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The Hand-Bells of the Early Scottish Church Cormac Bourke*

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The Hand-Bells of the Early Scottish Church Cormac Bourke* Proc Soc Antiq Scot, 113 (1983), 464-468 The hand-bells of the early Scottish church Cormac Bourke* SUMMARY Quadrangular hand-bell irof sbronzo d nan e were characteristi earle th yf c o insula r church. Nineteen of these have been catalogue Scotland dn suggestei s i t i d an , d that their datin distributiod gan shey ndma aree lighactivitf th a o Columbae n o tth f yo n monks. Nineteen quadrangular hand-bells are known to have survived from the early Scottish church brieA . f accoun f theso t s giveei n here advancn i , f fuleo l publication, together witha list and distribution map. The distinction between bells made from a single sheet of iron coated with bronze and those made entirely from cast bronz s lonha eg bee e Scottisnth recognizedf o hl al bell d san , r otheo belone f theso r on eo gt classes recenA . t discussio e typologth f no methodd yan f o s manufacture of Irish hand-bells (Bourke 1980) can be applied without modification to the Scottish series. The iron bells of Ireland, Scotland and Wales form a homogeneous group and are not readily distinguishable, while those of bronze have a tendency to regional variation. Fourteen iron bells and five of bronze make up the Scottish total. This disproportion has been noted in Ireland where the corresponding figures are 44 and 31 respectively. The iron bells of Scotland have a greater size range (exclusive of handles) than those of either Irelan Walesr do smallese Th . t specimen, that fro Broce mth Burrianf ho m mera m s i ,0 e6 tall, while the largest bell, that from Birnie, Morayshire, is 326 mm tall. The smallest and largest tallm m , respectively6 Iris30 hd examplean verstatu3 e e th 14 . Th y f e so smal sar l Burrian bels i l somewhat uncertain possibilite th d an , y tha functionet ti cow-bela s da l canno rulee b t d out. How- ever, the example from Kilmichael Glassary, which is only 22 mm taller, is clearly from an ecclesiastical context since it has been enshrined. The Scottish bronze bells fall within the size range of the Irish series, but they are only five in numbe shod an r w muca h greater degre f uniformityeo . Four examples hav econtinuoua s flaring at the lip on faces and sides, and all five have handles with almost horizontal cross-pieces (for terminology, see Bourke 1980, 53). These features are rare in the Irish series, and occur only bello case tw si n f th whice o evidenc e securele th h ar inscription n a o f e 0 eyo dateon 90 c n no o d t of them (Bourke 1980, 57-9). The Scottish bronze bells can differ little from each other in date and are probably contemporary with these two Irish examples. (fip illustrate) g1 ma e Th s tha bronze tth e bell distributee sar d across central Scotland, while thos irof eo n hav morea e scattered distribution, including three examples from Orkney. This si consistent wit impressioe hth n thafive th et bronze bell roughle sar y contemporary. Conversely, distributioe th iroe th n f nbello s might indicate that they wer emora e long-livee d th type d an , perishable nature of iron as opposed to bronze must here be taken into account. Whitto2 * n Road, Terenure, Dubli Irelan, n6 d BOURKE: HAND-BELL EARLE TH F YSO SCOTTISH CHURCH 465 40km FI DistributioG1 irof bronznd o nan e hand-bell Scotlann si d hand-bellf o e us e Scotlann si Th reasonabln dca attributee yb influence th Iris e o dt th hf eo church. Bells were centra Iriso lt h ecclesiastical tradition survivine th d an , g example tota5 7 f lo r sfa exceeds the totals of 7 and 19 known from Wales and Scotland respectively. In Ireland bells of both types were probably being produce perioe th n di d 700-900, althoug iroe hth n series probably originatecenturh 7t e th y n (Bourkdi e 1980, 59). Adomnan, writing in the years before 700, provides what appears to be the earliest contemporary earl e bellf th o ye referencn s i insula us e th ro e t churc h (Anderso Anderson& n 1961,226-7, 528-9). 466 | SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND, 1983 Adomnan refers specificall belle lonath o questioy n t si d an , n were almost certainl irof yo n rather than bronze. Moreover distributioe ,th associationd nan irof so n bell Irelann si d sugges possibla t e connection with the monastic churches, in contrast to those of bronze which may have been used smallee byth r churches unde controe rth Armagf lo h (Bourke 1980, 61-2) reasonables i t .I , there- fore, to attribute the use of iron bells in Scotland to the influence of the Columban church. The production and use of tomb- or church-shaped reliquaries might similarly be traced to the Columban federatio Paoe n(d r 1977, 96) possibilit,a y reflectee whicb y numbea hma n d i Irisf ro h place-names incorporating the uncommon element serin (shrine) which are associated with Adomna Columbd nan a (liste Hogan di n 1910, 593). The occurrence of iron bells in Orkney is consistent with the interest of the Columban monks r northfa islande e s attesteinth a ,th f o s d by Adomnan (Anderso Anderson& n 1961, 440-3). Elsewhere iroe th ,n bells occur principall Perthshirn yi Angusd ean , apparently withi Pictise nth h regions of Fotla and Circhenn (Anderson 1973,127, 142-3). These were territories of the southern Picts, whom Bede describes as having been converted to Christianity long before the coming of Columba (HE, 111,4). However bees ha nt i ,argue d tha Columbae th t n monks were active th n ei southern region, from which they were expelled in 717 at the orders of the Pictish king Nechtan (Anderson 1965, 34). This exclusio havy nma e bee f shorno t duration (Anderso Anderson& n 1961, 99). The distribution of the iron bells calls seriously into question the extreme view of Cowan that principae th l achievemen Columbae th f o t conversioe th n t churcno s Pictlanf no hwa d dan Northere th southwards it n n Islesi t ,bu s expansion, which culminate resuscitatioe th n di f no Christianity in Northumbria (1975, 17; see also Cowan & Easson 1976, 1). distributioe Th belle th sf no argue s strongl favoun yi direca f o r t involvemene pare th f th o t n o t Columban monk regione southere th th n si f so n Picts t seem.I s unlikel belle th ysf thao dat l o tal et before 717, and some may have been made in the course of the 8th and 9th centuries. Two iron bell associatee sar d with churches whic havy hma e been dedicate sainto dt f so Irish origin: Bareva Nairnshirn i e (Watson 1926, 271) Struad an , Perthshirn i e (Anderson 1881, 183; with Anderson 1965, 26). While the iron bells are concentrated in the territory of the southern Picts, they occur also in the area of Dalriada (Kilmichael Glassary), near the Moray Firth (Barevan and Birnie) - where Bede would perhaps plac missionare eth y activitie f Columbo s a (HE, 111, 4; Anderson 1965, 32-3), and in lowland Scotland (Ednam). The Scottish bronze bells have been dated to c 900 on typological grounds, and cannot be used as evidence for early missionary activity in the east. That they differ from most Irish examples increasine th o t e gmadu culturae yb l separatio Irelanf no Scotlanh d 9t d an course e th th n df i eo century (Byrne 1973, 260), and their relatively late appearance might be explained if iron bells alone were traditionally used by the Columban church. One of the bronze bells is attributed to St Fillan (also possibly associated with the iron bell from Struan), who may be the 'Faelan the Dumb' commemorated on 20 June in the Irish calendars (Anderson 1965, 26). Another bronze bell is known from Insh, a site which Joseph Anderson believe havo dt e been originally dedicate Adomnao dt n (1881, 196-7) thirA . d bell, from Little Dunkeld, could date either to the reign of Constantine son of Fergus (789-820), who may have established the church of Dunkeld (Anderson 1973, 169, 194), or to the reign of Kenneth mac Alpin, who built a church to house the relics of Columba, probably at Dunkeld, in the years 848-9 (Anderson 1973, 250; 1982, 117; Henderson 1982, 99). Thi consistens si t wit datee hth f o suggeste0 90 c d independently above furtheA . r bronze bel knows i l n from Forteviot, Perthshire. BOURKE: HAND-BELLS EARLE TH F Y.O SCOTTISH CHURCH 467 The date of the founding of this church has not been established, but the site may have been a royal centrlatee th rf eo Pictis h kings (Alcoc t Fortevioka s 1982)wa t I . t that Kennet Alpic hma n died in 858 (Anderson 1982,117), and a carved stone arch from the site may be from an ambitious church building of the later 9th century (Alcock 1982, 229). It is tempting to speculate that two of the five bronze bells from Scotland, those from Little Dunkeld and Forteviot, might be traceable royao t l patronag churchef eo latee centuryeash e th r9t yearth n e ti n th si sn i , followin unioe gth n Picte oScotsd th f san .
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