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Race and Membership in American History: the Eugenics Movement
Race and Membership in American History: The Eugenics Movement Facing History and Ourselves National Foundation, Inc. Brookline, Massachusetts Eugenicstextfinal.qxp 11/6/2006 10:05 AM Page 2 For permission to reproduce the following photographs, posters, and charts in this book, grateful acknowledgement is made to the following: Cover: “Mixed Types of Uncivilized Peoples” from Truman State University. (Image #1028 from Cold Spring Harbor Eugenics Archive, http://www.eugenics archive.org/eugenics/). Fitter Family Contest winners, Kansas State Fair, from American Philosophical Society (image #94 at http://www.amphilsoc.org/ library/guides/eugenics.htm). Ellis Island image from the Library of Congress. Petrus Camper’s illustration of “facial angles” from The Works of the Late Professor Camper by Thomas Cogan, M.D., London: Dilly, 1794. Inside: p. 45: The Works of the Late Professor Camper by Thomas Cogan, M.D., London: Dilly, 1794. 51: “Observations on the Size of the Brain in Various Races and Families of Man” by Samuel Morton. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, vol. 4, 1849. 74: The American Philosophical Society. 77: Heredity in Relation to Eugenics, Charles Davenport. New York: Henry Holt &Co., 1911. 99: Special Collections and Preservation Division, Chicago Public Library. 116: The Missouri Historical Society. 119: The Daughters of Edward Darley Boit, 1882; John Singer Sargent, American (1856-1925). Oil on canvas; 87 3/8 x 87 5/8 in. (221.9 x 222.6 cm.). Gift of Mary Louisa Boit, Julia Overing Boit, Jane Hubbard Boit, and Florence D. Boit in memory of their father, Edward Darley Boit, 19.124. -
Improving on Nature: Eugenics in Utopian Fiction
1 Improving on Nature: Eugenics in Utopian Fiction Submitted by Christina Jane Lake to the University of Exeter as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in English, January 2017 This thesis is available for Library use on the understanding that it is copyright materials and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement I certify that all material in this thesis which is not my own work has been identified and that no material has previously been submitted and approve for the award of a degree by this or any other university. (Signature)............................................................................................................. 2 3 Abstract There has long been a connection between the concept of utopia as a perfect society and the desire for perfect humans to live in this society. A form of selective breeding takes place in many fictional utopias from Plato’s Republic onwards, but it is only with the naming and promotion of eugenics by Francis Galton in the late nineteenth century that eugenics becomes a consistent and important component of utopian fiction. In my introduction I argue that behind the desire for eugenic fitness within utopias resides a sense that human nature needs improving. Darwin’s Origin of Species (1859) prompted fears of degeneration, and eugenics was seen as a means of restoring purpose and control. Chapter Two examines the impact of Darwin’s ideas on the late nineteenth-century utopia through contrasting the evolutionary fears of Samuel Butler’s Erewhon (1872) with Edward Bellamy’s more positive view of the potential of evolution in Looking Backward (1888). -
092107-01 Front Imh March 08
Recasting the Tribe of Ishmael The Role of Indianapolis’s Nineteenth- Century Poor in Twentieth-Century Eugenics ELSA F. KRAMER And the angel of the Lord said unto her, Behold, thou art with child, and shalt bear a son, and shalt call his name Ishmael, because the Lord hath heard thy affliction. And he will be a wild man; his hand will be against every man, and every man’s hand against him; and he shall dwell in the presence of all his brethren. Genesis 16:11–12 ainy weather and muddy streets kept many of his flock home on RSunday morning, January 20, 1878, when Rev. Oscar C. McCulloch of Indianapolis’s Plymouth Congregational Church delivered a sermon on the problem of the city’s poor.1 Charity was not an unusual topic __________________________ Elsa F. Kramer is an editor and a researcher in Indianapolis. She thanks the library staffs of the Indianapolis–Marion County Public Library, the Indiana State Archives, the Indiana State Library, the Indiana Historical Society, and the M. E. Grenander Department of Special Collections and Archives at the State University of New York–Albany for their assistance in gathering the materials cited in this article. She is grateful to William Schneider and Jason Lantzer at Indiana University–Indianapolis for their input on early drafts and to Eric Sandweiss of the IMH for his interest in and careful editing of the manuscript. 1Oscar McCulloch Diary, January 20, 1878, box 1, Oscar C. McCulloch Papers (Indiana State Library, Indianapolis). INDIANA MAGAZINE OF HISTORY, 104 (March 2008) ᭧ 2008, Trustees of Indiana University. -
Eugenics and Malaga Island
Eugenics and Malaga Island The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Davenport, Melissa. 2020. Eugenics and Malaga Island. Master's thesis, Harvard Extension School. Citable link https://nrs.harvard.edu/URN-3:HUL.INSTREPOS:37365642 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA Eugenics and Malaga Island Melissa Davenport A Thesis in the Field of Legal Studies for the Degree of Master of Liberal Arts in Extension Studies Harvard University November 2020 Copyright 2020 [Melissa Davenport] Abstract In 1912, the state of Maine removed a multi-race community from Malaga, a tiny island off its coast. The state paid some islanders to leave their homes, and institutionalized others. Contemporary researchers cite eugenics as a factor in the eviction. In 1925, Maine passed a eugenic law that allowed forced sterilization, nearly 13 years after the Malaga eviction. What happened before 1925 that would give eugenics, manifested in this extreme policy, a foothold in the state? My research focused on primary, historical sources in law, medicine, and media. Maine poverty law, carried over from Elizabethan Poor Law, emphasized local town responsibility for the poor through legal settlement, which directly affected the Malaga Island eviction. Maine law regarding people with developmental disabilities emphasized state responsibility and made provisions for expansion of institutional care at the state level. -
The Biopolitics of Marriage and Motherhood: Understanding the Transformative Role of White Middle-Class Women in the American Eugenics Movement 1900-1930
Bates College SCARAB Honors Theses Capstone Projects Spring 5-2014 The iopB olitics of Marriage and Motherhood: Understanding the Transformative Role of White Middle-Class Women in the American Eugenics Movement 1900-1930 Emma Barrett eP rkinson Bates College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://scarab.bates.edu/honorstheses Recommended Citation Perkinson, Emma Barrett, "The iopoB litics of Marriage and Motherhood: Understanding the Transformative Role of White Middle- Class Women in the American Eugenics Movement 1900-1930" (2014). Honors Theses. 101. http://scarab.bates.edu/honorstheses/101 This Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Capstone Projects at SCARAB. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of SCARAB. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Biopolitics of Marriage and Motherhood: Understanding the Transformative Role of White Middle-Class Women in the American Eugenics Movement 1900-1930 An Honors Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Department of History Bates College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts by Emma Barrett Perkinson Lewiston, Maine March 21, 2014 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I would like to thank my thesis advisor, Melinda Plastas. Thank you for your endless patience, guidance and support this year. Thank you for giving me the encouragement I needed to keep going when it seemed like I had hit a dead end. Thank you for reading, and re-reading my many drafts and responding to my frequent late-night emails with calm positivity and wise, helpful words. -
American Eugenics: a History of Its Evolution from Public Health Initiative to Scientific Racism, Historical Memory, and Modern Genetics
[CONCEPT, Vol. XXXV (2012)] American Eugenics: A History of its Evolution from Public Health Initiative to Scientific Racism, Historical Memory, and Modern Genetics Margaret Rigas History Throughout the 20th century, American Society struggled to deal with the issue of racial equality, which caused tremendous tension in almost every facet of society. At the same time that society was grappling with racial tensions and inequalities, the world of medicine and technology was developing and progressing at an unprecedented pace. While medical and technological advancement allowed for new treatments, eradication of disease, and a new, unparalleled understanding of the human body, there was a distinct dark side of this newfound knowledge and technology. The introduction of social programs based on eugenics continued and sustained racial segregation. This so-called “medical racism” was prevalent in 20th century American culture. Eugenics programs were legally implemented with a blatant disregard for a standard of patient care, patients rights, and without informed medical consent, in the name of combating a variety of social ills and problems within American Society. This paper will chart the evolution of American eugenics from that of a public health initiative to that of scientific racism and considers the historical memory of such trajectory as well as the current state of genetic research and the fall out from America’s eugenic past. Background and Foundations of American Eugenics Eugenics is difficult to define insofar as it had a variety of schemes for social application that differed from one Eugenicist to another and upon which there appears to be no concise universal application. -
The Public Debate and Legislative Battle Over Compulsory Eugenic Sterilization in Louisiana, 1924-1932
Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 2017 A Vast Injustice: The Public eD bate and Legislative Battle veo r Compulsory Eugenic Sterilization in Louisiana, 1924 -- 1932 Adelaide Hair Barr Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Barr, Adelaide Hair, "A Vast Injustice: The ubP lic Debate and Legislative Battle vo er Compulsory Eugenic Sterilization in Louisiana, 1924 -- 1932" (2017). LSU Doctoral Dissertations. 4490. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/4490 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please [email protected]. “A VAST INJUSTICE” THE PUBLIC DEBATE AND LEGISLATIVE BATTLE OVER COMPULSORY EUGENIC STERILIZATION IN LOUISIANA, 1924-1932 A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in Partial Fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of History by Adelaide Hair Barr B.A. Louisiana State University, 2004 M.A. Southeastern Louisiana University, 2010 August 2017 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would have not been able to complete this project without the guidance, assistance, and support from so many. First, I would like to thank my major professor and director of this dissertation, Gaines M. Foster. His constructive critiques of my work made it better than I could have ever imagined. -
How Twentieth-Century Museums Promoted the Eugenics Movement
State University of New York College at Buffalo - Buffalo State College Digital Commons at Buffalo State Museum Studies Theses History and Social Studies Education 5-2020 Exhibiting Prejudice: How Twentieth-Century Museums Promoted the Eugenics Movement Anna Wachtel State University of New York College at Buffalo - Buffalo State College, [email protected] Advisor Dr. Cynthia Conides First Reader Noelle Wiedemer Second Reader Dr. Lisa Marie Anselmi Department Chair Andrew D. Nicholls, Ph.D. Professor and Chair Recommended Citation Wachtel, Anna, "Exhibiting Prejudice: How Twentieth-Century Museums Promoted the Eugenics Movement" (2020). Museum Studies Theses. 24. https://digitalcommons.buffalostate.edu/museumstudies_theses/24 Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.buffalostate.edu/museumstudies_theses Part of the Archival Science Commons, History Commons, Museum Studies Commons, and the Race, Ethnicity and Post-Colonial Studies Commons State University of New York College at Buffalo Department of History Exhibiting Prejudice: How Twentieth-Century Museums Promoted the Eugenics Movement An Abstract of a Thesis in Museum Studies By Anna Wachtel Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts May 2020 ABSTRACT This research illustrates the impact museums have on social, political, and educational systems through the exploration of the eugenics movement in American museums. Museum professionals promoted racial hierarchies and eugenic ideologies at World’s Fairs through -
Striving for National Fitness
STRIVING FOR NATIONAL FITNESS EUGENICS IN AUSTRALIA 1910s TO 1930s Diana H Wyndham A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of History University of Sydney July 1996 Abstract Striving For National Fitness: Eugenics in Australia, 1910s to 1930s Eugenics movements developed early this century in more than 20 countries, including Australia. However, for many years the vast literature on eugenics focused almost exclusively on the history of eugenics in Britain and America. While some aspects of eugenics in Australia are now being documented, the history of this movement largely remained to be written. Australians experienced both fears and hopes at the time of Federation in 1901. Some feared that the white population was declining and degenerating but they also hoped to create a new utopian society which would outstrip the achievements, and avoid the poverty and industrial unrest, of Britain and America. Some responded to these mixed emotions by combining notions of efficiency and progress with eugenic ideas about maximising the growth of a white population and filling the 'empty spaces'. It was hoped that by taking these actions Australia would avoid 'racial suicide' or Asian invasion and would improve national fitness, thus avoiding 'racial decay' and starting to create a 'paradise of physical perfection'. This thesis considers the impact of eugenics in Australia by examining three related propositions: • that from the 1910s to the 1930s, eugenic ideas in Australia were readily accepted because of concerns about the declining birth rate • that, while mainly derivative, Australian eugenics had several distinctly Australian qualities • that eugenics has a legacy in many disciplines, particularly family planning and public health This examination of Australian eugenics is primarily from the perspective of the people, publications and organisations which contributed to this movement in the first half of this century. -
The Origins of Scientific Racism Author(S): John P
The Origins of Scientific Racism Author(s): John P. Jackson, Jr. and Nadine M. Weidman Source: The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education , Winter, 2005/2006, No. 50 (Winter, 2005/2006), pp. 66-79 Published by: The JBHE Foundation, Inc Stable URL: http://www.jstor.com/stable/25073379 JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at https://about.jstor.org/terms is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education This content downloaded from 173.66.189.105 on Sat, 15 Aug 2020 21:23:03 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms The Origins of Scientific Racism John P. Jackson Jr. and Nadine M. Weidman Editor's Note: After the publication of Darwin's Origin of the Species, scientists promptly developed theories of genetic racial inferiority. Scientific racism, which was widely accepted, led to the field of eugenics which ultimately resulted in the sterilization of thousands of black Americans and culminated in the murder of 6 million European Jews. DESPITE CHARLES DARWEN's idea that there mechanism that could explain this process. Indeed, most were no fixed divisions between species, let alone ideas about heredity argued that it would be impossible for races, polygenist notions of race, which assumed characteristics to be transmitted down the generations. -
'Fill the Comfortable Cradles and Empty the Gutters
To ‘Fill the Comfortable Cradles and Empty the Gutters’: Maternalist Eugenics and Reproductive Inequalities in the United States Tonie Marie Gordon Youngstown, Ohio M.A., Sociology, University of Virginia B.A., Professional Writing and Editing, Youngstown State University A Dissertation presented to the Graduate Faculty of the University of Virginia in Candidacy for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Sociology University of Virginia May, 2015 To ‘Fill the Comfortable Cradles and Empty the Gutters’ 2 To ‘Fill the Comfortable Cradles and Empty the Gutters’: Maternalist Eugenics and Reproductive Inequalities in the United States Abstract After the cruelties of the Holocaust exposed the potential for scientific racism to devolve into genocide, the practice of eugenics became stigmatized in the Western world. In 1950, a global panel of scientists working with UNESCO, reported that racial hierarchies are not rooted in biological fact. Consequently, by the 1960s, a number of social scientists pronounced the end of eugenics and other forms of scientific racism. To the contrary, eugenic infringements on women’s reproduction including coerced birth control, forced sterilization, compulsory reproduction and the genetic manipulation of the reproductive process has continued in the United States since this time. Such infringements on women’s reproduction, have in the post-civil rights era, increasingly targeted black women. The interrelated paradoxes of the continuation and simultaneous racialization of eugenics leads to the following questions: What mechanisms have sustained eugenics from the dawn of the twentieth century to modern day? And, in the post-Civil Rights Era, how has eugenics come to increasingly target women of color? Most of the current multidisciplinary literature on eugenics and women’s reproduction and coupling or ‘maternalist politics’ documents eugenics without offering a theoretical framework that explains its continuance. -
Race and Membership in American History: the Eugenics Movement
Race and Membership in American History: The Eugenics Movement Facing History and Ourselves National Foundation, Inc. Brookline, Massachusetts Eugenicstextfinal.qxp 11/6/2006 10:05 AM Page 2 For permission to reproduce the following photographs, posters, and charts in this book, grateful acknowledgement is made to the following: Cover: “Mixed Types of Uncivilized Peoples” from Truman State University. (Image #1028 from Cold Spring Harbor Eugenics Archive, http://www.eugenics archive.org/eugenics/). Fitter Family Contest winners, Kansas State Fair, from American Philosophical Society (image #94 at http://www.amphilsoc.org/ library/guides/eugenics.htm). Ellis Island image from the Library of Congress. Petrus Camper’s illustration of “facial angles” from The Works of the Late Professor Camper by Thomas Cogan, M.D., London: Dilly, 1794. Inside: p. 45: The Works of the Late Professor Camper by Thomas Cogan, M.D., London: Dilly, 1794. 51: “Observations on the Size of the Brain in Various Races and Families of Man” by Samuel Morton. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, vol. 4, 1849. 74: The American Philosophical Society. 77: Heredity in Relation to Eugenics, Charles Davenport. New York: Henry Holt &Co., 1911. 99: Special Collections and Preservation Division, Chicago Public Library. 116: The Missouri Historical Society. 119: The Daughters of Edward Darley Boit, 1882; John Singer Sargent, American (1856-1925). Oil on canvas; 87 3/8 x 87 5/8 in. (221.9 x 222.6 cm.). Gift of Mary Louisa Boit, Julia Overing Boit, Jane Hubbard Boit, and Florence D. Boit in memory of their father, Edward Darley Boit, 19.124.