Chapter 1 : " Introduction "
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The Title Title: Subtitle March 2007
sub title The Title Title: Subtitle March 2007 Copyright c 2006-2007 BSD Certification Group, Inc. Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this documentation for any purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies. THE DOCUMENTATION IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS DOCUMENTATION INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CON- SEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEG- LIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS DOCUMENTATION. NetBSD and pkgsrc are registered trademarks of the NetBSD Foundation, Inc. FreeBSD is a registered trademark of the FreeBSD Foundation. Contents Introduction vii 1 Installing and Upgrading the OS and Software 1 1.1 Recognize the installation program used by each operating system . 2 1.2 Recognize which commands are available for upgrading the operating system 6 1.3 Understand the difference between a pre-compiled binary and compiling from source . 8 1.4 Understand when it is preferable to install a pre-compiled binary and how to doso ...................................... 9 1.5 Recognize the available methods for compiling a customized binary . 10 1.6 Determine what software is installed on a system . 11 1.7 Determine which software requires upgrading . 12 1.8 Upgrade installed software . 12 1.9 Determine which software have outstanding security advisories . -
Megaraid® 1078-Based SAS RAID Controllers User's Guide
USER’S GUIDE MegaRAID® 1078-based SAS RAID Controllers February 2007 ® 80-00157-01 Rev. A This document contains proprietary information of LSI Logic Corporation. The information contained herein is not to be used by or disclosed to third parties without the express written permission of an officer of LSI Logic Corporation. LSI Logic products are not intended for use in life-support appliances, devices, or systems. Use of any LSI Logic product in such applications without written consent of the appropriate LSI Logic officer is prohibited. Purchase of I2C components of LSI Logic Corporation, or one of its sublicensed Associated Companies, conveys a license under the Philips I2C Patent Rights to use these components in an I2C system, provided that the system conforms to the I2C standard Specification as defined by Philips. Document 80-00157-01 Rev. A, February 2007. This document describes the current versions of the LSI Logic Corporation MegaRAID SAS RAID controllers and will remain the official reference source for all revisions/releases of these products until rescinded by an update. LSI Logic Corporation reserves the right to make changes to any products herein at any time without notice. LSI Logic does not assume any responsibility or liability arising out of the application or use of any product described herein, except as expressly agreed to in writing by LSI Logic; nor does the purchase or use of a product from LSI Logic convey a license under any patent rights, copyrights, trademark rights, or any other of the intellectual property rights of LSI Logic or third parties. -
Disk Array Data Organizations and RAID
Guest Lecture for 15-440 Disk Array Data Organizations and RAID October 2010, Greg Ganger © 1 Plan for today Why have multiple disks? Storage capacity, performance capacity, reliability Load distribution problem and approaches disk striping Fault tolerance replication parity-based protection “RAID” and the Disk Array Matrix Rebuild October 2010, Greg Ganger © 2 Why multi-disk systems? A single storage device may not provide enough storage capacity, performance capacity, reliability So, what is the simplest arrangement? October 2010, Greg Ganger © 3 Just a bunch of disks (JBOD) A0 B0 C0 D0 A1 B1 C1 D1 A2 B2 C2 D2 A3 B3 C3 D3 Yes, it’s a goofy name industry really does sell “JBOD enclosures” October 2010, Greg Ganger © 4 Disk Subsystem Load Balancing I/O requests are almost never evenly distributed Some data is requested more than other data Depends on the apps, usage, time, … October 2010, Greg Ganger © 5 Disk Subsystem Load Balancing I/O requests are almost never evenly distributed Some data is requested more than other data Depends on the apps, usage, time, … What is the right data-to-disk assignment policy? Common approach: Fixed data placement Your data is on disk X, period! For good reasons too: you bought it or you’re paying more … Fancy: Dynamic data placement If some of your files are accessed a lot, the admin (or even system) may separate the “hot” files across multiple disks In this scenario, entire files systems (or even files) are manually moved by the system admin to specific disks October 2010, Greg -
6Gb/S Megaraid SAS RAID Controllers User Guide February 2013
6Gb/s MegaRAID® SAS RAID Controllers User Guide February 2013 41450-04, Rev. B 41450-04B 6Gb/s MegaRAID SAS RAID Controllers User Guide February 2013 Revision History Version and Date Description of Changes 41450-04, Rev. B, February 2013 Updated the environmental conditions for the RAID controllers. Updated this guide to the new template. 41450-04, Rev. A, August 2012 Added the MegaRAID SAS 9270-8i, SAS 9271-4i, SAS 9271-8i, SAS 9271-8iCC, SAS 9286-8e, SAS 9286CV-8e, and SAS 9286CV-8eCC RAID controllers. 41450-03, Rev. A, April 2012 Added the MegaRAID SAS 9265CV-8i, SAS 9266-4i, SAS 9266-8i, and SAS 9285CV-8e RAID controllers. 41450-02, Rev. E, February 2011 Added the MegaRAID SAS 9260CV-4i, SAS 9260CV-8i, SAS 9265-8i, and SAS 9285-8e RAID controllers. 41450-02, Rev. D, June 2010 Added the MegaRAID SAS 9260-16i, SAS 9280-16i4e, and SAS 9280-24i4e RAID controllers. 41450-02, Rev. C, April 2010 Put this guide in the new template. 41450-02, Rev. B, November 2009 Added the MegaRAID SAS 9240-4i, SAS 9240-8i, SAS 9261-8i, and SAS 9280-4i4e RAID controllers. 41450-02, Rev. A, July 2009 Added the MegaRAID SAS 9260-4i, SAS 9260DE-8i, SAS 9280-8e, and SAS 9280DE-8e RAID controllers. 41450-01, Rev. A, June 2009 Added the MegaRAID SAS 9260-8i RAID controller. 41450-00, Rev. A, March 2009 Initial release of this document. LSI, the LSI & Design logo, CacheCade, CacheVault, Fusion-MPT, MegaRAID, and SafeStore are trademarks or registered trademarks All other brand and product names may be trademarks of their respective companies. -
Identify Storage Technologies and Understand RAID
LESSON 4.1_4.2 98-365 Windows Server Administration Fundamentals IdentifyIdentify StorageStorage TechnologiesTechnologies andand UnderstandUnderstand RAIDRAID LESSON 4.1_4.2 98-365 Windows Server Administration Fundamentals Lesson Overview In this lesson, you will learn: Local storage options Network storage options Redundant Array of Independent Disk (RAID) options LESSON 4.1_4.2 98-365 Windows Server Administration Fundamentals Anticipatory Set List three different RAID configurations. Which of these three bus types has the fastest transfer speed? o Parallel ATA (PATA) o Serial ATA (SATA) o USB 2.0 LESSON 4.1_4.2 98-365 Windows Server Administration Fundamentals Local Storage Options Local storage options can range from a simple single disk to a Redundant Array of Independent Disks (RAID). Local storage options can be broken down into bus types: o Serial Advanced Technology Attachment (SATA) o Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE, now called Parallel ATA or PATA) o Small Computer System Interface (SCSI) o Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) LESSON 4.1_4.2 98-365 Windows Server Administration Fundamentals Local Storage Options SATA drives have taken the place of the tradition PATA drives. SATA have several advantages over PATA: o Reduced cable bulk and cost o Faster and more efficient data transfer o Hot-swapping technology LESSON 4.1_4.2 98-365 Windows Server Administration Fundamentals Local Storage Options (continued) SAS drives have taken the place of the traditional SCSI and Ultra SCSI drives in server class machines. SAS have several -
• RAID, an Acronym for Redundant Array of Independent Disks Was Invented to Address Problems of Disk Reliability, Cost, and Performance
RAID • RAID, an acronym for Redundant Array of Independent Disks was invented to address problems of disk reliability, cost, and performance. • In RAID, data is stored across many disks, with extra disks added to the array to provide error correction (redundancy). • The inventors of RAID, David Patterson, Garth Gibson, and Randy Katz, provided a RAID taxonomy that has persisted for a quarter of a century, despite many efforts to redefine it. 1 RAID 0: Striped Disk Array • RAID Level 0 is also known as drive spanning – Data is written in blocks across the entire array . 2 RAID 0 • Recommended Uses: – Video/image production/edition – Any app requiring high bandwidth – Good for non-critical storage of data that needs to be accessed at high speed • Good performance on reads and writes • Simple design, easy to implement • No fault tolerance (no redundancy) • Not reliable 3 RAID 1: Mirroring • RAID Level 1, also known as disk mirroring , provides 100% redundancy, and good performance. – Two matched sets of disks contain the same data. 4 RAID 1 • Recommended Uses: – Accounting, payroll, financial – Any app requiring high reliability (mission critical storage) • For best performance, controller should be able to do concurrent reads/writes per mirrored pair • Very simple technology • Storage capacity cut in half • S/W solutions often do not allow “hot swap” • High disk overhead, high cost 5 RAID 2: Bit-level Hamming Code ECC Parity • A RAID Level 2 configuration consists of a set of data drives, and a set of Hamming code drives. – Hamming code drives provide error correction for the data drives. -
6 O--C/?__I RAID-II: Design and Implementation Of
f r : NASA-CR-192911 I I /N --6 o--c/?__i _ /f( RAID-II: Design and Implementation of a/t 't Large Scale Disk Array Controller R.H. Katz, P.M. Chen, A.L. Drapeau, E.K. Lee, K. Lutz, E.L. Miller, S. Seshan, D.A. Patterson r u i (NASA-CR-192911) RAID-Z: DESIGN N93-25233 AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A LARGE SCALE u DISK ARRAY CONTROLLER (California i Univ.) 18 p Unclas J II ! G3160 0158657 ! I i I \ i O"-_ Y'O J i!i111 ,= -, • • ,°. °.° o.o I I Report No. UCB/CSD-92-705 "-----! I October 1992 _,'_-_,_ i i I , " Computer Science Division (EECS) University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, California 94720 RAID-II: Design and Implementation of a Large Scale Disk Array Controller 1 R. H. Katz P. M. Chen, A. L Drapeau, E. K. Lee, K. Lutz, E. L Miller, S. Seshan, D. A. Patterson Computer Science Division Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, CA 94720 Abstract: We describe the implementation of a large scale disk array controller and subsystem incorporating over 100 high performance 3.5" disk chives. It is designed to provide 40 MB/s sustained performance and 40 GB capacity in three 19" racks. The array controller forms an integral part of a file server that attaches to a Gb/s local area network. The controller implements a high bandwidth interconnect between an interleaved memory, an XOR calculation engine, the network interface (HIPPI), and the disk interfaces (SCSI). The system is now functionally operational, and we are tuning its performance. -
Architectures and Algorithms for On-Line Failure Recovery in Redundant Disk Arrays
Architectures and Algorithms for On-Line Failure Recovery in Redundant Disk Arrays Draft copy submitted to the Journal of Distributed and Parallel Databases. A revised copy is published in this journal, vol. 2 no. 3, July 1994.. Mark Holland Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Carnegie Mellon University 5000 Forbes Ave. Pittsburgh, PA 15213-3890 (412) 268-5237 [email protected] Garth A. Gibson School of Computer Science Carnegie Mellon University 5000 Forbes Ave. Pittsburgh, PA 15213-3890 (412) 268-5890 [email protected] Daniel P. Siewiorek School of Computer Science Carnegie Mellon University 5000 Forbes Ave. Pittsburgh, PA 15213-3890 (412) 268-2570 [email protected] Architectures and Algorithms for On-Line Failure Recovery In Redundant Disk Arrays1 Abstract The performance of traditional RAID Level 5 arrays is, for many applications, unacceptably poor while one of its constituent disks is non-functional. This paper describes and evaluates mechanisms by which this disk array failure-recovery performance can be improved. The two key issues addressed are the data layout, the mapping by which data and parity blocks are assigned to physical disk blocks in an array, and the reconstruction algorithm, which is the technique used to recover data that is lost when a component disk fails. The data layout techniques this paper investigates are variations on the declustered parity organiza- tion, a derivative of RAID Level 5 that allows a system to trade some of its data capacity for improved failure-recovery performance. Parity declustering improves the failure-mode performance of an array significantly, and a parity-declustered architecture is preferable to an equivalent-size multiple-group RAID Level 5 organization in environments where failure-recovery performance is important. -
ICP Disk Array Controllers
ICP Disk Array Controllers GDT8546RZ GDT8546RZ is a 4-channel PCI RAID controller offering demands for inexpensive entry-level RAID solutions. Its the option of connecting up to four serial ATA drives. compact construction allows GDT8546RZ to be used in Parallel ATA (IDE) disk drives can be linked with an low profile systems. The controller is not only suitable optional accessory. The controller is based on the for high density and/or entry-level rackmount servers, but Serial AT Attachment (SATA) technology, satisfying the also for high-end desktops and workstations. Excellence in Controllers 64-bit/66MHz PCI - Serial ATA Hardware RAID Controller High Configuration Flexibility ● Supports RAID 0, 1, 4, 5 and 10 ● ROM-resident setup (ICP RAID Console) with ● Hot Plug, Auto Hot Plug with SAF-TE support integrated “Express Setup” function (CTRL+<G>) ● Private or Pool Hot Fix drives ● Simultaneous operation of several disk arrays ● Hardware RAID is totally independent of the host and ● Flexible capacity setting operating system ● Online capacity expansion ● Integrated acoustic alarm ● Online RAID level migration ● Complete disk array migration Versatile Connectivity Capabilities ● Controller switch and controller upgrade without ● Supports four internal independent SATA 1.5 channels reconfiguration ● Data transfer rate up to 150MB/sec. per channel ● Automatic adaptation to changes in SATA configuration ● Connection of one hard drive per channel (point-to- point configuration making cabling redundant) Integrated RAID Software ● Cable length -
416 Distributed Systems
416 Distributed Systems RAID, Feb 16 2018 Thanks to Greg Ganger and Remzi Arapaci-Dusseau for slides Outline • Using multiple disks • Why have multiple disks? • problem and approaches • RAID levels and performance 3 Motivation: Why use multiple disks? • Capacity • More disks allows us to store more data • Performance • Access multiple disks in parallel • Each disk can be working on independent read or write • Overlap seek and rotational positioning time for all • Reliability • Recover from disk (or single sector) failures • Will need to store multiple copies of data to recover • So, what is the simplest arrangement? JustJust a bunch a bunch of of disks disks (JBOD) (JBOD) A0 B0 C0 D0 A1 B1 C1 D1 A2 B2 C2 D2 A3 B3 C3 D3 • Yes, it’s a goofy name • industry Yes, it’sreally a goofydoes sellname “JBOD enclosures” industry really does sell “JBOD enclosures” October 2010, Greg Ganger © 5 4 Disk Subsystem Load Balancing • I/O requests are almost never evenly distributed • Some data is requested more than other data • Depends on the apps, usage, time, ... • What is the right data-to-disk assignment policy? • Common approach: Fixed data placement • Your data is on disk X, period! • For good reasons too: you bought it or you’re paying more... • Fancy: Dynamic data placement • If some of your files are accessed a lot, the admin(or even system) may separate the “hot” files across multiple disks • In this scenario, entire files systems (or even files) are manually moved by the system admin to specific disks • Alternative: Disk striping • Stripe all -
IBM XIV Storage System Host Attachment and Interoperability
Front cover IBM XIV Storage System Host Attachment and Interoperability Integrate with DB2, VMware ESX, and Microsoft HyperV Get operating system specifics for host side tuning Use XIV with IBM i, N series, and ProtecTIER Bertrand Dufrasne Bruce Allworth Desire Brival Mark Kremkus Markus Oscheka Thomas Peralto ibm.com/redbooks International Technical Support Organization IBM XIV Storage System Host Attachment and Interoperability March 2013 SG24-7904-02 Note: Before using this information and the product it supports, read the information in “Notices” on page ix. Third Edition (March 2013) This edition applies to the IBM XIV Storage System (Machine types 2812-114 and 2810-114) with XIV system software Version 11.1.1. © Copyright International Business Machines Corporation 2012, 2013. All rights reserved. Note to U.S. Government Users Restricted Rights -- Use, duplication or disclosure restricted by GSA ADP Schedule Contract with IBM Corp. Contents Notices . ix Trademarks . .x Preface . xi The team who wrote this book . xi Now you can become a published author, too! . xiii Comments welcome. xiii Stay connected to IBM Redbooks . xiv Summary of changes. .xv March 2013, Third Edition . .xv Chapter 1. Host connectivity . 1 1.1 Overview . 2 1.1.1 Module, patch panel, and host connectivity . 4 1.1.2 Host operating system support . 9 1.1.3 Downloading the entire XIV support matrix by using the SSIC. 9 1.1.4 Host Attachment Kits . 10 1.1.5 Fibre Channel versus iSCSI access . 12 1.2 Fibre Channel connectivity . 13 1.2.1 Preparation steps . 13 1.2.2 Fibre Channel configurations . -
Hitachi Compute Blade 500 Series EFI User's Guide
Hitachi Compute Blade 500 Series EFI User's Guide Document Organization Product Version Getting Help Contents MK-91CB500024-11 © 2012-2015 Hitachi, Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or stored in a database or retrieval system for any purpose without the express written permission of Hitachi, Ltd. Hitachi, Ltd., reserves the right to make changes to this document at any time without notice and assumes no responsibility for its use. This document contains the most current information available at the time of publication. When new or revised information becomes available, this entire document will be updated and distributed to all registered users. Some of the features described in this document might not be currently available. Refer to the most recent product announcement for information about feature and product availability, or contact Hitachi Data Systems Corporation at https://portal.hds.com. Notice: Hitachi, Ltd., products and services can be ordered only under the terms and conditions of the applicable Hitachi Data Systems Corporation agreements. The use of Hitachi, Ltd., products is governed by the terms of your agreements with Hitachi Data Systems Corporation. Hitachi is a registered trademark of Hitachi, Ltd., in the Rollback ConfigurationUnited States and other countries. Hitachi Data Systems is a registered trademark and service mark of Hitachi, Ltd., in the United States and other countries. Archivas, Essential NAS Platform, HiCommand, Hi-Track, ShadowImage, Tagmaserve, Tagmasoft, Tagmasolve, Tagmastore, TrueCopy, Universal Star Network, and Universal Storage Platform are registered trademarks of Hitachi Data Systems Corporation.