University of Groningen Exploring the Cofactor-Binding and Biocatalytic
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Regulation of ATP Levels in Escherichia Coli Using CRISPR
Tao et al. Microb Cell Fact (2018) 17:147 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12934-018-0995-7 Microbial Cell Factories RESEARCH Open Access Regulation of ATP levels in Escherichia coli using CRISPR interference for enhanced pinocembrin production Sha Tao, Ying Qian, Xin Wang, Weijia Cao, Weichao Ma, Kequan Chen* and Pingkai Ouyang Abstract Background: Microbial biosynthesis of natural products holds promise for preclinical studies and treating diseases. For instance, pinocembrin is a natural favonoid with important pharmacologic characteristics and is widely used in preclinical studies. However, high yield of natural products production is often limited by the intracellular cofactor level, including adenosine triphosphate (ATP). To address this challenge, tailored modifcation of ATP concentration in Escherichia coli was applied in efcient pinocembrin production. Results: In the present study, a clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) interference sys- tem was performed for screening several ATP-related candidate genes, where metK and proB showed its potential to improve ATP level and increased pinocembrin production. Subsequently, the repression efciency of metK and proB were optimized to achieve the appropriate levels of ATP and enhancing the pinocembrin production, which allowed the pinocembrin titer increased to 102.02 mg/L. Coupled with the malonyl-CoA engineering and optimization of culture and induction condition, a fnal pinocembrin titer of 165.31 mg/L was achieved, which is 10.2-fold higher than control strains. Conclusions: Our results introduce a strategy to approach the efcient biosynthesis of pinocembrin via ATP level strengthen using CRISPR interference. Furthermore coupled with the malonyl-CoA engineering and induction condi- tion have been optimized for pinocembrin production. -
(19) United States (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub
US 20050221029A1 (19) United States (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2005/0221029 A1 Cater et al. (43) Pub. Date: Oct. 6, 2005 (54) OXYGEN SCAVENGING SYSTEM Publication Classi?cation (76) Inventors: Mark W. Cater, Prairie, MN (US); (51) Int. Cl? ..................................................... .. B65D 1/00 Donald A. Grindsta?', Apple Valley, (52) US. Cl. .......................................................... .. 428/341 MN (US) (57) ABSTRACT Correspondence Address: The oxygen scavenging system of the subject invention NAWROCKI, ROONEY & SIVERTSON contemplates a composition, system and appurtenant meth SUITE 401, BROADWAY PLACE EAST odology for substantially eliminating elemental oxygen 3433 BROADWAY STREET NORTHEAST from packaged oxygen sensitive products. The composition MINNEAPOLIS, MN 554133009 or scavenging agent includes an oxidoreductase enZyme, a suitable energy source or substrate for the enZyme, and a (21) Appl. No.: 10/518,292 buffer. The composition binds oxygen When exposed to moisture, thereby reducing the level of oxygen in a closed (22) PCT Filed: Jun. 17, 2003 (e.g., sealed) space such as a food package or the like. More particularly and preferably, the composition includes glu (86) PCT No.: PCT/US03/19029 cose oxidase in an amount of betWeen 1 and 100 activity units (U) per gram, catalase in an amount of betWeen 1 and Related US. Application Data 300 activity units (U) per gram, dextrose in an amount of betWeen about 20 and 99 percent by Weight, and sodium (60) Provisional application No. 60/389,246, ?led on Jun. bicarbonate in an amount of betWeen about 1 and 80 percent 17, 2002. by Weight. US 2005/0221029 A1 Oct. 6, 2005 OXYGEN SCAVENGING SYSTEM or sachets. -
One Carbon Metabolism and Its Clinical Significance
One carbon metabolism and its clinical significance Dr. Kiran Meena Department of Biochemistry Class 5 : 10-10-2019 (8:00 to 9:00 AM ) Specific Learning Objectives Describe roles of folic acid, cobalamin and S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) in transfer of one carbon units between molecules, and apply their relevance to disease states Describe synthesis of S-adenosylmethionine and its role in methylation reactions Explain how a cobalamin deficiency leads to a secondary folate deficiency Introduction Human body cannot synthesize folic acid Its also called vitamin B9 give rise to tetrahydrofolate (THF), carry one carbon groups ex. Methyl group Intestines releases mostly N5-methy-THF into blood One-carbon (1C) metabolism, mediated by folate cofactor, supports biosynthesis of purines and pyrimidines, aa homeostasis (glycine, serine and methionine) Table 14.4: DM Vasudevan’ s Textbook of Biochemistry for Medical Students 6th edition Enzyme co-factors involved in aa catabolism Involves one of three co-factors: Biotin, Tetrahydrofolate (THF) and S- adenosylmethionine (SAM) These cofactors transfer one-carbon groups in different oxidation states: 1. Biotin transfers carbon in its most oxidized state CO2, it require for catabolism and utilization of branched chain aa • Biotin responsible for carbon dioxide transfer in several carboxylase enzymes Cont-- 2. Tetrahydrofolate (THF) transfers one-carbon groups in intermediate oxidation states and as methyl groups • Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4, THB) is a cofactor of degradation of phenylalanine • Oxidised form of THF, folate is vitamin for mammals • It converted into THF by DHF reductase 3. S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) transfers methyl groups, most reduced state of carbon THF and SAM imp in aa and nucleotide metabolism SAM used in biosynthesis of creatine, phosphatidylcholine, plasmenylcholine and epinephrine, also methylated DNA, RNA and proteins Enzymes use cobalamin as a cofactor 1. -
Mobile Loop Dynamics in Adenosyltransferase Control
Mobile loop dynamics in adenosyltransferase control binding and reactivity of coenzyme B12 Romila Mascarenhasa,1, Markus Ruetza,1, Liam McDevitta, Markos Koutmosb,c, and Ruma Banerjeea,2 aDepartment of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0600; bDepartment of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0600, and cDepartment of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0600 Edited by Amie K. Boal, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, and accepted by Editorial Board Member Stephen J. Benkovic October 20, 2020 (received for review April 16, 2020) Cobalamin is a complex organometallic cofactor that is processed Human and Methylobacterium extorquens (Me) ATR, which have and targeted via a network of chaperones to its dependent been characterized most extensively, also double as chaperones, enzymes. AdoCbl (5′-deoxyadenosylcobalamin) is synthesized transferring AdoCbl directly to MCM (Fig. 1A) rather than re- from cob(II)alamin in a reductive adenosylation reaction catalyzed leasing the high-value product into solution (12–17). Cofactor by adenosyltransferase (ATR), which also serves as an escort, de- loading onto MCM is gated by the GTPase activity of the G livering AdoCbl to methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (MCM). The mech- protein chaperone CblA (18). Despite the overall structural and anism by which ATR signals that its cofactor cargo is ready functional conservation of the cofactor loading processes, there (AdoCbl) or not [cob(II)alamin] for transfer to MCM, is not known. are important differences in regulation between the human (19) In this study, we have obtained crystallographic snapshots that – reveal ligand-induced ordering of the N terminus of Mycobacte- and the better-characterized bacterial systems (15 17). -
Flavin-Containing Monooxygenases: Mutations, Disease and Drug Response Phillips, IR; Shephard, EA
Flavin-containing monooxygenases: mutations, disease and drug response Phillips, IR; Shephard, EA For additional information about this publication click this link. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/jspui/handle/123456789/1015 Information about this research object was correct at the time of download; we occasionally make corrections to records, please therefore check the published record when citing. For more information contact [email protected] Flavin-containing monooxygenases: mutations, disease and drug response Ian R. Phillips1 and Elizabeth A. Shephard2 1School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary, University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK 2Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK Corresponding author: Shephard, E.A. ([email protected]). and, thus, contribute to drug development. This review Flavin-containing monooxygenases (FMOs) metabolize considers the role of FMOs and their genetic variants in numerous foreign chemicals, including drugs, pesticides disease and drug response. and dietary components and, thus, mediate interactions between humans and their chemical environment. We Mechanism and structure describe the mechanism of action of FMOs and insights For catalysis FMOs require flavin adenine dinucleotide gained from the structure of yeast FMO. We then (FAD) as a prosthetic group, NADPH as a cofactor and concentrate on the three FMOs (FMOs 1, 2 and 3) that are molecular oxygen as a cosubstrate [5,6]. In contrast to most important for metabolism of foreign chemicals in CYPs FMOs accept reducing equivalents directly from humans, focusing on the role of the FMOs and their genetic NADPH and, thus, do not require accessory proteins. -
24 Biological Energy Transfer Cellular Respiration Involves the Stepwise Transfer of Energy and Electrons
contents Principles of Biology 24 Biological Energy Transfer Cellular respiration involves the stepwise transfer of energy and electrons. Large-scale municipal composting. The steam emitted from the compost as it is being turned is evidence of trillions of microorganisms performing cellular respiration, breaking down molecules in the compost and generating energy, some in the form of heat. Nancy J. Pierce/Science Source. Topics Covered in this Module How Do Organisms Obtain Energy? Redox Reactions An Outline of the Stages in Cellular Respiration Major Objectives of this Module Describe the relationships among photosynthesis, respiration, producers, and consumers. Explain how reduction-oxidation (redox) reactions work. Describe how aerobic cellular respiration breaks down fuel molecules and releases energy for cellular work. page 121 of 989 4 pages left in this module contents Principles of Biology 24 Biological Energy Transfer How Do Organisms Obtain Energy? No matter how wealthy you become in life, you will always work for a living. That is, your cells will always be working to keep you alive. From synthesizing proteins to producing gametes to chasing down prey, living cells are constantly at work, and all that work requires energy. Where does that energy come from? Ultimately it comes from our Sun as light energy. Energy flows through all living systems. Plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria use energy from sunlight to generate sugar molecules through the process of photosynthesis. Such organisms, known as photoautotrophic producers, convert the radiant energy of sunlight into chemical energy that they store in sugars and other organic compounds. Other organisms, termed heterotrophic consumers, must acquire the chemical energy they need by ingesting or absorbing organic molecules from other organisms. -
Hexose Oxidase from Chondrus Crispus Expressed in Hansenula Polymorpha
Chemical and Technical Assessment 63rdJECFA Hexose Oxidase from Chondrus Crispus expressed in Hansenula Polymorpha CHEMICAL AND TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT (CTA) Prepared by Jim Smith and Zofia Olempska-Beer © FAO 2004 1 Summary Hexose oxidase (HOX) is an enzyme that catalyses the oxidation of C6-sugars to their corresponding lactones. A hexose oxidase enzyme produced from a nonpathogenic and nontoxigenic genetically engineered strain of the yeast Hansenula polymorpha has been developed for use in several food applications. It is encoded by the hexose oxidase gene from the red alga Chondrus crispus that is not known to be pathogenic or toxigenic. C. crispus has a long history of use in food in Asia and is a source of carrageenan used in food as a stabilizer. As this alga is not feasible as a production organism for HOX, Danisco has inserted the HOX gene into the yeast Hansenula polymorpha. The information about this enzyme is provided in a dossier submitted to JECFA by Danisco, Inc. (Danisco, 2003). Based on the hexose oxidase cDNA from C. crispus, a synthetic gene was constructed that is more suitable for expression in yeast. The synthetic gene encodes hexose oxidase with the same amino acid sequence as that of the native C. crispus enzyme. The synthetic gene was combined with regulatory sequences, promoter and terminator derived from H. polymorpha, and inserted into the well-known plasmid pBR322. The URA3 gene from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Baker’s yeast) and the HARS1 sequence from H. polymorpha were also inserted into the plasmid. The URA3 gene serves as a selectable marker to identify cells containing the transformation vector. -
Annotation Guidelines for Experimental Procedures
Annotation Guidelines for Experimental Procedures Developed By Mohammed Alliheedi Robert Mercer Version 1 April 14th, 2018 1- Introduction and background information What is rhetorical move? A rhetorical move can be defined as a text fragment that conveys a distinct communicative goal, in other words, a sentence that implies an author’s specific purpose to readers. What are the types of rhetorical moves? There are several types of rhetorical moves. However, we are interested in 4 rhetorical moves that are common in the method section of a scientific article that follows the Introduction Methods Results and Discussion (IMRaD) structure. 1- Description of a method: It is concerned with a sentence(s) that describes experimental events (e.g., “Beads with bound proteins were washed six times (for 10 min under rotation at 4°C) with pulldown buffer and proteins harvested in SDS-sample buffer, separated by SDS-PAGE, and analyzed by autoradiography.” (Ester & Uetz, 2008)). 2- Appeal to authority: It is concerned with a sentence(s) that discusses the use of standard methods, protocols, and procedures. There are two types of this move: - A reference to a well-established “standard” method (e.g., the use of a method like “PCR” or “electrophoresis”). - A reference to a method that was previously described in the literature (e.g., “Protein was determined using fluorescamine assay [41].” (Larsen, Frandesn and Treiman, 2001)). 3- Source of materials: It is concerned with a sentence(s) that lists the source of biological materials that are used in the experiment (e.g., “All microalgal strains used in this study are available at the Elizabeth Aidar Microalgae Culture Collection, Department of Marine Biology, Federal Fluminense University, Brazil.” (Larsen, Frandesn and Treiman, 2001)). -
INFORMATION to USERS the Most Advanced Technology Has Been
INFORMATION TO USERS The most advanced technology has been used to photo graph and reproduce this manuscript from the microfilm master. UMI films the original text directly from the copy submitted. Thus, some dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from a computer printer. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyrighted material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are re produced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each oversize page is available as one exposure on a standard 35 mm slide or as a 17" x 23" black and white photographic print for an additional charge. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. 35 mm slides or 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. Accessing the World'sUMI Information since 1938 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA Order Number 8820378 Stereochemical studies in anaerobic metabolism Zydowsky, Lynne Douthit, Ph.D. The Ohio State University, 1988 UMI 300 N. Zeeb Rd. Ann Aibor, M I 48106 PLEASE NOTE: In all cases this material has been filmed in the best possible way from the available copy. Problems encountered with this document have been identified here with a check mark V . -
Citric Acid Cycle
CHEM464 / Medh, J.D. The Citric Acid Cycle Citric Acid Cycle: Central Role in Catabolism • Stage II of catabolism involves the conversion of carbohydrates, fats and aminoacids into acetylCoA • In aerobic organisms, citric acid cycle makes up the final stage of catabolism when acetyl CoA is completely oxidized to CO2. • Also called Krebs cycle or tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. • It is a central integrative pathway that harvests chemical energy from biological fuel in the form of electrons in NADH and FADH2 (oxidation is loss of electrons). • NADH and FADH2 transfer electrons via the electron transport chain to final electron acceptor, O2, to form H2O. Entry of Pyruvate into the TCA cycle • Pyruvate is formed in the cytosol as a product of glycolysis • For entry into the TCA cycle, it has to be converted to Acetyl CoA. • Oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA is catalyzed by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex in the mitochondria • Mitochondria consist of inner and outer membranes and the matrix • Enzymes of the PDH complex and the TCA cycle (except succinate dehydrogenase) are in the matrix • Pyruvate translocase is an antiporter present in the inner mitochondrial membrane that allows entry of a molecule of pyruvate in exchange for a hydroxide ion. 1 CHEM464 / Medh, J.D. The Citric Acid Cycle The Pyruvate Dehydrogenase (PDH) complex • The PDH complex consists of 3 enzymes. They are: pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1), Dihydrolipoyl transacetylase (E2) and dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase (E3). • It has 5 cofactors: CoASH, NAD+, lipoamide, TPP and FAD. CoASH and NAD+ participate stoichiometrically in the reaction, the other 3 cofactors have catalytic functions. -
Expressing a Cytosolic Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex To
Zhang et al. Microb Cell Fact (2020) 19:226 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12934-020-01493-z Microbial Cell Factories RESEARCH Open Access Expressing a cytosolic pyruvate dehydrogenase complex to increase free fatty acid production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Yiming Zhang1†, Mo Su1†, Ning Qin1, Jens Nielsen1,2,3 and Zihe Liu1* Abstract Background: Saccharomyces cerevisiae is being exploited as a cell factory to produce fatty acids and their derivatives as biofuels. Previous studies found that both precursor supply and fatty acid metabolism deregulation are essential for enhanced fatty acid synthesis. A bacterial pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex expressed in the yeast cytosol was reported to enable production of cytosolic acetyl-CoA with lower energy cost and no toxic intermediate. Results: Overexpression of the PDH complex signifcantly increased cell growth, ethanol consumption and reduced glycerol accumulation. Furthermore, to optimize the redox imbalance in production of fatty acids from glucose, two endogenous NAD+-dependent glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenases were deleted, and a heterologous NADP+-dependent glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase was introduced. The best fatty acid producing strain PDH7 with engineering of precursor and co-factor metabolism could produce 840.5 mg/L free fatty acids (FFAs) in shake fask, which was 83.2% higher than the control strain YJZ08. Profle analysis of free fatty acid suggested the cyto- solic PDH complex mainly resulted in the increases of unsaturated fatty acids (C16:1 and C18:1). Conclusions: We demonstrated that cytosolic PDH pathway enabled more efcient acetyl-CoA provision with the lower ATP cost, and improved FFA production. Together with engineering of the redox factor rebalance, the cyto- solic PDH pathway could achieve high level of FFA production at similar levels of other best acetyl-CoA producing pathways. -
Recycling of Vitamin B12 and NAD+ Within the Pdu Microcompartment of Salmonella Enterica Shouqiang Cheng Iowa State University
Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Graduate Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2010 Recycling of vitamin B12 and NAD+ within the Pdu microcompartment of Salmonella enterica Shouqiang Cheng Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd Part of the Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Structural Biology Commons Recommended Citation Cheng, Shouqiang, "Recycling of vitamin B12 and NAD+ within the Pdu microcompartment of Salmonella enterica" (2010). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 11713. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/11713 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. + Recycling of vitamin B12 and NAD within the Pdu microcompartment of Salmonella enterica by Shouqiang Cheng A dissertation submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major: Biochemistry Program of Study Committee: Thomas A. Bobik, Major Professor Alan DiSpirito Basil Nikolau Reuben Peters Gregory J. Phillips Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2010 Copyright © Shouqiang Cheng, 2010. All rights reserved. ii Table of contents Abstract.............................................................................................................................