DOCSLIB.ORG

EEA Coordination Unit Austrasse 79 9490 Vaduz Liechtenstein

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
EEA Coordination Unit Austrasse 79 9490 Vaduz Liechtenstein Brussels, 12 October 2016 Case No: 78795 Document No: 799735 Decision No: 183/16/COL EEA Coordination Unit Austrasse 79 9490 Vaduz Liechtenstein Dear Dr Andrea Entner-Koch, Subject: Letter of formal notice to Liechtenstein concerning the Trademark Act 1. Introduction 1. By letter dated 14 March 2016, the EFTA Surveillance Authority (“the Authority”) informed the Liechtenstein Government that it had received a complaint regarding Article 39 of the Liechtenstein Trademark Protection Act (Article 39 MSchG).1 According to the complainant, the legislation referred to above constitutes a restriction to the freedom to provide services. 2. After examination, the Authority considers: first, that a lawyer who is an EEA national and provides cross-border services in Liechtenstein in trademark matters for clients established outside the EEA cannot be required to be authorised in Liechtenstein, taking into account the principle of the freedom to provide services and more specifically Directive 2006/123/EC2 (“the Services Directive”) and Directive 77/249/EEC3(“the Lawyer Directive”); second, that the obligation placed on the participant in trademark proceedings, who has neither a domestic residence or domicile nor an establishment within the country, to designate a person authorised to accept service in Liechtenstein for any necessary exchange of correspondence with the Liechtenstein authorities and other parties, amounts to an indirect discrimination on grounds of nationality which is prohibited under Article 4 of the Agreement on the European Economic Area (“the EEA Agreement”). Alternatively, the Authority concludes that such provision of 1 Markenschutzgesetz, MSchG, LR 232.11. 2 Directive 2006/123/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 December 2006 on services in the internal market, OJ L 376, 27.12.2006, p. 36–68 (as annexed at point 1 of Annex X to the EEA Agreement). 3 Council Directive 77/249/EEC of 22 March 1977 to facilitate the effective exercise by lawyers of freedom to provide services, OJ 1977 L 78, p. 17-18 (as annexed at point 2 of Chapter B of Annex VII to the EEA Agreement). _______________________________________________________________________ Rue Belliard 35, B-1040 Brussels, tel: (+32)(0)2 286 18 11, fax: (+32)(0)2 286 18 00, www.eftasurv.int Page 2 the Liechtenstein Trademark Protection Act is in breach of Articles 11 and 36 of the EEA Agreement. 2. Correspondence 3. On 9 July 2012, the Authority received a complaint (Case 72271) against Liechtenstein concerning the obligation to appoint a lawyer established in Liechtenstein in order for a non-resident in Liechtenstein to participate in an administrative or judicial procedure in the field of trademark embodied in Article 39 MSchG. On 30 January 2013, the Authority issued a letter of formal notice (Doc. n° 657496). On 5 March 2014, the Authority delivered a reasoned opinion (Doc. n°680469). 4. In June 2014, Liechtenstein indicated that it was in the process to amending the Liechtenstein Trademark Protection Act, which it did on 1 January 2016. 5. In February 2016, the Authority received a complaint4 concerning the new Article 39 MSchG and opened the current infringement procedure. 6. In April 2016, the case was discussed at the package meeting in Vaduz. 7. In April 2016, the complaint case 72271 against Liechtenstein concerning the previous version of Article 39 MSchG was closed on the basis that the adoption of the amended Article 39 MSchG had resolved the issues raised under EEA law in the reasoned opinion. 8. In July 2016, the Authority sent a request for information (Doc. n° 811455) to Liechtenstein regarding the links between the Trademark Act, the Lawyers Act and the Patent Lawyer Act.5 9. On 18 August 2016, Liechtenstein replied to the Authority’s questions (Doc. n°815136). 3. Relevant national law6 10. Article 41 of the Patent Lawyers Act specifies: 1) The persons referred to in Article 40 must notify this to the Financial Market Authority before engaging in any occupation. The Financial Market Authority must confirm receipt of the notification. 2) The following certificates must be attached to the notification: a) a certificate from which follows that the service provider exercises the occupation in question lawfully in the State of origin and that he is not forbidden from exercising this occupation, not even temporarily, at the moment of submitting the certificate; b) a certificate of professional qualification; c) a certificate concerning the full-time, independent exercise for the period of two years of the profession as patent lawyer in the State of origin for the past ten years, in the event that the occupation as patent lawyer should not be regulated; d) a certification of citizenship; e) a certificate of a personal liability insurance, in accordance with Article 17. 4 Current case, case 78795. 5 Liechtensteinisches Landesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1993 Nr. 43 ausgegeben am 19. Februar 1993, Gesetz vom 9. Dezember 1992 über die Patentanwälte (Patentanwaltsgesetz; PAG); Liechtensteinisches Landesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 2013 Nr. 415 ausgegeben am 23. Dezember 2013, Rechtsanwaltsgesetz (RAG) vom 8. November 2013. 6 All the relevant national legislation is provided in English but that it is an unofficial translation Page 3 3) This notification must be renewed on a yearly basis if the service provider intends to provide services temporarily or occasionally in the respective year on the national territory. Moreover, it must be renewed immediately if circumstances change considerably. 4) The Financial Market Authority has the duty to forbid the provision of services and, if need be, to inform the judicial or administrative authorities where the requirements set out in paragraph 2 are not or no longer met. 11. Article 83 of the Lawyers Act indicates: 1) The European lawyer providing services shall be supervised by the bar association. 2) The European lawyer providing services shall notify in advance his intention to engage in an occupation to the bar association and to provide evidence of his status as lawyer. 3) Repealed 4) Repealed 5) The Chair of the bar association has the duty to: a) provide counsel to and to instruct the European lawyer providing services in matters related to a lawyer’s professional obligations; b) supervise the persons subject to these obligations; c) forbid the provision of services and, if need be, inform judicial or administrative authority where the requirements set out in paragraph 2 are not or no longer met. d) inform the authorities in charge in the State of origin about decisions adopted with regard to this person. 12. Article 39 MSchG reads as follows: 1) Who participates in administrative or judicial proceedings laid down in this act and who does not have his residence, domicile or establishment in Liechtenstein, in another EEA State or in Switzerland, may only act before the competent administrative or judicial authorities if he has appointed as his representative a lawyer or patent lawyer who is either locally- established or has been authorised to exercise this profession temporarily. 2) Who participates in administrative or judicial proceedings laid down in this act and who has his residence, domicile or establishment in another EEA State or in Switzerland, may act before the competent administrative or judicial authorities if he has designated a person authorised to accept service in Liechtenstein.7 4. Relevant EEA law 13. Article 1 of the Lawyer Directive states: “1. This Directive shall apply, within the limits and under the conditions laid down herein, to the activities of lawyers pursued by way of provision of services. Notwithstanding anything contained in this Directive, Member States may reserve to prescribed categories of lawyers the preparation of formal documents for obtaining title to administer estates of deceased persons, and the drafting of formal documents creating or transferring interests in land. 7 Unofficial translation by the Authority. Page 4 2. "Lawyer" means any person entitled to pursue his professional activities under one of the following designations (...).” 14. Article 2 indicates: “Each Member State shall recognize as a lawyer for the purpose of pursuing the activities specified in Article 1 (1) any person listed in paragraph 2 of that Article.” 15. Article 4(1) provides: “Activities relating to the representation of a client in legal proceedings or before public authorities shall be pursued in each host Member State under the conditions laid down for lawyers established in that State, with the exception of any conditions requiring residence, or registration with a professional organization, in that State.” 16. Article 4(4) indicates: “A lawyer pursuing activities other than those referred to in paragraph 1 shall remain subject to the conditions and rules of professional conduct of the Member State from which he comes without prejudice to respect for the rules, whatever their source, which govern the profession in the host Member State, especially those concerning the incompatibility of the exercise of the activities of a lawyer with the exercise of other activities in that State, professional secrecy, relations with other lawyers, the prohibition on the same lawyer acting for parties with mutually conflicting interests, and publicity. The latter rules are applicable only if they are capable of being observed by a lawyer who is not established in the host Member State and to the extent to which their observance is objectively justified to ensure, in that State, the proper exercise of a lawyer's activities, the standing of the profession and respect for the rules concerning incompatibility.” 17. Article 5 provides: “For the pursuit of activities relating to the representation of a client in legal proceedings, a Member State may require lawyers to whom Article 1 applies: - to be introduced, in accordance with local rules or customs, to the presiding judge and, where appropriate, to the President of the relevant Bar in the host Member State; - to work in conjunction with a lawyer who practises before the judicial authority in question and who would, where necessary, be answerable to that authority, or with an "avoué" or "procuratore" practising before it.” 18.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Martin Walch Dorfstrasse 131 FL - 9498 PLANKEN
    Martin Walch Dorfstrasse 131 FL - 9498 PLANKEN www.artnet.li /martin walch 1960 born in Vaduz, Liechtenstein 1988-92 Academy of Applied Arts in Vienna /A ; MA-Diploma in visual communication (painting and printmaking) 1993 1 month residency in Jordan (invitation of H.M.King Hussein of Jordan) 2 months residency in Jekaterinburg /Russia (Gallery Ester) 1997 1 year work grant from the Principality of Liechtenstein; residence in New York City /USA 6 months work grant and studio in New York City from the Austrian Ministry of Education and Arts 2000 6 months work grant and studio in Fujino and Tokyo /Japan from the Austrian Chancellery for Art Silvrett’Atelier 2000 symposium; Silvretta, Bielerhöhe /Vlbg. A 2001 ART DIALOGUE; 1 month symposium in Kyrgyzstan of artists from Europe and Central Asia (Kyrgyz National Museum of Fine Art) 2002 prizewinner of the 2. Artforum MONTAFON 1. prize at the competition for the internat. Year of the Mountains: HOEHENRAUSCH UND FERNSICHT /Tangente, Liechtenstein prizewinner / SUSSMANN-foundation, Vienna /A Founder member of BIWAK-group: international art-laboratory /members from Liechtenstein, Switzerland, Austria, Japan, USA 2003 teaching at the University of Liechtenstein, Vaduz /FL and at the Berufsmittelschule Vaduz /Liechtenstein since 2003 teaching at the LG-Vaduz (highschool) /FL since 2005 founder member of VORKURS ZÜRCHER OBERLAND at the Kunstschule Wetzikon /ZH; teaching at VZO 2006 founder member of ALPA / assoziation of professional artists liechtenstein, president MEDIA: installation, photography, video, graphics, sculpture Exhibitions (selection): 2009 FAMILY AFFAIRS, Kunstverein Mistelbach, Niederösterreich /A (groupshow) THROUGH THE LOOKING-GLASS, Kunstraum Engländerbau, Vaduz /FL (groupshow) PICCOLO STATO at NEON CAMPOBASE, Bologna (I) via Zanardi 2/5 (groupshow) KONKRET POETISCH - Martin Walch / Hanna Roeckle / Roberto Altmann at Berlin TREPTOW-KÖPENICK, Kulturzentrum Adlershof A.S.
    [Show full text]
  • A Case Study
    Diversity 2013, 5, 557-580; doi:10.3390/d5030557 OPEN ACCESS diversity ISSN 1424-2818 www.mdpi.com/journal/diversity Article Loss of European Dry Heaths in NW Spain: A Case Study Pablo Ramil Rego 1, Manuel A. Rodríguez Guitián 1, Hugo López Castro 1, Javier Ferreiro da Costa 1,* and Castor Muñoz Sobrino 2 1 GI 1934-TB (Territorio, Biodiversidade), Instituto de Biodiversidade Agraria e Desenvolvemento Rural (IBADER), Universidade de Santiago, Campus de Lugo s/n, Lugo E-27002, Spain; E-Mails: [email protected] (P.R.R.); [email protected] (M.A.R.G.); [email protected] (H.L.C.) 2 Departamento de Bioloxía Vexetal e Ciencias do Solo, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade de Vigo, Campus de Marcosende s/n, Vigo E-36310, Spain; E-Mail: [email protected] * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +34-982-824-507; Fax: +34-982-824-508. Received: 13 May 2013; in revised form: 21 June 2013 / Accepted: 16 July 2013 / Published: 2 August 2013 Abstract: Natural habitats are continuing to deteriorate in Europe with an increasing number of wild species which are also seriously threatened. Consequently, a coherent European ecological network (Natura 2000) for conservation of natural habitats and the wild fauna and flora (Council Directive 92/43/EEC) was created. Even so, there is currently no standardized methodology for surveillance and assessment of habitats, a lack that it is particularly problematic for those habitats occupying large areas (heathlands, forests, dunes, wetlands) and which require a great deal of effort to be monitored.
    [Show full text]
  • Roman Jenal, Mlaw Attorney at Law
    Roman Jenal, MLaw Attorney at Law Address Oberhuber Jenal Rechtsanwälte AG Wuhrstrasse 14 LI-9490 Vaduz Contact T +423 237 70 80 [email protected] Education and training 2006 – 2010 Bachelor’s degree in law from the University of Bern 2010 – 2011 Master’s degree in law from the University of Bern Spring 2016 Liechtenstein bar examination 1 | 3 www.oberhuberjenal.li Practical experience 09.2010 Internship at the law firm of Dr. Dr. Batliner und Dr. Gasser, Vaduz 01.2011 – 09.2011 Part-time intern (alongside studies) at the law firm of Dr. Dr. Batliner und Dr. Gasser, Vaduz 01.2012 – 06.2012 Court internship at the Princely Court of Justice (Fürstliches Landgericht), Vaduz 07.2012 – 12.2012 Internship with the Liechtenstein Financial Market Authority (FMA), Vaduz 01.2013 – 05.2016 Associate at Batliner Gasser Rechtsanwälte, Vaduz 06.2016 – 02.2017 Attorney at Law with Batliner Gasser Rechtsanwälte, Vaduz 04.2017 – 11.2018 Attorney at Law with Wilhelm & Büchel Rechtsanwälte, Vaduz Since December 2018 Attorney at Law and partner with Oberhuber Jenal Rechtsanwälte AG Other activities Since July 2011 Vice president and legal advisor, Karmela Papua Neu Guinea Sr. Lorena Jenal “Solidarity for Mother and Child” (charitable association with registered office in Samnaun, Graubünden, Switzerland) Since March 2017 President of the Volunteer Fire Department (Freiwillige Feuerwehr), Ruggell Since January 2018 Part-time lecturer at the ibW College of Higher Education Südostschweiz (ibW Höhere Fachschule Südostschweiz) Since May 2018 Part-time
    [Show full text]
  • Directions to Balzers/Trübbach SBU Optical Disc –– Balzers/LI I SBU Hard Disk –– Balzers/LI Milano SBU PVD Wafer –– Trübbach/CH
    systems Stuttgart D F Friedrichshafen Lindau Altenrhein Basel Zürich LI A Balzers Bern ➙ Chur CH Genf Lugano Directions to Balzers/Trübbach SBU Optical Disc –– Balzers/LI I SBU Hard Disk –– Balzers/LI Milano SBU PVD Wafer –– Trübbach/CH From Zürich (CH): Friedrichshafen By train: From Zürich Airport directly to Sargans (via Zürich Main Station). Lindau D From Sargans to Balzers go by taxi or public bus or we can arrange an internal driver service. Altenrhein Bregenz By car: From Zürich Airport follow the signs “Motorway A3 to Chur” (via St.Gallen Zürich city). While on motorway A3 to Chur, approximately 2 km after the A1 St.Margrethen Dornbirn exit Sargans, turn right into motorway A13 to St.Margrethen/München/Feld- Diepoldsau A kirch/Vaduz. Exit A13 at Trübbach/Balzers. Turn right to Balzers/Turn left A14 to Trübbach. CH Oberriet Rankweil Feldkirch A13 From St.Gallen (CH), Bodensee: ➙ Wien Innsbruck Take motorway A13 to Sargans/Chur, exit at Trübbach/Balzers. Zürich Buchs LI Turn left to Balzers/Turn right to Trübbach. E60 ➙ Vaduz Trübbach A3 From Wien, Innsbruck (A): Balzers Sargans Take motorway E60 to Vorarlberg, via Arlbergtunnel. Exit the motorway in Feldkirch and follow the main road to the Principality of Liechtenstein. After the border crossing, via Schaan and Vaduz to Balzers. Bad Ragaz ➙ Alternative route via Switzerland (CH): Take motorway E60 to Chur Vorarlberg, via Arlbergtunnel. After the Ambergtunnel exit at Rankweil. Then follow the road to Oberriet (CH), via Meiningen. After the border crossing turn ➙ ➙ into motorway A13 to Chur. Exit at Trübbach/Balzers. Turn left to P Rhein Balzers/Turn right to Trübbach.
    [Show full text]
  • Sensational Europe | 14 Days Value Package Summer, 2018
    Sensational Europe | 14 Days Value Package Summer, 2018 HIGHLIGHTS VATICAN Vatican City: Entrance to the Vatican Museum with Sistine Chapel | Visit to the Visit: magnificent St. Peter’s Basilica. Vatican, Italy, Austria, Switzerland, Germany, Liechtenstein, The Netherlands, Belgium & France ITALY Rome: Guided city tour | Visit Trevi fountain | Time elevator show included Pisa: Leaning Tower of Pisa. Florence: Guided city tour Venice: Visit St. Mark’s square on a private boat | Gondola ride included | Visit Murano Glass showroom along with glass making demonstration. NETHERLANDS Amsterdam GERMANY AUSTRIA Brussels Cologne Wattens: Visit the Swarovski Crystal Headquarters and Museum BELGIUM Innsbruck: Orientation tour of Innsbruck. Paris Black Forest AUSTRIA SWITZERLAND SWITZERLAND LIECHTENSTEIN Central Innsbruck St. Moritz: Visit to Mt. Diavolezza via train and cable car | Horse Carriage ride. FRANCE SwitzerlandSt. Moritz Venice Engelberg: Visit Mt. Titlis in world’s first rotating cable car. ITALY Lucerne: Orientation tour of Lucerne Zurich: Free time Florence Pisa Flawil: Visit a famous Swiss Chocolate factory. Rome Schaffhausen: Boat ride at the Rhine Falls LIECHTENSTEIN Vaduz: Mini Train ride in Vaduz GERMANY Cologne: Historic Cologne Cathedral. Rhineland: River Rhine cruise Black forest region: Cuckoo clock demonstration at Black Forest. NETHERLANDS Amsterdam: Free time at Dam Square. Zaanse Schans: Visit cheese farm & wooden shoe factory Lisse: Till 13th May visit Keukenhof - Largest Spring Garden in the world. | From 14th May visit world famous Heineken Beer Brewery BELGIUM Brussels: Orientation tour with Grand Place and Manneken Pis Statue | Visit Mini Europe FRANCE Paris: Guided city tour | Visit to 3rd level Eiffel Tower | Seine River Cruise | Chance to see the famous Lido Show (OPTIONAL) Trevi Fountain, Rome Day 05 HOTELS & ACCOMMODATION Swarovski Crystal headquarters and Museum – Innsbruck – St.
    [Show full text]
  • University of Copenhagen
    Event-Related Exchange Rate Forecasts Combining Information from Betting Quotes and Option Prices Hanke, Michael; Poulsen, Rolf; Weissensteiner, Alex Published in: Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis DOI: 10.1017/S002210901800042X Publication date: 2018 Document version Early version, also known as pre-print Citation for published version (APA): Hanke, M., Poulsen, R., & Weissensteiner, A. (2018). Event-Related Exchange Rate Forecasts Combining Information from Betting Quotes and Option Prices. Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 53(6), 2663- 2683 . https://doi.org/10.1017/S002210901800042X Download date: 02. Oct. 2021 Event-related Exchange Rate Forecasts Combining Information from Betting Quotes and Option Prices Michael Hanke, Rolf Poulsen, and Alex Weissensteiner∗ Abstract Betting quotes provide valuable information on market-implied probabilities for outcomes of events like elections or referendums, which may have an impact on exchange rates. We generate exchange rate forecasts around such events based on a model that combines risk-neutral event probabilities implied from betting quotes with risk-neutral exchange rate densities extracted from currency option prices. Its application to predict exchange rates around the Brexit referendum and the U.S. presidential elections shows that these forecasts – conditional on the respective outcomes – were accurate, and markets were able to separate their views on the likelihood and the impact of these events. ∗Hanke (corresponding author), [email protected], University of Liechtenstein, Institute for Fi- nance, 9490 Vaduz, Liechtenstein; Poulsen, [email protected], University of Copenhagen, Department of Mathematical Sciences, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; Weissensteiner, [email protected], Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, School of Economics and Management, 39100 Bozen, Italy.
    [Show full text]
  • Hamish Fulton Biography —
    Hamish Fulton Biography — Born 1946, London Lives and works in Canterbury, UK Education — 1964 - 1969 Hammersmith College of Art, London St. Martin’s School of Art, London Royal College of Art, London Selected Solo Exhibitions — 2019 Galeria Bergamin & Gomide, Sao Paulo, Brazil 2018 Hamish Fulton - Caminando en la Peninsula Ibérica. Bombas Gens Per Amor a l’Art, València Hamish Fulton- Galleri RIIS, Oslo 2017 Hamish Fulton - Unlike A Drawn Line A Walked Line Can Never Be Erased - Galleria Michela Rizzo, Venecia Hamish Fulton - Walking without a Smartphone - Häusler Contemporary - Munich, Munchen 2016 Hamish Fulton - Walking Artist - Josee Bienvenu Gallery, Nueva York, NY Hamish Fulton - A Decision To Choose Only Waling - Galerie Tschudi - Zuoz, Zuoz Hamish Fulton - Galleri Riis, Oslo 2015 Espaivisor gallery, Valencia, Spain ‘Migrant Volcano’, Palazzo Platamone, Catania, Sicily, Italy Galleri Riis, Stockholm, Sweden Hausler Contemporary, Zürich, Switzerland ‘Front Room’, Peter Foolen, Eindhoven, The Netherlands 2014 Villa Merkel, Esslingen 2013 Nara Roesler, Sao Paulo I8, Reykjavik C.R.A.C. Sète 2012 Galleri Riis, Stockholm Turner Contemporary, Margate, England IKON , Birmingham Hauesler Contemporary, Zurich Van der Mieden , Antwerp Gallery Michela Rizzo, Venice Chesa Merlada, La Punt, Engadin,Switzerlnd 2011 Galleri Riis, Oslo, Norway Torri, Paris 2010 Torri, Paris Museo Transfrontaliero de Monte Bianco, Courmayeur, Italy Rhona Hoffman Gallery, Chicago,USA 2009 Hauesler Contemporary, Munich Summitted Everest 2008 espaivisor gallery, Valencia, Spain Galerie fur Landschaftskunst, Hamburg, Germany M.E.I.A.C, ( with publication) Badajoz,Spain I8, Reykjavik, Iceland Galerei Riis, Oslo, Norway 2007 Christine Burgin, New York Texas Gallery, Houston Gobierno de Cantabria, Potes, Spain Alessandra Bonomo, Rome Galeria Helga de Alvear, Madrid Gobierno de Cantabria, Santander, Spain Hauesler Contemporary, Zurich 2006 Galerie Mueller-Roth, Stuttgart CCA Kitakyushu, Japan 2005 Galleri Riis, Oslo Krannert Art Museum, U.
    [Show full text]
  • An Analysis of Five European Microstates
    Geoforum, Vol. 6, pp. 187-204, 1975. Pergamon Press Ltd. Printed in Great Britain The Plight of the Lilliputians: an Analysis of Five European Microstates Honor6 M. CATUDAL, Jr., Collegeville, Minn.” Summary: The mini- or microstate is an important but little studied phenomenon in political geography. This article seeks to redress the balance and give these entities some of the attention they deserve. In general, five microstates are examined; all are located in Western Europe-Andorra, Liechtenstein, Monaco, San Marino and the Vatican. The degree to which each is autonomous in its internal affairs is thoroughly explored. And the extent to which each has control over its external relations is investigated. Disadvantages stemming from its small size strike at the heart of the ministate problem. And they have forced these nations to adopt practices which should be of use to large states. Zusammenfassung: Dem Zwergstaat hat die politische Geographie wenig Beachtung geschenkt. Urn diese Liicke zu verengen, werden hier fiinf Zwergstaaten im westlichen Europa untersucht: Andorra, Liechtenstein, Monaco, San Marino und der Vatikan. Das Ma13der inneren und lul3eren Autonomie wird griindlich untersucht. Die Kleinheit hat die Zwargstaaten zu Anpassungsformen gezwungen, die such fiir groRe Staaten van Bedeutung sein k8nnten. R&sum& Les Etats nains n’ont g&e fait I’objet d’Btudes de geographic politique. Afin de combler cette lacune, cinq mini-Etats sent examines ici; il s’agit de I’Andorre, du Liechtenstein, de Monaco, de Saint-Marin et du Vatican. Dans quelle mesure ces Etats disposent-ils de l’autonomie interne at ont-ils le contrble de leurs relations extirieures.
    [Show full text]
  • Einblick 02.17
    EINBLICK 02.17 Impressum Herausgeber: Gemeinde Vaduz Erscheinungsdatum: Juli 2017 Verantwortlich für den Inhalt: Bürgermeister Ewald Ospelt Redaktion: WORDS & EVENTS Markus Meier PR Anstalt, Vaduz, Flurina Seger Gestaltung und Satz: Reinold Ospelt AG, Vaduz Fotografen: Gemeinde Vaduz, Sven Beham, Belinda Kummer, Rainer Kühnis, Markus Meier, Daniel Ospelt, Tatjana Schnalzger, Paul Trum- mer, Nils Vollmar Druck und Veredelung: Lampert Druckzentrum AG, Vaduz Papier: Superset Snow, holzfrei, FSC zertifiziert Soweit in dieser Publikation personenbezogene Bezeichnungen nur in männlicher Form angeführt sind, dient dies der leichteren Lesbarkeit, sie beziehen sich aber auf Frauen und Männer in gleicher Weise. EDITORIAL 02 03 Liebe Leserinnen, liebe Leser «Das Talent des Menschen, sich einen Lebensraum zu schaffen, wird nur durch sein Talent über- troffen, ihn zu zerstören.» (Theodor Heuss) Wir dürfen uns glücklich schätzen, in einer Gemeinde mit sehr hoher Lebensqualität zu wohnen. Dazu tragen Gegebenheiten wie die Landschaft bei, die Topographie, die Gewässer, die Fauna und die Flora sowie alles, was uns «von Haus aus» zur Verfügung steht. Entscheidend ist aber vor allem, was wir aus dem machen, was uns die Natur schenkt. Welchen Wohnraum schaffen wir? Welche Infrastrukturen wie Strassen, Wege oder Freizeitstätten bauen wir? In welchen Bereichen setzen wir wirtschaftliche Schwerpunkte? Wie gestalten wir unser Zentrum, wie unsere Naherholungsräume? Wir alle arbeiten täglich an unserem Lebensraum. Es werden Häuser gebaut, sichtbare und unsichtbare Infrastrukturen wie Wasser- oder Kanalisationsleitungen erstellt, Rahmenbedingun- gen geschaffen und Lenkungsmassnahmen getroffen. Alle Mitarbeitenden der Gemeinde Vaduz in den verschiedensten Bereichen tragen einen wesent- lichen Teil zu dieser Gestaltung bei. Die Politik, aber auch jeder Einzelne von uns sind somit permanent gefordert, unseren Lebensraum zu gestalten.
    [Show full text]
  • Sean Scully, 1945 —
    Sean Scully, 1945 — Sean Scully (b. 1945, Dublin, Ireland) is an American-Irish artist who is internationally recognised for his distinctive abstract compositions that interrogate the properties of light, colour and form. Scully studied painting at Croydon College of Art, London and Newcastle University, UK, where he began to work in abstraction. During a trip to Morocco in 1969, Scully was strongly influenced by the local textiles and rich colours of the region, which he translated into the broad horizontal stripes and deep earth tones that characterise his mature style. Scully’s travels throughout Morocco and Mexico would also prompt his decision to move from Minimalism to a more emotional and humanistic form of abstraction. Following fellowships in 1972 and 1975 at Harvard University, Scully’s paintings became increasingly monumental and sculptural, consisting of interconnected three-dimensional panels that anticipated his later sculpture practice. In 1984 he began to develop the Wall of Light series, replacing the precise stripes of his early paintings with solid blocks of colour, built with increasingly loose and feathered brushstrokes into vertical and horizontal ‘bricks’ that suggest a wall of stone. Subtle differences in colour in the paintings indicate the location in which they were created, the changing seasons and the artist’s own emotions. This series formed the subject of a major touring exhibition at The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York in 2007. In 1984 Scully achieved international breakthrough through his inclusion in the major group exhibition An International Survey of Recent Painting and Sculpture at the Museum of Modern Art, New York.
    [Show full text]
  • 16Th Games of the Small States of Europe Reykjavik, 2
    16th Games of the Small States of Europe Reykjavik, 2. - 5.6.2015 Event 19 Women, 50m Freestyle Open 4.6.2015 - 10:00 Results Prelim Small Nation Games Records 25.59 Julie MEYNEN LUX Luxembourg (LUX) Points: FINA 2014 Rank YB Time Pts 1. Julie MEYNEN 97 Luxembourg 26.37 728 A 2. Bryndis Run HANSEN 93 Iceland 26.39 727 A 3. Ingibjoerg Kristin JONSDOTTIR 93 Iceland 26.71 701 A 4. Tiffany POU 96 Monaco 27.41 648 A 5. Martina CECCARONI 98 San Marino 27.52 641 A 6. Beatrice FELICI 00 San Marino 27.54 639 A 7. Nadia TUDO CUBELLS 97 Andorra 27.95 611 A Monica RAMIREZ ABELLA 93 Andorra 27.95 611 A 9. Christiana ANGELIDIS 00 Luxembourg 28.11 601 R 10. Pauline VISTE 00 Monaco 28.24 593 R 11. Saskia Hilda SENTI 99 Liechtenstein 28.32 588 Splash Meet Manager 11, 11.36514 Registered to Sundráð Reykjavíkur 4.6.2015 10:06 - Page 1 16th Games of the Small States of Europe Reykjavik, 2. - 5.6.2015 Event 19 Women, 50m Freestyle Open 4.6.2015 Results Final Small Nation Games Records 25.59 Julie MEYNEN LUX Luxembourg (LUX) Points: FINA 2014 Rank YB Time Pts Final 1. Julie MEYNEN 97 Luxembourg 25.72 785 2. Bryndis Run HANSEN 93 Iceland 25.95 764 3. Ingibjoerg Kristin JONSDOTTIR 93 Iceland 26.39 727 4. Tiffany POU 96 Monaco 27.24 661 5. Beatrice FELICI 00 San Marino 27.60 635 6. Monica RAMIREZ ABELLA 93 Andorra 27.61 634 7.
    [Show full text]
  • Having a Voice in Brussels from Outside the EU: the Lessons of EEA-EFTA
    Having a voice in Brussels from outside the EU: the lessons of EEA-EFTA blogs.lse.ac.uk/brexit/2016/04/07/having-a-voice-in-brussels-from-outside-the-eu-the-lessons-of-eea-efta/ 07/04/2016 If Britain were to leave the EU, yet seek somehow to remain a part of the Single Market, the EFTA countries would watch with interest. This is, after all, the deal Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland currently have. In this post, Sebastian Remøy responds to the proceedings of The LSE Commission on the Future of Britain in Europe. Britain as an EEA-EFTA State? In terms of political legitimacy, the EU demands quite a high price for the EEA agreement. Since 1994, the EEA-EFTA States (Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein) have adopted nearly 11000 legal acts that essentially extend the effect of EU Internal Market legislation and the Internal Market’s four freedoms to their own markets. The rub is that these states have no representation or votes in the European Council or the European Parliament when the rules are being decided, and with no Commissioners or officials from EFTA countries in the European Commission, they also have very little influence in initiatives taken by the EU executive. Moreover, the EEA-EFTA States, and in particular Norway, make financial contributions to the EU that are substantial and comparable with those of EU Member States.[1] Some view this as a form of taxation without representation, a sort of self-inflicted economic colonization. Others say that because these EEA-EFTA states voluntarily accept this arrangement they have preserved more of their sovereignty than EU member states.
    [Show full text]