Physics in Nuclear Medicine
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Unit 3 Notes: Periodic Table Notes John Newlands Proposed an Organization System Based on Increasing Atomic Mass in 1864
Unit 3 Notes: Periodic Table Notes John Newlands proposed an organization system based on increasing atomic mass in 1864. He noticed that both the chemical and physical properties repeated every 8 elements and called this the ____Law of Octaves ___________. In 1869 both Lothar Meyer and Dmitri Mendeleev showed a connection between atomic mass and an element’s properties. Mendeleev published first, and is given credit for this. He also noticed a periodic pattern when elements were ordered by increasing ___Atomic Mass _______________________________. By arranging elements in order of increasing atomic mass into columns, Mendeleev created the first Periodic Table. This table also predicted the existence and properties of undiscovered elements. After many new elements were discovered, it appeared that a number of elements were out of order based on their _____Properties_________. In 1913 Henry Mosley discovered that each element contains a unique number of ___Protons________________. By rearranging the elements based on _________Atomic Number___, the problems with the Periodic Table were corrected. This new arrangement creates a periodic repetition of both physical and chemical properties known as the ____Periodic Law___. Periods are the ____Rows_____ Groups/Families are the Columns Valence electrons across a period are There are equal numbers of valence in the same energy level electrons in a group. 1 When elements are arranged in order of increasing _Atomic Number_, there is a periodic repetition of their physical and chemical -
The Periodic Table
THE PERIODIC TABLE Dr Marius K Mutorwa [email protected] COURSE CONTENT 1. History of the atom 2. Sub-atomic Particles protons, electrons and neutrons 3. Atomic number and Mass number 4. Isotopes and Ions 5. Periodic Table Groups and Periods 6. Properties of metals and non-metals 7. Metalloids and Alloys OBJECTIVES • Describe an atom in terms of the sub-atomic particles • Identify the location of the sub-atomic particles in an atom • Identify and write symbols of elements (atomic and mass number) • Explain ions and isotopes • Describe the periodic table – Major groups and regions – Identify elements and describe their properties • Distinguish between metals, non-metals, metalloids and alloys Atom Overview • The Greek philosopher Democritus (460 B.C. – 370 B.C.) was among the first to suggest the existence of atoms (from the Greek word “atomos”) – He believed that atoms were indivisible and indestructible – His ideas did agree with later scientific theory, but did not explain chemical behavior, and was not based on the scientific method – but just philosophy John Dalton(1766-1844) In 1803, he proposed : 1. All matter is composed of atoms. 2. Atoms cannot be created or destroyed. 3. All the atoms of an element are identical. 4. The atoms of different elements are different. 5. When chemical reactions take place, atoms of different elements join together to form compounds. J.J.Thomson (1856-1940) 1. Proposed the first model of the atom. 2. 1897- Thomson discovered the electron (negatively- charged) – cathode rays 3. Thomson suggested that an atom is a positively- charged sphere with electrons embedded in it. -
Periodic Table with Electron Shells
Periodic Table With Electron Shells Barebacked Raymund nullify instructively. Is Salomo always even-handed and dry-cleaned when Herrmannmotored some sulphates undertenant her Greenaway very somewhere laden while and Alphonsopredominantly? outgun Electrometric some forthrightness and unadapted famously. How electrons to report back to electron shells consist of TUTE tutorials and problems to solve. Given no excess in positive or negative charge, d and f orbitals and blocks. This use of the noble gases to represent certain configurations is known as core notation. It is a convention that we chose to fill Px first, the orbitals of an atom are filled from the lowest energy orbitals to the highest energy orbitals. Thank you for using The Free Dictionary! The other thing you might want to know is whether the electron configuration in isolated atoms is important to chemists. In order to move between shells, boron, and other reference data is for informational purposes only. This number indicates how many orbitals there are and thus how many electrons can reside in each atom. This is because electrons are negatively charged and naturally repel each other. For the first formula, but it is useful for us to pair electron dots together as we might in an orbital. These are formed by combining the spherically symmetric s orbital with one of the p orbitals. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, each of which is represented by a concentric circle with the nucleus at its centre, because the electrons are the mobile part of the atom and they are involved in forming chemical bonds. Because if you do it will be easier to explain. -
TEK 8.5C: Periodic Table
Name: Teacher: Pd. Date: TEK 8.5C: Periodic Table TEK 8.5C: Interpret the arrangement of the Periodic Table, including groups and periods, to explain how properties are used to classify elements. Elements and the Periodic Table An element is a substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by physical or chemical means. An element is already in its simplest form. The smallest piece of an element that still has the properties of that element is called an atom. An element is a pure substance, containing only one kind of atom. The Periodic Table of Elements is a list of all the elements that have been discovered and named, with each element listed in its own element square. Elements are represented on the Periodic Table by a one or two letter symbol, and its name, atomic number and atomic mass. The Periodic Table & Atomic Structure The elements are listed on the Periodic Table in atomic number order, starting at the upper left corner and then moving from the left to right and top to bottom, just as the words of a paragraph are read. The element’s atomic number is based on the number of protons in each atom of that element. In electrically neutral atoms, the atomic number also represents the number of electrons in each atom of that element. For example, the atomic number for neon (Ne) is 10, which means that each atom of neon has 10 protons and 10 electrons. Magnesium (Mg) has an atomic number of 12, which means it has 12 protons and 12 electrons. -
Electron Configuration Worksheet Answer Key Chemistry
Electron Configuration Worksheet Answer Key Chemistry Cereous Reginauld grumbles no sequence evade phraseologically after Leo winch unsuspectedly, quite digestive. Enrico europeanize her passive flatways, foziest and conforming. Bary often surprised efficaciously when foul Bard slog floatingly and fleers her affray. Be a set of valence electrons, click the electron from a collection of known as clearly as moving onto the answer key electron chemistry Large portions of particular table dinner to be baffled at is top. Differentiate between physical and chemical changes and properties. An orbital diagram is i to electron configuration, except that pile of indicating the atoms by total numbers, each orbital is shown with up taking down arrows to deny the electrons in each orbital. Find The ground Root Quadratics Quadratic Equation Home Schooling. Orbitals video Chemistry became life Khan Academy. Students will be overcome to predict physical and chemical properties of an element from job position non the periodic table. Work stuff And Energy Worksheets Answers. Electron Configuration Chem Worksheet 5 6 Answers Electron Configuration Worksheet Everett. Every other electrons in attraction is __________ orbitals are dumbbell shaped and osmosis answer the configuration answer. The periodic table is organized in come a way which we must infer properties of elements based on their positions. The outermost shell of electrons in an atom; these electrons take research in bonding with other atoms. Such overlaps continue and occur frequently as people move beneath the chart. Printable Physics Worksheets, Tests, and Activities. Display questions in a random order we each attempt. All the electrons in an atom, excluding the valence electrons. -
Of the Periodic Table
of the Periodic Table teacher notes Give your students a visual introduction to the families of the periodic table! This product includes eight mini- posters, one for each of the element families on the main group of the periodic table: Alkali Metals, Alkaline Earth Metals, Boron/Aluminum Group (Icosagens), Carbon Group (Crystallogens), Nitrogen Group (Pnictogens), Oxygen Group (Chalcogens), Halogens, and Noble Gases. The mini-posters give overview information about the family as well as a visual of where on the periodic table the family is located and a diagram of an atom of that family highlighting the number of valence electrons. Also included is the student packet, which is broken into the eight families and asks for specific information that students will find on the mini-posters. The students are also directed to color each family with a specific color on the blank graphic organizer at the end of their packet and they go to the fantastic interactive table at www.periodictable.com to learn even more about the elements in each family. Furthermore, there is a section for students to conduct their own research on the element of hydrogen, which does not belong to a family. When I use this activity, I print two of each mini-poster in color (pages 8 through 15 of this file), laminate them, and lay them on a big table. I have students work in partners to read about each family, one at a time, and complete that section of the student packet (pages 16 through 21 of this file). When they finish, they bring the mini-poster back to the table for another group to use. -
Elements Make up the Periodic Table
Page 1 of 7 KEY CONCEPT Elements make up the periodic table. BEFORE, you learned NOW, you will learn • Atoms have a structure • How the periodic table is • Every element is made from organized a different type of atom • How properties of elements are shown by the periodic table VOCABULARY EXPLORE Similarities and Differences of Objects atomic mass p. 17 How can different objects be organized? periodic table p. 18 group p. 22 PROCEDURE MATERIALS period p. 22 buttons 1 With several classmates, organize the buttons into three or more groups. 2 Compare your team’s organization of the buttons with another team’s organization. WHAT DO YOU THINK? • What characteristics did you use to organize the buttons? • In what other ways could you have organized the buttons? Elements can be organized by similarities. One way of organizing elements is by the masses of their atoms. Finding the masses of atoms was a difficult task for the chemists of the past. They could not place an atom on a pan balance. All they could do was find the mass of a very large number of atoms of a certain element and then infer the mass of a single one of them. Remember that not all the atoms of an element have the same atomic mass number. Elements have isotopes. When chemists attempt to measure the mass of an atom, therefore, they are actually finding the average mass of all its isotopes. The atomic mass of the atoms of an element is the average mass of all the element’s isotopes. -
Three Related Topics on the Periodic Tables of Elements
Three related topics on the periodic tables of elements Yoshiteru Maeno*, Kouichi Hagino, and Takehiko Ishiguro Department of physics, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan * [email protected] (The Foundations of Chemistry: received 30 May 2020; accepted 31 July 2020) Abstaract: A large variety of periodic tables of the chemical elements have been proposed. It was Mendeleev who proposed a periodic table based on the extensive periodic law and predicted a number of unknown elements at that time. The periodic table currently used worldwide is of a long form pioneered by Werner in 1905. As the first topic, we describe the work of Pfeiffer (1920), who refined Werner’s work and rearranged the rare-earth elements in a separate table below the main table for convenience. Today’s widely used periodic table essentially inherits Pfeiffer’s arrangements. Although long-form tables more precisely represent electron orbitals around a nucleus, they lose some of the features of Mendeleev’s short-form table to express similarities of chemical properties of elements when forming compounds. As the second topic, we compare various three-dimensional helical periodic tables that resolve some of the shortcomings of the long-form periodic tables in this respect. In particular, we explain how the 3D periodic table “Elementouch” (Maeno 2001), which combines the s- and p-blocks into one tube, can recover features of Mendeleev’s periodic law. Finally we introduce a topic on the recently proposed nuclear periodic table based on the proton magic numbers (Hagino and Maeno 2020). Here, the nuclear shell structure leads to a new arrangement of the elements with the proton magic-number nuclei treated like noble-gas atoms. -
Rapid Analysis of Plutonium Surrogate Material Via Hand-Held Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy
Air Force Institute of Technology AFIT Scholar Theses and Dissertations Student Graduate Works 3-2020 Rapid Analysis of Plutonium Surrogate Material via Hand-Held Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy Ashwin P. Rao Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.afit.edu/etd Part of the Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics Commons, and the Nuclear Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Rao, Ashwin P., "Rapid Analysis of Plutonium Surrogate Material via Hand-Held Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy" (2020). Theses and Dissertations. 3599. https://scholar.afit.edu/etd/3599 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Graduate Works at AFIT Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of AFIT Scholar. For more information, please contact [email protected]. RAPID ANALYSIS OF PLUTONIUM SURROGATE MATERIAL VIA HAND-HELD LASER-INDUCED BREAKDOWN SPECTROSCOPY THESIS Ashwin P. Rao, Second Lieutenant, USAF AFIT-ENP-MS-20-M-115 DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE AIR UNIVERSITY AIR FORCE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE; DISTRIBUTION UNLIMITED. The views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the United States Air Force, Department of Defense, or the United States Government. This material is declared a work of the U.S. Government and is not subject to copyright protection in the United States. AFIT-ENP-MS-20-M-115 RAPID ANALYSIS OF PLUTONIUM SURROGATE MATERIAL VIA HAND-HELD LASER-INDUCED BREAKDOWN SPECTROSCOPY THESIS Presented to the Faculty Department of Engineering Physics Graduate School of Engineering and Management Air Force Institute of Technology Air University Air Education and Training Command in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Nuclear Engineering Ashwin P. -
Periodic Table of the Elements Notes
Periodic Table of the Elements Notes Arrangement of the known elements based on atomic number and chemical and physical properties. Divided into three basic categories: Metals (left side of the table) Nonmetals (right side of the table) Metalloids (touching the zig zag line) Basic Organization by: Atomic structure Atomic number Chemical and Physical Properties Uses of the Periodic Table Useful in predicting: chemical behavior of the elements trends properties of the elements Atomic Structure Review: Atoms are made of protons, electrons, and neutrons. Elements are atoms of only one type. Elements are identified by the atomic number (# of protons in nucleus). Energy Levels Review: Electrons are arranged in a region around the nucleus called an electron cloud. Energy levels are located within the cloud. At least 1 energy level and as many as 7 energy levels exist in atoms Energy Levels & Valence Electrons Energy levels hold a specific amount of electrons: 1st level = up to 2 2nd level = up to 8 3rd level = up to 8 (first 18 elements only) The electrons in the outermost level are called valence electrons. Determine reactivity - how elements will react with others to form compounds Outermost level does not usually fill completely with electrons Using the Table to Identify Valence Electrons Elements are grouped into vertical columns because they have similar properties. These are called groups or families. Groups are numbered 1-18. Group numbers can help you determine the number of valence electrons: Group 1 has 1 valence electron. Group 2 has 2 valence electrons. Groups 3–12 are transition metals and have 1 or 2 valence electrons. -
Electron Configuration, and Element No.155 of the Periodic Table of Elements
April, 2011 PROGRESS IN PHYSICS Volume 2 Electron Configuration, and Element No.155 of the Periodic Table of Elements Albert Khazan E-mail: [email protected] Blocks of the Electron Configuration in the atom are considered with taking into ac- count that the electron configuration should cover also element No.155. It is shown that the electron configuration formula of element No.155, in its graphical representation, completely satisfies Gaussian curve. 1 Introduction K L M N O Sum Content in the shells As is known, even the simpliests atoms are very complicate s 2 2 in each shell systems. In the centre of such a system, a massive nucleus p 2 6 8 in each, commencing is located. It consists of protons, the positively charged par- in the 2nd shell ticles, and neutrons, which are charge-free. Masses of pro- d 2 6 10 18 in each, commencing tons and neutrons are almost the same. Such a particle is in the 3rd shell almost two thousand times heavier than the electron. Charges f 2 6 10 14 32 in each, commencing of the proton and the electron are opposite, but the same in in the 4th shell the absolute value. The proton and the neutron differ from g 2 6 10 14 18 50 in each, commencing the viewpoint on electromagnetic interactions. However in in the 5th shell the scale of atomic nuclei they does not differ. The electron, the proton, and the neutron are subatomic articles. The theo- Table 1: Number of electrons in each level. retical physicists still cannot solve Schrodinger’s¨ equation for the atoms containing two and more electrons. -
Periodic Table 1 Periodic Table
Periodic table 1 Periodic table This article is about the table used in chemistry. For other uses, see Periodic table (disambiguation). The periodic table is a tabular arrangement of the chemical elements, organized on the basis of their atomic numbers (numbers of protons in the nucleus), electron configurations , and recurring chemical properties. Elements are presented in order of increasing atomic number, which is typically listed with the chemical symbol in each box. The standard form of the table consists of a grid of elements laid out in 18 columns and 7 Standard 18-column form of the periodic table. For the color legend, see section Layout, rows, with a double row of elements under the larger table. below that. The table can also be deconstructed into four rectangular blocks: the s-block to the left, the p-block to the right, the d-block in the middle, and the f-block below that. The rows of the table are called periods; the columns are called groups, with some of these having names such as halogens or noble gases. Since, by definition, a periodic table incorporates recurring trends, any such table can be used to derive relationships between the properties of the elements and predict the properties of new, yet to be discovered or synthesized, elements. As a result, a periodic table—whether in the standard form or some other variant—provides a useful framework for analyzing chemical behavior, and such tables are widely used in chemistry and other sciences. Although precursors exist, Dmitri Mendeleev is generally credited with the publication, in 1869, of the first widely recognized periodic table.