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Nutritional Composition, Bioactive Compounds and Health-Beneficial Properties of Black Sea Shellfish

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Nutritional Composition, Bioactive Compounds and Health-Beneficial Properties of Black Sea Shellfish https://doi.org/10.5272/jimab.2020263.3293 Journal of IMAB Journal of IMAB - Annual Proceeding (Scientific Papers). 2020 Jul-Sep;26(3) ISSN: 1312-773X https://www.journal-imab-bg.org Review article NUTRITIONAL COMPOSITION, BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS AND HEALTH-BENEFICIAL PROPERTIES OF BLACK SEA SHELLFISH Veselina Panayotova1, Albena Merdzhanova1, Diana A. Dobreva1, Kameliya Bratoeva2, Lubomir Makedonski1 1) Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Varna, Bulgaria. 2) Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Varna, Bulgaria. ABSTRACT the quality of shellfish as nutraceuticals. Contemporary stud- Marine bivalves are characterized as high nutritional, ies show the potential of bivalves as a very good source of easily digestible food, low calories but high in proteins. antioxidants (phenolic compounds) exhibiting antimicro- The activity of biologically active substances in shellfish bial activity. from the Black Sea region is very poorly studied. A small Specific information on the nutrient content of re- number of publications devoted to the functional activity gional foods, especially seafood, is on the basis of a number of tissue and/or extracts from Black Sea shellfish are found of government food strategies and policies. Data may help in the literature. The main scientific objective of the project specialized public authorities and organizations with re- is to study the quality and functional potential of three spe- gard to food quality and related costs; developing adequate cies of Black Sea bivalves: black mussel (Mytilus gallo- strategies and policies aiming to improve the nutritional provincialis), striped venus clam (Chamelea gallina) and literacy of the population; and solve issues of malnutrition wedge clam (Donax trunculus). Seafood nutrition data is and prevention of socially significant diseases (chronic non- needed to assess their contribution to nutrient intake of in- communicable diseases, NCD) with the help of wholesome dividuals and populations but also to the development of foods, such as shellfish. According to the World Health Or- nutrition guidelines as well as for labelling purposes. Spe- ganization (WHO), unhealthy eating patterns are among the cific information on the nutrient content of regional foods, major risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD). CVDs including seafood, is the basis of a number of food strate- are among the main causes of morbidity and mortality of the gies and policies, and increasingly in the fields of agricul- population in developed countries. The spread of the NCD ture, fisheries and aquaculture. In many cases, this data may is epidemic (CVD in particular), which increases their nega- help specialized public authorities and public organizations tive impact on the socio-economic development of socie- with regard to food quality and related costs, as well as de- ties [1]. In 2010 CVDs account for 67.5% of the deaths in veloping adequate strategies and policies aiming to improve Bulgaria. In 2013, the Council of Ministers of the Republic the nutritional literacy of the population and solve issues of of Bulgaria adopted a National Program for Prevention of malnutrition and prevention of socially significant diseases Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases 2014-2020. There are (chronic non-communicable diseases, CND) with the help serious nutritional challenges in our country which give of wholesome foods, such as bivalves. rise to the need to undertake activities to support a healthy diet and ensure safe and healthy food for the entire popula- Keywords: Black Sea shellfish, functional potential, tion. nutrition Shellfish are used mainly as food, but there are nu- merous products sold worldwide as high-value nutraceuticals BACKGROUND [2]. Studies have shown that lipid extracts and freeze-dried Marine shellfish are characterized as easily digest- mussel powder of mussels have numerous health benefits, ible food, low in calories, but nutrient-dense. According to including the ability to reduce inflammation [3-7]. the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the absorp- In Bulgaria, there are three commercial shellfish spe- tion coefficients of proteins and lipids contained in the ed- cies – black mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis), striped venus ible tissue of shellfish are above 0.9, which indicates their clam (Chamelea gallina) and wedge clam (Donax trunculus). high nutritional value. Although the lipid content is low, so These Black Sea species can be valuable sources of biologi- far, this group of primary metabolites has shown the highest cally active substances for Bulgarian consumers due to the potential to develop commercially significant functional fact that they are sustainable species applicable to aqua- foods and nutritional supplements. The predominant polar culture. The aim of this study is to determine the quality lipids rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) increase and functional potential of three species of Black Sea J of IMAB. 2020 Jul-Sep;26(3) https://www.journal-imab-bg.org 3293 bivalves: black mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis), white information on the chemical composition of Chamelea sand clams (Chamelea gallina and Donax trunculus). gallina and Donax trunculus from the Black Sea which raises the need for systematic studies on their quality as food al- BLACK SEA SHELLFISH ternatives of black mussel and species rich in functionally Mytilus galloprovincialis active compounds with high potential for cultivation in the The Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis Black Sea waters. is a species of great economic importance in the Black Sea region. According to the Executive Agency for Fisheries PRELIMINARY RESULTS and Aquaculture (EAFA), Mytilus galloprovincialis is the Proximate composition only representative of the Phylum Mollusca, subjected to Table 1 presents the proximate composition (proteins, the aquaculture sector in Bulgaria. The number of existing carbohydrates and lipids) of the studied species. Proteins Black Sea mussel farms is 45 with a total production of were the major macronutrients in investigated Black Sea 2520 tons in 2014 [8]. During the last two years the chemi- shellfish. The black mussel showed two folds higher protein cal composition (proteins, lipids and carbohydrates), the content, compared to the white clams. Chamelea gallina fatty acid profile, the content of fat-soluble vitamins (A, E showed the lowest carbohydrate and highest lipid content. and D3), cholesterol and carotenoids of cultivated black Based on the reported protein levels, all species can be clas- mussel from the Bulgarian coast were studied. The sea- sified as “high in protein” [18]. Some authors have sug- sonal changes for the described compounds have been fol- gested that protein content is correlated with mussels’ re- lowed, and it has been found that this species has valuable productive cycles and environmental conditions [19]. M. nutritional qualities and is recommended to be included galloprovincialis from Bulgarian coast showed the differ- in various diets. It is estimated that 100 g of Mytilus gallo- ent protein levels [10] compared to the same species inhab- provincialis delivers more than 150% of the recommended iting the Romanian and Turkish parts of the Black Sea [20, daily intake (RDI) of long-chain omega-3 PUFA (0.97g per 21]. Both lipids and carbohydrates are energy supplying 100g of edible portion), more than 55% of vitamin D3 RDI macronutrients, therefore their contents are related mainly and high amounts of β-carotene and astaxanthin [9-12]. to shellfish reproductive cycle. Their composition varies significantly throughout the year and in different habitats. Chamelea gallina This explains the differences in carbohydrate contents re- Striped venus clam (Chamelea gallina) is widespread ported for mussels from different parts of the Black Sea [20, in the Mediterranean basin and also abundant throughout 21]. On the other hand, scientific literature lacks informa- the Aegean, Black and Azov Seas [13]. There are only a few tion on the other two species - Chamelea gallina and Donax studies on the chemical composition of this species har- trunculus, in terms of their chemical composition [14, 17]. vested in the Adriatic [14] and the Marmara Sea [15]. Lipids are minor constituents of shellfish meat. Their amount and composition are strongly species specific, but also in- Donax trunculus fluenced by different factors acting simultaneously and pro- Recently more and more attention has been paid to voking temporary changes in lipid content. Despite that, wedge clam (Donax trunculus) along the Bulgarian Black presented results characterize edible Black Sea shellfish as Sea coast. The species is characterized as a very good source species with low lipid content. of protein and PUFA [16, 17]. Yet, literature data lack of Table 1. Proximate composition of Mytilus galloprovincialis, Chamelea gallina and Donax trunculus Shellfish species Proteins Carbohydrates Lipids Reference Mytilus galloprovincialis 17.4–19.9 g/100g ww 2.0–2.7 g/100g ww 1.4–2.9 g/100g ww [10] Chamelea gallina 8.51–9.7 g/100g ww 0.7–1.6 g/100g ww 2.2–5.0 g/100g ww [14] Donax trunculus 8.13–10.61% of ww 2.31–3.18% of ww 0.69–1.33% of ww [15] Fatty acid composition the studied species is comparably small. However, lipid ex- Until now, lipids are the primary metabolites from tracts of Mytilus species exhibited anti-inflammatory [5], shellfish that have shown the highest potential for com- anti-tumour effects [6] and wound
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