheir co-operative com- to the Cabinet, other members of the Cabinet stood firm pany, which theauditors acknowledged wassolvent, against the dismissal of the Chief Justice and refused to forcibly closed and putinto liquidationby the Govern- be coerced. ment, which proceeded to dispose of the Kautaha’s assets By a steamergoing toFiji Mr. Campbell sentan at ruinous prices. It is stated that directly the Kautaha official named Mr. Harcourt with an urgent dispatch wasclosed the prices of imported goods rose again. to hisExcellency theHigh Commissioner, Sir F. H. After the Kautaha had shown that it intended to take May, who had succeeded Sir E. im Thurn. Sir F. H. May measures to obtainredress for all theseillegal proceed- came down toTonga, evidently with the intention of ings, a charge of falsifying the books was, in the name supporting Mr. Campbell, but afterhis Excellency, at of the Government, broughtagainst Mr. Cameron. Pro- the King’srequest, had thoroughly gone into matters, testing against the breaking up of their co-operative com- he found he could not support Mr. Campbell, and that panyand the prosecution of their president, thenative thelatter had been the cause of the troublein Tonga. trustees of theKautaha drew up apetition and sent it He made Mr. Campbell apologise tothe King, and to Mr. Campbell requesting him to forward it to the High ordered himto interfere no more inthe internal affairs Commissioner of the Western Pacific in Fiji, and mem- of Tonga. bers of the Kautaha privately subscribed money for their Leave was givento theKautaha to start oncemore president’s defence. under the presidency of Mr. Cameron, and, on the Thecharge against Mr. Cameron was heard inthe trustees of theKautaha promising not to appeal tothe High Commission Court for the Western Pacific, his Privy Council in England,the Tongan Government Honour the Acting Chief Justice, Mr. Ehrhardt, coming undertook to repayto theKautaha all the money that from Fiji toTonga especially tohear the case. Mr. had been spent inits liquidationand the prosecution Cameron was honourably acquitted, Mr. Ehrhardt stating of its president, also not to enforce the payment of costs that he was aghast at whathad occurred, and he con- that had been awarded the Government in the late trial. demned in severe terms the breaking up of the Kautaha, This financial settlementreally meant that what the the seizing of its assetsto prosecute its president, and Kautaha received or was exonerated from paying,its the animus displayed. members hadpartly to make good as taxpayers,three- The prosecution itself stood condemned and showed quarters of thetaxpayers of Tonga being members of no desire to appeal, but, in utter disregard of the Court’s theKautaha. The whole nation, however, was too glad censure, the remaining assets of the Kautaha were sold at having recovered its freedom tothink much about by the Government,and a gazette was published,dated the cost. It was felt also among Europeans that, in face March 3, 1911,which, in contempt of the decision of the of the decision of theHigh Commission Court (which Court, reaffirmed the allegations against Mr. Cameron, and could only be legally reversed by the long and expensive (though by the prosecution’s own evidence atthe trial process of appeal to the Privy Council in England), Sir the Kautaha was solvent) asserted that the Kautaha was F. H. May had done all that lay in his power to give insolvent. Itsfunds, it appears,had been appropriated justice tothe people. Still, it has been considered most to pay the costs of prosecuting the president and wind- unfair thatthe unfortunateTongans should have had ing up the company. to pay for all the law costs and losses brought about by Tosecure Mr. Campbell andother officials from pro- illegalacts to which they were bitterly opposed. Mr. secution for closing and wrecking the Kautaha an ordi- Campbell was subsequently removed from Tonga, and nance had been publishedon February 24, 1911, which an official was sent from Fiji temporarily to fill his vacant purported to make it illegal to take proceedings against post. them ; the ordinancealso forbade the formation of Though the Kautaha commenced operations again, and Kautahas, and to prevent the shareholders from assisting is still inbeing, it seems that it has never recovered from their president the following clause was inserted :- the blow it received through being sold up, which was ‘‘It shall be unlawful for any native of Tonga to give, followed, shortly after the company restarted, by a hurri- subscribe, collect, orto aid,assist, or abet inthe sub- cane that didgreat damage and severely injuredall scription or collection of any money or produce for the business in Tonga. Mr. Cameron, who, it appears, purpose of helping any non-native who in the past may suffered for some time from a nervous breakdown, has have been associated withnatives of Tonga for the pur- retired from the management of theKautaha. pose of trading or for any Kautaha.” lately Mr. Cameron has received a sum of money from The Assistant High Commissioner, Mr. Mahaffy, came the Tongan Government in compensation for the wrongs down to Tonga, supported Mr. Campbell, and threw out hehas suffered, andin aTongan Government gazette, threats of deporting Mr. Cameron. Solicitors for the published on September 3, 1914,it has been proclaimed, Kautaha, however, made application in Fiji,and it was in regard to the two gazettes dated August 26, 1910,and decided that the exempting of officials from prosecution March 3, 1911,which libelled Mr. Cameron :-- was ultra vires, and in August, 1911,the Consul-General, (I) “Thatthe saidgazettes contain gross misrepre- Mr. Campbell, the Premier’s Assistant, Mr. Roberts, and sentations and are contrary to fact in so far as the said the Accountant, Mr. Humphries, were prosecuted in the gazettescast reflections upon the characterand conduct High Commission Court for the Western Pacific, held in of thesaid Alexander Donald Cameron, or impute to Tonga before hisHonour the Chief Justice, Sir Charles the said Alexander Donald Cameron crime or misconduct. Major, who had been Acting High Commissioner of the (2) “All references inthe said gazettes whereby any Western Pacific whileall these illegal acts had been such reflections as aforesaid arecast, or whereby any going on. HisHonour dismissed the case againstthe crime or misconduct as aforesaid is imputed,shall be defendants, with costs, holding that the acts complained deemed to be expunged and deleted from the said gazettes of were ‘‘Actsof State”of the TonganGovernment, accordinglyas if the said gazettes had not been and that the Court therefore had no jurisdiction in the published.” matter. The BritishGovernment, however, should have been The conduct of thistrial and the incompleteness of the one to make this amende honorable to Mr. Cameron, the report of the proceedings issued by the Government for it was the British representative in Tonga who was were severely commented on. It is statedthat the responsible forthis all wrong-doing. Y. Y. natives’faith in the justice of ahigh British court of *** law was thoroughlyshaken. Notice of appeal tothe ARCHBISHOPAND KAISER. Privy Council in England was at once given,and, it Sir,-Miss Alice Morning has got hold of the wrong appears, it was only by the promise of satisfaction being end of the stick ; I didnot mention the Archbishop of thus obtained thatthe natives were quieted by their Canterbury. I do not see myself defending the Arch- leaders, bishop of Canterburyunder any circumstances. I spoke 230 of the Archbishop of York;and I am afraid that it is that it hasnot been destroyed. Weare now being in- Miss Morning whose knowledge of the domestic history formed by a section of the Press that the Germans have of this country is limited, if she does notsee the great shelled and practically wrecked Whitby Abbey, although difference between the two Archbishops, or if she Whitby Abbey has been anutter ruin since it was de- imagines thathis Grace of Canterbury would atany stroyed inthe sixteenth century by that English hero, time so far forget his policy of habitually following theHal. bluff King FAIRPLAY. line of least resistance as to object to vulgardenuncia- *** tions of the Kaiser, if they happened to be popular. He DEMOCRACY. would, indeed, be quite likely to walk down the Strand arm Sir,-In your issue of November 5, MI-. G. D. H. Cole in arm with the Prince of Darkness if that potentate came says:“It is generallyadmitted that, however great a intothe open onthe side of Englandand brought a community may be, the individual is more free under a troop of hissatellites to join the Allies. In which he democratic than under an autocratic system.” would doubtless be followed by the Christian clergy, who The term “democracy” is an exceedingly vague one. If are howling for blood and refusing to pray for Germans. it simply means the great movement of liberty, equality, I am glad to see that the “ChurchTimes” supports the and fraternity which has been going on from the days of Archbishop of York in hisprotest; and the “ChurchMilton and Locke to our own time, and which aims at Times”is Jingo in the extreme. I quote the following giving the common people more consideration than they from the articleon the subject inthat paper : have received in the past, then I readily admit that this “In tracing the responsibility for all this carnage we movement has increased liberty.But if Mr. Cole means must look far for the men who have been moulding that the extension of the franchise has been followed by a events. Itis foolish to fasten uponone who is merely decrease of legislative restrictions on the individual, then prominent. Being foolish, it ismorally harmful. It is I most emphatically disagree with him. On the contrary, an evasion of one’s own responsibility-it is either self- I maintain that the extension of the franchise has every- deception or hypocrisy to pretend that national jealousy, where been followed by drastic meddlesome interference national vanity, and national ambitions on our side have with the individual, and that there are no men anywhere had nothing to do with the development of those circum- who have so little faith in liberty as the men who have stances which led to inevitablewar. Vulgar abuse of been specially elected by the commonpeople. “Freedom the Kaiser as the sole author of evil is a drug for our is only a conventional phrase, which conceals all possible own consciences. It implies a paltryuntruth.” things,” saidWilliam Liebknecht. Such is exactlythe In arguing the lack of fairness and chivalry in modern view of Messrs. Ramsay MacDonald, Philip Snowden, Will England, I have pointed outthat the publicare re- Crooks, and all other democratic politicians. sponsible for thePress. If thesporting and chivalrous The United States is the great example of a political Englishmanstill existed (except in smallnumbers), the democracy. Thereyou have the initiative, referendum, present infamous unfairnessand lying abuse would be and recall of representatives in full force. Judges are put down, just as a play that the public object to is put elected by the people and recalled by them.Elaborate down. Itis not only the Press,and the Government election laws enable each individual notmerely to vote behind the Press, and the play-writers and novel-writers €or the candidate, but to have a share in selecting him. In and poets who are behindthe Government-it is not many States women vote as well as men. What has been only journalists like Arnold White, who invent atrocities the result ? and demand thatthe Kaiser should be hanged like a The one definite result perceptible is that restrictions of criminal, but men who are supposed to know the rules all kinds on the individual have been enormously multi- of chivalry-to understand how to playthe game-men plied, and every increase of democracy has been immedi- like Lord Curzon, who hopes to see savagesdefiling ately followed by an increase of restrictions. There is an Potsdam;and like Frederic Harrison, who demands that endless flood of lawsprohibiting alcoholic liquors, pro- theKaiser’s blood-stained sword should be broken on hibiting cigarettes, prohibiting “children” under eighteen his guilty back!--men whose fathers of long ago mould from dancing, limiting the hours of dancing for persons have said :- over eighteen, compelling “children” under fifteen or six- teen to be indoors after half-past eight in the evening in “Ah,welcome brave foemen:on earth there are no men More gallant to meet, in the foray or chase.” the sweltering heat of July and August, prohibiting men and women from speaking to each other in public unless I could fill THE NEW AGE from cover to cover, and theyare mutually acquainted, punishingkissing with not once only,with quotations of the infamous things terrific penalties, sending women to prison for five years said by men who are leaders of the nation--things which for conversing together about the limitation of the family, shame the nation now, and will shame it more in the establishing searchlights in the public parks so that all future. As €or the chivalry of the men in the trenches, they couples may be closely watched at night,prohibiting are notfighting for theneutrality of Belgium, as Miss women from bathing unless they have at least two gar- Morning implies ; theyare Britons, fighting because ments on, prohibiting both sexesfrom bathingunless Britain is at war, and not caring what particular lie most of the body is covered, prohibiting women from bath- they are supposed to be fighting for. I have quoted ing without stockings, establishing a minimum penalty of some of theirchivalrous remarks inletters home, and ten years for rape, making it rape for a boy of fourteen to the same chivalry was displayed duringthe Boer War, have relations with a girl of eighteen even at her request, when Englishmen openly chuckled at their new sport-- rigorously censoring cinematographs, providing for police that of potting Boers, and did not regain their decency interference with plays, prohibiting free speech, interfer- until it was impressed upon them forcibly that the boot ing with the Press,punishing fornication and adultery was on the other foot. Mr. Norman has also given us with terrific penalties, prohibiting girls from selling news- some remarkable instances of modern English chivalry. papers, prohibiting criticism of foreignGovernments, When Miss Morning says that Germans areinferior to prohibitingcriticism of clergymen, prohibiting people their foes in everything but courage, she is merely talk- from speakingunfavourably about the prospects of real ing piffle not worth arguing about. Because she likes estate rising in value, and so on, and SO on Many of these France, Germans arewrong in everything;but that is laws are enforced by armies of paid spies, who try to in- not the way Scottish people argue.A Scot looks at a duce somebody to commit the forbidden offence, and then thing on its merits, and puts personal feeling outside inform against him.Private letters are opened inthe of thequestion. Therefore it is absurd to me to be post office in order to see if they contain forbidden matter. called a pro-Germm because I ask for ordinary fair-play Women detectives walk on the promenades trying to get and common decency. I do not say A isright because men to speak to them, and then promptly arrest anyone T like A, and B is wrong because I dislike R. I person- who speaks. ally prefer French people to Germans,but that has I will give you just two illustrations of what democratic nothing to do with the question.The fact that, though institutions have done for America. A fewmonths ago The NEW AGE is above and apartfrom the rest of the one of the elected judges in California sentenced a young Press (a fact for which we areall grateful), I have yet negro boy to thirty years’imprisonment forkissing a been attacked by three leading contributors to THE NEW white girl on the street. California is not a negro State, AGE (S. Verdad, “Romney,”and Miss Morning), one and there is no more excuse for ferocious treatment Of a after the other, goes far to prove my case. It seems negro there than therewould be in London. Some years ago useless to remonstrate with any person who would label two post-office spies wrote letters to a doctor asking how me pro-German after reading my last letter. conception might be avoided. Re gave them the informa- Is there any use in pointing out to Mr. Wake Cook tion, and for each offence he was sentenced to five years’ that he will scarcely strengthenhis position by the imprisonment, and a fine of one thousand dollars. reiteration of disproved untruths ? Neither Mr. Fen- Such is democracy everywhere. Canada, Australia, and wick nor I defended suchthings as the destruction of New Zealand are moving in the same direction as fast as Reims Cathedral, and that for the verysimple reason they can. The British Labour Party would be quite as bad 231 if it had the power. The German and Austrian Socialists said : “If I have long hair they may mistake me for a are little better. Russian, and shove me into one of them trucks with the Democracy has been a totalfailure except in the one blinds down, and I don’t want to go to the front.” I can form of publicopinion. Theapplause of themultitude think of no other explanation. “Romney” and “A. E. R.,” was a great help toVoltaire, Cobden, Bradlaugh, and other with their deeper knowledge, may suggest that he went to greatliberators. Unfortunately, the common people the barber’s shop to getnews of the Russians, and I hasten cannot think out plans and policies for themselves; they to add that Willie had his hair cut by the blacksmith, who can only follow leaders. The moment you give the com- used a pair of horse-clippers. And in case “Romney” mon people the vote, they at once fall a prey to teeto- and “A. E. R.” jump to the conclusion that Willie was tallers, purity people, and all kinds of organised schemers afraid to go to thebarber’s shop in case he might discover and meddlers. Therefore, they have accomplished far less the Russian Rumour was a myth, I tell them that there is with the vote than they were formerly able to accomplish no barber in our village. without it. Without votes the multitude took a large part I might alsorefer to another mystery-the fact that in forcing through the Ten Hours’ Act and the Abolition the villageblacksmith had half-a-crown taken from his of the Corn Laws. To-day they are merely the catspaws waistcoat pocket on theday of Willie’s shearing, but I of men who want £400 a year, and who find that it is more know that your space is valuable. I know that Froude is easy to get £400 a year by pandering to temperance and not yet done with; I know that “Romney” and “A. E. R.” purity cranks than by taking a manly stand for measures have much tosay yet. Thio greatquestion of Froude that mill benefit theworking class. R. B. KERR. must be settled one way or the other. I shall not have *** peace of mind till I know that this matter is cleared up “DANIELIZING.” for ever. A. S. NEILL. Sir,-May I ventureto suggest to Mr. Caldwell Cook P.S.-Sorry I said that aboutyour sub-editor‘. I find thatin the coinage of the word “Danielizing” as a now that Freud is a town in Austria. My fault entirely synonym for slovenly pronunciation he is labouring under . . . yet “Romney” and “A. E. R.” might have made this a misapprehension which very seriously impairs the ap- point clearer than they have done. propriateness of the word. Mr. Caldwell Cook maintains, **** if I understand him rightly, that the phonetic reproduc- tions which Mr. Daniel Jones gives of ordinary English PAYMENTTOWARDS WAR. pronunciation are responsible for much of the careless speech to to-day, and are the basis of the alphabet scheme Sir,-I shall be glad if any of your readers can help with promoted by the Simplified Speling Sosieti. their views upon this point : Like other income tax Now Mr. Jones is a phonetician, not a teacher of elocu- payers, I have just received a notice from the authorities. tion. He records ; he does not recommend. Far lesshas ln previous years I have paid the amount as a mere matter he imposed these researches on the Simplified Speling of course. Now, myattention is specially drawn to the Sosieti as the basis of their alphabet. To blame him for fact that although some of it is for useful expenditure, the way in which people pronounce is about as logical as the great bulk of the money is required to pay for present, blamingthe policeman for the crimes he records in his past or future War.What ought. I to do? There seem note-book. It’is true that the work of the phonetician to be three courses : (I) to pay as before; (2)to pay with ought to be of great value to the elocutionist as ,enabling a letter of protest (which the collector would put in his him to detect faults in speech. But the functions of the wastepaper basket);or (3) to tell him that while willing twoare quite distinct. Mr. Caldwell Cook oughtto be to pay my share for non-warlike expenditure (if he knows grateful for any attempt to show the irrelevancy of the how much it is) I will have no part in War and leave the word “danielizing.” To prove that his coinage ispoint- authorities to take whatever action they think fit. less slightly minimises its offensiveness. As the whole This is a problem to which, at the moment, I do not see is greater than the part, so good manners are even better a definiteanswer, though sufficiently convinced that all than good speech. The Simplified SpelingSosieti in its War isabsolutely wrong. Apart from theparticular spellingsystem made an honest attemptto reproduce objections tothe intervention of this country inthe what it believed to be good English speech. It welcomes present conflict, I feel quite sure that it is the duty of all the idea of a conference on standard speech when a better who object to war entirelyto refrain from aiding the system might be evolved. Meanwhile, Mr. Caldwell campaigneither by personal service (whether as volun- Cook’s notions of good English speech seem too arbitrary teers or conscripts), or byparticipating in a War loan. to be made the basis of any spelling system. To this further question as to tas-paying theanswer does What does hemean, for example, when hesays our not seem to be so clear. J. S. D. chief guide to pronunciationmust be ourtraditional *** spelling ? How far back are we to go for these traditions ? Does he wish us, for example, to pronounce the “k” in WORDS NOT DEEDS. ‘‘knave” or to drop the “l” in “fault” ? This would be Sir,--I should like to call the attention of your readers consistent andnothing more ; but we should despair of to themonstrous sentence imposed on a Johannesburg- persuading the British public [even when “caught Socialist, at a time when rebels who had actually borne young” and assisted by hammers or other artificial means) arms against the Government were being given safe con- to adopt this modern-antique form of speech. ducts to their homes. The following extract is from the CHRISTINAJust, “Transvaal Chronicle” (Pretoria), of November 19:-- Secretary, Simplified Speling Sosieti. *** JOHANNESBURG,Wednesday. A. B. Dunbar,ablacksmith, was charged with THE RUSSIAN RUMOUR. using inflammatory language at a meeting held at the Sir,--I have followed with rapt interest the discussion of Tivoli Theatre on Sundaylast. He was reported to Freud’s theory by“Romney” and “A. E. R.” com- have said : ”Now, Workers ! It is your opportunity. plain, however, about the carelessness of your sub-editor The Government’s hands are full. Rise now ! Strike? ! in allowing Froude’sname to be mis-spelt so often. Now is the time to strike!” My knowledge of psychology is relatively small, and I The case was heard on Tuesday and adjourned till shall be grateful to the two debaters if they will help to-day on an exception raised by Mr. Lucas that the me to solve a (to me) very curious problem. words did not come under Martial Law. When theRussian Rumour reached ourvillage, the The Magistrate overruled the exception, and fined village lunatic, Willie Baffers, at once began to dance. accused £100, in default one year’s imprisonment with I havespent many sleepless nights over this dancing hard labour. business. A fund is beingraised to pay the fine. Contributions Why the devil did Willie dance? should be sentto the Treasurer,War on War League My own humble theory is as follows:--The legend bore with it the spirit of the Slav ; the spirit that has animated (S.A.), Box 1,981, Johannesburg. I. ti. H. Pavlova. Willie caught a little of this. spirit, and at once Sir,-I shall be grateful if you will publish the enclosed he began to foot it featly. His explanation, I maysay, letter. If you have heard of the Dunbar case (and I is that his feet were cold and he wanted to warm them. always expect you to know everything), you cannot have This factis significant. Why were his feet cold ? Had failed to note the contrast between this sentence and the not the strange legend carried with it something of the leniency with which the “rebels” are being and will be atmosphere of the Arctic ? treated. No one claims that there was the faintest danger And now I come to the most baffling phenomenon of of Dunbar’s words provoking a strike. The S.A. Labour all: Willie Baffers got his hair cut next day. Why did he world has forgotten everything but patriotism, and, in gethis hair cut? My own theory is that he acted sub- Mr. Creswell’s phrase, “laid its grievances upon the consciously. Some primevalinstinct told himthat Rus- shelf.”The sentence, therefore, appears to be purely sians havelong hair. He, or ratherhis subliminal self, vindictive. IDAG. HYETT. 232

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