DOCSLIB.ORG

דוקטור לפילוסופיה Doctor of Philosophy

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

עבודת גמר )תזה( לתואר Thesis for the degree דוקטור לפילוסופיה Doctor of Philosophy Submitted to the Scientific Council of the מוגשת למועצה המדעית של Weizmann Institute of Science מכון ויצמן למדע Rehovot, Israel רחובות, ישראל מאת By יותם אשר Yotam Asscher תארוך תקופת המעבר ברונזה/ברזל בדרום הלבנט באמצעות C 14 Dating the Bronze to Iron Age Transition in the Southern Levant: A Radiocarbon Study מנחה: :Advisor פרופ' סטיב ויינר Prof. Steve Weiner ד'ר אליזבטה בוארטו Dr. Elisabetta Boaretto אלול תשע"ה August 2015 1 Acknowledgements First and foremost, I would like to thank my two supervisors – Prof. Steve Weiner and Dr. Elisabetta Boaretto. I couldn’t have asked for better role models, having both of you as supervisors is the best thing I could have asked for enjoying my research. Steve – You are a driving force: I am constantly inspired by your vast knowledge, dedication, and tireless drive to initiate new projects. I admire your ability to get excited about any good result and your encouragement when the results aren’t looking so good. You have built an empire for on-site archaeological science that I am privileged to be part of. I’m grateful for your encouragement, support and guidance, all of which helped me develop into an “archaeo- chemist” able to ask archaeological questions and develop the research methods to solve them. Above all, I thank you for giving me opportunity to do MA in archaeology during my PhD, and for having the patience to help me develop my writing skills, which I know must not have been easy. Lastly, I’ll always cherish the moment we learned that Eppendorf is the best container to dissolve phytoliths (Friday morning 14/6/13). Lisa – You taught me everything about 14C, politics in the academic world, and how to work hard and have fun at the same time. This last aspect is very important to me: to have fun while working. Your enthusiasm for understanding the mechanisms of processes has greatly influenced my own research approach, highlighting the importance of uncovering all of the little details in a system in order to maintain the highest quality of research. And of course, there’s your messy desk method which I’ve unwittingly adopted (I think my desk shows it) and since Einstein said messy desks lead people to think more clearly, I’m pretty content with that. Lastly, I admire your courage to come to Midburn and to see the desert in a new perspective: not everyone has the open mind, energy and curiosity to do that! I’ll cherish the many moments in the corridors of Kimmel when we joked about nothing. I would also like to thank Prof Gunnar Lehman, Prof Aren Maeir, Prof Daniel Master and the PhD advisory committee for fruitful discussions and helpful comments. To Genia Mintz and Lior Regev, for their understanding even when I did some pretty crazy things. And to all the Kimmel people for making this research center a special place to come to every day. And of course, to the most important person in my life: my lovely wife Rachel for her support. 2 Title Page Acknowledgements 2 Table of Contents 3 List of abbreviations 4 Abstract (English) 5 Abstract (Hebrew) 6 Chapter 1: Introduction 7 Chapter 2: Methods 15 Chapter 3: Determining the age range of the Bronze to Iron Age transition in the 17 southern coastal Levant Chapter 3.1 – Absolute Dating of the Late Bronze to Iron Age Transition and the 17 Appearance of Philistine Culture in Qubur el-Walaydah, Southern Levant Chapter 3.2 – Radiocarbon Dating Shows an Early Appearance of Philistine 18 Cultural Material in Tell es-Safi/Gath, Philistia Chapter 4: Discussion 19 Chapter 4.1 – The LB|Ir Absolute Transition Dates in Canaan 25 Chapter 4.2 – The LB|Ir Absolute Transition Dates around the Eastern 40 Mediterranean Chapter 4.3 – Broader Implications for Associating the Early Aegean-like Pottery 49 to the Sea Peoples from the 13th century BC Main Conclusions of this Research 50 Chapter 5: Appendix 51 Chapter 5.1 - Radiocarbon Data for Survey of Bayesian Models (Chapter 4) 51 Chapter 5.2 – Towards Dating Phytoliths: a New Method to Extract the Occluded 59 Carbon for Radiocarbon Analysis Chapter 5.3 - A Rapid On-site Method for Micromorphological Block 79 Impregnation and Thin Section Preparation Chapter 5.4 - Towards Identifying Burning Events in Situ: Using Density 98 Separation to Purify Charred Micro-Particles in an Iron Age Pyrotechnological Pit at Qubur el-Walaydah, Israel Publications 117 Bibliography 117 3 List of abbreviations AMS – Accelerator mass spectrometry FTIR – Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy FWHM – Full width at half maximum pMC – Percent modern carbon BP – Before present BC – Before Common Era Et al. – et al.ii (Latin, and others) LB – Late Bronze Ir – Iron Age RTD – Rehovot AMS RTT/K – Rehovot and Tucson 4 Abstract Archaeological records of the transition from the late Bronze to Iron Age period show a major political change in the Ancient Near East. During this transition in the southern Levant, the dominant political entity of the Egyptians weakened and smaller groups became more dominant, such as the Israelites and the Philistines. The historic date of this transition is mainly based on historical records mentioning the Philistines in relation to Egyptian kings. The current archaeological/historical understanding is that the Philistines arrived after 1200 BC, and settled the region following warfare with the Egyptian kingdom. Radiocarbon dating provides an independent chronological record for this transition. However, the precision of a single measurement is significantly lowered due to wiggles in the calibration curve that form a 200 year long plateau. Our methodology of dating archaeological records before, during and after the transition, using many radiocarbon dates from secure contexts in a clear stratigraphic sequence, makes it possible to achieve high resolution dating. This methodology required us to develop new tools to study stratigraphic relations and new materials for dating to increase the number of radiocarbon dates from secure contexts. This methodology was applied in two Philistine sites: Tell es-Safi/Gath and Qubur el- Walaydah. Radiocarbon dates show the Bronze to Iron transition and the appearance of Philistine pottery began during the 13th century BC (1300-1200 BC), which is before the historical dating. These transition dates in comparison to dates available from other sites in the Southern Levant and the Ancient Near East show that the cultural transition is not contemporaneous between different sites. The inconsistency between the radiocarbon transition dates and the historical dating changes our understanding of the arrival of the Philistines to the southern Levant. The historical implications are that the early material culture that is associated to the Philistine entity should now be associated to the presence of other foreign groups of people in this region mentioned in Egyptian historical texts during the 13th century BC. It also shows that the Philistines became a political entity after foreign groups were already settled in the region. The variability of about 100 years of the Late Bronze to Iron Age transition date has implications regarding the use of relative dating in archaeology. Relative chronology assumes that similar pottery assemblages are dated to the same time, even if found in different regions. This study shows that for high resolution dating, this assumption may be incorrect. 5 תקציר תקופת המעבר בין הבורנזה המאוחרת לברזל מלווה בשינויים פוליטים בכל המזרח התיכון הקרוב. במהלך תקופה זו, ישנה ירידה בהשפעה הפוליטית של האימפריות ועלייה בהשפעה המקומית של קבוצות אתניות חדשות כמו הישראלים והפלישתים. תארוך בתקופה זו מבוסס ברובו על כתבים היסטוריים שמציינים פרעונים מצרים ופלישתים, המתארכים את המעבר בין הבורנזה המאוחרת לברזל לקצת אחרי 1200 לפנה"ס. תארוך אבסולוטי המבוסס על הדעיכה הרדיואקטיבית של פחמן 14 , הוא בעייתי בתקופה זו בגלל הרזולוציה הנמוכה שנובעת מישורת בעקומת הכיול של 200 שנה. מתודולוגיה חדשה של תארוך חומר תרבותי לפני, במהלך ואחרי תקופת המעבר, עם הרבה תאריכים ממקומות לא מופרעים, מאפשרת להשיג רזולוציה גבוהה לזמן המעבר. מתודולוגיה זו עזרה לקבוע את תאריך המעבר בשני אתרים המכילים תרבות פלישתית בישראל: קובור אל- וולדיה ותל צאפי/גת. התאריכים מאתרים אלו מראים שקרמיקה "פלישתית" הופיעה כבר במהלך המאה ה13- לפנה"ס, לפני התארוך ההסטורי של הגעת הפלישתים, וגם שתאריכי המעבר התרבותי בין אתרים שונים שונים ב100- שנה. תוצאות אלו נתמכות בסקר ספרות של תאריכי פחמן 14 מאתרים רלוונטים בכל המזרח התיכון הקרוב. חוסר ההתאמה בין תאריכי פחמן 14 והתארוך ההסטורי משפיעים על הבנת הגעת הפלישתים לאזור המזרח התיכון. אחת ההשלכות היא ששיוך הקרמיקה ה"פלישתית" לפלישתים לא מדוייקת, ושקירמיקה זו צריכה להשתייך לזרים אחרים שהיו באזור בזמן זה. שיוך התרבות החומרית עם הקבוצה האתנית הפלישתית מבוסס על שילוב הממצאים הארכיאולוגים עם מקורות מקראיים, שאמינותם ההסטורית מוטלת בספק. כאשר משייכים את הקרמיקה ה"פלישתית" לזרים באופן כללי )כי הקרמיקה בהחלט לא מקומית(, יש התאמה בין המקורות ההיסטורים לתאריכי פחמן 14, כיון שיש עדויות להגעת זרים לאזור המזרח התיכון בתקופת המאה ה13- לפנה"ס. אחת ההשלכות היא שהפלישתים הפכו ליישות פוליטית דומיננטית לאחר שזרים כבר היו באזור. השלכות ארכיאולוגיות נוספות הם בנוגע לתארוך יחסי, המבוססת על ההנחה שקרמיקה דומה בצורתה וסגנונה צריכה להיות מתוארכת לאותו הזמן. תארוך תקופת המעבר מתארכת את הזמן בו היה מעבר סגנוני בין קרמיקה המשוייכת לברונזה ולברזל. תארוך זה בוצע בין אתרים שונים, והשוני בין האתרים הוא כ100- שנה. תוצאות אלו מראות שההנחה שקרמיקה דומה מבחינת הסגנון מתוארכת לאותו הזמן היא לא מדוייקת בפחות מ100- שנה ויכולה לשמש רק כקוים מנחים בהבנת הזמן של התקופות השונות ולא כשיטת תארוך מדוייקת. 6 Chapter 1: Introduction The Late Bronze to Iron Age transition at the end of the second millennium BC, involved complex cultural, social and political changes in the eastern Mediterranean region. During and after this transition, dominant political entities in the Ancient Near East, such as the Hittites, Cypriots and Egyptians, weakened and disappeared from the historical and archaeological records (Ward and Joukowsky 1992; Gitin et al.
Recommended publications
  • UC San Diego Electronic Theses and Dissertations

    UC San Diego Electronic Theses and Dissertations

    UC San Diego UC San Diego Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title The Growth and Influence of Interregional Exchange in the Southern Levant's Iron Age I-II Transition, Examined through Biblical, Epigraphic, and Archaeological Sources Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7wg1m1rv Author Malena, Sarah Lynn Publication Date 2015 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO FERTILE CROSSROADS: The Growth and Influence of Interregional Exchange in the Southern Levant’s Iron Age I-II Transition, Examined through Biblical, Epigraphic, and Archaeological Sources A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in History by Sarah Lynn Malena Committee in Charge: Professor Thomas E. Levy, Co-Chair Professor William H. C. Propp, Co-Chair Professor Richard Elliott Friedman Professor David M. Goodblatt Professor Patrick Hyder Patterson 2015 © Sarah Lynn Malena, 2015 All rights reserved. SIGNATURE PAGE The Dissertation of Sarah Lynn Malena is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ Co-Chair __________________________________________________________________________
  • La Sardegna Preistorica Di Giovanni Lilliu

    La Sardegna Preistorica Di Giovanni Lilliu

    Università degli Studi di Cagliari Mauro Perra, Riccardo Cicilloni (a cura di) Le tracce del passato e l'impronta del presente Scritti in memoria di Giovanni Lilliu Quaderni di Layers 1 Università degli Studi di Cagliari Quaderni di Layers 1 ________________________________________ Collana diretta da Riccardo Cicilloni, Carla Del Vais, Marco Giuman, Rossana Martorelli Volume a cura di Mauro Perra e Riccardo Cicilloni Comitato scientifico della rivista “Layers. Archeologia Territorio Contesti”: S. Angiolillo, M. E. Aubet Semmler, J. A. Cámara Serrano, M. Á. Cau Ontiveros, S. Columbu, A. M. Corda, A. Depalmas, A. C. Fariselli, E. Garau, M. Ghaki, G. L. Grassigli, A. Guidi, J. L. López Castro, C. Lugliè, M. S. Lusuardi, F. Marcattili, D. Marzoli, A. M. Niveau de Villedary, P. Pergola, C. Pilo, F. Pinna, A. M. Poveda Navarro, M. Rendeli, H. Sader, G. Salis, T. Schäfer, R. Secci, L. Spanedda, F. Spatafora, F. R. Stasolla, G. Tanda, A. Usai, N. Vella, E. Vitale. Coordinamento editoriale: Riccardo Cicilloni Segreteria redazionale e impaginazione: Giulia Porceddu, Cristina Concu Gli Autori dichiarano che di tutti i dati e di tutte le immagini detengono il diritto di utilizzo e di riproduzione, liberando la redazione della rivista Layers. Archeologia Territorio Contesti e l’Università degli Studi di Cagliari da ogni responsabilità riguardo all’uso improprio dei suddetti dati ed immagini. Gli Autori sono a disposizione per eventuali diritti di terzi che non è stato possibile identificare. Gli Autori sono inoltre direttamente responsabili dei pareri e delle opinioni espresse all’interno dei loro contributi, liberando da ogni responsabilità Curatori, redazione della rivista, Università di Cagliari.
  • Theories About the Bronze Bowl of Berzocana and the East Mediterranean in the 12Th – 10Th Centuries B.C

    Theories About the Bronze Bowl of Berzocana and the East Mediterranean in the 12Th – 10Th Centuries B.C

    ARTÍCULOS Complutum ISSN: 1131-6993 http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/CMPL.62584 Theories about the bronze bowl of Berzocana and the East Mediterranean in the 12th – 10th centuries B.C. Carlos Zorea1 Recibido: 05 de abril de 2018 / Aceptado:02 de diciembre de 2018 Abstract. In April 1961, a bronze bowl containing three golden-torques was found in Berzocana (Cáceres, Extremadura, Spain). Years later, when analyzing it versus a handful of comparable bowls found in Canaan and Cyprus, scholars reached a consensus that this bowl was imported from the East Mediterranean. This paper analyzes thirty-seven comparable bronze bowls, found in sixteen distinctive East Mediterranean sites, ruled by different peoples. Which of these groups manufactured the bowl of Berzocana? Why did they export it to the Iberian Peninsula? From which port in the East Mediterranean could it have departed? How did the bowl of Berzocana appear in Extremadura? When were these objects buried and by whom? How did the bowl and the three torques end up where they were found? Certain hypotheses were formulated to recreate possible historic scenarios that answer these and other questions. It was concluded that the Tjeker (one of the Sea Peoples groups of Aegean origin that settled in Canaan and Cyprus at the end of the 13th century B.C. or the beginning of the 12th century B.C.) were responsible for manufacturing and transporting the bowl of Berzocana to Extremadura. Keywords: Berzocana; Iberian-Peninsula; Sea Peoples; Tjeker; Canaan; Cyprus; Pre-colonization; Bronze bowl. [en] Teorías sobre el cuenco de bronce de Berzocana y el Mediterráneo oriental en los siglos XII-X a.C.
  • Rutgers University the Sea People and Their Migration

    Rutgers University the Sea People and Their Migration

    RUTGERS UNIVERSITY THE SEA PEOPLE AND THEIR MIGRATION PRESENTING AN HONORS THESIS THAT HAS BEEN SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE RUTGERS UNIVERSITY HISTORY DEPARTMENT. BY SHELL PECZYNSKI NEW BRUNSWICK, NEW JERSEY MARCH 2009 Acknowledgments I want to thank the matriarchs of my family for believing that, as a woman, I could do anything; Professor Cargill for luring me to Rutgers University with his class syllabus of the Ancient Near East course and subsequent courses on Greece. I also need to mention Professor Tannus for planting the seed in my mind of actually doing a thesis paper. I would also like to thank Tom Andruszewski for taking the first step into the deep dark waters of thesis writing and surviving the swim, encouraging me not to drown in the process, and that it can also be done by those of us who work full time. I cannot forget Shanna and Marion; my smart life-long friends who have inspired me and helped me through the rough patches with their computer knowledge and multi-tasking skills. These women inspired me to take the leap into the dark sea of higher education. Which leads me to my mentor Dr. Figueira, whose lecturing of mythology struck me with the epiphany that I want to someday tell the stories of the ancients and inspire our youth in such a way that I can mirror his brilliance in the unrehearsed flow and clarity of the lectures and tangents we may go on. His eloquence of speech and knowledge of diverse histories is colorful and vibrant, lacking the dryness of some historical topics and generic monotone speaking of many historians.
  • Sisera and Harosheth-Goiim Gabriel A

    Sisera and Harosheth-Goiim Gabriel A

    SISERA AND HAROSHETH-GOIIM GABRIEL A. SIVAN The Israelites again did what was offensive to the Lord, Ehud now being dead. And the Lord surrendered them to Jabin, king of Ca- naan, who reigned in Hazor. Now the commander of his army was Sisera, whose base was in Harosheth-goiim. Then the Israelites cried out to the Lord; for he [Sisera] had nine hundred iron chariots and he had oppressed Israel ruthlessly for twenty years . (Judg. 4:1-3) These three verses are the prelude to one of the most dramatic stories in the Tanakh. They take us back to "an early period in Israel's history, the days after the death of Joshua, when the tribes were compelled to wage a hard and often desperate struggle against the remaining warlike Canaanites . a bar- 1 baric period, without national unity and devoid of religious authority." There is also, of course, an emphatic parallel between this story of deliverance from Jabin and Sisera (Judg. 4-5) and the story of Israel's deliverance from the Egyptian pharaoh (Ex. 14-15). A memorable song of praise and triumph cel- ebrates both victories; and the episode related in Judges is the appointed haf- tarah (prophetical reading) for the one recorded in Exodus. My aim here is not to discuss the leadership role of Deborah, the military 2 tactics adopted by Barak, the character of Yael and other such themes. In- stead, I propose to clarify what is known about the enigmatic Sisera, his name and likely origin, and to show how the real significance of "Harosheth- goiim" (properly Haroshet ha-Goyyim) has been overlooked.
  • University of California, San Diego Fertile

    University of California, San Diego Fertile

    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO FERTILE CROSSROADS: The Growth and Influence of Interregional Exchange in the Southern Levant’s Iron Age I-II Transition, Examined through Biblical, Epigraphic, and Archaeological Sources A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in History by Sarah Lynn Malena Committee in Charge: Professor Thomas E. Levy, Co-Chair Professor William H. C. Propp, Co-Chair Professor Richard Elliott Friedman Professor David M. Goodblatt Professor Patrick Hyder Patterson 2015 © Sarah Lynn Malena, 2015 All rights reserved. SIGNATURE PAGE The Dissertation of Sarah Lynn Malena is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ Co-Chair __________________________________________________________________________ Co-Chair University of California, San Diego 2015 iii DEDICATION To my parents, Daryl and Audrey Malena, for their boundless love and enthusiasm. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page ............................................................................................................... iii Dedication ....................................................................................................................
  • RADIOCARBON and the ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECORD: an INTEGRATIVE APPROACH for BUILDING an ABSOLUTE CHRONOLOGY for the LATE BRONZE and IRON AGES of ISRAEL Elisabetta Boaretto

    RADIOCARBON and the ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECORD: an INTEGRATIVE APPROACH for BUILDING an ABSOLUTE CHRONOLOGY for the LATE BRONZE and IRON AGES of ISRAEL Elisabetta Boaretto

    Radiocarbon, Vol 57, Nr 2, 2015, p 207–216 DOI: 10.2458/azu_rc.57.18554 © 2015 by the Arizona Board of Regents on behalf of the University of Arizona RADIOCARBON AND THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECORD: AN INTEGRATIVE APPROACH FOR BUILDING AN ABSOLUTE CHRONOLOGY FOR THE LATE BRONZE AND IRON AGES OF ISRAEL Elisabetta Boaretto Max Planck-Weizmann Center for Integrative Archaeology and Anthropology, D-REAMS Radiocarbon Laboratory, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel. Email: [email protected]. ABSTRACT. The establishment of an absolute chronology for the Late Bronze and Iron Ages in the southern Levant would make it possible to use changes in material culture in order to study the impact of trade, dissemination of knowledge, and the impact of climate on historical processes. To achieve this, a detailed absolute chronology is needed for individual sites and on a regional scale with a resolution that can differentiate events within a century. To realize this challenging goal, only samples from well-established primary contexts ought to be studied. Such primary contexts (with “dating assemblages”) can be identified by combining macroscopic with microscopic observations. Chronological studies at the sites of Qubur el-Walaydah, Tel es-Safi, and in particular, Megiddo, demonstrate that high-resolution dating can be achieved, with very few outliers in the data sets. The major limitation on applying this approach is the fact that we are currently constrained to dating short-lived samples (charred seeds and olive pits) and collagen from bones. Thus, an immediate goal of radiocarbon research is to develop the ability to date other short-lived materials, such as organic material occluded in siliceous plant phytoliths, wood ash, and possibly organic residues preserved in pottery vessels.
  • The Battle Against Hazor and Jael's Deadly Hospitality (Judges 4–5)

    The Battle Against Hazor and Jael's Deadly Hospitality (Judges 4–5)

    Article The Battle Against Hazor and Jael’s Deadly Hospitality (Judges 4–5) Magdel le Roux https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0770-7303 University of South Africa [email protected] Abstract The story of the fourth judge (Judges 4–5) is full of surprises, just like the previous stories (Judges 1–3). In the dominant body ideology related to good order, an Israelite man without any blemish was the epitome of a pure, ideal, or whole body. Contrary to the “expected literary depiction”, it is again the “unwhole, different-functioning bodies” which are depicted as “producing survival for the corporate body” (Van der Merwe and Coetzee 2009). Deborah, an Israelite lawgiver and prophetess, and Jael, a Kenite woman, are used in an unexpected way. The juxtaposition of different-functioning bodies serves as a counterculture rhetoric in the form of a hidden polemic. Much attention has been paid to the roles of Deborah and Barak in the battle against Hazor, but Jael’s role has elicited limited reflection by scholars and has been overshadowed by her “questionable” hospitality. A socio-rhetorical approach will make it possible to identify rhetorical techniques that the writer uses to highlight social relations, regulations and ideologies in the text (Van der Merwe and Coetzee 2009, 678). Archaeological excavations at Hazor from the last 25 years provide valuable background information to this battle. Keywords: Hazor; Jael; hospitality; Debora Journal for Semitics https://doi.org/10.25159/1013-8471/3141 https://upjournals.co.za/index.php/JSEM ISSN 1013-8471 (Print) Volume 27 | Issue 1 | 2018 | #3141 | 26 pages © Unisa Press 2018 Introduction Women play a very important role in the battle against Hazor (in Judges 4–5).
  • Mysterious Lands

    Mysterious Lands

    ENCOUNTERS WITH ANCIENT EGYPT Mysterious Lands Edited by David O'Connor and Stephen Quirke UCL PRESS Institute of Archaeology THE MYSTERY OF THE 'SEA PEOPLES' Eric H. Cline and David O'Connor Introduction For some historians, the story of the Sea Peoples is a dramatic one. In this version of their story, the Sea Peoples came sweeping across the Mediterranean ca. 1200 BC, wreaking havoc and creating chaos, leaving smoking ruins and destroyed cities in their wake. To them is attributed the collapse of the Hittite empire, the downfall of Cyprus, the destruction of Syro-Palestinian and Canaanite petty kingdoms, and perhaps even the demise of the Mycenaeans and the Minoans (Figure 7:1). In this version, in effect, the Sea Peoples are held responsible for the very collapse of Bronze Age civilization in the Aegean and eastern Mediterranean and for bringing on a centuries-long Dark Ages that followed. • This dramatic historical account, based almost entirely on a handful of Egyptian inscriptions, provides an explanation for major change in the archaeological record, where Bronze Age is followed by Early Iron Age, amid a series of massive shifts in centres of political power and major upheavals in a series of key Late Bronze Age centres of population. Yet, in the archaeological record, in the ceramic traditions and architecture of the various civilizations around the eastern Mediterranean, the Sea Peoples remain curiously difficult to identify. As a result, the Sea Peoples continue to perplex and mystify historians and archaeologists of the ancient Mediterranean. Inscriptions celebrating Egyptian kingship in the 13th and especially 12th centuries BC present them as a major and aggressive force in the eastern Mediterranean, upon which they had an impact that to some scholars seems catastrophic.
  • Egypt, Canaan and Israel: History, Imperialism, Ideology and Literature Culture and History of the Ancient Near East

    Egypt, Canaan and Israel: History, Imperialism, Ideology and Literature Culture and History of the Ancient Near East

    Egypt, Canaan and Israel: History, Imperialism, Ideology and Literature Culture and History of the Ancient Near East Founding Editor M.H.E. Weippert Editor-in-Chief Thomas Schneider Editors Eckart Frahm W. Randall Garr B. Halpern Theo P.J. van den Hout Irene J. Winter VOLUME 52 Egypt, Canaan and Israel: History, Imperialism, Ideology and Literature Proceedings of a Conference at the University of Haifa, 3–7 May 2009 Edited by S. Bar, D. Kahn and JJ Shirley LEIDEN • BOSTON 2011 Graphics and design: Sapir Haad. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Egypt, Canaan and Israel : history, imperialism, ideology and literature : proceedings of a conference at the University of Haifa, 3–7 May 2009 / edited by S. Bar, D. Kahn and JJ Shirley. p. cm. — (Culture and history of the ancient Near East, ISSN 1566-2055 ; v. 52) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-19493-9 (hardback :alk. paper) 1. Palestine—Civilization—Congresses. 2. Palestine—Politics and government—Congresses. 3. Palestine—Antiquities—Congresses. 4. Egypt—Civilization—Congresses. 5. Egypt—Politics and government—To 332 B.C.— Congresses. 6. Egypt—Antiquities—Congresses. 7. Canaanites—History—Congresses. 8. Canaanites—Politics and government—Congresses. 9. Jews—History—To 1200 B.C.— Congresses. 10. Jews—History—1200–953 B.C.—Congresses. 11. Jews—History—953–586 B.C.— Congresses. 12. Egypt—History—Middle Kingdom, ca. 2180–ca. 1551 B.C.—Congresses. 13. Egypt—History—New Kingdom, ca. 1550–ca. 1070 B.C. 14. Egypt—Relations—Palestine— Congresses. 15. Palestine—Relations—Egypt—Congresses.
  • The Iron Age I Structure on Mount Ebal: Excavation and Interpretation

    The Iron Age I Structure on Mount Ebal: Excavation and Interpretation

    Andrews University Digital Commons @ Andrews University Dissertations Graduate Research 2007 The Iron Age I Structure on Mount Ebal: Excavation and Interpretation Ralph K. Hawkins Andrews University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/dissertations Part of the Near Eastern Languages and Societies Commons, and the Other History of Art, Architecture, and Archaeology Commons Recommended Citation Hawkins, Ralph K., "The Iron Age I Structure on Mount Ebal: Excavation and Interpretation" (2007). Dissertations. 64. https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/dissertations/64 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Research at Digital Commons @ Andrews University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Andrews University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Thank you for your interest in the Andrews University Digital Library of Dissertations and Theses. Please honor the copyright of this document by not duplicating or distributing additional copies in any form without the author’s express written permission. Thanks for your cooperation. Andrews University Seventh-day Adventist Theological Seminary THE IRON AGE I STRUCTURE ON MOUNT EBAL: EXCAVATION AND INTERPRETATION A Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy by Ralph K. Hawkins December 2007 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: 3299645 Copyright 2008 by Hawkins, Ralph K. All rights reserved. INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction.
  • La Sardegna Preistorica Di Giovanni Lilliu

    La Sardegna Preistorica Di Giovanni Lilliu

    Università degli Studi di Cagliari Mauro Perra, Riccardo Cicilloni (a cura di) Le tracce del passato e l'impronta del presente Scritti in memoria di Giovanni Lilliu Quaderni di Layers 1 Università degli Studi di Cagliari Quaderni di Layers 1 ________________________________________ Collana diretta da Riccardo Cicilloni, Carla Del Vais, Marco Giuman, Rossana Martorelli Volume a cura di Mauro Perra e Riccardo Cicilloni Comitato scientifico della rivista “Layers. Archeologia Territorio Contesti”: S. Angiolillo, M. E. Aubet Semmler, J. A. Cámara Serrano, M. Á. Cau Ontiveros, S. Columbu, A. M. Corda, A. Depalmas, A. C. Fariselli, E. Garau, M. Ghaki, G. L. Grassigli, A. Guidi, J. L. López Castro, C. Lugliè, M. S. Lusuardi, F. Marcattili, D. Marzoli, A. M. Niveau de Villedary, P. Pergola, C. Pilo, F. Pinna, A. M. Poveda Navarro, M. Rendeli, H. Sader, G. Salis, T. Schäfer, R. Secci, L. Spanedda, F. Spatafora, F. R. Stasolla, G. Tanda, A. Usai, N. Vella, E. Vitale. Coordinamento editoriale: Riccardo Cicilloni Segreteria redazionale e impaginazione: Giulia Porceddu, Cristina Concu Tutti i diritti riservati. È vietata la riproduzione anche parziale. Gli Autori dichiarano che di tutti i dati e di tutte le immagini detengono il diritto di utilizzo e di riproduzione, liberando la redazione della rivista Layers. Archeologia Territorio Contesti e l’Università degli Studi di Cagliari da ogni responsabilità riguardo all’uso improprio dei suddetti dati ed immagini. Gli Autori sono a disposizione per eventuali diritti di terzi che non è stato possibile identificare. Gli Autori sono inoltre direttamente responsabili dei pareri e delle opinioni espresse all’interno dei loro contributi, liberando da ogni responsabilità Curatori, redazione della rivista, Università di Cagliari.