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SHIPWRECK and PROVIDENCE the Mission Programme of Acts 27-28

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SHIPWRECK AND PROVIDENCE The Mission Programme of Acts 27-28 Inauguraldissertation Zur Erlangung der Wurde eines Doktors Der Katholisch- Theologischen Fakultät Der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Vorgelegt von P. Dominic Mendonca O.P. München 2004 Thesis directed by: Prof. Hans-Joseph Klauck The second reader and the examiner: Prof. Haefner Date of the Oral Examination: 26th January 2004 Preface "All flesh shall see the salvation of God". These words of Isaiah which Luke puts on the lips of John the Baptist at the beginning of his Ministry provide a key to understanding Luke-Acts. The salvation which Jesus has brought in to the world must go beyond the confines of Jewish nation and reach the Gentiles as well. In the voyage narrative, the Gentiles benefit from the salvation without being converted to Christianity. The voyage narrative highlights the kind and hospitable behavior between Paul and the Gentiles. Such relationship is important for the rescue of all from the death by shipwreck, and in a symbolic way, for the salvation of all humanity. Living with the people of other Faiths in India has inspired me to study this issue of universal salvation in Acts 27-28. I am deeply grateful to Prof. Hans-Josef Klauck who encouraged me to explore this possibility. It is because of his guidance and timely suggestions that I have been able to complete my work. My gratitude extends to my Dominican Brothers of both Indian and South-German Province. I wish and pray that the message of kindness which Luke brings out so emphatically in the voyage narrative may reach all humanity. Dominic Mendonca, OP. Augsburg, July 2004 Content Chapter one: 1 Acts 27-28 within the Plan and Purpose of Luke Acts 1.1 Introduction 1 1.1.1 The Unity of Luke-Acts 1 1.1.2 The Genre of Luke-Acts 4 1.1.2.1 The Aim of History 4 1.1.2.2 Different types of Historiography 6 1.1.2.3 Acts as Poetic History 6 1.1.2.4 Conclusion 7 1.1.3 The Purpose 8 1.1.3.1 Various Theories on the Purpose of Luke Acts 8 1.1.3.2 Conclusion 11 1.1.4 The Narrative Plot: Universal Mission as Fulfillment of Prophesy 14 1.1.4.1 Prophetic Structure of Luke-Acts 15 1.1.4.2 Universal Salvation as Foretold in the Scriptures 18 1.1.4.2.1 The Beginning of the Ministry of John the Baptist 19 1.1.4.2.2 The Inaugural Discourse of Jesus in the Synagogue of Nazareth 20 1.1.4.2.3 The Concluding Words of Jesus in the Gospel 22 1.1.4.2.4 The Inaugural Address of Peter 24 1.1.4.2.5 Peter's Final Speech 25 1.1.4.2.6 Paul's First Missionary Discourse 28 1.1.4.2.7 Paul's Final Address to the Jews of Rome 29 1.1.4.3 Conclusion 30 1.2 Acts 27-28 within the plan and purpose of Luke-Acts 31 1.2.1 Previous studies on Acts 27-28 31 1.2.1.1 Redactional analysis 32 1.2.1.1.1 Dibelius and Wellhausen 32 1.2.1.1.2 Haenchen and Conzelmann 32 1.2.1.1.3 Plümacher and Pervo 34 1.2.1.2 Artistic analysis 35 1.2.1.2.1 Rackham 35 1.2.1.2.2 Goulder 36 1.2.1.2.3 Radl 36 1.2.1.3 Ancient voyage-narratives and Acts 27-28 37 1.2.1.3.1 The Literary tradition of Homer 37 ii 1.2.1.3.2 Acts 27-28 and the narratives of authentic Voyages 38 1.2.1.3.2.1 Odyssey of Isis 39 1.2.1.3.2.2 Plutarch's biography of Dion 40 1.2.1.3.2.3 Aelius Aristides 40 1.2.1.3.2.4 Arrian 40 1.2.2 Conclusion 41 Chapter Two: The Voyage up to Fair Havens (27:1-8) 2.1 Introduction 45 2.2 Textual Criticism 46 2.3 Unity and Structure 47 2.4 Exegetical Analysis 48 2.4.1 Immediate Preparations for the Voyage: departure (v. 1) 48 2.4.1.1 The Participants 48 2.4.1.2 The Decision 50 2.4.1.3 Handing over of Paul and Other Prisoners 52 2.4.1.3.1 paradi,dwmi in the OT 52 2.4.1.3.2 paradi,dwmi in the NT 52 2.4.1.3.3 paradi,dwmi and Jesus-Paul Parallelism 54 2.4.1.4 The Centurion Julius 56 2.4.2 The First Stage: Voyage up to Sydon (vv. 2-3) 59 2.4.2.1 The Ship of Adramyttium 59 2.4.2.2 Aristarchus 59 2.4.2.3 The Port of Sidon 60 2.4.2.4 The Kindness of Julius 61 2.4.2.5 The Friends of Paul 62 2.4.2.6 Being Cared for 64 2.4.2.7 The Function of Verse 3 66 2.4.3 Voyage up to Myra (vv.4-5) 66 2.4.3.1 Sailing under the Lee of Cyprus 66 2.4.3.2 Sailing across the Open Sea off Cilicia and Pamphylia 68 2.4.3.3 Myra 68 2.4.3.4 The Duration of the Voyage 69 2.4.4 The tedious and Effortful Voyage from Myra to Fair Havens. (vv. 6-8) 70 2.4.4.1 The Ship of Alexandria 71 2.4.4.2 Off Cnidus 73 2.4.4.3 Sailing under the Lee of Crete off Salmone 73 iii 2.4.4.4 Fair Havens 74 2.5 Conclusion 75 Chapter Three: Paul's Prophesy and its Immediate Fulfillment 3.1 The First Intervention from Paul: (Acts 27:9-12) 77 3.1.1 Structure 77 3.1.2 Exegetical Analysis 78 3.1.2.1 The Context: (v. 9) 78 3.1.2.1.1 Much Time has Passed Voyage (v. 9a) 78 3.1.2.1.2 The Voyage Becoming Dangerous (v. 9b) 78 3.1.2.1.3 Fast had Already Gone (v. 9c) 78 3.1.2.2 The Intervention of Paul (v. 9d-l0) 81 3.1.2.2.1 Request (v. 9d) 82 3.1.2.2.2 Address Formula (v. l0a) 82 3.1.3.2.3 qewrw 83 3.1.2.2.4 Injury and Loss (v. 10 b) 84 3.1.2.3 The Response of the Centurion: (v. 11-12) 85 3.1.2.3.1 Captain and Owner of the Ship (v. 11) 85 3.1.2.3.2 The boulh, of the majority (v. 12 a) 87 3.1.2.3.3 Phoenix: a Suitable Harbour for Passing Winter (v. 12 b) 89 3.1.2.4 Conclusion 89 3.2 The Storm at Sea 91 3.2.1 Introduction 91 3.2.2 Structure 91 3.2.3 Exegetical analysis 92 3.2.3.1 The First Stage: the Storm takes its Toll on the Ship's Course (vv. 13-15) 92 3.2.3.1.1 Sailing along Crete: (v. 13) 92 3.2.3.1.2 The Tempest (v. 14) 94 3.2.3.1.3 The Effect of the Tempest on the Course of the Ship (v. 15) 97 3.2.3.2 The Second Stage: The Storm Takes its Toll on the Part of the Cargo and Trappings 99 3.2.3.2.1 Securing the Boat (v. 16) 99 3.2.3.2.2 Undergirding the Ship (v. 17a) 101 3.2.3.2.3 Lowering the Gear (v. 17b) 102 3.2.3.3 The Third Stage: The Storm Takes its Toll on the Emotional Part of the Third and the First Person Plurals 104 3.2.3.3.1 Throwing the Cargo Overboard (v. 18) 105 iv 3.2.3.3.2 Casting out the Tackle of the Ship (v. 19) 106 3.2.3.3.3 Abandoning the Hope of Being Saved (v. 20) 106 3.2.4 Conclusion 107 Chapter Four: Paul's Words of Comfort: Gentile Mission a Divine Necessity 4.1 Introduction 110 4.2 Structure 110 4.3 Exegetical Analysis 111 4.3.1 The Circumstances 111 4.3.2 The Intervention from Paul 112 4.3.3 Words of Advice from Paul 112 4.3.3.1 The Reference to the Previous Action 113 4.3.3.2 Words of Courage 117 4.3.3.3 The Prophetic Declaration of Safety 118 4.3.3.4 The Reason for Prophetic Declaration: Angelic Vision 118 4.3.3.4.1 Temporal Qualification 118 4.3.3.4.2 The Messenger of God Standing Before Paul 120 4.3.3.4.3 Paul as the Servant of God: latreu,w 121 4.3.3.4.4 Words of the Messenger 124 4.3.3.4.4.1 Address of Comfort 124 4.3.3.4.4.2 The Message 125 4.3.3.4.4.2.1 Paul Must Stand Before the Emperor 125 4.3.3.4.4.2.2 The Salvation of All Because of Paul 125 4.3.3.5 The Reassurance through Faith 127 4.3.3.6 The Final Prophetic Declaration 130 4.3.3.7 Conclusion 130 4.4 The Genre of Acts 27:21-26: a Speech 131 4.4.1 Introduction 131 4.4.2 Speeches in Luke-Acts: Previous Investigations 131 4.4.2.1 J.G.Eichhorn and W.M.L.
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