Life of Charles Dickens
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"(Sreat Writers." EDITED BY ERIC S. ROBERTSON, M.A., PROFESSOR OF ENGLISH LITERATURE AND PHILOSOPHY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF THE PUNJAB, LAHORE. LIFE OF DICKENS. LIFE OF CHARLES DICKENS BY FRANK T. ^ARZIALS LONDON WALTER SCOTT 24 WARWICK LANE, PATERNOSTER ROW 1887 NOTE. I should have to acknowledge a fairly hoavy " THATdebt to Forster's Life of Chi rles Dickens," and " The Letters of Charles Dickens," edited by his sister- in-law and his eldest daughter, is almost a matter of for which course ; these are books from every present and future biographer of Dickens must perforce borrow in a more or less degree. My work, too, has been much " lightened by Mr. Kitton's excellent Dickensiana." CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. PAGH born The of education ; Charles Dickens February 7, lottery "- his his 1812 ; pathetic feeling towards own childhood; at troubles be- happy days Chatham ; family ; similarity tween little Dickens Charles and David Copperfield ; John taken to the Marshalsea ; his character ; Charles employed in in after about blacking business ; over-sensitive years this in is back into episode his career ; isolation ; brought and in comfort at family prison circle ; family comparative the Marshalsea ; father released ; Charles leaves the his is sent to blacking business ; mother ; he Wellington House Academy in 1824; character of that place of learn- ing ; Dickens masters its humours thoroughly . .II CHAPTER II. a Dickens becomes a solicitor's clerk in 1827 ; then reporter; his first in experiences in that capacity ; story published The Old Monthly Magazine for January, 1834; writes more "Sketches"; power of minute observation thus early writer's art is for his contribu- shown ; masters the ; paid tions to the Chronicle; marries Miss Hogarth on April 2, at that of en- 1836 ; appearance date ; power physical his education durance ; admirable influence of peculiar ; and its drawbacks 27 CHAPTER III. " of therein first Origin Pickwick" ; Seymour's part ; number published on April I, 1836 ; early numbers not a success ; the the literature suddenly book becomes rage ; English then in of its novelist just want ; Dickens' kingship causes of the its acknowledged ; book's popularity ; admir- other excellent able humour, and qualities ; Sam Weller ; Mr. Pickwick himself; book read by everybody . 40 8 CONTENTS. CHAPTER IV. PACK to Dickens works "double tides" from 1836 1839 ; appointed editor of Miscellany at beginning of 1837, and Bentlqfs" " commences Oliver Twist ; Quarterly Review predicts his speedy downfall; pecuniary position at this time; moves from Furnival's Inn to Doughty Street ; death of his his sister-in-law Mary Hogarth ; friendships ; absence all in his character habits of work of jealousy ; ; riding and in London streets to the pedestrianizing ; walking necessary exercise of his art . 49 CHAPTER V. " Twist" i of the doubtful <^f Oliver analysis book ; pjofrpfrility character its wealth of Qliver's ; "Nicholas NickTeby "; Clock character ; waster Humphrey's projected and begun in the in its April, 1840 ; public disappointed expectations " " of a novel ; Old Curiosity Shop commenced, and mis- of Clock cellaneous portion Master Humphrey's dropped ; Dickens' fondness for taking a child as his hero or Little Nell tears over her heroine ; ; shed sorrows ; general is admiration for the pathos of her story ; such admiration deserved ? Paul natural altogether Dombey more ; Little as Nell's death too declamatory a piece of writing ; Dickens " nevertheless a master of " pathos; Barnaby Rudge ; a historical novel dealing with times of the Gordon riots . 57 CHAPTER VI. starts for in Dickens United States January, 1842 ; had been received a little before at splendidly Edinburgh ; why he to the is went United States ; enthusiastically welcomed ; first is at he enchanted ; then expresses the greatest dis- appointment ; explanation of the change ; what the " of " Americans thought him ; American Notes ; his views modified on his second visit to America in 1867-8; to fierce theatricals for rest takes private ; delight of the his return to . children on England ; an admirable father 71 CHAPTER VII. " Dickens at work and ; publication of Martin again " play in Chuzzlewit begun January, 1843 ; plot not Dickens' this not of vital strong point ; any consequence ; a novel its not really remembered by story ; Dickens' books often have a higher unity than that of plct ; selfishness the /v>r,troi i'/i iea of "Martin Chuzzlewit"; a great book, and CONTENTS. 9 PACK not at the time successful Dickens foresees em- yet ; money " admirable " Christmas Carol barrassments ; publishes the to for a to at Christmas, 1843 ; and determines go space Italy ...... .... 84 CHAPTER VIII. Journey through France; Genoa; the Italy of 1844; Dickens its is idle for a charmed with untidy picturesqueness ; he " few weeks ; his at Genoa ; he sets to work upon The " palace in little book Chimes ; gets passionately interested the ; it in travels through Italy to read to his friends London ; it is in reads on December 2, 1844 ; soon back again Italy ; returns to London in the summer of 1845 ; on January 21, 1846, starts The Daily News ; holds the post of editor three ' ' " first in weeks ; Pictures from Italy published Daily News 93 CHAPTER IX. to Dickens as an amateur actor and stage-manager ; he goes Lausanne in and has May, 1846, begins "Dombey";" in streets great difficulty getting on without ; the Battle " of Life written; "Dombey"; its pathos; pride the subject of the book ; reality of the characters ; Dickens' treatment of partial insanity ; M. Taine's false criticism in Paris in thereon ; Dickens the winter of 1846-7 ; private " " " theatricals the Haunted Man David " again ; ; Copper- field in it begun May, 1849 ; marks the culminating point in Dickens' career as a writer ; Household Words started that its on March 30, 1850 ; character of periodical and successor, All the Year Round ; domestic sorrows cloud the of the in opening year 1851 ; Dickens moves same year from Devonshire Terrace to Tavistock House, and " " begins Bleak of the House ; story novel ; its Chancery epi- sodes Dickens is ; overworked and ill, and finds pleasant quarters at Boulogne . ...... 102 CHAPTER X. Dickens gives his first public (not paid) readings in December, was it that he should ? ; infra dig. read for money he his in begins paid readings April, 1858 ; reasons for their success care on ; bestowed them by the reader ; their dramatic character ; Carlyle's opinion of them ; how the tones of Dickens' voice linger in the memory of one who heard him ....... , 121 10 CONTENTS. CHAPTER XI. PAGH "Hard Times" commenced in Household Words for April I, it is of 1854 ; an attack on the "hard fact" school philo- what and Air. Ruskin of it sophers ; Macaulay thought" ; the Russian war of and the for Administra- " 1854-5, cry tive Reform ; Dickens in the thick of the movement ; "Little Dorrit"and the "Circumlocution Office"; cha- racter of is Mr. Dorrit admirably drawn ; Dickens in Paris from December, 1855, to May, 1856; he buys Gad's Hill Place it becomes his relations with ; hobby ; unfortunate his wife and in ; separation May 1858 ; lying rumours ; how these stung Dickens through his honourable pride in the love the which public bore him ; he publishes an indignant protest in Household Words ; and writes an unjustifiable letter 126 CHAPTER XII. "The Tale of Two Cities," a story of the great French Revo- lution ; Phiz's connection with Dickens' works comes to an end ; his art and that of Cruikshank ; both too essen- caricaturists of an old school to be the tially permanently" illustrators of Dickens other illustrators Great " ; ; Expec-" its tations ; story and characters ; "Our Mutual Friend begun in May, 1864; a complicated narrative; Dickens' for extraordinary sympathy Eugene Wrayburn ; generally his are so which sympathies entirely right ; explains why a of his books are not vulgar ; he himself man great real refinement . .139 CHAPTER XIII. fail is an acci- Dickens' health begins to ; he much shaken by in bates no of his dent June, 1865 ; but jot high courage, sails for on a and works on at his readings ; America in is and reading tour November, 1867 ; wretchedly ill, yet to continues to read day after day ; comes back England, more has and reads on ; health failing more and ; reading write his last to be abandoned for a time ; begins to and unfinished book, "Edwin Drood"; except health all seems well with him; on June 8, 1870, he works at his all at dinner time is struck down dies book nearly day ; ; the is buried in West- on the following day, June Qth ; nor will his fame suffer minster Abbey among his peers ; eclipse 149 INDEX .163 LIFE OF CHARLES DICKENS. CHAPTER I. is a kind of lottery in which there are EDUCATIONf good and evil chances, and some men draw blanks and other men draw prizes. And in saying this I do not use the word education in any restricted sense, as apply- in school or ing exclusively to the course of study college ; nor certainly, when I speak of prizes, am I thinking of scholarships, exhibitions, fellowships. By education I mean the whole set of circumstances which go to mould of his life a man's character during the apprentice years ; and I call that a prize when those circumstances have been such as to develop the man's powers to the utmost, and to fit him to do best that of which he is best capable. Looked at in this way, Charles Dickens' education, how- ever untoward and unpromising it may often have seemed while in the process, must really be pronounced a prize of value quite inestimable. His father, John Dickens, held a clerkship in the Navy Pay Office, and was employed in the Portsmouth Dock- yard when little Charles first came into the world, at 12 LIFE OF Landport, in Portsea, on February 7, 1812.