PRESIDENT: Dr. Marie-Alexandrine Sicre SECRETARY: Prof. Paul G. Myers EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: Dr. Edward R. Urban Jr.
Secretariat: College of Earth, Ocean, and Environment 003 Robinson Hall University of Delaware Newark, DE 19716 USA
MEMORANDUM
TO: Attendees, 2019 SCOR Annual Meeting
FROM: Ed Urban, SCOR Executive Director
RE: Background Book for Meeting
DATE: 22 August 2019
I am pleased to enclose the background book for the upcoming SCOR Annual Meeting in Toyama, Japan. I hope that you have a chance to read it before the meeting, although I know that the time is limited and the background materials are extensive. Please be sure to review the annotated agenda following. I have tried to identify the actions that we need to consider at the meeting and have cross-referenced the agenda items to the pages where relevant background information can be found, so we can make the best use of our time together. Please skim the remainder of the book and focus on those sections that are most closely related to your interests and responsibilities. I hope that the book also will be a useful reference to you between SCOR meetings. The background book is also available on the Web, at https://scor-int.org/events/scor- annual-meeting-2019/.
We will not be able to bring extra background books to the meeting, so please bring your copy if you requested one. Please let me know if you think other items should be made available to participants at the meeting.
I look forward to seeing each of you in Toyama next month!
Phone: +1-302-831-7011 FAX: +1-302-831-7012 E-mail: [email protected]
2019 SCOR ANNUAL MEETING Toyama. Japan 23-25 September 2019
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS (as of 19 August 2019 )
SCOR Executive Committee: Sinjae Yoo (NM) 2670, Iljudongro President: Gujwa-eup, Jeju 63349 Marie-Alexandrine Sicre (NM) SOUTH KOREA CNRS, LOCEAN [email protected] Tour 46-00, 5eme étage
4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05 FRANCE Jing Zhang (NM) [email protected] Graduate School of Science and Engineering University of Toyama Secretary: Toyama 9308555 Paul Myers (NM) JAPAN Department of Earth and Atmospheric [email protected] Sciences 1-26 ESB, University of Alberta Ex-Officio Members: Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E3 Patricia Miloslavich (IABO) CANADA Project Officer GOOS Biology & [email protected] Ecosystem Panel Universidad Simon Bolivar / AIMS Past-President: PMB No. 3 Peter Burkill (NM) Townsville, Queensland, 4810 Drake Circus AUSTRALIA Plymouth University [email protected] Plymouth PL4 8AA UNITED KINGDOM Trevor McDougall (IAPSO) Email: [email protected] School of Mathematics and Statistics University of New South Wales Vice Presidents: Kensington 2052 David Halpern (NM) AUSTRALIA Jet Propulsion Laboratory Phone: +61407518183 4600 Oak Grove Drive [email protected] MS 183-501 Pasadena, CA 91109 Joyce Penner (IAMAS) USA 3588 Plymouth Road #165 [email protected] Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA +734-678-7433 [email protected]
Co-opted Members Nuria Casacuberta Arola Harold (Hal) Batchelder ETH Zurich 8624 Bourne Terrace Otto-Stern-Weg, 5 North Saanich, BC V8L 1M1 HPK G23 CANADA Zurich 8093 [email protected] SWITZERLAND [email protected] Elisa Berdalet Institute of Marine Sciences (CSIC) SCOR Secretariat: Passeig Maratim de la Barceloneta, 37-49 Ed Urban Barcelona 8003 SCOR Secretariat SPAIN 003 Robinson Hall [email protected] College of Earth, Ocean, and Environment
University of Delaware Newark, DE 19716 John Claydon USA IMBeR International Project Office Email: [email protected] Institute of Marine Research Bergen 5004 Other Participants: NORWAY Michio Aoyama [email protected] Ten-nodai1-1-1, Tsukuba, 305-8572 Ibaraki Peter Croot (NM) JAPAN Earth and Ocean Sciences, Quadrangle +81-8031297981 Building [email protected] National University of Ireland Galway Galway H91 TK33 Salvatore Aricò IRELAND UNESCO/IOC +353894978666 Head of Ocean Science Section [email protected] Paris 75007 FRANCE Dejun Dai +33145680628 No.6 Xianxialing Road [email protected] Qingdao 266061 CHINA Riitta Autio (NM) +86 532 88961709 Agnes Sjöbergin katu 2 [email protected] Helsinki FIN-00790 FINLAND Lennart De Nooijer +358505203305 Landsdiep 4 [email protected] Den Hoorn 1797 SZ NETHERLANDS [email protected]
Robert Duce Burton Jones 145 Pioneer Passage King Abdullah University of Science and Bastrop, TX 78602 Technology USA Thuwal, Makkah 23955-6900 1-979-229-3821 SAUDI ARABIA [email protected] +966 0544700141 [email protected] Jerome Dyment IPGP, 1 rue Jussieu Phoebe Lam Paris 75005 University of California, Santa Cruz FRANCE 1156 High St. +33695063425 Santa Cruz, CA 95064 [email protected] USA +1-510-207-7524 Juan Fierro [email protected] Errazuriz Echaurren 254, Playa Ancha Valparaiso 2340000 Qian Liu CHILE Key Lab of Marine Chemistry Theory and +56 32 2266520 Technology [email protected] Ministry of Education Qingdao 266100 Patricio Efrain Hidalgo Vargas CHINA Av. 25 de Julio - Vía Puerto Marítimo - [email protected] Base Naval Instituto Oceanográfico de la Armada Lisa Maddison Guayaquil 090114 IMBeR International Project Office Guayas Institute of Marine Research ECUADOR Bergen 5004 (+593) 960949891 NORWAY [email protected] +4795365708 [email protected] Masao Ishii Meteorological Research Institute Victor Martinez Vicente 1-1 Nagamine, Tsukuba 305-0052 Plymouth Marine Laboratory Ibaraki Prospect Place, The Hoe JAPAN Plymouth PL1 3DH, Devon +81 29 853 8727 UNITED KINGDOM [email protected] +44-01752633461 [email protected] Chan Joo Jang (NM) 385 Haeyang-ro Hanna Mazur-Marzec Youngdo-gu, Busan 49111 Gyeonggi-do al. Marszałka Piłsudskiego 46 SOUTH KOREA Gdynia 81-378 [email protected] POLAND +48 609419132 [email protected]
Lisa Miller Mitsuo Uematsu Institute of Ocean Sciences Center for Environmental Science in CP 6000 Saitama (CESS) Sidney V8L 4B2 914 Kamitanadare CANADA Kazo, 347-0115, Saitama [email protected] JAPAN [email protected] Daiki Nomura 3-1-1, Minato-cho Toshio Yamagata (NM) Hakodate 0418611 3173-25 Showa-machi, Kanazawa-ku JAPAN Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0001 [email protected] JAPAN +81-45-778-5502 Ilka Peeken (NM) [email protected] Am Handelhafen 12 Bremerhaven 27570 Wei Zheng GERMANY No.6 Xianxialing Road [email protected] Qingdao 266061 China Sergey Shapovalov (NM) [email protected] 36 Nakhimovsky prosp. Moscow 117997 Fang Zuo RUSSIAN FEDERATION IMBeR Regional Project Office +79169208756 East China Normal University [email protected] Shanghai 200062 CHINA Song Sun (NM) [email protected] 7 Nanhai Road, IOCAS Qingdao, Shandong 266071 NM = Nominated Member CHINA [email protected]
Xiaoxia Sun No. 7 Nanhai Road Qingdao 266071 Shandong CHINA [email protected]
Satoru Taguchi 1238-1-306 Ishikawa-Cho Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0032 JAPAN +81-426564668 [email protected]
Agenda for 2019 SCOR Annual Meeting in Toyama, Japan
Sun., Sept. 22 Mon., Sept. 23 Tues., Sept. 24 Wed., Sept. 25 9:00 Welcome, Logistics, and Introductions 9:15 IABO 9:30 IAMAS President’s Report WG Proposals – Feedback to IAPSO Proponents 9:45 Executive Director’s Report SCOR 10:00 Executive Preparations for 2020 SCOR BREAK 10:15 Committee Elections Meetings in 10:30 InterRidge Closed Session BREAK BREAK IOCCG 10:45 GACS 11:00 IMBeR Finances 11:15 Current WGs Report of Ad Hoc Finance 11:30 Committee 11:45 SOLAS 12:00 2020 and 2021 SCOR Meetings 12:15 IIOE-2 Close of Meeting GEOTRACES 12:30 GEOTRACES Review IOC 12:45 LUNCH 13:00
13:15 LUNCH LUNCH 13:30 13:45 14:00 Public 14:15 Symposium in IOCCP 14:30 Toyama IOCCP Review Discussion of WG Proposals 14:45 15:00 SOOS 15:15 15:30 BREAK BREAK 15:45 SCOR-JOS Joint Symposium 16:00 GlobalHAB 16:15
16:30 Discussion of WG Proposals JCS 16:45 COBS 17:00 IQOE 17:15 17:30 PICES 17:45 18:00 18:15 Canal Cruise & 18:30 Welcome Reception 18:45 Onsen (Hot Spring) ＆ City Walking Tour & Dinner Conference Dinner SCOR-JOS Dinner 19:00 19:15 19:30 19:45 20:00 SCOR Executive Committee meets
in closed session
2019 SCOR ANNUAL MEETING Toyama, Japan 23-23 September 2019
ANNOTATED AGENDA ______
1.0 OPENING
1.1 Opening Remarks and Administrative Arrangements, p 1-1 Zhang, Sicre, Urban
1.2 Approval of the Agenda, p. 1-14 Sicre Additions or modifications to the agenda as distributed may be suggested prior to approval of the final version.
1.3 Report of the President of SCOR, p. 1-14 Sicre The President will briefly review her activities for SCOR since the SCOR Annual Meeting in September 2018 in Plymouth, UK.
1.4 Report of SCOR Executive Director, p. 1-14 Urban The Executive Director will report on his activities for SCOR since the 2018 SCOR Annual meeting, and on the current condition of SCOR.
1.5 Appointment of an ad hoc Finance Committee, p. 1-17 Sicre The SCOR Constitution requires that a Finance Committee be appointed at every SCOR meeting. It must consist of at least three members of SCOR who are not members of the Executive Committee. The Finance Committee reviews the administration of SCOR finances during the previous fiscal year and the current year, and will propose a budget for 2020 activities and dues for 2021. Members of the 2019 Finance Committee approved by the Executive Committee are Riitta Autio (Finland), Peter Croot (Ireland), Ilka Peeken (Germany), and Song Sun (China-Beijing). The Committee will report to the meeting under agenda item 8.3.
1.6 2020 Elections for SCOR Officers, p. 1-17 Burkill The SCOR President and all three Vice-President positions are open for nominations for the 2020 elections. Action: Request volunteers for Nominating Committee.
2.0 WORKING GROUPS
2.1 Current Working Groups The Executive Committee Reporter for each working group (or a member of the group) will present an update on working group activities and progress, and will make recommendations on actions to be taken.
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2.1.1 WG 142 on Quality Control Procedures for Oxygen and Other Biogeochemical Sensors on Floats and Gliders, p. 2-1 The group produced four documents by WG members that directly related to the terms of reference of the group, and group members contributed to 9 other BGC-Argo cookbooks. The group had excellent interactions with Argo, although their work is also relevant to gliders. Action: None, group has been disbanded
2.1.2 WG 143 on Dissolved N2O and CH4 measurements: Working towards a global network of ocean time series measurements of N2O and CH4, p. 2-5 Urban Since the 2018 SCOR Annual Meeting, group members led a workshop on methane and nitrous oxide in October 2018 at Lake Arrowhead, California, USA, funded by the U.S. Ocean Carbon and Biogeochemistry (OCB) program. The group also participated in preparation of a white paper for OceanObs’191 and another reporting on their intercomparison activity.2 The group’s request to extend its term until the 2019 SCOR Annual Meeting to complete activities underway, was approved at the SCOR Annual Meeting in Plymouth. Finally, they are preparing standard operating procedures (SOPs), which they hope to complete by the end of 2019. Action: Consider disbanding when SOPs are completed.
2.1.3 WG 145 on Chemical Speciation Modelling in Seawater to Meet 21st Century Needs (MARCHEMSPEC), p. 2-9 Sicre Members of the group received a three-year grant from the U.S. National Science Foundation and the UK Natural Environment Research Council to conduct research related to the group’s work. The group has also enlisted the help of several national laboratories in its work and is also cooperating with the Joint Committee on Seawater on pH issues (see agenda item 4.3). The group has two additional peer-reviewed papers in preparation. It will hold its final meeting on 16 February 2020 at the 2020 Ocean Sciences Meeting in San Diego, Calif, USA. The group has proposed a tutorial and a special session at Ocean Sciences, and will provide an opportunity at the SCOR booth to test software on which the group is working. Action: Consider funding for 2020 meeting.
2.1.4 WG 147: Towards comparability of global oceanic nutrient data (COMPONUT), p. 2-13 Aoyama, Sicre The group held an editorial meeting on 7-10 July 2019 to work on the nutrient analysis portion of the GO-SHIP manual and on international nutrient intercalibration exercises. Action: Consider disbanding the group
2.1.5 WG 148 on International Quality Controlled Ocean Database: Subsurface temperature profiles (IQuOD), p. 2-18 Myers The group produced a peer-reviewed paper this year, on an algorithm for estimating which XBT instruments were used in measurements, based on metadata available.3 The group will meet for
1Bange, H.W., et al. 2019. A Harmonized Nitrous Oxide (N2O) Ocean Observation Network for the 21st Century. Frontiers in Marine Science, 2 April 2019, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00157. 2Wilson, S.T., et al. 2018. An intercomparison of oceanic methane and nitrous oxide measurements. Biogeosciences 15:5891–5907. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-5891-2018 3Palmer, M.D., et al. 2018. An Algorithm for Classifying Unknown Expendable Bathythermograph (XBT) Instruments Based on Existing Metadata. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 35:429-440. 8
the final time as a SCOR WG on 28 October-1 November 2019 in Brest, France. Action: Consider disbanding the group.
2.1.6 WG 150 on Translation of Optical Measurements into particle Content, Aggregation & Transfer (TOMCAT), p. 2-24 Burkill Members of TOMCAT (with members of WG 154)) were involved this year in shaping a Community White Paper on Observational Needs as part of OceanObs’19.4 Action: Consider funding for 2020 WG meeting, pending receipt of annual report
2.1.7 WG 151: Iron Model Intercomparison Project (FeMIP), p. 2-25 Casacuberta-Arola The group did not meet in person this year, but made progress on each of its terms of reference virtually using email and Slack. An open-access article is being drafted related to practices for minimum complexity representations of the iron cycle in models (TOR #1). The group has submitted a proposal for a session at Ocean Sciences 2020 related to the goals of the group. They plan to meet on 16 February 2020, in conjunction with Ocean Sciences. Action: Consider funding for 2020 WG meeting.
2.1.8 WG 152 on Measuring Essential Climate Variables in Sea Ice (ECV-Ice), p. 2-28 Nomura, McDougall The group held an intercalibration exercise in February 2019 and published several peer- reviewed articles.5 The group will meet next on 16-18 August 2019 in Winnipeg, Canada. This will be the group’s last full meeting. Action: Consider budgeting remaining WG funds left after 2019 WG meeting (expected to be about $8000) to help developing country members or other scientists participate in intercalibration experiments in 2020.
2.1.9 WG 153 on Floating Litter and its Oceanic TranSport Analysis and Modelling (FLOTSAM), p. 2-34 Martinez Vicente, Myers This group participated in a white paper on marine litter for OceanObs’19, to be published in Frontiers in Marine Science.6 Several other articles are in review or in preparation. WG 153 met most recently in Utrecht, The Netherlands on 6-9 May 2019. The group has proposed a session at Ocean Sciences 2020. Action: Consider funding for 2020 WG meeting.
4 Lombard, F., et al. 2019. Globally consistent quantitative observations of planktonic ecosystems. Front. Mar. Sci. 6:196. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00196 5 Butterworth, B.J. and Else, B.G.T. 2018. Dried, closed-path eddy covariance method for measuring carbon dioxide flux over sea ice. Atmos. Meas. Tech. 11:6075-6090, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-6075-2018 Campbell, K., Mundy, C. J., Juhl, A. R., Dalman, L. A., Michel, C., Galley, R. J., Else, B. E., Geilfus, N. X., and Rysgaard, S. 2019. Melt Procedure Affects the Photosynthetic Response of Sea Ice Algae. Front. Earth Sci. 7:21. doi:10.3389/feart.2019.00021 Meiners, K.M., et al. Chlorophyll-a in Antarctic land-fast sea ice: A first synthesis of historical ice-core data. Geophysical Research: Oceans 123:8444-8459, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JC014245. Roukaerts, A., D. Nomura, F. Deman, H. Hattori, F. Dehairs, and F. Fripiat. 2019. The effect of melting treatments on the assessment of biomass and nutrients in sea ice (Saroma-ko lagoon, Hokkaido, Japan). Polar Biology 42(2):347–356, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-018-2426-y 6Maximenko, N., et al. 2019. Towards the Integrated Marine Debris Observing System. Front. Mar. Sci. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2019.00447 9
2.1.10 WG 154 on Integration of Plankton-Observing Sensor Systems to Existing Global Sampling Programs (P-OBS), p. 2-43 Miloslavich A subgroup of the group met in Villefranche-sur-Mer, France, in November 2018 to finalize a draft section for the GO-SHIP Manual, summarizing existing technology that could be incorporated into GO-SHIP cruises to measure plankton-relevant parameters, the relevant best- practice documents, associated costs and effort, and to organize its 2nd in-person meeting, in conjunction with Ocean Obs’19. The group participated (with WG 150) in a community white paper for OceanObs’19 (see footnote 4). Action: Consider funding for 2020 WG meeting.
2.1.11 WG 155 on Eastern boundary upwelling systems (EBUS): diversity, coupled dynamics and sensitivity to climate change, p. 2-46 Halpern The group is working on a review paper about knowledge of EBUS systems, a second paper on EBUS models, a summer school (May 2020 in Dakar, Senegal) and open science meeting (2021 in Lima, Peru), a data portal, and a data and monitoring needs report. Their next meeting is planned to occur in conjunction with the summer school in Dakar. Action: Consider funding for 2020 WG meeting.
2.1.12 WG 156 on Active Chlorophyll fluorescence for autonomous measurements of global marine primary productivity, p. 2-49 Yoo The group met for the first time in June 2019 for five days and has made a good start on many of its terms of reference. In particular, the group’s intercomparisons conducted in June will be used to produce a best-practices document related to active chlorophyll fluorescence measurements. Group members will verify some of the best practices in the next 6 months, before producing a manual in eBook format. Action: Consider funding for 2020 WG meeting.
2.1.13 WG 157: Toward a new global view of marine zooplankton biodiversity based on DNA metabarcoding and reference DNA sequence databases (MetaZooGene), p. 2-54 Miloslavich WG 157 will hold a symposium (see https://metazoogene.org/symposia) and its first meeting on 13-14 September 2019 in Gothenburg, Sweden. Work has begun on an open-access data portal for barcode data and metadata, and a review paper on which this information will be based. The second WG meeting will be held in conjunction with Ocean Sciences 2020 in San Diego, Calif., USA. Action: Consider funding for 2020 WG meeting.
2.2 Working Group Proposals
2.2.1 Roadmap for a Standardised Global Approach to Deep-Sea Biology for the Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development (DeepSeaDecade), p. 2-58 Miloslavich Action: Consider as new SCOR working group.
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2.2.2 Marine Species Distribution Modelling in the global ocean (MSDM-GO), p. 2-77 Penner Action: Consider as new SCOR working group.
2.2.3 DIagnoSis of Carbon in the Ocean: Variability, uncERtainty and the Coasts (DISCOVER-C), p. 2-95 McDougall Action: Consider as new SCOR working group.
2.2.4 Changing Biotic-Sediment Interactions in the Ocean Seabed (CBIOS), p. 2-114 Yoo Action: Consider as new SCOR working group.
2.2.5 Coordinated Global Research Assessment of Seagrass System (C-GRASS), p. 2-132 Burkill Action: Consider as new SCOR working group.
2.2.6 Integration of international ocean acidification research at CO2 seeps (InterSEEP), p. 2-149 Myers Action: Consider as new SCOR working group.
3.0 LARGE-SCALE SCIENTIFIC PROGRAMS
SCOR currently sponsors five large-scale research projects; four of them are co-sponsored by other organizations. Each project has its own scientific steering committee (SSC) to manage the project. SCOR and other co-sponsors are responsible to oversee the projects, which they do primarily through responsibility for the project SSC memberships and terms of reference, although sponsors also oversee the results of the projects’ activities. Any proposed changes in membership or terms of reference are considered by the SCOR Executive Committee, in partnership with other co-sponsors, throughout the year. The SCOR Secretariat oversees the use of grant funds provided to the projects through SCOR. SCOR uses solely grant funds for IMBER, SOLAS, and GEOTRACES, but is providing SCOR support for IQOE and IIOE-2 until they are self-supporting.
3.1 GEOTRACES, p. 3-1 Lam, Duce GEOTRACES convened a joint workshop with PAGES in December 2018 on the implications of GEOTRACES observations for paleoceanography, one of GEOTRACES’s three main themes. GEOTRACES has also been working on a new data portal to make data input and processing more efficient for the next Intermediate Data Produce, which is scheduled for 2021. The GEOTRACES Data Management Committee and SSC will meet in Hobart, Tasmania on 7-11 September 2019. The SCOR review of GEOTRACES is nearing its completion and results will be presented at the SCOR Annual Meeting by a co-chair of the GEOTRACES Review Panel. Action: Discuss recommendations of the GEOTRACES Review Panel
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3.2 Surface Ocean – Lower Atmosphere Study (SOLAS), p. 3-33 Miller, Penner SOLAS activities since the 2018 SCOR meeting have included the SOLAS SSC Meeting, held in April 2019 near Sapporo, Japan and the SOLAS Open Science Conference, held immediately in Sapporo immediately before the SSC meeting. Action: None. SOLAS funding is provided by specific funding from NSF and NASA grants
3.3 SCOR/POGO International Quiet Ocean Experiment (IQOE), p. 3-48 Urban, Halpern IQOE is still ramping up its activities, through its working groups. IQOE submitted an abstract on passive acoustics for OceanObs’19, which was combined with abstracts on active acoustics to create a community white paper.7 Much of the IQOE implementation work is being done by IQOE working groups. Advertisements have just closed for two IQOE-related data staff at the Alfred Wegener Institute. Action: Consider 2020 support from SCOR to IQOE.
3.4 SCOR/Future Earth Integrated Marine Biosphere Research, p. 3-58 Claydon, Burkill The IMBeR Scientific Steering Committee met most recently in Brest, France in June 2019, immediately following the 2nd IMBeR Open Science Conference on 23-27 June 2019. IMBeR is considering responses to its request for bids for moving its International Project Office, which will happen in 2020. Action: None. IMBeR support is provided by specific funding from NSF and NASA grants to SCOR.
3.5 SCOR/IOC/IOGOOS Second International Indian Ocean Expedition (IIOE-2), p. 3-92 D’Adamo, Burkill SCOR has helped support the first three annual meetings of the IIOE-2 Steering Committee. IIOE-2 will contribute to the International Indian Ocean Science Conference 2020 on 16-20 March 2020 in Goa, India Action: Consider 2020 support from SCOR to IIOE-2.
4.0 INFRASTRUCTURAL ACTIVITIES
4.1 IOC/SCOR International Ocean Carbon Coordination Project, p. 4-1 Ishii, Halpern The review of IOCCP by SCOR and IOC will be completed and reported on at the time SCOR Annual Meeting. One of the IOCCP co-chairs will attend the SCOR meeting to present the annual update about IOCCP. Actions: None. IOCCP funding is provided by specific funding from an NSF grant to SCOR.
7https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2019.00426/full 12
4.2 GlobalHAB, p. 4-39 Berdalet, Yoo Since the last meeting of the GlobalHAB SSC at the Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche (LOV) in Villefranche-sur-mer (France) on 10-11 April 2018, SSC members have worked on implementation of the GlobalHAB by communication through email and virtual meetings of small groups. GlobalHAB has several activities planned for the coming year, including a workshop at the 2019 PICES Annual Meeting in Canada on the economics of HABs, a workshop in Chile on fish-killing HABs, and production of a manual for water managers on mitigation of cyanobacterial HABs. Action: Suggest new sources of funding for GlobalHAB.
4.3 IAPWS/SCOR/IAPSO Joint Committee on Seawater (JCS), p. 4-56 McDougall This group was formed to continue the work of SCOR/IAPSO WG 127 on Thermodynamics and Equation of State of Seawater. SCOR provides a small amount of funding each year to enable the JCS chair and others to attend annual meetings of the International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam. The JCS has been responsible for continued implementation of TEOS-10, as well as conducting experimentation and modeling for proper description of seawater properties in models. The JCS has been working with SCOR WG 145 in terms of pH and its effects on trace metals and other components of seawater. Action: Consider funding for 2020.
4.4 SCAR/SCOR Southern Ocean Observing System (SOOS), p. 4- 61 Newman, Miloslavich The SOOS SSC met most recently in Korea on 16-18 May 2019. SOOS will represent SCOR at the annual meeting of the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) meeting on 21 Oct.-1 Nov. 2019. Use of SOOSMap, which is a portal of Southern Ocean data, has been substantial since last year’s SCOR Annual Meeting. All 10 SOOS working groups have been active, and the circum-Antarctic system of working groups was completed with formation of the Weddell Sea/Dronning Maud Land and the Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea groups. Action: None. SCOR has already committed funding for SOOS for 2020.
4.5 Changing Ocean Biological Systems (COBS), p. 4-91 Miloslavich The major achievement in 2018/2019 was the development and launch of a www-based multi- driver Best-Practice Guide (BPG) – (ToR #4). This BGP is available at https://meddle- scor149.org/ and comprises three components – decision support for design, MEDDLE (Multiple Environmental Driver Design Lab for Experiments) experimental simulator, and a library of video tutorials. A handbook is available to step the reader through the BPG (https://doi.org/10.25959/5c92fdf0d3c7a). The group is still working on its transition from a working group to an infrastructural project, and is considering changes to its terms of reference and membership. Action: None. Funding is provided from NSF specifically for the group through SCOR.
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5.0 CAPACITY-BUILDING ACTIVITIES
5.1 SCOR Committee on Capacity Building, p. 5-1 Urban The Committee worked by email this year, evaluating two sets of requests for travel support for ocean science meetings and applications for the 2019 SCOR Visiting Scholars Program. An article about SCOR’s capacity-building activities was published in Scientia magazine (see https://www.scientia.global/from-coast-to-coast-building-capacity-in-ocean-science/). Action: Consider funding for 2020 activities of the committee.
5.2 SCOR Visiting Scholars, p. 5-1 Urban Six SCOR Visiting Scholars were approved this year, to work in Angola, Argentina, Brazil, Ecuador, and Mauritius. Ed Urban and Sophie Seeyave (POGO Executive Director) submitted a publication to Oceanography magazine describing the SCOR Visiting Scholars program and POGO Visiting Professors program; the publication is being revised for resubmission. Action: Funding for this activity is provided from a variety of sources. Identify sources of funding for the program from other countries to expand the program.
5.3 POGO-SCOR Visiting Fellowships for Oceanographic Observations, p. 5-5 Urban Four Fellows were funded in 2019, selected by reviewers from SCOR and POGO. SCOR and POGO have been cooperatively funding this program since 2001. Actions: None. Funding for this activity is provided by an NSF grant to SCOR.
5.4 NSF Travel Support for Developing Country Scientists, p. 5-14 Urban Funding from the U.S. National Science Foundation made it possible to provide support in the amount of $63,500 since the 2018 SCOR meeting for participation of students and early-career scientists in ocean science meetings. The third year of funding in the current grant was awarded by NSF in 2019. A renewal proposal will be submitted in early 2020. Action: None. Funding for this activity is provided by an NSF grant to SCOR.
5.5 Research Discovery Camps at the University of Namibia, p. 5-16 Urban The 6th Research Discovery Camp was held at the University of Namibia and National Marine Information and Research Centre (NatMIRC). Some of the funding this year was devoted to training activities for local teachers in Swakopmund, Namibia. Funding is available for at least three additional annual Research Discovery Camps. Action: None. Funding for this activity is provided by grants from the Agouron Institute and Simons Foundation to SCOR.
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6.0 RELATIONS WITH INTERGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS
6.1 Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC), p. 6-1 Sicre, Arico Marie-Alexandrine Sicre and Ed Urban attended the IOC Executive Council meeting in June 2019 to represent SCOR. At that meeting, SCOR expressing support for considering the second International Indian Ocean Expedition (IIOE-2) as a component of the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development. SCOR and IOC co-fund several activities: IIOE-2 (see item 3.5), IOCCP (see item 4.1), and GlobalHAB (see item 4.2). Actions: None
6.2 Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection (GESAMP), p. 6-10 Duce GESAMP WG 38 convened two workshops at the University of East Anglia (UEA) in Norwich, United Kingdom from 27 February 27 through 2 March 2017. The topics of the two workshops were (1) Impact of Ocean Acidification on Fluxes of Atmospheric non-CO2 Climate-Active Species and (2) Changing Atmospheric Nutrient Oceanic Solubility. So far, these workshops have resulted in four published peer-reviewed papers, with five additional papers in preparation. Action: None. Funding for this activity is provided by an NSF grant to SCOR has been completed.
6.3 North Pacific Marine Science Organization (PICES), p. 6-15 Batchelder, Yoo PICES and SCOR have been cooperating since PICES was created. PICES has been helpful in regionalizing several international SCOR projects. SCOR and PICES have provided capacity building support for each other’s activities, and have cooperated more broadly in capacity building. Hal Batchelder serves as a liaison to the SCOR Committee on Capacity Building. Actions: To be determined as a result of the presentation and discussion at the SCOR Annual Meeting.
7.0 RELATIONS WITH NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS
7.1 International Science Council Sicre The International Science Council (ISC) was launched in June 2018 and has since been focused on establishing a new governing structure. The SCOR Executive Committee and Executive Director continue to work on actions to respond to the ICSU review of SCOR. Actions: Discuss SCOR actions to respond to ICSU review.
7.1.2 Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR), p. 7-1 Myers SCOR and SCAR currently co-sponsor the Southern Ocean Observing System (SOOS). Action: Discuss whether SCOR should offer to help with other SCAR activities.
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7.2 Affiliated Organizations
7.2.1 International Association for Biological Oceanography (IABO), p. 7-4 Miloslavich IABO held its General Assembly at the 4th World Conference on Marine Biodiversity in Montreal, Canada on 13-16 May 2018. A new IABO Executive Committee was elected, including Patricia Miloslavich as the new IABO President and Suchana Chavanich (Thailand) as the new IABO Secretary. The World Conference on Marine Biodiversity is the major focal assembly for sharing research outcomes, management and policy issues, and for discussions of st the role of biodiversity and biodiversity conservation in sustaining ocean ecosystems. The 1 Carlo Heip Award Recipient was Prof. Carlos M. Duarte, Director of the Red Sea Research Center and Tarek Ahmed Juffalli Chair in Red Sea Ecology of King Abdullah University of th Science Technology of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The 5 WCMB will be held on the 13-16 December 2020 and will be hosted by the University of Auckland under the auspices of IABO. Action: Identify areas of future cooperation with IABO.
7.2.2 International Association for Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences (IAMAS), p. 7-10 Penner The IUGG General Assembly was held in Montreal, Canada on 8-18 July 2019, at which IUGG celebrated its 100th anniversary. Much of the annual activity of IAMAS focused on this event and a new IAMAS President, Prof. Joyce Penner (USA) became IAMAS President at the IUGG General Assembly. Actions: Identify future areas of cooperation with IAMAS.
7.2.3 International Association for the Physical Sciences of the Oceans (IAPSO), p. 7-10 McDougall The IUGG General Assembly was held in Montreal, Canada on 8-18 July 2019, at which IUGG celebrated its 100th anniversary. Much of the annual activity of IAPSO focused on this event and a new IAPSO President, Prof. Trevor McDougall (Australia) became IAPSO President at the IUGG General Assembly. Action: Identify future areas for SCOR cooperation with IAPSO.
7.3 Affiliated Program
7.3.1 InterRidge - International, Interdisciplinary Ridge Studies, p. 7-13 Dyment, Zhang SCOR and InterRidge co-sponsored a meeting on "Mid-Ocean Ridges and Other Geological Features of the Indian Ocean" on 14-16 November 2018, in Goa, India. This meeting aimed to encourage involvement of the scientists involved in marine geology and geophysics the second International Indian Ocean Expedition (IIOE-2). Action: None
7.3.2 International Ocean Colour Coordinating Group (IOCCG), p. 7-23 Yoo IOCCG has a system of working groups that produce scientific monographs to advance the field of ocean color observations from satellites. IOCCG and the SCOR/IOC GlobalHAB project co- sponsor a working group on WG on Harmful Algal Blooms. Another important IOCCG activity in recent years have been the biennial International Ocean Colour Science meetings, which are
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open meetings designed to bring together the international ocean color community to discuss important issues related to their science. The fourth International Ocean Colour Science meeting took place in Busan, South Korea in April 2019. SCOR manages NASA grants for IOCCG. Action: None.
7.3.3 Global Alliance of CPR Surveys (GACS), p. 7-30 Burkill The most recent GACS meeting was held in November 2018 at the Marine Biological Association of the UK (Plymouth, UK). Sonia Batten led a GACS paper on “A global plankton diversity monitoring program” published in Frontiers in Marine Science. The next annual GACS meeting will be in November 2019 in Hobart, Tasmania. This will include a one-week training program on the CPR for technicians from South Africa and Brazil. Action: None
7.4 Other Organizations
7.4.1 Partnership for Observation of the Global Oceans (POGO), p. 7-31 Halpern SCOR and POGO co-sponsor the POGO-SCOR Operational Oceanography Fellowships, as well as the International Quiet Ocean Experiment (IQOE). Action: None
8.0 ORGANIZATION AND FINANCE
8.1 Membership Urban
8.1.1 National Committees, p. 8-1 Report on Membership Changes since 2017 SCOR Annual Meeting, p. 8-1 Member Nations and Nominated Members, p. 8-2 The SCOR Executive discusses on a regular basis how to recruit new nations to participate in SCOR. Actions: Suggest nations that could be recruited to SCOR.
8.2 Publications Arising from SCOR Activities, p. 8-2 Urban SCOR projects and working groups have produced many publications in the past year. Several SCOR working groups have special issues or significant papers under development, which will appear in the next year. Action: None
8.3 Finances, p. 8-3 Finance Committee, Urban The SCOR Executive Committee approved a Finance Committee consisting of Riitta Autio (Finland), Peter Croot (Ireland), Ilka Peeken (Germany), and Song Sun (China-Beijing). This committee will conduct its work during the SCOR meeting and will report on (1) the 2018 Audit
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report, (2) recommendations related for revisions to the 2019 SCOR budget, (3) recommendations for the 2020 SCOR budget, and (4) recommendations for dues levels in 2021. Actions: Present (1) the final 2018 SCOR financial statement, (2) recommendations related to revisions to the 2019 SCOR budget, (3) recommendations for the 2020 SCOR budget, and (4) recommendations for dues levels in 2021.
9.0 SCOR-RELATED MEETINGS
9.1 SCOR Annual Meetings
9.1.1 2019 SCOR Annual Meeting: Toyama, Japan, p. 9-1 Zhang
9.1.2 2020 SCOR Annual Meeting: Guayaquil, Ecuador, p. 9-1 Hidalgo-Vargas, Miloslavich
9.1.3 2021 SCOR Annual Meeting: Busan, Korea, p. 9-1 Yoo
9.1.4 Future SCOR Annual Meetings Urban Invitations are open for locations for SCOR Annual Meetings after 2021.
9.2 Locations of Past SCOR Annual Meetings, p. 9-1
9.3 SCOR-Related Meetings Since the 2018 SCOR Annual Meeting and Planned for the Future, p. 9-2
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1.0 OPENING
1.1 Opening Remarks and Administrative Arrangements Sicre, Urban 1.1.1 Memorials for Scientists Involved With SCOR. p. 1-1
1.2 Approval of the Agenda—Additions or modifications to the agenda may be suggested prior to approval of the final version, p. 1-14 Sicre
1.3 Report of the SCOR President—The President will briefly review activities since the SCOR Annual Meeting in September 2017, p. 1-14 Sicre
1.4 Report of SCOR Executive Director, p. 1-14 Urban
1.5 Appointment of an ad hoc Finance Committee, p. 1-17 Sicre
1.6 2018 SCOR Elections for SCOR Officers, p. 1-17 Burkill
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1.0 OPENING
1.1 Opening Remarks and Administrative Arrangements Sicre, Urban
1.1.1 Memorials for Scientists Involved With SCOR Sicre
Wallace Broecker Full Member of SCOR WG 20 on Radiocarbon Estimation of Primary Production and SCOR WG 44 on Ocean-Atmosphere Materials Exchange
From https://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2019/02/19/wallace-broecker-early-prophet-of-climate- change/: “Wallace Broecker, a geochemist who initiated key research into the history of the earth’s climate and humans’ influence upon it, died Feb. 18 in New York. He was 87. The cause was congestive heart failure, said his family. His death was confirmed by Columbia University’s Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, where he spent a career that spanned nearly 67 years.
One of the first scientists to predict an imminent rise in the earth’s temperature due to human output of carbon dioxide, Broecker was credited with introducing the phrase “global warming” into the scientific lexicon in the 1970s. Much of his work focused on the oceans. Among other things, his studies of marine chemistry helped lay out the map of global ocean circulation, and its powerful effects on climate. His studies also helped lay the basis for many other scientists’ work in a variety of fields. Not content to just do research, he made friends with and extended his influence to powerful figures in government and business.
Broecker—universally known as Wally—at first made an unlikely scientist. Born Nov. 29, 1931, the second of five children, he grew up in the Chicago suburb of Oak Park, Illinois. His father, also named Wallace, ran a gas station. His mother was the former Edith Smith. Both parents were evangelical Christians who rejected modern geologic theory for the literal Biblical interpretation that the earth is just a few thousand years old. They also forbade drinking, dancing and movies. Broecker attended Illinois’ fundamentalist Christian Wheaton College, where daily chapel attendance was required; it was at the time the recent alma mater of preacher Billy Graham. While still a student, he married the former Grace Carder, and spoke of becoming an insurance actuary.
While at Wheaton, Broecker decided one day that Christianity was not for him, and abandoned it “cold turkey,” in his own words. He got sidetracked on the career idea as well after an older Wheaton student helped him arrange a summer 1952 lab internship at what was then called Lamont Geological Observatory, in Palisades, N.Y. The student was Paul Gast, who later went on to head NASA’s moon-rock program. At Lamont, Broecker worked with J. Laurence Kulp, a geochemist doing pioneering work on radiocarbon dating, a then revolutionary new method that allowed researchers to tell the ages of materials as far back as 40,000 years.
By his own account, Broecker had fun tinkering with the lab equipment, and he was excited by the newly wide-open chance to make discoveries about nature using carbon dating. He transferred to Columbia that fall and kept working with Kulp. Some other students made fun of
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his background, calling him a “theo-chemist.” And, while other students were sent on exotic ocean research cruises, he was left off the list for his first eight years. Nevertheless, he earned a PhD. in geology in 1958 and stayed around, gradually rising to the first rank of prominence. In a 2016 memoir he said that Lamont became “my Garden of Eden.”
“My great joy in life comes in figuring something out,” he told The New York Times in 1998. “I figure something out about every six months or so, and I write about it and encourage research on it, and that’s the joy of my life.”
One of Broecker’s first achievements was a series of papers demolishing the stock idea that it took tens of thousands of years for water to circulate between shallow and deep regions of the world’s oceans. His analyses of carbon isotopes collected by Lamont ships from around the world showed that water could make the switch in just centuries—a discovery showed that the oceans are far more dynamic than previously thought. This in turn implied that the oceans could potentially affect the composition of the atmosphere, or vice-versa.
Starting in 1960, Broecker sailed on many of the world’s oceans and seas. In addition to sampling water, he maintained instruments, helped winch seafloor sediment cores to the surface, and threw dynamite overboard to produce explosions whose echoes were read to chart the bottom. In the 1970s, he co-led a global program funded by the U.S. government to use a wide variety of trace metals, nutrients and isotopes of radioactive elements to map the circulation of the deep ocean, the exchange of gases with the atmosphere, and other marine processes. This collective work provided the underpinnings for virtually all later studies of marine chemistry, and the oceans’ relationship to climate. It was Broecker who provided a running commentary for a documentary film on the project while on a cruise from Tahiti to San Diego. He used related geochemical methods to study lake waters, sediments and rocks in Canada and the American West for clues about climates of the past, with a special interest in the comings and goings of ice ages.
Early on, Broecker became interested in how the oceans absorb carbon dioxide from the air, and what effects this might have on climate. The history and behavior of atmospheric carbon dioxide were poorly known when he started out, but by the early 1970s, other researchers had analyzed ice cores from the Greenland ice and shown that they could track levels of atmospheric CO2 through the distant past. Work by others suggested that higher CO2 levels could be correlated with periods of warming. And scientists had speculated since the 19th century that rising output of human-produced CO2 could potentially warm the planet; some of Broecker’s contemporaries, including Charles Keeling of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, were already tracking CO2 levels in real time and considering the effects.
In August 1975, Broecker synthesized his and others’ related research in the journal Science in a piece called “Climatic Change: Are We on the Brink of a Pronounced Global Warming?” It was later said to be the first time the phrase was used in a scientific paper. In it, he argued that humans were changing the climate by emitting CO2; it just wasn’t evident yet, because the world was experiencing what he believed was a natural 40-year cooling cycle that was masking the effects. He predicted that the cycle would soon reverse, and then the manmade warming on top of that would become dramatically visible. It later turned out that he had misinterpreted some of
1-3 the ice-core data, but had the overall picture right. Right on cue in 1976, temperatures started ascending, and have continued since then pretty much along the trajectory Broecker laid out.
“Global warming” was quickly adopted by the science world, including in the first large-scale report on the subject, published in 1979 by the U.S. National Academy of Sciences. Decades later, when some credited Broecker with coining the phrase, he shrugged it off as “dumb luck.” He warned that he would turn over in his grave if someone put “global warming” on his tombstone. He once offered $200 to any student who could find an earlier citation for the phrase. (One postgrad did find it in a 1958 editorial in the Hammond Times of Indiana. It apparently didn’t catch on at that time.)
Broecker and a handful of other scientists began briefing government leaders on climate change in the 1980s. He testified at the first congressional hearings dealing with the subject, led in 1984 by then Tennessee Representative Al Gore. Over succeeding years, as the science advanced, Gore and other politicians repeatedly met with and consulted Broecker to have him explain.
In the mid-1980s Broecker synthesized a grand picture of world ocean circulation, based on his and others’ studies. He dubbed it “The Great Ocean Conveyor.” In simplest terms, it is a vast river of warm, shallow water flowing from the south Pacific into the Indian Ocean, rounding Africa and then heading north through the Atlantic. Once it hits cold water from the Arctic, the water then cools and sinks near northern Europe. From there, it loops through the abyss back to the Pacific to warm, rise and begin the cycle again. The flow is so huge, Broecker asserted, that it must help regulate global climate by moving around vast amounts of heat from one place to another. This idea soon became general consensus.
Broecker then put forth the idea that the conveyor could suddenly switch on and off, leading to drastic climate shifts–not over millennia, as many had come to think, but perhaps just decades. He pointed to an apparently rapid cooling some 12,000 years ago that threw Europe and other regions into a temporary deep freeze. Paradoxically, he argued, the cause might have been a then-warming climate and the collapse of northern ice sheets, which introduced a pulse of freshwater that pushed back on the conveyor. He warned that “the uncontrolled experiment” of modern human-induced warming might bring similar rapid changes. He was fond of saying, “The climate system is an angry beast, and we are poking it with sticks.”
Climatologists are still debating whether and how rapid climate swings might take place today. That notwithstanding, Broecker’s ideas were taken up and wildly exaggerated in the 2004 movie The Day After Tomorrow, which featured a climate-change-powered tsunami engulfing Manhattan and then freezing into an ice sheet–all in the same day. They were more credibly explained in possibly the only pop song about physical oceanography, “Uncle Wally’s Tale,” by the singer Tom Chapin. (Chapin was Broecker’s brother-in-law, married to Broecker’s younger sister, Bonnie.)
In the 1990s, Broecker served as chief scientific advisor for Biosphere 2, an experimental glassed-in environment in the Arizona desert meant to mimic the workings of land, oceans and air on a small scale. Columbia had just taken over scientific management, and the business side was temporarily handed over to a consultant named Steve Bannon—later chief advisor to U.S.
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president Donald Trump, and potent enemy of U.S. efforts to fight climate change. “An intense guy. I actually kinda liked him,” Broecker told the New Republic in 2017. After the 2016 election, Broecker was alarmed that maybe Bannon had forgotten or did not understand the science, and tried contacting him to set him straight. He never heard back.
Broecker authored or coauthored close to 500 research papers, and at least 17 books. Many of the books were self-published spiral-bound affairs, passed out free to anyone interested. More commercial ones included the 2008 Fixing Climate (with science journalist Rob Kunzig), an autobiographical look at the development of modern climate science. He also collaborated with Harvard scientist Charles Langmuir on How to Build a Habitable Planet, a widely used text on Earth’s origin and evolution first published in 1984 and expanded in a 2012 edition. Broecker mentored about 50 Lamont grad students, many of whom went on to prominent careers.
There is no Nobel Prize in earth sciences, but Broecker received honors and millions of dollars in awards from foundations, governments and scientific societies. He received honorary degrees from Harvard, Cambridge and other universities. He was elected to London’s Royal Society and the U.S. National Academy of Sciences. In 1996, he received the National Medal of Science from U.S. President Bill Clinton. He plowed most of cash awards back into research.
In summer 2001, billionaire Gary Comer, founder of the Lands’ End clothing company, managed to sail his large yacht clear through Canada’s Northwest Passage —long impassable because of ice, but now suddenly open because of warming climate. Comer was intrigued by his own feat and sought out Broecker to learn more. The two became fast friends. Broecker, then entering his 70s, credited the businessman with “adopting” him and reviving his career at a time when he was considering retirement. Using Comer’s yacht and private aircraft, they carried out multiple expeditions to the far north together. Under Broecker’s influence, Comer gave some $25 million to fund climate researchers across the world, and to build a new geochemistry building at Lamont.
Broecker, who suffered from dyslexia, never got around to learning how to type or use a personal computer. He wrote with a pencil and notepad, and had staffers retype manuscripts and emails. He was known for his friendly demeanor, but also for his bluntness and volcanic temper; he publicly skewered grad students and senior scientists alike for sloppy work. “He has singlehandedly pushed more understanding than probably anybody in our field,” said Richard Alley, a leading climatologist at Pennsylvania State University. “He is intellectually so huge in how the earth system works and what its history is, that all of us are following Wally in one way or other.”
In recent years, Broecker increasingly spoke out about the dangers of climate change, but averred that much remained unknown. “It humbles you to study the earth system, because you realize nature is really complicated,” he told CBC television. He advocated for the eventual abandonment of fossil fuels, but saw little hope it would happen soon. “I don’t think we can destine the poor people on the planet to remain poor, just so we can not have CO2 build up in the atmosphere,” he said. “Coal is going to get burned and there is not anything we can do about it. [H]ow are you going to stop people from using it?”
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As a stopgap, in his later years Broecker became an advocate of nascent technologies to suck CO2 from the air and store it back underground. Toward the end, though in failing health, he continued discussing the latest research, and pressed colleagues to consider the radical and highly controversial idea of engineering the planet itself to cut down warming, possibly by injecting vast amounts of sulfur dioxide into the upper atmosphere to repel solar energy. To this end, he helped organize a symposium at Arizona State University that brought together many of the world’s top climate scientists to debate the topic. The meeting was held on Feb. 11, 2019. By then too ill to attend, he addressed the participants via a livestream on a big-screen TV. “If we are going to prevent the planet from warming up another couple of degrees, we are going to have to go to geoengineering,” he told them. Otherwise, he said, there could be “many more surprises in the greenhouse.” He was using a wheelchair and breathing through an oxygen tube, but assured the attendees, “My mind is running pretty smoothly.” Almost exactly seven days later, he passed away.
Keith Hunter Full Member of SCOR WG 80 on Role of Phase Transfer Processes in the Cycling of Trace Metals in Estuaries and Co-chair of SCOR WG 109 on Biogeochemistry of Iron in Seawater
From: https://www.pressreader.com/new-zealand/otago-daily- times/20181222/282415580394219
“Respected Academic and Climate Change Researcher
He will be remembered as a pioneer in the field of climate change research, but climate, freshwater and marine scientist Prof Keith Hunter was known for his warm and affable nature as well as his academic brilliance.
The University of Otago lecturer and former head of the department of chemistry and pro-vice chancellor of the sciences division of the university died at his Dunedin him on Octover 24, aged 66, and is mourned by his family, friends, colleagues and former students.
A leader in the marine science field, Prof Hunter was awarded both the Prime Minister’s Science Prize and the Marsden Medal, was a Fellow of the Royal Society of New Zealand, and a fellow of the New Zealand Institute of Chemistry, as well as New Zealand delegate to the UN Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research, a member of the American Geophysical Union, and the American Society of Limnology and Oceanography.
He specialized in trace metals in natural water, and chemical equilibrium in marine and freshwater systems, and helped establish the joint Niwa/University of Otago Centre of Excellence for Physical and Chemical Oceanography, not the Joint Institute for Oceanography. Prof Hunter supervised more than 100 graduate students during his academic career. He was born on November 24, 1951 to Othle May Hunter (nee Brenton) and Nevin Lindsay Hunter, and grew up in Auckland.
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“As a child, Keith was reported by his parents to always be asking ‘why’ questions, and wanting to find the reasons for things,” a family spokeswoman said.
“It was his curiosity that naturally lent itself to science. Keith had always had a fascination for how life evolved in the oceans.”
At Prof Hunter’s request, he did not have a funeral, but did have a family farewell on November 17 – followed by a gathering of staff and friends at the University of Otago staff club on November 29.
A common thread in the tributes paid to Prof Hunter at the gathering and at the staff club was his "sense of humour, his affable nature, and the fact that he always made time to stop, chat and connect with everyone'', she said.
Prof Hunter's younger brother, Ian, said when they were children, he and his older sibling built a hut which was used for experiments.
''I thought it would be a great secret hut for our friends but Keith had other plans.'' Keith was ''always building stuff '' and built a radio, a miniature cannon, skateboards and trolleys, as well as fireworks and gunpowder, nearly burning the hut down twice.
He funded his early experiments by delivering newspapers and working in a grocer's shop. After he left Auckland Grammar School, he opted to study chemistry at the University of Auckland - and after completing his master's degree, he became the first recipient of the Rutherford Scholarship, allowing him to study towards a PhD anywhere in the Commonwealth.
He chose to study marine chemistry at the University of East Anglia, and was to say later that the best part of marine chemistry was that it was ''a relatively small field''.
Knowing most of the main players personally gave a ''strong sense of community'', he said. After completing his PhD, Prof Hunter went on a year's exchange to the French Atomic Energy Commission, returning to New Zealand in 1979, to take up a position at the University of Otago. He began to focus on metals in seawater, and his research led to the realisation that in major parts of the ocean, the productivity of phytoplankton was limited by the low availability of iron. A tribute written by former student Dr Luke Moseley, now a senior research fellow at the University of Adelaide, spoke of Prof Hunter's patience, his "sharp mind" and his passion and knowledge of the effects of climate change.
''I feel privileged to have studied under him. The training and experience we received was truly world class.
''One major gift he gave me was when he shared his passion and knowledge of climate change effects on the ocean in his lectures and informal talks, I feel it is incumbent on us to now carry the knowledge Keith enabled in us forward, training the next generation of scientists, doing science and fighting for action on climate change.
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''I will be forever grateful to have studied and worked under Keith and he will be remembered." Prof Hunter was a strong supporter of the university's HandsOn Science programme for secondary school pupils (now known as ''HandsOn At Otago' '), and he often attended events during the programme in January each year.
A statement from Niwa said Prof Hunter's research into marine trace metals and the carbonate system ''paved the way for the high profile research fields of ocean fertilisation and acidification. In his spare time, Prof Hunter loved music and spent many hours playing the electric guitars he enjoyed collecting.
From the early 2000s, he and his wife, Wynsome, lived outside Dunedin. Prof Hunter spent a lot of time growing vegetables, including some giant ones his family said he was ''extremely proud of.””
Angus McEwan Member of SCOR/IOC Committee on Climate Change and the Ocean and Nominated Member from Australia
From election to Australian Academy of Sciences in 1982:
“Originally an engineer and aerodynamicist, McEwan was invited by Sir Geoffrey Taylor to collaborate in pioneering studies in electrohydrodynamics and in viscous free surface phenomena. Fundamental work on rotating fluids turned his interest towards geophysical problems. He has devised and conducted laboratory experiments on processes of the atmosphere and ocean as diverse as fronts, waves, convection, stratified and rotating flows, and the quasi- biennial oscillation. His special ability has been to produce simple abstractions of complex real- world situations, capable of innovative experimental and mathematical investigation. Both of these have been pursued at high scientific level, revealing new phenomena and providing new understanding of the complex geophysical dynamics. His work is characterised by an interactive blend of mathematical and physical insights which give his investigations a totality and scientific unity very rarely achieved by one individual.”
Walter Munk Full Member of SCOR WG 96 on Acoustic Monitoring of the World Ocean
Extracted from press release from Scripps Institution of Oceanography:
Walter Munk, who gave the Allies a strategic edge in World War II, helped nurture a university into existence, and became a living synonym for oceanography, died February 8 at his home in La Jolla, Calif. He was 101.
As a geophysicist at Scripps Institution of Oceanography at the University of California San Diego, Munk made groundbreaking observations of waves, ocean temperature, tidal energy in the deep ocean, ocean acoustics and the rotation of the earth. As an advocate of science and broader scholarship, Munk served as an advisor to presidents and the Pentagon and conferred
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with public figures including the Dalai Lama and Pope Francis. His convictions led him to refuse to sign a loyalty oath required by the University of California during the peak of anti-communist fervor in the early 1950s and his passion helped create the architecture that would become the defining style of the Scripps Oceanography campus.
Munk’s contributions to science throughout the latter half of the 20th Century and into the present century were measured not only in terms of the new knowledge his research yielded, but in the quality and diversity of the questions he considered. An ethos he expressed throughout his career was for scientists to take risks, pursue new directions, and embrace the educational value of failure.
“Walter Munk has been a world treasure for ocean science and geophysics,” said Scripps Oceanography Director Margaret Leinen. “He has been a guiding force, a stimulating force, a provocative force in science for 80 years. While one of the most distinguished and honored scientists in the world, Walter never rested on his accomplishments. He was always interested in sparking a discussion about what’s coming next. Ideas were important to him, and the future of geoscience and oceanography was so important to him that he pushed all of us to be audacious, to take action, and to focus on the big ideas that could transform our world.”
“During my career I have worked on rather too many topics to have done a thorough job on any one of them,” Munk himself wrote in a 1980 autobiographical essay. “But ‘definitive papers’ are usually written when a subject is no longer interesting. If one wishes to have a maximum impact on the rate of learning, then one needs to stick out one’s neck at an earlier time.”
However inconclusive Munk might have left some questions before turning to others, his work on nearly all he considered informs ocean and earth science to this day – in some cases, decades after he first posed them.
“From World War II through the 1990s, the U.S. Navy poured financial and logistical support into American oceanography, for its importance in anti-submarine warfare, national defense, and climate change,” said Naomi Oreskes, professor of the history of science at Harvard University. “Walter Munk was one of the leaders of the generation of men and women who used this support to revolutionize our understanding of the oceans, particularly the physical phenomena of waves, tides and currents, and the relationship of these phenomena to basic geophysical processes. In his long life, he inspired scores of younger scientists to take on the challenges of understanding the geophysics of the Earth.”
Rebellion and romance played a role in Munk’s journey to a science career at Scripps. He was born on Oct. 19, 1917, in Vienna, Austria, to a cosmopolitan banking family. In 1932, when he was 14, his family sent him to New York for school with the expectation that his time in the financial capital would prepare him for his own career in banking. After spending a few years working at the firm of a family friend, Munk decided he had no fondness for banking and instead applied to and was accepted at the California Institute of Technology. There he received a bachelor’s degree in physics in 1939 and a master’s degree in geophysics in 1940.
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In pursuit of a romantic interest who vacationed in La Jolla, Munk applied for a summer job at Scripps in 1939. The infatuation with the young woman passed, but Munk acquired a new love for San Diego. After receiving his master’s, he returned to Scripps and was admitted as a PhD candidate.
Then-Director Harald Sverdrup would become a lifelong friend and mentor to Munk, who also became fast friends upon joining Scripps with Roger Revelle, a research oceanographer who had just received his doctorate.
Munk became an American citizen in 1939 and when war with Germany seemed imminent, he joined the U.S. Army, serving in the 146th Field Artillery, 41st Division at Fort Lewis, Wash. Sverdrup, however, requested his recall in 1941 and Munk returned to Scripps to begin work at the new U.S. Navy Radio and Sound Laboratory in the San Diego neighborhood of Point Loma. A week after his release, the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor.
Munk and Sverdrup were soon tasked with aiding Allied amphibious landings off the coast of Africa. During Munk’s time as an Army private, he had observed that amphibious landing exercises off the coast of South Carolina would have to be cancelled when waves were high enough to breach landing craft. His mission with Sverdrup was to predict days when wave conditions would be most suitable to enable landing craft to get close to the beach.
After the two worked out a scheme that yielded reliable predictions, they began training Navy and Air Force weather officers and their principles were applied to landings in the Pacific and Atlantic theaters of war. The meteorologists they trained correctly predicted that the waves troops would face taking the beach in Normandy would be high but manageable.
After the war, Munk returned to the dissertation he had set aside. He received a PhD in oceanography from the University of California Los Angeles, with which Scripps was affiliated at the time, in 1947.
In the 1950s, Munk explored topics such as the wobble of Earth and wind-driven ocean gyres as oceanography transitioned from a wartime emphasis on defense to a focus on basic science questions supported by entities such as the National Science Foundation. He took part in iconic seagoing expeditions including the Capricorn Expedition in 1952 and 1953. For this expedition, Munk, Revelle and dozens of other scientists were dispatched to the Marshall Islands in the Pacific Ocean in the prelude to the testing of a nuclear bomb at Bikini Atoll. Munk’s concern for the potential that the detonation would trigger a tsunami led to his development of early warning methods incorporated into modern warning networks. During Capricorn, Munk was also among scientists who participated in a first: using scuba diving equipment to conduct underwater research.
Munk watched with some dismay as space science eclipsed ocean and earth science in the popular imagination and in research funding during the decade. His desire to create an equally exciting rival project was the genesis of Project MOHOLE, a quest to drill to the earth’s mantle. The project would eventually be scuttled, but an initial test run of a drilling vessel in 1961 did yield the important finding that acoustic signals from the seafloor could be used to guide
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dynamic positioning of platforms floating at the surface. That could enable them to remain at a fixed point in the ocean without drifting away from their drilling target. The failed MOHOLE project succeeded in creating a permanent international collaboration to drill for ocean sediments at locations around the world. The International Ocean Discovery Program continues to this day as a legacy of MOHOLE.
Munk was the first director of IGPP’s La Jolla campus, a process set in motion when he began considering leaving Scripps in 1959. To counter the overtures being made to Munk by other research centers around the country, Revelle, by this time the director of Scripps, persuaded Munk to establish a geophysics research group. Revelle’s enticements helped Munk raise money for the new center, which completed its first buildings that same year.
At the same time, Revelle was lobbying the University of California to build a new campus in San Diego and Munk joined his friend in the effort, which encountered considerable opposition from UCLA. (Watch Munk’s recollection of the debate here.) Munk’s home, known as Seiche after a variety of the waves he studied, became an incubator of ideas for the new campus.
Munk chaired the faculty senate at UC San Diego through a tumultuous period as the Vietnam War raged. In that role, he conferred with both counterculture icons like Black Panther Eldridge Cleaver and then-California Gov. Ronald Reagan. He served on the search committee for UC San Diego’s chancellor in 1964 and chaired the committees that produced the hirings of William Nierenberg and Ed Frieman as directors of Scripps in 1965 and 1986, respectively.
“Walter was the most brilliant scientist I have ever known,” said UC San Diego Chancellor Pradeep K. Khosla. “He was a great inspiration to many generations of students at UC San Diego and to every chancellor the campus has seen. I stand in awe at the impact Walter Munk had on UC San Diego, from his countless discoveries that put the university on the map as a great research institution, to his global leadership on the great scientific issues of our time. As a campus, we mourn the loss of a legend.”
Munk’s relationship with the U.S. Navy and other military branches remained a constant throughout his career. He joined JASON, a select group of scientists that advised the Pentagon. Additionally, he served on several panels of the President’s Science Advisory Committee and held the title of Secretary of the Navy Chair in Oceanography until his death.
One task assigned to JASON scientists regarding anti-submarine warfare led to Munk turning his attention to marine acoustics. This brought on another era of profound advances in the understanding of the oceans as his work led to the creation of ocean acoustic tomography and thermometry through which acoustic data became a vehicle for understanding currents, circulation, and heat content.
The most famous example of this work might have been a Munk-led experiment to see whether acoustics could be used as a way to estimate ocean temperatures on a global scale and thus, the effects of global warming. In 1991, at a remote location near Heard Island in the southern Indian Ocean, Munk’s team transmitted low-frequency underwater acoustic signals. The location had been chosen because the sound waves could travel on direct paths to listening stations in both the
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Pacific and Atlantic oceans. The premise was validated as stations from Bermuda to New Zealand to the United States West Coast all received the signal. The time the signal took to travel was a function of the temperature of the water it traveled through. (View an Emmy-winning 1994 University of California profile of Walter Munk here.)
After being widowed by wife Judith in 2006, Munk found love again. In 2009, he met Mary Coakley, chair of the Friends of La Jolla Shores organization, and the two were married in 2011. Together, they were immersed in the La Jolla community and became involved in numerous projects, including planning efforts for a 2,400 square-foot mosaic of marine life to be installed at La Jolla Shores in 2019.
Throughout his career, Munk acquired a resume of accolades almost as impressive as the work that inspired them. Munk was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1956 and to the Royal Society of London in 1976. He was a Guggenheim Fellow three times.
In 1983, Munk was honored with the President’s National Medal of Science, the nation’s highest award for lifetime achievement in scientific research. In 1999, Munk was awarded the Kyoto Prize in Basic Sciences for his fundamental contributions to the field of oceanography, the first time the prize was awarded to an oceanographer. In 2001, he was the inaugural recipient of the Prince Albert I Medal in the physical sciences of the oceans, which Prince Rainier of Monaco created in cooperation with the International Association for the Physical Sciences of the Oceans. Among Munk’s favorite honors was the 2014 awarding of the Explorer’s Medal from the Explorer’s Club, an organization founded in 1904 that includes some of the last century’s most famous names in science and exploration among its members.
More recently, in 2018, Munk received the French Legion of Honor with the rank of Chevalier (Knight) in Paris for his exceptional contributions to oceanography. The Legion of Honor is the highest French decoration recognizing military and civilian merit.
Munk has two marine species named in his honor: Mobula munkiana or Munk’s devil ray—a “flying” pygmy devil ray known for its ability to leap out of the water at great heights—and Sirsoe munki, a deep-sea worm. The 2017 documentary Spirit of Discovery follows Munk as he goes on an expedition to Cabo Pulmo in Baja California, Mexico, in search of the mysterious devil rays named after him.
Munk’s habit of everyday scholarship never stopped. He remained active in his advisory work with JASON in recent years and he was working on research papers when Scripps was joined by national political and science leaders in celebrating his 100th birthday in 2017. In the past decade, he had continued outreach, conferring with Pope Francis and the Dalai Lama on the threat of climate change.
At a civic event in October 2017 that was part of a series of celebrations for his 100th birthday, an array of elected officials came to La Jolla to fete Munk when the boardwalk on La Jolla Shores was renamed in his honor and would become Walter Munk Way. With his thanks, Munk left the crowd with an observation to ponder.
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“The CO2 we are putting into the atmosphere now is producing a rate of sea-level rise so that the Walter Munk Way is not going to enjoy another 100 years,” he said.
At the event, City of San Diego officials issued a Proclamation that Oct. 19, 2017, would officially be known as “Walter Munk Day.”
Rengaswamy Ramesh Full Member of SCOR WG 117 on Synthesis of Decadal to Millennial Climate Records of the Past 80ky
From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rengaswamy_Ramesh
“Prof. Rengaswamy Ramesh (1956–2018) was an Indian climatologist, oceanographer, a former Prof. Satish Dhawan Professor at the Physical Research Laboratory and a senior professor at the National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar. He was known for paleoclimatic and paleo-oceanographic studies and was an elected fellow of all the three major Indian science academies viz. Indian National Science Academy, Indian Academy of Sciences, and the National Academy of Sciences, India as well as of The World Academy of Sciences. The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology, one of the highest Indian science awards for his contributions to Earth, Atmosphere, Ocean and Planetary Sciences in 1998.
R. Ramesh, born on 2 June 1956 in the south Indian state of Tamil Nadu, did his graduate studies in physics (1976) at the University of Madras and completed his master's degree at the same university in 1978. Enrolling for his doctoral studies under the supervision of Kunchithapadam Gopalan of Physical Research Laboratory (PRL), he secured a PhD from Gujarat University in 1984 and did his postdoctoral studies at his mentor's laboratory during 1985–86. He joined the Planetary and Geosciences Division of PRL as a research associate in 1987 and has served the institution in such various capacities as a Scientist-Grade D (1987–94), Reader (1994–98), Associate Professor (1999–2001), Professor (2002–07) and Senior Professor (since 2008) and holds the position of a Foundation for GLocal Science Initiatives (FGSI) Outstanding Scientist. In between, he had a short stint at Scripps Institution of Oceanography during 1992–93 as a visiting research associate, working under the guidance of Devendra Lal. He died on 2 April 2018, at the age of 61.
Ramesh is known to have contributed to the reconstruction studies of paleoclimatic and paleo- oceanographic conditions of the Indian Ocean. He is credited, along with S. K. Bhattacharya and Kunchithapadam Gopalan, with the establishment of a Stable Isotope laboratory for the first time in India. At the laboratory, he applied stable isotope methodology to study tree-rings, corals, peat deposits, speleothems, lake sediments and marine sediments and his studies assisted in widening the knowledge of the monsoons for the past 35 kiloannum. He developed equations for the calculation of past temperatures and rainfall using stable isotope ratios and prepared high resolution documentation of the monsoon changes during the Holocene epoch. His studies have been detailed in several peer-reviewed articles; ResearchGate and Google Scholar, two online
1-13 repositories of scientific articles, have listed 208 and 267 of them respectively. He was one of the lead authors of the book, Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis, a 1552-page compilation of reports of the Working Group I of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, published by Cambridge University Press in 2014. He has mentored 15 scholars in their doctoral studies who were also trained by him in stable isotope methodology. He is the project director of the National Program on Palaeoclimate studies of the ISRO-Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (GBP) and sits in the Research Council of the National Geophysical Research Institute as an external member.”
Bert Semtner Full Member of SCOR WG 107 on Improved Global Bathymetry
From: https://www.legacy.com/obituaries/montereyherald/obituary.aspx?n=albert-julius- semtner-bert&pid=191107210&fhid=32277
Albert "Bert" Julius Semtner, Jr. passed away in Carmel, California on December 15, 2018 at the age of 77. Bert was born on May 25, 1941 in Oklahoma City, OK to Albert J. Semtner and Dorothy K. Erler. He graduated from Jesuit High School in Dallas, Texas as Class Valedictorian in 1959. He went on to earn a bachelor's degree in mathematics from the California Institute of Technology in 1963, a master's degree in mathematics from the University of California, Los Angeles in 1968 and a Ph.D. in Geophysical Fluid Dynamics from Princeton University in 1973. He also served in the NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps, attaining the rank of Lt. Commander. Dr. Semtner had a distinguished academic and scientific research career, first as a faculty member in the Department of Meteorology at UCLA, then as a research oceanographer at the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, Colorado starting in 1976, and finally as Professor of Oceanography at the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, California from 1986 until his retirement in 2005. He held the title of Professor Emeritus through the remainder of his life. Bert was a pioneer in the utilization of state of the art computing systems coupled with his keen physical insight to advance our understanding of the role of the world's oceans in both maintaining and perturbing the earth's climate system. He regularly made himself available as a mentor to several generations of students and young scientists. He also was constantly pursued to serve on a variety of review and advisory panels. His leadership and accomplishments were acknowledged by an impressive array of awards and honors, including the Smithsonian Leadership Award in Breakthrough Computational Science in 1993, which he won in collaboration with his great friend Bob Chervin. Bert had an impact on many and will be forgotten by few. When not working, Bert enjoyed traveling and being outdoors, especially hiking, mountaineering and finding his way to ocean vistas. He was very proud of his children Eric and Katy and loved to talk about their accomplishments. During his retirement years, he enjoyed spending time with his wife Jolene and their ever-growing collection of dogs and cats. They loved to travel and hike together and participated in canine search and rescue work on the beautiful Monterey Peninsula. They also spent time in Winner, South Dakota where they maintained their second home.
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1.2 Approval of the Agenda (see Tab 0) Sicre The agenda can be rearranged at the meeting to accommodate the schedules of presenters and to add items to it.
1.3 Report of the SCOR President Sicre The SCOR President will present a report at the meeting that describes her activities on behalf of SCOR since the 2018 SCOR Annual Meeting in Plymouth, UK.
1.4 Report of SCOR Executive Director Urban The ongoing work through SCOR-supported projects and working groups has continued as usual this year, thanks to the many dedicated scientists and project staff. My main jobs have been to manage funds for SCOR and its activities, and to provide staff support for the SCOR Executive Committee, SCOR Committee on Capacity Building, the International Quiet Ocean Experiment, and GlobalHAB project.
Finances—Dues income is on track for this time of year. Income from dues is important for funding the central administration of SCOR, namely the costs of the Secretariat and the annual SCOR meetings. Dues also fund some costs of working groups and other SCOR activities that are not funded from grants. SCOR depends on grant funding for large-scale research projects, ocean carbon activities, and some working groups. SCOR is currently in the second year of a three-year grant from NSF to funding of international large-scale research projects and infrastructural activities, working groups, and other activities.
National Members—The number of countries involved in SCOR has been stable for the past year. The SCOR Executive Committee and Executive Director are continually seeking to add new national SCOR committees. There was some rotation of Nominated Members (see Tab 8).
Publications and Outreach—The SCOR Web site is the major vehicle for providing up-to-date information about SCOR to the international ocean science community and I make changes to the site several times each week, as I receive new information. The site is checked for “dead links” monthly. The re-designed SCOR Website has been working well and seems to be appreciated by the SCOR community.
SCOR activities yielded several publications in the peer-reviewed literature and other venues this year, as noted in Tab 8. Because SCOR’s reputation is largely affected by the quality of documents resulting from SCOR activities, I spend a significant amount of my time writing, reviewing, and/or editing publications.
SCOR will have a booth again at the Ocean Sciences meeting in San Diego in February 2020. The booth provides an opportunity for SCOR-sponsored projects to gain visibility and for SCOR projects to distribute information and to meet with people who drop by the booth. Several SCOR working groups are planning to meet in conjunction with the Ocean Sciences meeting. ,
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The SCOR Twitter account has 570 followers (as of 13 August 2019), up from 414 followers in July 2018. I tweet news items that I think would interest the broader community. There is almost no overlap between SCOR’s Twitter followers and people on the SCOR email list. I generally post the same items on the SCOR Facebook page as items tweeted. The SCOR email list current has 1,311 subscribers and the SCOR Facebook group has 74 members.
Meetings—In the 12 months between the 2018 and 2019 SCOR annual meetings, 7 SCOR working groups will have met (WGs 147, 149, 152, 153, 154, 156, 157). The Scientific Steering Committees of GEOTRACES, GlobalHAB, IIOE-2, IMBER, IOCCP, IQOE, and SOOS also met.
Outreach to Scientists from Developing Nations and Capacity-Building Activities—SCOR continues to invest funding and effort in expanding its capacity-building activities. SCOR approved six SCOR Visiting Scholars in 2019. The sixth annual Research Camp was held at the University of Namibia (UNAM) campus in Henties Bay this year. This concept grew out of Kurt Hanselmann’s two visits to UNAM as a SCOR Visiting Scholar and subsequent grants from the Agouron Institute and Simons Foundation to SCOR for this activity. Service to International Ocean Research Projects—SCOR helps SCOR-sponsored research projects in many different ways, including providing funds from the U.S. National Science Foundation, the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and other sources, providing travel support for developing country scientists and scientists from countries with economies in transition to special events of the projects, providing IPO-type support until an IPO can be funded, providing access to the Conference Manager software for management of open science meetings, and leasing the GoToMeeting audio conferencing system for the projects.
Support of Project Offices—SCOR currently provides partial support for three project offices, as subawards to one of SCOR’s grants from NSF:
International Ocean Carbon Coordination Project (IOCCP)—This office is located in Sopot, Poland, at the Institute of Oceanology of the Polish Academy of Sciences. SCOR pays the salary and benefits for the project director, Dr. Maciej Telszewski, as well as activity funding. IOC helps support the cost of the office and provides activity funding for IOCCP, and the host institution provides in-kind support. GEOTRACES Data Assembly Centre—This office is located at the British Oceanographic Data Centre. SCOR pays for salary support and other expenses related to the office, for the GEOTRACES Data Manager. The office receives occasional support from other countries whose scientists are involved in GEOTRACES. GEOTRACES International Project Office—This office is located in Toulouse, France at the Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, SCOR support pays for about half of the office cost, including some salary support for the GEOTRACES Executive Officer, Ms. Elena Masferrer-Dodas. SCOR funds are supplemented by funds from other countries whose scientists are involved in GEOTRACES.
Partnerships With Other Organizations—Maintaining existing partnerships and developing new ones depends on SCOR having the ability to commit funding to joint activities and to send representatives to partners’ meetings. We have strong partnerships with Future Earth, IOC,
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PICES, POGO, and SCAR. This year, Marie-Alexandrine Sicre and I represented SCOR at the IOC General Assembly in June.
Staffing—Currently, I am working full-time for SCOR and Elizabeth Gross is working about one-third time as a contractor to handle many financial duties. I handle the regular duties related to the SCOR Secretariat each year, but this year I also did the following:
Served as the project coordinator for the International Quiet Ocean Experiment (IQOE), which included planning and management of the first meeting of the IQOE WG on Arctic Acoustic Environments in January 2019. I have been helping the WG on Acoustic Measurement of Ocean Biodiversity Hotspots with a review paper. I am also serving as the first author of a poster on IQOE at OceanObs’19 and on an introductory article about IQOE in a special issue of ECO Magazine (see https://scor- int.org/IQOE/IOOE_Article_ECO_Magazine.pdf). Continued to work on implementing recommendations from the ICSU review of SCOR. Produced three SCOR Newsletters. Worked with the SCOR Committee on Capacity Building to manage approval of requests for travel support for developing country scientists to attend ocean science meetings, and the process to select new SCOR Visiting Scholars. Provided feedback on SCOR capacity- development activities for Scientia magazine (see https://www.scientia.global/from- coast-to-coast-building-capacity-in-ocean-science/). Served as staff for the IOCCP and GEOTRACES review panels.
I am working on several other publications as time allows, on the following topics:
outcomes of the U.S. Program in Biology of the first International Indian Ocean Expedition, outcomes of the Visiting Scholar/Professor programs of SCOR and POGO (with Sophie Seeyave of POGO), survey of SCOR’s role in the science of the ocean iron cycle (with Andy Bowie, Philip Boyd, Kristen Buck, Maeve Lohan, Sylvia Sander, Reiner Schlitzer, Alessandro Tagliabue, and David Turner), history of the development of the SCOR working group process, and development of SCOR-UNESCO Reference Stations as part of the first International Indian Ocean Expedition.
I continue to manage all SCOR Secretariat activities and oversee the finances of SCOR activities, pursue new funding for SCOR activities, represent SCOR at various meetings, help edit various publications, and work on the SCOR Web site and Newsletter.
As this is my final SCOR Annual Meeting as SCOR Executive Director, I would like to express my thanks to the ocean scientists involved in SCOR from around the world. It has been a pleasure to serve you for the past 19 years (as of 16 October 2019), building on the strong foundation established by Elizabeth Gross and George Hemmen, my predecessors. I have offered
1-17 to continue to help SCOR in various ways after my retirement and I hope to see many in the SCOR community in the years to come.
1.5 Appointment of an ad hoc Finance Committee Sicre The Executive Committee appointed the 2019 Ad Hoc SCOR Finance Committee before the meeting, so the committee members can receive and review SCOR financial information in advance. Participation on the Finance Committee is limited to Nominated Members who are attending the meeting, but who are not members of the SCOR Executive Committee. This ensures that a group independent from the Executive Committee and SCOR Secretariat staff can make recommendations to the Executive Committee about SCOR finances. The members of this year’s Finance Committee are Riitta Autio (Finland), Peter Croot (Ireland), Ilka Peeken (Germany), and Song Sun (China-Beijing).
1.6 2020 Elections for SCOR Officers Burkill The election process for 2020 SCOR officers should begin after the SCOR meeting in Toyama, led by the SCOR Past President, Peter Burkill.
2.0 WORKING GROUPS
2.1 Current Working Groups The Executive Committee Reporter for each working group will present an update on working group activities and progress, and will make recommendations on actions to be taken. Working groups expire at each General Meeting, but can be renewed at the meeting and can be disbanded whenever appropriate.
2.1.1 WG 142 on Quality Control Procedures for Oxygen and Other Biogeochemical Sensors on Floats and Gliders, p. 2-1 Burkill 2.1.2 WG 143 on Dissolved N2O and CH4 measurements: Working towards a global network of ocean time series measurements of N2O and CH4, p. 2-5 Urban 2.1.3 WG 145 on Chemical Speciation Modelling in Seawater to Meet 21st Century Needs (MARCHEMSPEC), p. 2-9 Sicre 2.1.4 WG 147: Towards comparability of global oceanic nutrient data (COMPONUT), p. 2-13 Aoyama, Sicre 2.1.5 WG 148 on International Quality Controlled Ocean Database: Subsurface temperature Profiles (IQuOD), p. 2-18 Myers 2.1.6 WG 150 on Translation of Optical Measurements into particle Content, Aggregation & Transfer (TOMCAT), p. 2-24 Burkill 2.1.7 WG 151: Iron Model Intercomparison Project (FeMIP), p 2-25 Casacuberta Arola 2.1.8 WG 152 on Measuring Essential Climate Variables in Sea Ice (ECV-Ice), p. 2-28 McDougall 2.1.9 WG 153 on Floating Litter and its Oceanic TranSport Analysis and Modelling (FLOTSAM), p. 2-34 Martinez Vicente, Myers 2.1.10 WG 154 on Integration of Plankton-Observing Sensor Systems to Existing Global Sampling Programs (P-OBS), p. 2-43 Miloslavich 2.1.11 WG 155 on Eastern boundary upwelling systems (EBUS): diversity, coupled dynamics and sensitivity to climate change, p. 2-46 Halpern 2.1.12 WG 156 on Active Chlorophyll fluorescence for autonomous measurements of global marine primary productivity, p-2-49 Yoo 2.1.13 WG 157: Toward a new global view of marine zooplankton biodiversity based on DNA metabarcoding and reference DNA sequence databases (MetaZooGene) p. 2-54 Miloslavich
2.2 Working Group Proposals 2.2.1 Roadmap for a Standardised Global Approach to Deep-Sea Biology for the Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development (DeepSeaDecade), p. 2-58 Miloslavich 2.2.2 Marine Species Distribution Modelling in the global ocean (MSDM-GO), p. 2-77 Penner 2.2.3 DIagnoSis of Carbon in the Ocean: Variability, uncERtainty and the Coasts (DISCOVER-C), p. 2-95 McDougall 2.2.4 Changing Biotic-Sediment Interactions in the Ocean Seabed (CBIOS), p. 2-114 Yoo 2.2.5 Coordinated Global Research Assessment of Seagrass System (C-GRASS), p. 2-132 Burkill 2.2.6 Integration of international ocean acidification research at CO2 seeps (InterSEEP), p. 2-149 Myers 2-1
2.1 Current Working Groups
2.1.1 WG 142 on Quality Control Procedures for Oxygen and Other Biogeochemical Sensors on Floats and Gliders (2012) Burkill
Terms of Reference: 1. Summarize and assess the current status of biogeochemical sensor technology with particular emphasis on float-/glider-readiness (pressure and temperature dependence, long- term stability, calibration accuracy, measurements time constant, etc.). 2. Develop pre- and post-deployment quality control metrics and procedures for oxygen and other biogeochemical sensors deployed on floats and gliders providing a research-quality synthesis data product. 3. Collaborate with Argo and other data centers to implement these procedures in their standard routines. 4. Disseminate procedures widely to ensure rapid adoption in the community. Develop ideas for capacity building in this context.
Co-chairs: Arne Körtzinger (Germany) and Ken Johnson (USA)
Other Full Members: Herve Claustre ( France), Denis Gilbert (Canada), Wajih Naqvi (India), Steven Riser (USA), Virginie Thierry (France), Bronte Tilbrook (Australia), Hiroshi Uchida (Japan), and Xiaogang Xing (China-Beijing)
Associate Members: Steve Emerson (USA), Katja Fennel (Canada), Hernan Garcia (USA), Nicolas Gruber (Switzerland), Dong-Jin Kang (Korea), Satya Prakash (India), and Osvaldo Ulloa (Chile)
Executive Committee Reporter: Peter Burkill
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Final Report for SCOR Working Group 142
1. Name of group
SCOR WG 142: Quality Control Procedures for Oxygen and Other Biogeochemical Sensors on Floats and Gliders
Chairs: Arne Körtzinger (Germany) and Ken Johnson (USA)
Other Full Members: Herve Claustre (France), Denis Gilbert (Canada), Wajih Naqvi (India), Steven Riser (USA), Virginie Thierry (France), Bronte Tilbrook (Australia), Hiroshi Uchida (Japan), and Xiaogang Xing (China‐Beijing)
Associate Members: Steve Emerson (USA), Katja Fennel (Canada), Hernan Garcia (USA), Nicolas Gruber (Switzerland), Dong‐ Jin Kang (Korea), Satya Prakash (India), and Osvaldo Ulloa (Chile)
2. Major Activities of SCOR WG 142
SCOR WG 142 held the following three in‐person meetings of the full group: (1) 1 March 2014, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA. (2) 16‐17 March 2015, Brest, France (3) 27 February 2016, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
In addition, a large number of e‐mails discussions as well as in‐person meetings of sub‐groups or individual group members on the topic of SCOR WG 142 took place.
Furthermore, the WG initiated and lead a round‐robin‐style experiment on calibration and stability issues of the Aanderaa oxygen optode as the most prominent oxygen sensor that meets are recommendations of SCOR WG 142. This very successful experiment lead to major insight into this matter which was published in the peer reviewed literature.
Finally, through their memberships and various roles in other programs, projects and committees (e.g. Argo, Euro‐Argo, SOCCOM, remOCEAN etc.), SCOR WG 142 members were able to provide a vivid interface between operational float programs or large projects and SCOR WG 142. One the one hand, this assured the WG to stay up‐to‐date with ongoing float‐related research and operations. On the other hand, this assured that SCOR WG 142 best practice recommendations were quickly taken up at program level and included in cookbooks and other important documents.
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3. Documents published by SCOR WG 142 (in chronological order) The following publications are direct outcomes of SCOR WG 142: Bittig, H., A. Körtzinger, K. Johnson, H. Claustre, S. Emerson, K. Fennel, H. Garcia, D. Gilbert, N. Gruber, D.‐J. Kang, W. Naqvi, S. Prakash, S. Riser, V. Thierry, B. Tilbrook, H. Uchida, O. Ulloa, and X. Xing (2015). SCOR WG 142: Quality Control Procedures for Oxygen and Other Biogeochemical Sensors on Floats and Gliders. Recommendation for oxygen measurements from Argo floats, implementation of in‐air‐measurement routine to assure highest long‐term accuracy, doi: https://doi.org/10.13155/45917 Bittig, H., Körtzinger, A., Johnson, K., Claustre, H., Emerson, S., Fennel K., Garcia H., Gilbert, D., Gruber, N., Kang, D‐J., Naqvi, W., Prakash, S., Riser, S., Thierry, V., Tilbrook, B., Uchida, H., Ulloa, O., Xing, X. (2018). SCOR WG 142: Quality Control Procedures for Oxygen and Other Biogeochemical Sensors on Floats and Gliders. Recommendation for oxygen measurements from Argo floats, implementation of in‐air‐measurement routine to assure highest long‐term accuracy. Version 1.1. Plouzane, France, Ifremer, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.25607/OBP‐10. Johnson, K.S., and H. Claustre (2016). Bringing biogeochemistry into the Argo age. Eos, 97, doi: https://doi.org/10.1029/2016EO062427. Bittig, H.C., A. Körtzinger, C. Neill, E. van Ooijen, J.N. Plant, J. Hahn, K.S. Johnson, B. Yang, and S.R. Emerson (2018). Oxygen Optode Sensors: Principle, Characterization, Calibration and Application in the Ocean. Front. Mar. Sci. 4, 429, doi: 10.3389/fmars.2017.00429. In addition to this, the following BGC‐Argo cookbooks and best practice documents were developed under lead or with participation of SCOR WG 142 members:
Bittig Henry C., Schmechtig Catherine, Rannou Jean‐Philippe, Poteau Antoine (2017). Processing Argo measurement timing information at the DAC level. Argo data management, doi: https://doi.org/10.13155/47998 Johnson Kenneth S., Plant Joshua N., Maurer Tanya L. (2018). Processing BGC‐Argo pH data at the DAC level. Argo data management, doi: https://doi.org/10.13155/57195 Johnson Kenneth S., Pasqueron De Fommervault Orens, Serra Romain, D'Ortenzio Fabrizio, Schmechtig Catherine, Claustre Hervé, Poteau Antoine (2018). Processing Bio‐Argo nitrate concentration at the DAC Level. Argo data management, doi: https://doi.org/10.13155/46121. Schmechtig Catherine, Poteau Antoine, Claustre Hervé, D'Ortenzio Fabrizio, Boss Emmanuel (2015). Processing bio‐Argo chlorophyll‐A concentration at the DAC level. Argo data management, doi: https://doi.org/10.13155/39468 Schmechtig Catherine, Thierry Virginie, The Bio Argo Team (2016). Argo quality control manual for biogeochemical data, doi: https://doi.org/10.13155/40879 Schmechtig Catherine, Poteau Antoine, Claustre Herve, D’ortenzio Fabrizio (2017). Processing BGC‐ Argo Radiometric data at the DAC level, doi: https://doi.org/10.13155/51541. Schmechtig Catherine, Organelli Emanuele, Poteau Antoine, Claustre Hervé, D'Ortenzio Fabrizio (2017). Processing BGC‐Argo CDOM concentration at the DAC level. Argo data management, doi: https://doi.org/10.13155/54541. Schmechtig Catherine, Claustre Herve, Poteau Antoine, D'Ortenzio Fabrizio (2018). Bio‐Argo quality control manual for the Chlorophyll‐A concentration, doi: https://doi.org/10.13155/35385 Schmechtig Catherine, Poteau Antoine, Claustre Hervé, D'Ortenzio Fabrizio, Dall'Olmo Giorgio, Boss Emmanuel (2018). Processing Bio‐Argo particle backscattering at the DAC level. Argo data management, doi: https://doi.org/10.13155/39459. 2-4
4. Progress toward achieving group’s terms of reference.
(1) Summarize and assess the current status of biogeochemical sensor technology with particular emphasis on float‐/glider‐readiness (pressure and temperature dependence, long‐ term stability, calibration accuracy, measurements time constant, etc.).
Through publications fostered and headed by members of SCOR WG 142, our common knowledge about the current status of biogeochemical sensors for BGC‐Argo core parameters (oxygen, pH, nitrate, chlorophyll, backscatter, and irradiance) has been advanced very significantly – for some of the parameters are at (or very close to) full operationality. Hereby, a clear focus was placed on the float platform but the results are to a large extent also applicable to the glider platform. In several instants, aspects of glider‐based applications were addressed specifically in publications.
(2) Develop pre‐ and post‐deployment quality control metrics and procedures for oxygen and other biogeochemical sensors deployed on floats and gliders providing a research‐quality synthesis data product.
SCOR WG 142 group members developed (or contributed significantly to the development of) pre‐ and post‐deployment procedures and metrics to assure research‐quality data of the emerging BGC‐ Argo program that were documented for widespread information of and use by the scientific community.
(3) Collaborate with Argo and other data centers to implement these procedures in their standard routines.
Through personal involvement and functions of SCOR WG 142 members in float programs and committees, a seamless flow on information was assured. Results and recommendations of SCOR WG 142 were taken up in the cookbooks and best practices manuals for sensor treatment, data processing and quality control. These are being implemented at DAC level.
(4) Disseminate procedures widely to ensure rapid adoption in the community. Develop ideas for capacity building in this context.
SCOR WG 142 communicated results in various forms and on a multitude of occasions. These range from an EOS article for a wider audience to specific presentations at meetings of the Argo Data Management Team. The preferred dissemination pathway chosen by SCOR WG 142 is through technical documentation that is available freely via the Argo reference documentation portal: http://www.argodatamgt.org/Documentation
5. Comments to SCOR
WG 142 acknowledges the support provided by SCOR which allowed us to focus as a group on important sensor‐related issues of the new BGC‐Argo program and interact in various contexts with relevant programs and project to assure rapid dissemination and use of novel knowledge achieved within SCOR WG 142.
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2.1.2 WG 143 on Dissolved N2O and CH4 measurements: Working towards a global network of ocean time series measurements of N2O and CH4 Urban (2013)
Terms of Reference: 1. Establish the analytical reporting procedures to be used for N2O and CH4 2. Adopt an appropriate standard to be used by the scientific community 3. Conduct an intercalibration exercise between the time series programs 4. Host at least two international meetings 5. Establish framework for an N2O/CH4 ocean time series network 6. Write a global oceanic N2O/CH4 summary paper for publication in Annual Review of Marine Science or an equivalent journal.
Co-chairs: Herman Bange (Germany) and Sam Wilson (USA)
Other Full Members: Mercedes de la Paz Arándiga (Spain), Laura Farias (Chile), Cliff Law (New Zealand), Wajih Naqvi (India), Gregor Rehder (Germany), Philippe Tortell (Canada), Rob Upstill-Goddard (UK), and Guiling Zhang (China-Beijing)
Associate Members: John Bullister (USA), Jan Kaiser (UK), Annette Kock (Germany), Sunyoung Park (Korea), Andy Rees (UK), and Alyson Santoro (USA)
Executive Committee Reporter: John Turner
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1. Name of group
SCOR Working Group #143: Oceanic methane and nitrous oxide
2. Activities since previous report to SCOR (e.g., virtual or in-person meetings, email discussions, special sessions). Limit 1000 words In October 2018, we organized a three-day workshop in Lake Arrowhead, California to discuss current and future measurements of greenhouse gases (methane and nitrous oxide). With respect to the lifetime of the SCOR Working Group #143, this was an opportunity to disseminate the results from the SCOR Working Group to a larger group of trace gas analysts. All fifteen of the laboratories that participated in the intercomparison of methane and nitrous oxide (one of the main activities of the WG#143) were present, with the exception of Cliff Law and Alberto Borges. The workshop was funded by the OCB program and SCOR. The OCB program continues to host the website that provides information about the workshop and its intended outcomes. The workshop was well-received by the 60 participants as it offered the opportunity to evaluate the status of trace gas research and great networking opportunities.
3. Documents published since previous report to SCOR (e.g., peer-reviewed journal articles, reports, Web pages) and should be limited to publications that resulted directly from WG activities and which acknowledge SCOR support Bange, H.W., M. de la Paz, L. Farías, J. Kaiser, A. Kock, C.S. Law, A.P. Rees, G. Rehder, P. Tortell, R.C. Upstill-Goddard and S.T. Wilson (2019) A harmonized nitrous oxide ocean observation network for the 21st century. Front. Mar. Sci. 6:157. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2019.00157
Wilson, S.T., H.W. Bange, J. Barnes, A. Borges, I. Brown, J. Bullister, M. Burgos, D.W. Capelle, M. Casso, M. de la Paz, L. Farías, L. Fenwick, S. Ferrón, G. Garcia, M. Glockzin, D.M. Karl, A. Kock, S. Laperriere., C.S. Law, C.C. Manning, A. Marriner, J.-P. Myllykangas, J.W. Pohlman, A.P. Rees, A. Santoro, P. Tortell, D. Wisegarver, R.C. Upstill-Goddard, G.L. Zhang, G. Rehder (2018) An intercomparison of oceanic methane and nitrous oxide measurements. Biogeosciences 15:5891–5907, doi: 10.5194/bg-15-5891-2018.
4. Progress toward achieving group’s terms of reference. List each term of reference separately and describe progress on each one. Limit 1000 words
1. Conduct an intercalibration exercise between the time series programs (for methane and nitrous oxide)
This is completed and published (Wilson et al., 2018).
2. Establish the appropriate standards to be used by the scientific community This is completed and the Technical Report has been published on the SCOR website (Bullister, J.L., D.P. Wisegarver and S.T. Wilson (2016) Technical Report: The production of 2-7 methane and nitrous oxide gas standards for Scientific Committee on Ocean Research (SCOR) Working Group #143. pp 1-9) See http://dspace.udel.edu/handle/19716/23288.
3. Recommend the analytical reporting procedures to be used for N2O and CH4 All members of SCOR WG#143 publish their own research on methane and nitrous oxide, and are therefore very familiar with their own analytical procedures. However, as a community of trace gas analysts, there is no published consensus about the most appropriate methods and we have not yet agreed on the reporting procedures. In response to this, we are currently writing the Standard Operating Protocols (SOPs) for methane and nitrous oxide. This was agreed by the workshop participants as essential to improving the inter-comparability of the methane and nitrous oxide measurements. There are 9 chapters, which cover all aspects of the measurements from sampling, analysis, and data reporting. These are being written at the moment by members of the SCOR Working Group and the workshop participants. Once we have full drafts we will post them on the workshop website for the broader community to comment and contribute if they wish. They will then be collated and published as a single document, potentially using Frontiers as the host publisher.
4. Establish framework for an N2O/CH4 ocean time series network and write a global oceanic N2O/CH4 summary paper for publication in an open access journal.
This is completed and published (Bange et al., 2019).
There are different components to this Terms of Reference 1. The production and distribution of common gas standards will benefit the framework for methane and nitrous oxide measurements. This has been completed. 2. The intercomparison work identified several key steps to methane and nitrous oxide analyses that need to be taken into consideration when conducting the measurements. This forms part of the forthcoming Biogeosciences manuscript. 3. There was an OCB workshop at Lake Arrowhead Conference Center in October 2018. This workshop specifically asked the question ‘Where are the critical locations in the global oceans to measure dissolved methane and nitrous oxide in order to document long-term changes to the oceans as a source of these greenhouse gases?’ Therefore, in addition to existing measurements, where should new or increased measurements be located? This information will comprise the workshop report and will become part of any open-access peer reviewed publication that is produced following the event. 4. The GEOMAR group (H. Bange, A. Kock, D. Arevalo) will take the lead writing a manuscript about the MEMENTO database for submission to Earth System Science Data. The MEMENTO database is the current data portal for the methane and nitrous oxide measurements.
5. WG activities planned for the coming year. Limit 500 words This is the last year of WG#143. We have accomplished our objectives and come a long way in the last 5 years. However, there is still more to be done. The two outcomes that we would
2-8 like to achieve in the remainder of 2019 are completion of the SOPs and the publication of a perspective article based on the discussions and recommendations of the OCB workshop. The driving motivation behind these two activities is that they will be used in support of coordinated research activity.
There are 2 activities in 2019 which SCOR WG#143 will be attending:
1. At Ocean Observation ‘19 (being held in Honolulu, Hawaii in September 2019) we will be advocating for increased measurements of methane and nitrous oxide and push for increased inter-comparabilities. 2. There will be an OCB workshop in October 1-3 that will discuss potential activities of U.S. scientists relevant to the Surface Ocean - Lower Atmosphere Study (SOLAS) program. The workshop is being led by Rachel Stanley from Wesley College. Sam Wilson has applied to attend this workshop and will report on the outcomes of the SCOR WG#143 and the 2018 workshop.
6. Is the group having difficulties expected in achieving terms of reference or meeting original time schedule? If so, why, and what is being done to address the difficulties Limit 200 words No difficulties to report
7. Any special comments or requests to SCOR. Limit 100 words. None at this time. Thank you to Ed Urban and SCOR for supporting the activity of WG#143 during the past four years. It has been extremely helpful to the progress of methane and nitrous oxide measurements in the ocean.
Additional information can be submitted and will be included in the background book for the SCOR meeting at the discretion of the SCOR Executive Committee Reporter for the WG and the SCOR Secretariat.
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2.1.3 WG 145 on Chemical Speciation Modelling in Seawater to Meet 21st Century Needs (MARCHEMSPEC) (2014) Sicre
Terms of Reference: 1. To document the current status, and basis in laboratory measurements, of Pitzer models of seawater and estuarine water focusing on the chemistry of ocean acidification and micronutrient trace metals (including, but not limited to, Fe, Cu, Cd, Co, Mn, and Zn). Current capabilities and limitations for oceanographic and biogeochemical calculations will be defined, and future needs established. Important gaps in knowledge, which should have high priority for new measurements, will be identified. The components to be covered will include the seawater electrolytes, the selected trace metals, and buffer solutions and key organic ligands such as those used in CLE-CSV titrations. 2. To publish the results of the first term of reference in the refereed scientific literature, and to introduce the conclusions and recommendations to the oceanographic community at a “town hall” event or special session at an international ocean sciences meeting. 3. To specify the functions and capability for a web-based modelling tool that will make chemical speciation calculations easily accessible for a wide range of applications in oceanography research and teaching, and thus improve understanding and spread best practice in modelling. 4. To implement the web-based tool for chemical speciation calculations, based upon the specification developed in the third term of reference which will also be used to obtain external funding to develop the programs, documentation, and site.
Chair: David Turner (Sweden)
Vice-Chairs: Simon Clegg (UK) and Sylvia Sander (New Zealand)
Other Full Members: Heather Benway (USA), Arthur Chen (China-Taipei), Andrew Dickson (USA), Vanessa Hatje (Brazil), Maite Maldonado (Canada), Alessandro Tagliabue (UK), and Rodrigo Torres (Chile)
Associate Members: Eric Achterberg (Germany), Yuri Artioli (UK), Parthasarathi Chakraborty (India), Peter Croot (Ireland), Martha Gledhill (Germany), Giles Marion (USA), Peter May (Australia), Frank Millero (USA), Ivanka Pizeta (Croatia), Darren Rowland (Australia), Pavel Tishchenko (Russia), Stan van den Berg (UK), Wolfgang Voigt (Germany), Christoph Völker (Germany), Feiyue Wang (Canada), and Mona Wells (China)
Executive Committee Reporter: Marie-Alexandrine Sicre
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1. Name of group
WG145: Chemical Speciation Modelling in Seawater to meet 21st Century Needs
2. Activities since previous report to SCOR (e.g., virtual or in-person meetings, email discussions, special sessions). Limit 1000 words
NERC/NSF project This project (PI’s Clegg, Dickson and Benway) was initiated to support the WG aims. Simon Clegg has almost completed the coding of the speciation model that will form the core of the modelling tools that are one of the goals of this project. Matthew Humphreys has made substantial progress in adding uncertainty calculations to it, so that we are able to estimate individual contributions of all "interactions" in the model to the final calculated result (pH for example). The interaction parameters in the Miami models of the Millero group are our starting point.
Experimental measurements A major effort has been made to identify the limitations of Harned cell measurements through an intercalibration exercise between Dickson’s laboratory and the national standards laboratories in France, Germany, Japan and USA. Measurements at high chloride concentration (5 molal) lead to electrode degradation. At lower chloride concentrations, agreement between laboratories at the level of 0.2 mV is considered to be achievable, an uncertainty level that is acceptable for model development. Pablo Lodeiro, working in Achterberg’s laboratory at GEOMAR has completed an extensive series of measurements of TRIS in NaCl solutions, and of NaCl in TRIS solutions (over 700 measurements over the temperature range 5 - 45°C and full concentration ranges). The data are now being analysed to provide Pitzer coefficients for the interactions between Na, Cl and TRIS, and also the TRIS self-interaction coefficients. This will provide essential information for the improved Pitzer model of the TRIS-artificial seawater buffers used for calibration of seawater pH measurements. The raw data have been added to the WG145 database. Simon Clegg visited Andrew Dickson's laboratory to discuss plans for Harned Cell measurements of H+ and Cl- activities in seawater-related media that will be carried out by the new postdoctoral researcher (Ellen Briggs) that Andrew appointed in early 2019.
New collaborations SCOR/IAPSO/ICPWS Joint Committee on the Properties of Seawater: Simon Clegg is now a member of this committee, recognising the value of WG145 activities in advancing our ability to model pH, and speciation generally, in natural waters.
Conference presentations David Turner presented the WG’s work at the COST workshop on Technology Critical Elements (Bialystock, Poland, January 2019). Simon Clegg gave a presentation about the work of WG145, and what has been achieved in his project, in one of the BIPM/IAPWS Seawater Workshops (pH) at the International Conference on the Properties of Water and Steam, held in Prague in (Sept. 2018). Matthew Humphreys gave an oral presentation, describing the modelling work at UEA and its contribution to WG activities, at the Challenger Conference 2018 in Newcastle (UK).
3. Documents published since previous report to SCOR (e.g., peer-reviewed journal articles, reports, Web pages) and should be limited to publications that resulted directly from WG activities and which acknowledge SCOR support
No new publications in this period
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4. Progress toward achieving group’s terms of reference. List each term of reference separately and describe progress on each one. Limit 1000 words
1) To document the current status, and basis in laboratory measurements, of Pitzer models of seawater and estuarine water focusing on the chemistry of ocean acidification and micronutrient trace metals (including, but not limited to, Fe, Cu, Mn, Cd, and Zn). Current capabilities and limitations for oceanographic and biogeochemical calculations will be defined, and future needs established. Important gaps in knowledge, which should have high priority for new measurements, will be identified. The components to be covered will include the seawater electrolytes, the selected trace metals, and buffer solutions and key organic ligands such as those used in CLE-CSV titrations. A second WG paper setting out the chosen modelling approach (Pitzer equations) is being developed (see also section 5).
2) To publish the results of the first term of reference in the refereed scientific literature, and to introduce the conclusions and recommendations to the oceanographic community at a “town hall” event or special session at an international ocean sciences meeting. The WG's progress is reported as updates to the website marchemspec.org 3) To specify the functions and capability for a web-based modelling tool that will make chemical speciation calculations easily accessible for a wide range of applications in oceanography research and teaching, and thus improve understanding and spread best practice in modelling. The results of the web survey described in the previous report, will be described in the Frontiers paper in preparation (see section 5 below). 4) To implement the web-based tool for chemical speciation calculations, based upon the specification developed in the third term of reference which will also be used to obtain external funding to develop the programs, documentation, and site. Coding of the calculation engine is near completion, and the associated code to estimate uncertainties is underway.
5. WG activities planned for the coming year. Limit 500 words Ocean Sciences 2020 The following activities are planned in conjunction with this meeting: Final WG meeting in person, probably on the Sunday before the conference opens A proposal has been submitted for a session entitled “Chemical speciation in seawater: Measurements, modelling and uncertainties”. A proposal has been submitted for a tutorial presentation entitled “Chemical Speciation Modelling in Seawater to meet 21st Century Needs”.
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SCOR have agreed to provide space in their exhibition booth for OSM participants to get hands-on experience of the draft software. This will be advertised at the proposed tutorial, and also through relevant mailing lists. Publications A paper is being prepared for the Frontiers in Marine Science Special Topic “Best Practices in Ocean Observing”. This paper will both present the case for the use of Pitzer equations rather than stoichiometric constants in speciation modelling, and describe the design of the software user interface based on the WG’s earlier web survey. A paper on the completed TRIS-NaCl solubility work will be submitted to an appropriate journal.
Collaboration The potential for collaboration with the University of Belgrade, who have the capacity to contribute new isopiestic measurements, is being investigated.
Experimental measurements The coordinated programme of new experimental measurements in the NERC/NSF project and collaborating laboratories will continue.
Model development The potential for including natural organic matter in the speciation model will be explored in collaboration between David Turner and Martha Gledhill (Associate Member), who has been awarded a grant from DFG in Germany for new experimental studies (project start January 2019).
6. Is the group having difficulties expected in achieving terms of reference or meeting original time schedule? If so, why, and what is being done to address the difficulties Limit 200 words The timetable for the WG has been dependent on securing research funding, which was successful through the NERC/NSF project that will run from November 2017 – October 2020. Complementing this project, collaborating laboratories are contributing new experimental data from their own funding. Given the timing of the NERC/NSF project, we anticipate that we will be able to fulfil the terms of reference by the end of 2020. However, there may be a delay at UEA in early 2020, due to a change in personnel (a new postdoctoral researcher will be needed). Experimental work in Andrew Dickson's laboratory, that contributes to model development, is likely to continue beyond 12/2020 (due to a late start). We would like to keep the WG active until the project activities are complete so that the software package can be released as a SCOR product. We would like to use the limited funding remaining for this WG to finance (in part) a final WG meeting at the 2020 Ocean Sciences meeting in San Diego, where we plan to highlight the WG’s work through a session on speciation, and also present the software’s capabilities (see section 5).
7. Any special comments or requests to SCOR. Limit 100 words. We apply to use the remaining funds allocated to this WG to support the final WG meeting in San Diego on 16 February 2020. 2-13
2.1.4 WG 147: Towards comparability of global oceanic nutrient data (COMPONUT) (2014) Aoyama, Sicre
Terms of Reference 1. To establish mechanisms to ensure comparability of oceanic nutrient data in collaboration with International organisations such as ICES and PICES. 2. To assess the homogeneity and stability of currently available RMs/CRMs: The group needs to determine whether the current producers are achieving a level of precision within and between laboratories which is comparable to or better than 1 %. 3. To develop standardized data-handling procedures with common data vocabularies and formats, across producers and users, and will include the future linking of national and international data archives. The group will seek to involve international data center representatives to contribute to and lead this task. 4. To promote the wider global use of RM’s by arranging workshops to actively encourage their use, and to provide training in analytical protocols and best practices, including sample preservation protocols, particularly targeted towards developing countries. 5. To continue regular global inter-comparison studies, following on from the previous exercises in 2003, 2006, 2008 and 2012, with collaboration of IOCCP-SSG and RCGC- JAMSTEC. 6. To update the GO-SHIP nutrient measurement manual, which was originally a product of the IOC-ICES SGONS, (Study Group on Nutrient Standards). 7. To publish reports on this WG’s activities and workshops.
Co-chairs: Michio Aoyama (Japan) and E. Malcolm S. Woodward (UK)
Other Full Members: Susan Becker (USA), Karin Bjorkman (USA), Anne Daniel (France), Claire Mahaffey (UK), Hema Naik (India), Raymond Roman (South Africa), Bernadette Sloyan (Australia), and Toste Tanhua (Germany)
Associate Members: Karel Bakker (Netherlands), Minhan Dai (China-Beijing), Andrew Dickson (USA), Akiharu Hioki (Japan), Alex Kozyr (USA), Akihiko Murata (Japan), TaeKeun Rho (Korea), Sophie Seeyave (UK), Jonathan Sharp (USA), Winnie van Vark (Netherlands), and Takeshi Yoshimura (Japan)
Executive Committee Reporter: Marie-Alexandrine Sicre
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Annual SCOR Working Group Reports to SCOR By Malcolm Woodward and Michio Aoyama, July 2019.
1. Name of group
SCOR WG#147 “Towards comparability of global oceanic nutrient data”
2. Activities since previous report to SCOR (e.g., virtual or in-person meetings, email discussions, special sessions). Limit 1000 words The standard 3 years of SCOR funding for this working group essentially ended in 2018, but we requested an extension of one year’s funding at last years’ SCOR Annual Meeting in order to complete a couple of important tasks that will finalise the outputs of this group.
There was no official annual meeting this year, but following discussions, there was organised a writing workshop in order to complete and finally edit the GO-SHIP repeat hydrography nutrient manual.
The draft version of the manual was submitted at the end of 2018 to the Frontiers of Marine Science journal and to Ocean Best Practices and left there for a couple months to invite comment from the global community. We also made the draft manual widely available to the community for comment through emailing the community and also on the IOCCP website via Aoyama. All of the comments received were collated by Woodward and Becker, who was the lead author for the new manual. Many emails and phone calls occurred between the writing team of authors over the year to bring this all together.
A writing workshop was then convened at Scripps Institution of Oceanography between the 5th and 10th of July, 2019. All 7 of the authors of the manual were invited to attend the writing workshop. but due to other conflicting commitments only 4 were able to attend, those being Woodward, Aoyama (co-chairs), Becker (first author) and Bakker. This turned out to be a very productive and active session of writing and we completed the task of editing. All the comments we had been sent by the community for improvements to the manuscript were considered, discussed, and incorporated, where appropriate.
The final version of the manual has been sent to GO-SHIP for incorporating on their website and to update the previous nutrient manual of 2010. It will also be incorporated on the IOCCP website.
The final manual will also be sent for publication and to obtain a publication doi from the Frontiers of Marine Science, plus it will be sent and published on the Ocean Best Practices website so as to be even more widely globally available.
The Community White Paper to the OceanObs’19 meeting entitled: “The importance of high quality inorganic macro-nutrient data and how to get them” by SCOR WG#147 was sent to IOCCP as part of the overall IOCCP submission to the OceanObs’19 meeting, however, IOCCP failed to submit the white paper before the submission deadline. Both Becker and 2-15
Woodward will attend OceanObs’19 in September to represent the Working Group and its aims.
The 5 differing batches of the SCOR-JAMSTEC CRMs are now fully available for purchase through JAMSTEC: one low-level surface water and then a Medium and Deep concentration sample for both the Atlantic and Pacific 0ceans. These are readily available to the global community at a competitive price, and it is hoped that the community continues to use these on a regular basis to help improve quality nutrient data across the world.
The most recent IOCCP-JAMSTEC International Intercalibration exercise was carried out over the winter of 2017/2018. The Working Group members agreed that that this exercise should be continued every 2 years into the future, if possible.
The results have already published with ISBN and available at IOCCP web site, http://www.ioccp.org/images/06Nutrients/IOCCP_JAMSTEC_IC2018report180903protected. pdf, and also available at the OceanBestPractices web site at https://www.oceanbestpractices.net/handle/11329/883.
3. Documents published since previous report to SCOR (e.g., peer-reviewed journal articles, reports, Web pages) and should be limited to publications that resulted directly from WG activities and which acknowledge SCOR support
4. Progress toward achieving group’s terms of reference. List each term of reference separately and describe progress on each one. Limit 1000 words
ToR 1: To establish mechanisms to ensure comparability of oceanic nutrient data in collaboration with International organisations such as ICES and PICES.
The SCOR WG#147 in collaboration with JAMSTEC, Japan, is now providing SI traceable Nutrient CRMs for the global community. There are a series of concentration seawater solutions available for both the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans.
ToR 2: To assess the homogeneity and stability of currently available RMs/CRMs: The group needs to determine whether the current producers are achieving a level of precision within and between laboratories which is comparable to or better than 1%.
In the IOCCP-JAMSTEC Inter-laboratory calibration exercise of CRM/RMNS in 2017/18, SCOR-JAMSTEC CRM, KANSO CRM and KIOST RM were used. By the producers of SCOR-JASMTEC CRM and KANSO CRM, the uncertainty (2k) for nitrate, phosphate and silicate were better than 1 % at high concentration levels, e.g. 19-43 µmol kg-1 for nitrate, 14- 160 µmol kg-1 for silicate and 1.4-3.0 µmol kg-1 for phosphate. Consensus standard deviation of the reported values from the participants for nitrate were similar with uncertainty for nitrate which confirmed better homogeneity of CRMs and good comparability among participants. However, consensus standard deviation for phosphate and silicate were larger than
2-16 uncertainties of certified concentration for phosphate and silicate. For KIOST RM, the standard deviation (k=1) for nitrate, phosphate and silicate were around 1.5 – 3.3 % at concentration levels of 8-23 μmol kg-1 for nitrate, 16-40 μmol kg-1 for silicate and 0.6-1.7 μmol kg-1 for phosphate.
ToR 3: To develop standardized data-handling procedures with common data vocabularies and formats, across producers and users, and will include the future linking of national and international data archives. The group will seek to involve international data center representatives to contribute to and lead this task.
A part of this ToR3 will be included in the updated GO-SHIP nutrients manual, discussed in ToR6.
ToR 4: To promote the wider global use of RM’s by arranging workshops to actively encourage their use, and to provide training in analytical protocols and best practices, including sample preservation protocols, particularly targeted towards developing countries.
WG#147 organised the ‘International training workshop on Nutrient analysis’, which was held at the NIOZ laboratory in November 2017. This was co-organised by NIOZ and PML. https://www.nioz.nl/en/education/marine-studies ToR 5: To continue regular global inter-comparison studies, following on from the previous exercises in 2003, 2006, 2008, 2012, 2015/16, and the recent one in 2017/18. This with the collaboration of IOCCP-SSG and RCGC-JAMSTEC.
WG#147 collaborated with IOCCP and JAMSTEC and helped to conduct the IOCCP- JAMSTEC Inter-laboratory calibration exercise of CRM/RMNS in 2017/18. It is hoped the next intercalibration exercise will take place in 2020/2021.
ToR 6: To update the GO-SHIP nutrient measurement manual, which was originally a product of the IOC-ICES SGONS, (Study Group on Nutrient Standards).
WG147 has completed the final version of the updated GO-SHIP nutrient manual, which was achieved following a writing workshop held at Scripps, in San Diego. This will now be published in a journal and on various global websites to ensure it is easily available to the global nutrient community.
ToR 7: To publish reports on this WG’s activities and workshops.
Updates have been communicated to the other WG members and the GO-SHIP manual will soon be published.
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5. WG activities planned for the coming year. Limit 500 words Sadly this brings to an end the SCOR Working Group #147. Thanks to SCOR for funding the project and for encouraging the activities, and we are proud of the outcomes that have been achieved since we were formed. The collaborations and work to improve global nutrient quality will still continue into the future following on from the global links and communications built up by WG#147 during the last 4 years.
6. Is the group having difficulties expected in achieving terms of reference or meeting original time schedule? If so, why, and what is being done to address the difficulties Limit 200 words
7. Any special comments or requests to SCOR. Limit 100 words.
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2.1.5 WG 148 on International Quality Controlled Ocean Database: Subsurface temperature profiles (IQuOD) Myers (2015)
Terms of Reference
1. To develop, implement and document algorithms for assignment of “intelligent” metadata – i.e. an informed guess as to likely values for missing information – for temperature profiles where crucial metadata is missing. 2. To evaluate and document the most effective combination of automated quality control (AutoQC) procedures for temperature profile observations. International collaboration will be required for the design and coordination of benchmarking experiments using high quality reference datasets. 3. To establish and implement a set of optimal automated quality control procedures, by reaching international community consensus and using the knowledge gained in the benchmarking tests from ToR-2 (above); to produce and publish a reference guide for best practices in automated quality control of ocean temperature profiles; and to develop and freely distribute an open-source quality control software toolkit to promote wide and rapid adoption of best practices by the oceanographic community. 4. To examine and document the feasibility of machine learning and other novel computational methods for enhanced quality control, to potentially minimize labor costs associated with human expert quality control procedures. 5. To develop, implement and document internationally agreed best practice methods for assignment of uncertainty estimates to each temperature observation. 6. To freely disseminate (interim) versions of the IQuOD global temperature profile database (and added value-products) as it evolves over the next 3 years, in user-friendly file formats. 7. To share knowledge and transfer skills in instrumentation, regional oceanography, quality control procedures and data stewardship with international scientists in both developed and developing nations.
Co-chairs: Catia Domingues (Australia) and Matt Palmer (UK)
Other Full Members: TVS Udaya Bhaskar (India), Tim Boyer (USA), Marcela Charo (Argentina), Christine Coatanoan (France), Viktor Gouretski (Germany), Shoichi Kizu (Japan), Alison Macdonald (USA), and Ann (Gronell) Thresher (Australia)
Associate Members: Lijing Cheng (China-Beijing), Mauro Cirano (Brazil), Rebecca Cowley (Australia), Sergey Gladyshev (Russia), Simon Good (UK), Francis Bringas Gutierrez (USA), Katherine Hutchinson (South Africa), Gabriel Jorda (Spain), Sergio Larios (Mexico), and Toru Suzuki (Japan)
Executive Committee Reporter: Paul Myers
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1. Name of group
SCOR Working Group 148 (since April 2016)
International Quality Controlled Ocean Database: Subsurface temperature profiles (IQuOD)
2. Activities since previous report to SCOR (e.g., virtual or in-person meetings, email discussions, special sessions). Limit 1000 words
Virtual communication and task team updates/activities largely recorded via Slack Channels and GitHub (including code repository).
Article published on the Ocean Challenge newsletter (2018, Vol. 23,1), the Challenger Society for Marine Science.
Keynote talk at the International Conference on Marine Data and Information Systems (IMDIS) - A New World Ocean Temperature Profile Product (v0.1): The International Quality Controlled Ocean Database (IQuOD), Catia Domingues, on behalf of the IQuOD team. Session 4 - Data products, information and knowledge. IMDIS 2018 - Barcelona, 5-7 November 2018.
Poster presentation at the IOC/IODE-XXV. Authors: T.P Boyer and T. Suzuki, on behalf of the IQuOD Project Team (including SCOR working group 148 and IOC/IODE SG-IQuOD). Tokyo, 19-22 February 2019.
Abstract submission to OCEANOBS’19 (26 June 2019) for poster presentation.
Invited US CLIVAR webinar, Simon Good on behalf of the IQuOD team: https://www.dropbox.com/s/gx57e2rtbz3w1h6/IQuOD_CLIVAR_webinar_20190711.pdf?dl=0
IQuOD engagement with users through peer-reviewed community white papers (OCEANOBS’19)
Ocean data Goni, Gustavo J., Janet Sprintall, Francis Bringas, Lijing Cheng, Mauro Cirano, Shenfu Dong, Ricardo Domingues, Marlos Goes, Hosmay Lopez, Rosemary Morrow, Ulises Rivero, Thomas Rossby, Robert E. Todd, Joaquin A. Trinanes, Nathalie Zilberman, Molly Baringer, Timothy Boyer, Rebecca Cowley, Catia Domingues, Katherine Hutchinson, Martin Kramp, Mauricio Mata, Franco Reseghetti, Charles Sun, Udaya Bhaskar TVS, Denis Volkov, 2019. More than 50 years of successful continuous temperature section measurements by the Global Expendable Bathythermograph Network, its integrability, societal benefits, and future. Frontiers in Marine Science 6:437, section Ocean Observation. Review. DOI=10.3389/fmars.2019.00452. Manuscript ID: 433073. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2019.00452/full
Ocean reanalyses Storto, Andrea, Aida Alvera-Azcárate, Magdalena Alonso Balmaseda, Alexander Barth, Matthieu Chevallier, Francois Counillon, Catia M. Domingues, Marie Drévillon, Yann Drillet, Gaël Forget, Gilles Garric, Keith Haines, Fabrice Hernandez, Doroteaciro
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Iovino, Laura C. Jackson, Jean-Michel Lellouche, Simona Masina, Michael Mayer, Peter Robin Oke, Stephen G. Penny, Andrew K. Peterson, Chunxue Yang, Hao Zuo, 2019. Ocean reanalyses: Recent advances and unsolved challenges. Frontiers in Marine Science, section Ocean Observation. Mini Review. Manuscript ID: 433756. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2019.00418/full
Penny, Stephen G., Santha Akella, Magdalena A. Balmaseda, Philip Browne, James A. Carton, Matthieu Chevallier, Francois Counillon, Catia Domingues et al., 2019. Observational Needs for Improving Ocean and Coupled Reanalysis, S2S Prediction, and Decadal Prediction. Front. Mar. Sci. 6:391. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2019.00391. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2019.00391/full
Earth, ocean climate and sea level Meyssignac B., Boyer T., Zhao Z., Hakuba M.Z., Landerer F., Stammer D., Köhl A., Kato S. 7, L’Ecuyer T., Ablain M., Abraham J.P., Blazquez A., Cazenave A., Church J., Cowley R., Cheng L.J., Domingues C., et al., 2019 (accepted). Measuring Global Ocean Heat Content to estimate the Earth Energy Imbalance. Frontiers in Marine Science, section Ocean Observation. Mini Review. Manuscript ID: 435756. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2019.00432/full Ponte Rui M., Carson Mark, Cirano Mauro, Domingues Catia M., Jevrejeva Svetlana, Marcos Marta, Mitchum Gary, van de Wal R. S. W., Woodworth Philip L., Ablain Michaël, Ardhuin Fabrice, Ballu Valérie, Becker Mélanie, Benveniste Jérôme, Birol Florence, Bradshaw Elizabeth, Cazenave Anny, De Mey-Frémaux P., Durand Fabien, Ezer Tal, Fu Lee-Lueng, Fukumori Ichiro, Gordon Kathy, Gravelle Médéric, Griffies Stephen M., Han Weiqing, Hibbert Angela, Hughes Chris W., Idier Déborah, Kourafalou Villy H., Little Christopher M., Matthews Andrew, Melet Angélique, Merrifield Mark, Meyssignac Benoit, Minobe Shoshiro, Penduff Thierry, Picot Nicolas, Piecuch Christopher, Ray Richard D., Rickards Lesley, Santamaría-Gómez Alvaro, Stammer Detlef, Staneva Joanna, Testut Laurent, Thompson Keith, Thompson Philip, Vignudelli Stefano, Williams Joanne, Williams Simon D. P., Wöppelmann Guy, Zanna Laure, Zhang Xuebin, 2019. Towards Comprehensive Observing and Modeling Systems for Monitoring and Predicting Regional to Coastal Sea Level. Front. Mar. Sci. 6: 437. DOI=10.3389/fmars.2019.00437 https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2019.00437/full
3. Documents published since previous report to SCOR (e.g., peer-reviewed journal articles, reports, Web pages) and should be limited to publications that resulted directly from WG activities and which acknowledge SCOR support
Leahy, Thomas P, Francesc Pons Llopis, Matthew D Palmer, Niall H Robinson, 2018. Using Neural Networks to Correct Historical Climate Observations. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 35, 10, 2053-2059. https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-18-0012.1.
Updates to code repository on the AutoQC GitHub webpage: https://github.com/IQuOD/AutoQC
Goni et al., 2019. More than 50 years of successful continuous temperature section measurements by the Global Expendable Bathythermograph Network, its integrability, societal benefits, and future. Frontiers in Marine Science 6:437, section Ocean Observation. Review. DOI=10.3389/fmars.2019.00452. Manuscript ID: 433073. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2019.00452/full.
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Storto et al., 2019 Ocean reanalyses: Recent advances and unsolved challenges. Frontiers in Marine Science, section Ocean Observation. Mini Review. Manuscript ID: 433756. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2019.00418/full.
Ponte et al., 2019. Towards Comprehensive Observing and Modeling Systems for Monitoring and Predicting Regional to Coastal Sea Level. Front. Mar. Sci. 6: 437. DOI=10.3389/fmars.2019.00437 https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2019.00437/full
4. Progress toward achieving group’s terms of reference. List each term of reference separately and describe progress on each one. Limit 1000 words
SCOR WG 148 proposal: Copy
1. To develop, implement and document algorithms for assignment of “intelligent” metadata – i.e. an informed guess as to likely values for missing information – for temperature profiles where crucial metadata is missing.
I-metadata classification underpinned by neural networks (Leahy et al., 2018) and ensemble machine learning approaches (in progress).
Palmer et al (2018) paper describing the IQuOD v0.1 intelligent metadata algorithm has been published in Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology. These metadata assignments have been included in the v0.1 IQuOD database (published March 2018).
2. To evaluate and document the most effective combination of automated quality control (AutoQC) procedures for temperature profile observations. International collaboration will be required for the design and coordination of benchmarking experiments using high quality reference datasets.
3. To establish and implement a set of optimal automated quality control procedures, by reaching international community consensus and using the knowledge gained in the benchmarking tests from ToR-2 (above); to produce and publish a reference guide for best practices in automated quality control of ocean temperature profiles; and to develop and freely distribute an open-source quality control software toolkit to promote wide and rapid adoption of best practices by the oceanographic community.
Combined response for ToRs 2 and 3:
57 AutoQC tests from six different institutions have been implemented and are freely available from the GitHub respository: https://github.com/IQuOD/AutoQC
Progress has been made improving the software infrastructure and code to assess the performance of AutoQC combinations to yield best combination of tests for a given false positive rate. A first assessment of best combinations has been carried out on the QuOTA dataset (Gronnel and Wijffels, 2016, https://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/full/10.1175/JTECHO539.1). Quality control checks and benchmarking metrics code were written in Python and are available from our Github. Can be used by anyone. Python reader for World Ocean Database ASCII data also available. All code continues to be made available in real-time via the GitHub repository. Analysis of AutoQC tests has begun and will form the basis of a scientific paper.
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Benchmarking results and validation tests for the AutoQC tests from different institutions were produced and briefly presented in a U.S. CLIVAR webinar by Simon Good. Further evaluations and larger IQuOD discussion are planned during our next SCOR-IODE IQuOD workshop (IFREMER, October 2019). Next step will be to agree on the optimal set of Auto QC tests to be used for the quality flags for the next IQuOD interim data product release.
4. To examine and document the feasibility of machine learning and other novel computational methods for enhanced quality control, to potentially minimize labor costs associated with human expert quality control procedures.
Machine learning approaches are being used as part of the AutoQC benchmarking exercise (e.g., the CoTeDe “fuzzy logic” test). Machine learning approaches are also being investigated for future assignment of XBT intelligent metadata (iMeta). A paper on applying a neural network approach to iMeta has been published in Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology (Leahy et al., 2018) with a more comprehensive intercomparison of various Machine Learning approaches underway at the UK Met Office.
Initial evaluation of a GUI tool from Guilherme Castelão (see diagram below) through performing the QC of the profiles and feedback for improving the interface. QC of certain number of profiles each day manually, so that the data will be cleaned and be available for the IQuOD data product release.
5. To develop, implement and document internationally agreed best practice methods for assignment of uncertainty estimates to each temperature observation.
A first approach to assignment of uncertainty to each temperature observation was incorporated into the IQuOD v0.1 dataset. We now aim to devise further refinements for the next dataset version.
6. To freely disseminate (interim) versions of the IQuOD global temperature profile database (and added value-products) as it evolves over the next 3 years, in user-friendly file formats.
Release of the next interim IQuOD dataset version will include refinements to both uncertainty assignment and i-metadata. Major advance will be inclusion of quality flags based on the agreed optimal AutoQC procedures. File format will follow previous version (based upon the widely used Argo 2-23
NetCDF format). Next IQuOD dataset version will be available from various mirror-sites (UK, USA, China, Japan, Australia, etc).
7. To share knowledge and transfer skills in instrumentation, regional oceanography, quality control procedures and data stewardship with international scientists in both developed and developing nations.
Knowledge transfer activities are reflected by involvement of IQuOD members in a range of OCEANOBS’19 white papers from different user communities (e.g., observations, reanalyses, climate science) as well as through dissemination/discussions via relevant meetings (e.g., keynote and poster presentations) and via Slack/GitHub (task team activities and code repository) in addition to annual SCOR/IODE workshops.
5. WG activities planned for the coming year. Limit 500 words
Annual SCOR/IODE IQuOD workshop planned for 28 October - 1 November 2019, IFREMER, Brest, France. Host: Loic PETIT DE LA VILLEON [email protected] Optimal AutoQC software and preparation of a related peer-reviewed paper. Progressing machine learning based community expert quality control via a cloud-based user interface https://expertqc.castelao.net Release next interim IQuOD dataset, with refined uncertainties, i-metadata and quality flags based on optimal AutoQC.
6. Is the group having difficulties expected in achieving terms of reference or meeting original time schedule? If so, why, and what is being done to address the difficulties Limit 200 words
In general, there has been a delay in the original time schedule by some months to accommodate higher than normal working schedules in 2018/19 and a long-term service leave.
7. Any special comments or requests to SCOR. Limit 100 words.
Although we were planning to submit a 4-year IQuOD-related project proposal for the Australian Research Council – Linkage Projects in December 2018. We were unable to match the overall required cash contributions (despite SCOR support). New avenues will continue to be explored. Technical focus will be on data rescue and Expert Quality Control activities.
Additional information can be submitted and will be included in the background book for the SCOR meeting at the discretion of the SCOR Executive Committee Reporter for the WG and the SCOR Secretariat.
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2.1.6 WG 150: Translation of Optical Measurements into particle Content, Aggregation and Transfer (TOMCAT) Burkill (2015)
Chair: Sari Giering (UK)
Other Full Members1: Klas Ove Möller (Germany), Sünnje Basedow (Norway), Lionel Guidi (France), Morten Iversen (Germany), Andrew McDonnell (USA), Adrian Burd (USA), Catarina Marcolin (Brazil), Sandy Thomalla (South Africa), and Tom Trull (Australia)
Associate Members: Emma Cavan (UK), Uta Passow (USA), George Jackson (USA), Nathan Briggs (France), Dhugal Lindsay (Japan), and Lou Darroch (UK)
Terms of Reference2 1. Compare current devices that optically measure particles and document the advantages and disadvantages of each device. 2. Inter-calibrate the outputs of different devices and/or highlight calibration difficulties. 3. Define key parameters to use for interpretation of the optical information and decide which measurements are most important for characterizing particle export. 4. Improve techniques/algorithms for the conversion of optical observation into fluxes. 5. Decide on how to best analyse the increasingly larger data sets. 6. Develop software examples and codes, placed on a public repository. 7. Deposit optical particle data in an internationally recognised database that can be actively added to as new data is collected (to allow for large scale analysis and future data exchange) 8. Advise on future methods to maximize data collection and interpretation
Executive Committee Reporter: Peter Burkill
1 SCOR has asked the group to add another Full Member from a developing country and move one of the following Full Members to Associate Member status. 2 SCOR has asked that the group streamline its terms of reference. 2-25
2.1.7 WG 151: Iron Model Intercomparison Project (FeMIP) Casacuberta Arola (2016)
Co-chairs: Alessandro Tagliabue (UK) and Stephanie Dutkiewicz (USA)
Other Full Members: Tatiana Ilyina (Germany), Kazuhiro Misumi (Japan), Fanny Monteiro (UK), J. Keith Moore (USA), Yeala Shaked (Israel), Marcello Vichi (South Africa), Christoph Völker (Germany), Mustafa Yücel (Turkey)
Associate Members: Olivier Aumont (France), Alex Baker (UK), Philip Boyd (Australia), Fei Chai (China-Beijing), Peter Croot (Ireland), Christel Hassler (Switzerland), Eun Young Kwon (Korea), Jun Nishioka (Japan), Maite Maldonado (Canada), Mark Moore (UK), Andy Ridgwell (USA), Benjamin Twining (USA)
Terms of Reference To identify best practices for minimum complexity representations of the iron cycle in models, with options given for more advanced aspects, and publish the guidance in a peer- reviewed paper. To develop tools for a wide variety of platforms to validate global model results in a standardised way and make these available via a peer-reviewed publication and a website. To facilitate a focussed intercomparison of iron models to constrain the impact of varying residence times and a consensus dust deposition scheme and publish the results in a peer- reviewed journal. To review how to represent biological interactions in the iron cycle, the linkages to key phytoplankton species and the interactions with zooplankton and bacteria, as well as broader connections with other biogeochemical cycles and publish the results in a peer- reviewed journal.
Executive Committee Reporter: Nuria Casacuberta Arola
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1. Name of group
Iron Model intercomparison project (FeMIP), SCOR WG 151
2. Activities since previous report to SCOR (e.g., virtual or in-person meetings, email discussions, special sessions). Limit 1000 words
Correspondences via Slack on working group activities.
Review activities for objective 1 have been completed and material for the review paper has been gathered.
Several emails have been exchanged on the model output needed for the activities of Objective 2.
Plans have been made for objective 3 model simulations
Several emails have also been exchanged and a table developed on the physiological components of interest in the iron cycle (Objective 4)
3. Documents published since previous report to SCOR (e.g., peer-reviewed journal articles, reports, Web pages) and should be limited to publications that resulted directly from WG activities and which acknowledge SCOR support
None yet
4. Progress toward achieving group’s terms of reference. List each term of reference separately and describe progress on each one. Limit 1000 words
Objective 1: The working group has put together the materials and finalized a table on the complexity used in various models. An open‐access article is being drafted by Tagliabue.
Objective 2: The working group is in process of obtaining the relevant model fields for model evaluation. We have targeted the specific models and types of fields (Fe, nutrients, oxygen, Chl‐a, temperature and salinity for 10‐year monthly climatologies) that will be most useful. Marcello Vichi has taken the lead of this objective.
Objective 3: Our plans are to use a single model (GENIE) with different assumptions on the solubility, natural versus anthropogenic, depth of deposition, and scavenging particles. These plans wait though on the availability of Andy Ridgwell to have the time to do these simulations.
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Objective 4: Phil Boyd and Stephanie Dutkiewicz have started a table with the main physiological
process that need to be captured in models that are important for iron cycling
5. WG activities planned for the coming year. Limit 500 words
We have submitted a proposal for a session at Ocean Sciences that relates the goals of this working group (Al Tagliabue and Andy Ridgwell)
We plan an internet meeting for each of the 4 objectives over the next few months to jumpstart the process of finishing these items.
We plan for a working meeting at the Ocean Sciences meeting of the WG members to serve as a catalyst for the completion of objectives 1 and 2, and to discuss initial results and finalise plans for objectives 3 and 4. We request funds to accommodate this meeting.
6. Is the group having difficulties expected in achieving terms of reference or meeting original time schedule? If so, why, and what is being done to address the difficulties Limit 200 words
Leads of the group have been over‐committed over this time period, and have not provided sufficient energy to keep the group moving forward at the pace we had hoped. This has arisen largely due to the insertion of unforeseen and time‐sensitive roles taking up significant co‐chair time (e.g., Tagliabue as a lead author on IPCC special report on oceans and cryosphere in a changing climate chapter and summary for policy makers).
We plan to prioritize this SCOR WG more fully in the next year to fulfil the terms of reference
7. Any special comments or requests to SCOR. Limit 100 words.
We would like to request funds for a meeting to be held in conjunction Ocean Sciences 2020. The likely date for this meeting would be 16 February 2020.
Additional information can be submitted and will be included in the background book for the SCOR meeting at the discretion of the SCOR Executive Committee Reporter for the WG and the SCOR Secretariat.
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2.1.8 WG 152: Measuring Essential Climate Variables in Sea Ice (ECV-Ice) (2016) Nomura, McDougall
Co-chairs: Daiki Nomura (Japan), François Fripiat (Belgium), and Brent Else (Canada)
Other Full Members: Bruno Delille (Belgium), Mar Fernandez-Méndez (Norway), Lisa Miller (Canada), Ilka Peeken (Germany), Janne Markus Rintala (Finland), Maria van Leeuwe (Netherlands), and Fan Zhang (China-Beijing)
Associate Members: Katarina Abrahamsson (Sweden), Jeff Bowman (USA), James France (UK), Agneta Fransson (Norway), Delphine Lannuzel (Australia), Brice Loose (USA), Klaus Meiners (Australia), Christopher J. Mundy (Canada), Hyoung Chul Shin (Korea), and Jean-Louis Tison (Belgium)
Terms of Reference
Publish synthetic reviews compiled from measurements demonstrating large, unresolved discrepancies, with a special emphasis on primary production, gas concentrations and fluxes. These detailed reviews will draw on both the literature and unpublished studies to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses related to each methodology. Design and coordinate intercalibration experiments to evaluate different methods for key parameters. In addition to organizing field experiments, we will pursue use of ice tank facilities and stimulate and support applications for funding, at both national and international levels, to further facilite the experiments. If successful, manuscripts will be written and the outcomes will be presented in the guide of best practice to support the recommendations. Design intercomparison studies to facilitate validation and adoption of new technologies for assessing the complexity and heterogeneity of sea ice at various spatial and temporal scales. Create a guide of best practices for biological and biogeochemical studies in the sea-ice environment. This will be accomplished using a web-based forum for compiling and disseminating the outcomes of past and new intercomparison studies.
Executive Committee Reporter: John Turner
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1. Name of group
Working Group 152, Measuring Essential Climate Variables in Sea Ice (ECV-Ice)
2. Activities since previous report to SCOR (e.g., virtual or in-person meetings, email discussions, special sessions). Limit 1000 words
Virtual meeting #1: 11 Oct. 2018, ECV-Ice co-chair meeting, Present: Brent Else, Daiki Nomura, Francois Fripiat.
Virtual meeting #2: 25 Jan. 2019, CO2 flux compilation meeting, Present: Daiki Nomura, Sebastien Moreau
Virtual meeting #3: 19 Apr. 2019, ECV-Ice co-chair meeting, Present: Daiki Nomura, Francois Fripiat.
In-person meeting #1: 17 Jun. 2018, BEPSII and ECV-Ice Meeting, Davos, Switzerland. 10 ECV-ice members: B. Delille, F. Fripiat, K. Meiners, L. Miller, J-L. Tison, M. van Leeuwe, D. Nomura, M. Vichi, J. Bowman, B. Else (Skype).
28 Other participants: S. Moreau, J-M. Rintala, J. Stefels, L. Tedesco, M. Chierici, E. Mortenson, P. Wongpan, G. Castellani, P. Duke, H. Kaartokallio, D. Konig, C. Hauri, M. Frey, I. Peeken, O. Crabeck, K. Campbell, K. Brown, A. Fong, E. Damm, E. Jones, M. Dall’Osto, A. van de Putte, P. Snoeijs, F. Deman, J. Janssens, C. Jacques, F. van der Linden, M. Kotovich
In-person meeting #2: 18 Mar. 2019, CO2 flux compilation meeting at Alfred Wegener Institute, Germany, Present: Daiki Nomura, Bruno Delille
Intercomparison Experiment #1: 23-28 Feb. 2019, Sea ice intercomparion experiment for light measurement in Saroma-ko Lagoon, Hokkaido Japan. Present: D. Nomura, P. Wongpan, T. Toyota, T. Tanikawa, Y. Kawaguchi, T. Ono, T. Ishino, M. Tozawa, T. P. Tamura, I. Yabe, E. Y. Son, F. Vivier, A. Lourenco, M. Lebrun, Y. Nosaka, and M. Vancoppenolle
3. Documents published since previous report to SCOR (e.g., peer-reviewed journal articles, reports, Web pages) and should be limited to publications that resulted directly from WG activities and which acknowledge SCOR support
Peer-reviewed journal article #1: Butterworth, B.J, and Else, B.G.T. 2018.Dried, closed-path eddy covariance method for measuring carbon dioxide flux over sea ice, Atmos. Meas. Tech. 11:6075-6090, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-6075-2018. Peer-reviewed journal article #2: Meiners, K.M., Vancoppenolle M., et al. 2018. Chlorophyll-a in Antarctic land-fast sea ice: a synthesis of historical ice-core data. Geophysical Research: Oceans 123:8444-8459, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JC014245.
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Peer-reviewed journal article #3: Roukaerts, A, Nomura, D, Deman, F, Hattori, H, Dehairs, F, and Fripiat, F. 2019. The effect of melting treatments on the assessment of biomass and nutrients in sea ice (Saroma-ko lagoon, Hokkaido, Japan). Polar Biology 42:347–356. Peer-reviewed journal article #4: Campbell, K, Mundy, C.J, Juhl, A.R, Dalman, L.A, Michel C, Galley R. J, Else B. E, Geilfus N. X and Rysgaard S. Melt Procedure Affects the Photosynthetic Response of Sea Ice Algae. Front. Earth Sci. 7:21. doi: 10.3389/feart.2019.00021, 2019.
Web pages: Updated by Daiki Nomura (https://sites.google.com/view/ecv-ice/).
4. Progress toward achieving group’s terms of reference. List each term of reference separately and describe progress on each one. Limit 1000 words
This working group gathers international experts on chemical and biological measurements in sea ice to design and coordinate required intercomparison and intercalibration experiments. The group is synthesizing the results of past experiments, identifying what types of new experiments are needed, and supporting the community in executing those experiments.
Term of reference (TR) #1: Publish synthetic reviews compiled from measurements demonstrating large, unresolved discrepancies.
We compiled published and unpublished datasets (raw data, methodologies and associated protocols for data correction, instruments, and sampling design) on sea ice-air CO2 flux and in situ primary production from the sea-ice research communities.
(1) Published and unpublished datasets, using various methodologies, have been collated for 13 14 primary production, both in the Arctic and Antarctic sea ice: incubations ( C, O2, C), under-ice microelectrode, and biomass accumulation rates (F. Fripiat, C.J. Mundy, F. Deman, and K. Campbell). The different methods will be compared and a mechanistic understanding of the observed discrepancies will be elaborated. Together, this dataset represents the largest compilation of primary production rates so far in sea ice.
(2) Published and unpublished datasets have been collated to compare gas flux measurements over sea ice using chamber techniques (D. Nomura and B. Else). A preliminary draft of this paper has been completed, and will be discussed at the upcoming ECV-Ice annual meeting in Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
(3) A paper comparing eddy covariance techniques for measuring CO2 fluxes over sea ice was published (Butterworth and Else, 2018, 10.5194/amt-11-6075-2018). This paper showed that the majority of past eddy covariance measurements made with the open and closed path techniques without sample drying are likely contaminated by water vapour fluxes. A planned synthesis of past eddy covariance datasets will not be conducted because of this finding. The results of this finding have been disseminated through the ECV-Ice WG, and are resulting in changes to experimental approaches. 2-31
TR #2: Design and coordinate intercalibration experiments to evaluate different methods for key parameters.
Completed Intercalibration Experiments:
Sea ice light measurement: Saroma-Ko Lagoon, February 2019
Participants: D. Nomura, P. Wongpan, T. Toyota, T. Tanikawa, Y. Kawaguchi, T. Ono, T. Ishino, M. Tozawa, T.P. Tamura, I. Yabe, E.Y. Son, F. Vivier, A. Lourenco, M. Lebrun, Y. Nosaka, and M. Vancoppenolle.
Summary: An intercalibration experiment (two weeks; Lead: D. Nomura) was carried out at Saroma-ko lagoon (Japan) in February 2019 to evaluate different methodologies (sensors) assessing sea-ice over/under ice light measurement. The experiment was successful and peer- reviewed reports (Nomura et al., in prep.) are now being drafted. Draft papers will be discussed at the upcoming ECV-Ice WG meeting.
Planned Intercalibration Experiments:
Gas Concentrations: Roland Von Glasow Air-Sea-Ice Chamber (University of East Anglia) Participants: B. Delille, M. Kotovich, L. Miller, B. Else, M. Thomas, D. Nomura, A. Fransson, J-L. Tison, and O. Crabeck
Summary: An intercalibration experiment is being planned for the University of East-Anglia (September 2019). The purpose is to use the Roland Von Glasgow Air-Sea-Ice Chamber facility to compare all the techniques available to measure gas concentration in sea ice (sampling, processing, storage, and analysis). An application to Eurochamps 2020 transnational access funding has been written (Lead: B. Delille). The procedure will be discussed at the upcoming ECV-Ice annual meeting.
Primary Production and Gas Fluxes: Cambridge Bay, Canada Participants: Brent Else (co-lead), F. Fripiat (co-lead), D. Nomura (co-lead), J. Stefels, M. Van Leeuwe, J. Bowman, C.J. Mundy, J.-M. Rintala, M. Fernandez-Mendez, F. Deman, A.-J. Cavagna, N. Kanna, etc.
At the upcoming ECV-Ice WG meeting in Winnipeg (August 2019), we will continue to discuss (logistic, funding) the possibility to perform a large-scale intercalibration experiment in Cambridge Bay, in the new Canadian High Arctic Research Station, operated by Polar Knowledge Canada (POLAR). Recent developments in this coordination include an upcoming meeting of the Japanese Polar Institute with POLAR (July 2019), which will be attended by three ECV-Ice WG representatives (Else, Nomura, and a representative from Mundy’s lab). We will attempt to do this experiment in 2021 (late March-early April), in order to target the sea-ice algal bloom in an ascending phase.
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The purpose of this experiment is to compare all the techniques available to date to measure primary production (GPP, NPP, NCP) in sea ice (2-3 weeks): biomass/chl-a accumulation, under-ice eddy covariance, under-ice microelectrodes, isotopic tracer incubations (14C & 13C), O2:Ar ratio, PI curve, and PAM fluorescence. We will also assess the most suitable tracer incubation protocols for general metabolic rate determinations in sea ice (e.g., bacterial production, nutrient transformations). That is, how to collect a representative in-situ sea-ice microbial community and to ensure tracer homogenization within the brine network prior incubation (e.g., direct vs. buffered melting, …). It was also noted that the experiment could be extended to include other inter-calibrations. Other suggested intercalibration include bacterial production, DNA/RNA, bacterial abundance, light measurements, nutrients, biomass, taxonomy, storage of ice cores for later analysis. A special emphasis will be also dedicated to solve the nutrient-chlorophyll paradox in productive sea ice. We are open to accommodating this, although we may run into logistical problems if there are too many people.
For gas (CO2) fluxes over sea ice, we will compare with eddy covariance techniques developed by Butterworth and Else (2018) and enclosure chamber technique at same site and same period. We will also compare all the techniques available to date to measure gas concentration in sea ice (sampling, processing, storage, and analysis) to check for natural sea ice to compare with the upcoming experiment in the Roland Von Glasgow Air-Sea-Ice Chamber facility.
TR #3: Design intercomparison studies to facilitate validation and adoption of new technologies for assessing the complexity and heterogeneity of sea ice at various spatial and temporal scales.
We will try to merge as much as possible the future intercalibration experiments with emerging technologies.
TR #4: Create a guide of best practices for biological and biogeochemical studies in the sea- ice environment.
Based on the information available at this time, we will start to create a guide of best practices hosted on the ECV-Ice website as a living document. The first entry will be the Miller et al. (2015) methodological review from SCOR WG 140, and the results of additional methods evaluations and intercalibrations will be added, as they become available.
5. WG activities planned for the coming year. Limit 500 words
Virtual meetings: Expect to meet 2-3 times to discuss updates and working plans for the different terms of reference. F. Fripiat, B. Else, and D. Nomura and other members. 2-3 meetings are expected to discuss about each data collation related to TR1 (primary production and sea ice-air CO2 exchange).
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In-person meeting: Aug. 2019, ECV-Ice WG Meeting with BEPSII, Winnipeg, Canada. ECV- ice members and others. We will discuss progress on the terms of reference (present the data collations (TR2), pursue the elaboration of intercalibration experiments (TR #1 and #3), including reviewing results of primary production and light experiment in Saroma and plans for the gas concentration at UEA, 2019 and primary production and gas flux at Cambridge Bay, 2021.
Intercalibration experiment on gas concentrations: We will conduct an intercalibration experiment at the UEA ice-tank facility in fall 2019. EUROCHAMP 2020 funding will available for this intercalibration experiment. The funding will cover travel expenses for 1-3 international participants, and the costs of operating the facility. We will run at least one ice-growth experiment (~10 days). If feasible, a second experiment at a different temperature will be conducted.
6. Is the group having difficulties expected in achieving terms of reference or meeting original time schedule? If so, why, and what is being done to address the difficulties Limit 200 words
At this point, we appear to be on track, with a number of activities to forward the terms of reference.
7. Any special comments or requests to SCOR. Limit 100 words.
We would like to express heartfelt thanks for financial and technical supports. We would be very interested in any advice SCOR could provide on additional possible sources of support for more scientists to be able to directly participate in the intercalibration experiments.
Photo taken during Annual ECV-Ice Meeting (D. Nomura)
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2.1.9 WG 153: Floating Litter and its Oceanic TranSport Analysis and Modelling (FLOTSAM) Martinez Vicente, Myers (2017)
Chair: Stefano Aliani (Italy)
Vice-Chairs: Nikolai Maximenko (USA), Kara Lavender Law (USA), and Erik van Sebille (Netherlands)
Other Full Members: Bertrand Chapron (France), Irina Chubarenko (Russia), Atsuhiko Isobe (Japan), Victor Martinez-Vicente (UK), Peter Ryan (South Africa), Won Joon Shim (South Korea), and Martin Thiel (Chile)
Associate Members: Melanie Bergmann (Germany), Yi Chao (USA), Baylor Fox-Kemper (USA), Denise Hardesty (Australia), Tobias Kukulka (USA), Laurent Lebreton (New Zealand), Christophe Maes (France), and Miguel Morales Maqueda (UK)
Terms of Reference
Identify gaps in our knowledge of the near-surface ocean dynamics that may affect litter distribution and transport. Improve future marine litter modelling capabilities. Evaluate existing and emerging remote sensing technologies that can be applied to marine litter in the open ocean. Improve awareness of the scientific understanding of marine debris, based on better observations and modelling results.
Executive Committee Reporter: Paul G. Myers
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1. Name of group Floating Litter and its Oceanic TranSport Analysis and Modelling (FLOTSAM)
2. Activities since previous report to SCOR (e.g., virtual or in-person meetings, email discussions, special sessions). Limit 1000 words The first meeting of SCOR WG 153 FLOTSAM was in San Diego (USA) before the 6th International Marine Debris Conference in March 2018. After the meeting and the sessions chaired at the conference, relevant discussions and exchange of ideas continued in subsequent email and phone exchanges throughout the year. Part of the group physically met again during other conferences throughout the year to discuss WG153 topics (see list reported later). The objective of all these meetings was to discuss and sort out the key concepts involved in floating litter transport and to set up a cutting‐edge plan for the FLOTSAM 2019 annual meeting.
The second official WG153 meeting was held in Utrecht (NL) on 6‐9 May 2019. Some partners participated physically and others online by continuous online streaming of the sessions. The program of the meeting is copied below in this report. A fruitful and intensive discussion resulted from the meeting and a draft for a review paper has been prepared and made available online on Google Drive for editing by partners and a selection of relevant invited external experts. Online writing and discussion is ongoing using web platforms and email exchanges. The assembly and writing of the draft is being led by SCOR Vice‐Chair Erik van Sebille, with a final draft anticipated by September 2019.
Introduction and plan of the workshop
Marine plastic debris pollution floating on the surface of our ocean is a major environmental problem. At the same time, plastics are a unique tracer that provides an opportunity to learn more about the dynamics of our ocean across space and time scales. That is the goal of SCOR Working Group 153: Floating Litter and its Oceanic TranSport Analysis and Modelling (FLOTSAM).
The Terms of Reference of the SCOR Working Group are (see also http://scor‐flotsam.it/):
1. Identify gaps in our knowledge of the near‐surface ocean dynamics that may affect litter distribution and transport. 2. Improve future marine litter modelling capabilities. 3. Evaluate existing remote sensing technologies that can be applied to marine litter in the open ocean. 4. Improve awareness of the scientific understanding of marine debris, based on better observations and modelling results.
In the May 2019 workshop, we discussed where the knowledge gaps are, how floating marine debris is transported in our ocean, and how we will synthetize present knowledge in an open‐access focussed review paper.
The workshop had the following detailed objectives and goals:
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Mapping sources and observations of floating plastic across scales. Revisiting the current state of knowledge on the dynamics and ocean phenomena that control the dispersion of floating marine debris; Identifying key knowledge gaps in this dispersion; Aligning these knowledge gaps with ongoing and planned international projects; Recommending future research directions, to address the knowledge gaps; Writing a review paper on the findings of the workshop.
The workshop started with very short introductions of the participants. There were no slides for this, just introduction of people and research interests in 2 minutes per person.
The rest of day 1 was a plenary session discussing the objectives and goals stated above, and agreeing on terminology and the scope of the review paper. One or two figures that were relevant to the goals and aims were used to kickstart discussions. These figures were from published or unpublished work.
On days 2 and 3, the session broke into smaller groups to work on different sections of the review paper and we ended with a preliminary draft ready at the end of the workshop. We plan to submit the review by the end of summer 2019.
An excellent group of people with expertise in so many aspects of oceanic dispersion gathered together and focussed on WG 153 ToRs. The names of SCOR WG members are highlighted in the following table. The other scientists participated as ad hoc external experts at their own costs.
Detailed Meeting Agenda
Meeting was at Minnaert Building (Mezzanine), Leuvenlaan 4, 3584 CE Utrecht
Day 1: Tuesday 7 May
09:30 Registration with coffee and tea 10:00 Welcome and introduction to the workshop 10:30 2‐minute introductions by each participant (no slides) 11:30 Plenary discussion on most relevant processes/dynamics for dispersion of floating debris. Participants can show a figure that they brought (as a slide) 12:30 Lunch 13:30 Continued plenary discussion 15:00 Afternoon tea break 15:30 Continued plenary discussion 17:00 End for Day 1
19:00 Workshop Dinner at De Rechtbank
Day 2: Wednesday 8 May 2-37
09:30 Organise into break‐out groups scoping sections of the paper 10:30 Morning coffee break 11:00 Continue into break‐out groups to write sections 12:30 Lunch 13:30 Continue into break‐out groups to write sections 15:00 Afternoon tea break 15:30 Plenary update of progress in break‐out groups 17:00 End for Day 2
Day 3: Thursday 8 May
09:30 Organise into new break‐out groups scoping sections of the paper 10:30 Morning coffee break 11:00 Continue into break‐out groups to write sections 12:30 Lunch 13:30 Plenary wrap‐up and task assignment for continued writing review 15:30 Afternoon tea break and end of workshop
List of participants in Utrecht
1. Stefano Aliani 2. Kara Lavender Law 3. Nikolai Maximenko 4. Erik van Sebille 5. Irina Chubarenko 6. Atsuhiko Isobe 7. Victor Martinez‐Vicente 8. Martin Thiel 9. Miguel Morales Maqueda 10. Charlotte Laufkoetter 11. Bart Koelmans 12. Matt Hoffman 13. Philippe Delandmeter 14. David Wichmann 15. Mikael Kaandorp 16. Paolo Corradi 17. Shungu Garaba 18. Marie‐Helene Rio 19. Matthias Egger 20. Lonneke Goddijn‐Murphy 21. Ton van den Bremer 22. Ernesto Rodriguez 23. Giuseppe Suaria 24. Cleo Jongedijk
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25. Lilia Khatmullina 26. Jose Alsina 27. Delphine Lobelle 28. Laurent Lebreton 29. Andrei Bagaev
List of participants remotely joining
1. Baylor Fox‐Kemper 2. Peter Ryan 3. Andres Cozar 4. Christophe Maes 5. Tobias Kukulka
3. Documents published since previous report to SCOR (e.g., peer-reviewed journal articles, reports, Web pages) and should be limited to publications that resulted directly from WG activities and which acknowledge SCOR support The website http://scor‐flotsam.it has been regularly updated. It is hosted on GitHub and CNR servers and administrated by E. Van Sebille. WG 153 is also hosted in SCOR website (https://scor‐ int.org/group/153/.
FLOTSAM participants presented and discussed the outcome of the fist WG153 workshop at conferences worldwide and some papers have been submitted or drafted in 2018 ‐2019.
In June 2018, in Akureyri (IS), Stefano Aliani, chair of WG153 and other SCOR members were involved in the activities of the Arctic Council working group PAME. The main topic was to discuss about a desktop study of marine litter in the Arctic. New findings have been presented also relevant for FLOTSAM.
Also in June 2018, Erik van Sebille, vice‐chair of WG153, gave the keynote presentation at the UK Challenger Society biannual conference in Newcastle, UK. He presented the aims and objectives of WG153 to the UK oceanographic community.
In August 2018, Kara Lavender Law gave a webinar hosted by the American Chemical Society entitled, “Ocean Plastics Pollution: Sources, Distribution and Impacts” in which the aims of WG153 were discussed.
Kara Lavender Law presented seminars at University of South Florida, College of Marine Science (Oct. 2018), University of Maine, School of Marine Sciences (Feb. 2019), Northeastern University, Marine Science Center (Mar. 2019) entitled, “Ocean Plastics: Trash, Tracer and Environmental Threat” in which the aims of WG153 were discussed. 2-39
In October 2018, Kara Lavender Law and Nikolai Maximenko attended the Plastic Awareness Global Initiative (PAGI): Ocean Science Workshop at Scripps Institution of Oceanography (La Jolla, CA), in which they discussed aims and contributions of WG153 with other invited experts.
In November 19‐23th 2018 many partners met at Micro 2018 conference in Lanzarote (ES). Conference proceedings report partners’ contribution https://micro2018.sciencesconf.org/.
In February 2019 in Rome (IT), Stefano Aliani, chair of WG153, provided SCOR expertise to the workshop on Floating Marine Macro Litter monitoring chaired by Georg Hanke, European Commission Joint Research Centre Directorate D Sustainable Resources and organized by the MEDSEALITTER project and the JRC.
In February 2019 in Frascati (ESA‐ESRIN), Erik van Sebille and Nikolai Maximenko (invited), vice‐chairs of WG153, spoke at the World Ocean Circulation User Consultation Meeting about physical processes controlling drift of marine debris.
In April 2019, Erik van Sebille, vice‐chair of WG153, gave a keynote presentation about floating litter at the European Geosciences Union’s General Assembly in Vienna, Austria. There, he explained the goals and objectives of WG 153 to a broad audience of geoscientists, raising the profile of the workgroup.
On May 14th, 2019 the session A4.01 at the ESA Living Planet Symposium in Milan was chaired by Stefano Aliani and Paolo Corradi from SCOR WG 153. The session was about multisensor approaches to marine litter detection and included 13 contributions, 6 were oral contributions and 7 posters.
In May 2019, Nikolai Maximenko was invited to NSF‐sponsored workshop on Post‐Disaster Materials and Environmental Management, held in Washington DC. He also co‐organized or presented relevant materials at NASA Biodiversity and Ecological Forecasting Team meetings (April 2018 and May 2019, Washington DC), NASA Ocean Surface Topography Science Team Meeting (September 2018, Azores, Portugal), and Conference on Mesoscale and Submesoscale Processes (November 2018, Moscow, Russia).
A special session on WG153 topics has been organized at IAPSO/IUGG Assembly in Montreal, 10‐17 July 2019. Leading author is Erik van Sebille. http://iapso.iugg.org/. Only preparatory work is reported here as the meeting hasn’t started yet.
A breakout session at OceanObs’19 in Honolulu 16‐20 September 2019 has been organised, with Nikolai Maximenko being a Co‐chair. http://www.oceanobs19.net/. Only preparatory work and submission of proceedings are reported here as the meeting hasn’t started yet.
Proposal for a session dedicated to FLOTSAM ToRs has been submitted to the 2020 Ocean Sciences meeting in San Diego by Kara Lavender Law and other FLOTSAM chairs.
Papers Maximenko, N., P. Corradi, K. L. Law, E. Van Sebille, S. P. Garaba, R. S. Lampitt, F. Galgani, V. Martinez‐Vicente, L. Goddijn‐Murphy, J. M. Veiga, R. C. Thompson, C. Maes, D. Moller, C. R. Löscher, A. M. Addamo, M. Lamson, L. R. Centurioni, N. Posth, R. Lumpkin, M. Vinci, A. M.
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Martins, C. D. Pieper, A. Isobe, G. Hanke, M. Edwards, I. P. Chubarenko, E. Rodriguez, S. Aliani, M. Arias, G. P. Asner, A. Brosich, J. T. Carlton, Y. Chao, A.‐M. Cook, A. B. Cundy, T. S. Galloway, A. Giorgetti, G. J. Goni, Y. Guichoux, L. Haram, B. D. Hardesty, N. Holdsworth, L. Lebreton, H. A. Leslie, I. Macadam‐Somer, T. Mace, M. Manuel, R. Marsh, E. Martinez, D. Mayor, M. Le Moigne, M. E. M. Jack, M. C. Mowlem, R. W. Obbard, K. Pabortsava, B. Robberson, A.‐E. Rotaru, G. Ruiz, M. T. Spedicato, M. Thiel, A. Turra, C. Wilcox, Towards the Integrated Marine Debris Observing System (IMDOS), (accepted by Frontiers magazine).
In the paper, we review the properties and impacts of different types of marine debris, as well as techniques and technologies that are used or can be used in the next decade and beyond, while providing our vision of how direct observation, remote sensing, and numerical modelling can be integrated to compose a global observing system. With this paper, we aim to stimulate establishment of a best‐practice‐guide as well as optimization and expansion of the existing observational network to the Integrated Marine Debris Observing System (IMDOS) to improve the coverage of important areas of the ocean and to increase the accuracy of estimates and products.
It's a relevant wide effort, coordinated by SCOR co‐chair Nikolai Maximenko, to prepare a global observing system for plastic at sea. A network of in situ observations, including reports from volunteers, citizen scientists and ships of opportunity, will be developed to provide data for calibration/validation of remote sensors and to monitor the spread of plastic pollution and other marine debris. IMDOS will interact with other observing systems monitoring physical, chemical, and biological processes in the ocean and on shorelines as well as state of the ecosystem, maritime activities and safety, drift of sea ice, etc.
Martinez‐Vicente, V., J. Clark, P. Corradi, S. Aliani, M. Arias, M. Bochow, G. Bonnery, M. Cole, A. Cozar, R. Donnelly, F. Echevarria, S. P. Garaba, L. Goddijn‐Murphy, L. Lebreton, H. A. Leslie, P. Lindeque, N. Maximenko, F. Martin‐Lauzer, D. Moller, P. Murphy, L. Palombi, V. Raimondi, J. Reisser, L. Romero, Stefan Simis, S. Sterckx, R. C. Thompson, K. N. Topouzelis, E. van Sebille, J. M. Veiga, D. Vethaak. Measuring marine plastic debris from space: initial observation requirements, Remote Sensing of Environment (under review).
In this manuscript, we make initial steps towards the potential design of remote sensing system for marine debris by 1) identifying the properties of marine plastic debris amenable to remote sensing methods and 2) highlighting the oceanic processes relevant to scientific questions about marine plastic debris. Remote sensing approaches are reviewed and matched to the optical properties of marine plastic debris and the relevant scales of observation to identify challenges and opportunities in the field.
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4. Progress toward achieving group’s terms of reference. List each term of reference separately and describe progress on each one. Limit 1000 words The WG made relevant progresses toward objective through meeting, sessions at scientific congresses, email exchanges and Skype calls.
TOR1 ‐ Identify gaps in our knowledge of the near‐surface ocean dynamics that may affect litter distribution and transport
During the year and at the workshop in Utrecht participants discussed and agreed on a list of relevant oceanographic processes affecting marine litter distribution and transport. Processes that at the present state of knowledge have been listed and ranked according to their relevance for marine debris studies. In the review paper under preparation, some Chapters relevant to ToR1 have been included.
TOR 2 ‐ Improve future marine litter modelling capabilities
The current state of modelling of marine debris has been discussed in different occasions and summarised in Utrecht. In the review paper under preparation, some Chapters relevant to ToR2 have been included.
TOR3 ‐ Evaluate existing and emerging remote sensing technologies that can be applied to marine litter in the open ocean
The community white paper already submitted to OceanObs19 in Hawaii has been presented and briefly discussed, and we discussed the first results of 2 ESA funded projects related to remote sensing of marine debris on the shoreline and in the open ocean. In the review paper under preparation, some Chapters relevant to ToR3 have been included.
TOR4 ‐ Improve awareness of the scientific understanding of marine debris, based on better observations and modelling results.
FLOTSAM website has been updated. Participants of WG153 chaired sessions at several conferences and in many institutions; among them ESA, East China Normal University (Shanghai).
Communication with media and interviews with newspapers. The WG member Martin Thiel presented a comprehensive outreach activity dedicated to students, school teachers and public on marine debris currently running in S. America and prepared in collaboration with German Institutions. A proposal for funds dedicated to translation in other languages is under consideration.
Kara Lavender Law gave six presentations to public audiences, including Quissett Harbor Preservation Trust (Falmouth, MA, Jul. 2018); Eckerd College (St. Petersburg, FL, Oct. 2018); Falmouth Forum (Falmouth, MA, Jan. 2019); Franklin and Marshall College (Lancaster, PA, Apr. 2019); Avenues: The World School (New York, NY, Apr. 2019) and University of Connecticut, Avery Point (Groton, CT, Apr. 2019). She was also a panelist in a keynote plenary discussion at the Solid Waste Association of North America SWANApalooza conference (Boston, MA, Feb. 2019), and in a “Science on the Hill” event
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convened by Scientific American and Nature Springer (Washington, DC, Jun. 2019). She has also been a guest in multiple graduate, undergraduate, high school and elementary school classes to talk about ocean plastics.
5. WG activities planned for the coming year. Limit 500 words
The venue for the next FLOTSAM annual workshop hasn’t been officially decided yet. Russia and Japan expressed their interest to host the last meeting and the group will take the final decision as soon as some logistical and cost information is available. The topics and the agenda of the last workshop will be drafted later.
WG 153 members plan to attend the following Conferences in 2019 and 2020
IUGG – July 2019, Montreal OceanObs19 – Sep. 2019, Honolulu Ocean Science ‐Feb 2020 San Diego SCAR workshop on plastic in Antarctica, 28‐30 October, University of Hull UK
WG participant will lead a session at IUGG/IAPSO meeting in Montreal, focussing on the Role of ocean processes in the transport and fate of floating plastic litter in the ocean and shelf‐seas: theory, modelling and observations.
A number of papers about outcomes of WG153 workshop are going to be submitted to A Virtual Special Issue in Marine Pollution Bulletin, dedicated to IMDC. Special Issue content will be published in regular issues of Marine Pollution Bulletin as they are accepted.
A multi‐authored paper lead by Victor Martinez Vicente has been submitted to Frontiers in Marine Science as a Perspective Paper. Towards global remote sensing of marine debris: scientific questions, current capabilities and research needs.
A paper by Wichmann et al (JGR, under revision) directly targets the question of which oceanographic processes are important for the horizontal dispersion of marine plastic litter. This paper has been greatly improved after discussions with WG 153 members, and so the SCOR WG is acknowledged.
6. Is the group having difficulties expected in achieving terms of reference or meeting original time schedule? If so, why, and what is being done to address the difficulties Limit 200 words No difficulties encountered or foreseen to achieve TORs as scheduled.
7. Any special comments or requests to SCOR. Limit 100 words.
Additional information can be submitted and will be included in the background book for the SCOR meeting at the discretion of the SCOR Executive Committee Reporter for the WG and the SCOR Secretariat.
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2.1.10 WG 154: Integration of Plankton-Observing Sensor Systems to Existing Global Sampling Programs (P-OBS) Miloslavich (2017)
Co-chairs: Emmanuel Boss (USA) and Anya Waite (Germany)
Other Full Members: Silvia Acinas (Spain), Ilana Berman-Frank (Israel), Marcela Cornejo (Chile), Katja Fennel (Canada), Heidi Sosik (USA), Sandy Thomalla (South Africa), Julia Uitz (France), and Hidekatsu Yamazaki (Japan)
Associate Members: Sonia Batten (Canada and PICES), Jørgen Berge (Norway), Herve Claustre (France), Gérald Grégori (France), Johannes Karstensen (Germany), Frank Muller- Karger (USA), Anthony Richardson (Australia), Bernadette Sloyan (Australia), and Rik Wanninkhof (USA)
Terms of Reference
General: To identify best practices (technologies and sampling protocols) and technical feasibility to incorporate plankton measurements into global ocean observing platforms (initially GO-SHIP and for expansion into the mooring array of OceanSITES).
Specific:
Identify current technologies (sensors as well as water sample analysis) that can be integrated into existing observing infrastructure to provide input and guide studies of plankton for marine ecosystem and biogeochemistry studies. Provide the necessary details associated with every technology/measurement proposed (e.g., power, cost, and human effort). Document potential applications, including science case studies and lists of publications, and document measurement protocols. Develop adequate protocols when these are not available. Identify synergies with specific measurements done from other observing programs (e.g., BGC-Argo, space-based measurements, Continuous Plankton Recorder surveys) to provide cross-calibration and a better representation of the 4-D distribution of the parameter measured. Identify technological limitations and/or gaps, and identify areas of priority investments to develop and implement the required observation technologies and tools for specific needs. Increase awareness of the availability of biological oceanographic datasets internationally and identify barriers to their access and use, particularly in developing nations.
Executive Committee Reporter: Patricia Miloslavich
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1. Name of group
SCOR Working Group 154 on Integration of Plankton-Observing Sensor Systems to Existing Global Sampling Programs (P-OBS)
2. Activities since previous report to SCOR (e.g., virtual or in-person meetings, email discussions, special sessions). Limit 1000 words This is our 2nd SCOR report.
Using left-over 2018 funds due to low costs of the WG meeting at Ocean Sciences in February we had a meeting of subgroups leads at LOV France last (7-9 Nov. 2018). Our website is up (https://sites.google.com/maine.edu/p-obs/home) and we are in midst of preparation our report to GO-SHIP, for which we will have a draft ready to circulate before our upcoming meeting on the Saturday before the OceanObs19 meeting. We have also been invited to present our recommendation to the U.S. GO-SHIP meeting on the following Sunday and participate in an OCB-led get-together to discuss addition of biological measurements to GO-SHIP and BGC-Argo. This year our members contributed significantly to several OceanObs19 white papers, and in particular to Lombard et al., 2019 which outline a strategy for a holistic plankton sampling strategy.
3. Documents published since previous report to SCOR (e.g., peer-reviewed journal articles, reports, Web pages) and should be limited to publications that resulted directly from WG activities and which acknowledge SCOR support Lombard, Fabien, Boss, Emmanuel, Waite, Anya M., Vogt, Meike, Uitz, Julia, Stemmann, Lars, Sosik, Heidi M., Schulz, Jan, Romagnan, Jean-Baptiste, Picheral, Marc, Pearlman, Jay, Ohman, Mark D., Niehoff, Barbara, Möller, Klas O., Miloslavich, Patricia, Lara- Lopez, Ana, Kudela, Raphael, Lopes, Rubens M., Kiko, Rainer, Karp-Boss, Lee, Jaffe, Jules S., Iversen, Morten H., Irisson, Jean-Olivier, Fennel, Katja, Hauss, Helena, Guidi, Lionel, Gorsky, Gaby, Giering, Sarah L.C., Gaube, Peter, Gallager, Scott, Dubelaar, George, Cowen, Robert K., Carlotti, François, Briseño-Avena, Christian, Berline, Léo, Benoit-Bird, Kelly, Bax, Nicholas, Batten, Sonia, Ayata, Sakina Dorothée, Artigas, Luis Felipe, and Appeltans, Ward, 2019. Globally Consistent Quantitative Observations of Planktonic Ecosystems. Frontiers in Marine Science 6:196. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00196DOI=10.3389/fmars.2019.00196
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4. Progress toward achieving group’s terms of reference. List each term of reference separately and describe progress on each one. Limit 1000 words
Identify current technologies (sensors as well as water sample analyses) that can be integrated into existing observing infrastructure to provide input and guide studies of plankton for marine ecosystem and biogeochemistry studies -- Finalized Provide the necessary details associated with every technology/measurement proposed (e.g., power, cost, and human effort). -- in progress Document potential applications, including science case studies and lists of publications, and document measurement protocols. Develop adequate protocols when these are not available. – in progress Identify synergies with specific measurements done from other observing programs (e.g., BGC-Argo, space-based measurements, Continuous Plankton Recorder surveys) to provide cross-calibration and a better representation of the 4-D distribution of the parameter measured. – Finalized (in Lombard et al., 2019) Identify technological limitations and/or gaps, and identify areas of priority investments to develop and implement the required observation technologies and tools for specific needs. – Finalized (in Lombard et al., 2019) Increase awareness of the availability of biological oceanographic datasets internationally and identify barriers to their access and use, particularly in developing nations. – not started
5. WG activities planned for the coming year. Limit 500 words Draft and then finalize the report for GO-SHIP. Begin draft of report for OceanSites. 2nd in-face meeting of the group, in conjunction with Ocean Obs’19. Begin planning outreach activity.
6. Is the group having difficulties expected in achieving terms of reference or meeting original time schedule? If so, why, and what is being done to address the difficulties Limit 200 words No difficulties at this time.
7. Any special comments or requests to SCOR. Limit 100 words. None
Additional information can be submitted and will be included in the background book for the SCOR meeting at the discretion of the SCOR Executive Committee Reporter for the WG and the SCOR Secretariat.
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2.1.11 WG 155: Eastern boundary upwelling systems (EBUS): diversity, coupled dynamics and sensitivity to climate change Halpern (2017)
Co-chairs: Ruben Escribano (Chile) and Ivonne Montes (Peru)
Other Full Members: Francisco Chavez (USA), Enrique Curchitser (USA), Boris Dewitte (France), Sara Fawcett (South Africa), Salvador Lluch-Cota (Mexico), Baye Cheikh Mbaye (Senegal), Andreas Oschlies (Germany), and Parv Suntharalingam (UK)
Associate Members: Edward Allison (USA), Javier Aristegui (Spain), Xavier Capet (France), Ming Feng (Australia), Iris Kriest (Germany), Eric Machu (France), Ryan Rykaczewski (PICES, USA), Lynne Shannon (South Africa), Damodar Shenoy (India), and Beatriz Yanicelli (Chile)
Terms of Reference
Executive Committee Reporter: David Halpern
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1. Name of group
WG 155 Eastern Boundary Upwelling Systems (EBUS): Diversity, Coupled Dynamics and Sensitivity to Climate Change
2. Activities since previous report to SCOR (e.g., virtual or in-person meetings, email discussions, special sessions). Limit 1000 words
Since January 2018, WG 155 EBUS has been developed: 1. Presentation of SCOR WG at the workshop on “The Effects of Climate Change on the Productivity in CCLME”, 18-20 September 2018, Santa Cruz de Tenerife - Spain. 2. Presentation of SCOR WG at the Taller Bilateral Chile-Perú ‘Intercambio de Experiencias en Oceanografía’, 10 December 2018, Santiago de Chile - Chile. 3. Two online meetings (11 October 2018; 13 February 2019); mainly to organize the summer school and email discussions. 4. Email discussions to organize the review article (under preparation). 5. First in-person meeting that was held in conjunction of the PICES 4th International symposium ECCWO (Jun 3th), meeting report is in attachment. 6. Announcement of Open Science Conference Lima 2021 in different meetings (i.e., Ocean Deoxygenation Conference (Kiel-Germany), Coloquio Internacional ‘El Océano frente a los cambios globales’ (Lima-Perú), Taller Bilateral Chile-Perú (Santiago de Chile - Chile))
3. Documents published since previous report to SCOR (e.g., peer-reviewed journal articles, reports, Web pages) and should be limited to publications that resulted directly from WG activities and which acknowledge SCOR support
SCOR MEMBERS contributions: 1. Develop of SCOR WG webpage http://intranet.igp.gob.pe/scor/preamble.php 2. Garcon, V., B. Dewitte, I. Montes, and K. Goubanova, Section 3.3 Land-Sea-Atmosphere interactions exacerbating ocean deoxygenation, In IUCN, Under review. 3. Montes, I. and Escribano, R. (2018), Una revisión sobre los Sistemas de Bordes orientales: diversidad, dinámica acoplada y sensibilidad al cambio climático, Boletín Técnico "Generación de modelos climáticos para el pronóstico de la ocurrencia del Fenómeno El Niño", Instituto Geofísico del Perú, Junio, Vol. 5, Nº6, 5-9. (Dissemination article). 4. Escribano, R., I.Montes et al., Eastern Boundary Systems (EBUS): What do we know and need to learn to predict their responses to climate change?, Submitted to EOS Journal
4. Progress toward achieving group’s terms of reference. List each term of reference separately and describe progress on each one. Limit 1000 words
Referring to ToR, Deliveries and actions: 1. ToR 1. Discussions are already being established to organize the peer-review publication based on scientific review of current trends and drivers of oceanographic, ecological and socioeconomic properties in EBUS from a propagation of errors on models. Summer school is already organized, this will be held in May 2020 in Dakar, Senegal (proposal in attachment); members are on the way to look for complementary funds. 2. ToR 2. We are evaluating the different platforms already existing (e.g., POMEO, EMODNET, CCLME ECO-GIS viewer) to adopt one or create a new one. 3. ToR 3. Not many advances until now on this TOR.
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4. ToR 4. This will require completing TORs 1-3. The Open Science Conference is about to be organized. Until now we have identified the main partners: IOC is already involved; having as a draft of the organization * Conference Coordinators (e.g., SCOR, IOC, IMBeR, SOLAS, others) * Scientific Steering Committee (e.g., scientists from around the world)
5. WG activities planned for the coming year. Limit 500 words 1. To submit the peer-reviewed publication 2. To discuss and define a second in-person meeting 3. To write the draft proposal of Open Science conference 4. To define the web portal for ToR 2.
6. Is the group having difficulties expected in achieving terms of reference or meeting original time schedule? If so, why, and what is being done to address the difficulties Limit 200 words
Not difficulties yet.
7. Any special comments or requests to SCOR. Limit 100 words.
Our SCOR WG is coordinating activities tightly associated with shared members of other Projects and Panels working on EBUS issues, such as CLIVAR EBUS RF, SOLAS and IMBeR Upwelling WG, as to better define complementary actions and avoid overlapping goals and activities.
Additional information can be submitted and will be included in the background book for the SCOR meeting at the discretion of the SCOR Executive Committee Reporter for the WG and the SCOR Secretariat.
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2.1.12 WG 156: Active Chlorophyll fluorescence for autonomous measurements of global marine primary productivity Yoo (2018)
Co-chairs: David Suggett (Australia) and Philippe Tortell (Canada)
Other Full Members: Aurea Ciotti (Brazil), Tetsuichi Fujiki (Japan), Maxim Gorbunov (USA), Zbignew Kolber (USA), Jacco Kromkamp (Netherlands), Mark Moore (UK), Kevin Oxborough (UK), Nina Schuback (Switzerland), and Sandy Thomalla (South Africa)
Associate Members: Ilana Berman-Frank (Israel), Doug Campbell (Canada), Kim Halsey (USA), Anna Hickman (UK), Yannick Huot (Canada), Ondrej Prasil (Czech Republic), Greg Silsbe (USA), Stefan Simis (UK), and Deepa Varkey (Australia)
Terms of Reference
1. To inter‐compare active Chla induction measurements across instruments and approaches, identifying key aspects of instrument configuration, deployment and parameter acquisition that may introduce variability in retrieved data. 2. To develop, implement and document internationally agreed best practice for data acquisition, standardised output formats and archiving approaches. 3. To develop, implement and document internationally agreed best practice for processing raw fluorescence data to retrieve photosynthetic parameters and primary productivity estimates, taking into account taxonomic and environment factors driving diversity in chlorophyll fluorescence signals in the ocean. From this work we will develop freely available software and documentation to allow non‐specialist users to process fluorescence data according to these best practices. 4. To produce a new synthesis of parallel 14C and active Chla induction measurements that can be used to examine the relationship between these two productivity metrics under a range of field conditions. We will also consider other metrics of Net Primary Production alongside 14C. 5. To develop a global database structure for hosting quality‐controlled active Chla induction measurements, creating standards for data and meta‐data collection, submission and archiving. 6. To build a framework through which in situ active Chla induction data can be used to validate and refine relevant remote sensing measurements (e.g., sun‐induced fluorescence yields). 7. To share knowledge and transfer skills in instrumentation, best practice, quality control and data stewardship with the rapidly expanding user community in developing nations.
Executive Committee Reporter: Sinjae Yoo
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1. Name of group
WG156: Active Chlorophyll fluorescence for autonomous measurements of global marine primary productivity
2. Activities since previous report to SCOR (e.g., virtual or in-person meetings, email discussions, special sessions). Limit 1000 words
This is our first SCOR report.
3. Documents published since previous report to SCOR (e.g., peer-reviewed journal articles, reports, Web pages) and should be limited to publications that resulted directly from WG activities and which acknowledge SCOR support
N/A. This was the first meeting of our working group.
4. Progress toward achieving group’s terms of reference. List each term of reference separately and describe progress on each one. Limit 1000 words
Progress towards each WG milestones throughout 2018-2019 are bulleted as follows (note that our timeline originally proposed was to focus on term of reference i-ii (and to a lesser extent iii) for this year):
i. To inter-compare active Chla induction measurements across instruments and approaches, identifying key aspects of instrument configuration, deployment and parameter acquisition that may introduce variability in retrieved data.
Largely complete. As detailed in “2. Activities…”, the workshop conducted in June consisted of two weeks of discussions and laboratory exercises to address this term of reference. Presentations and discussions from amongst the WG identified the list of factors contributing to variability in retrieved data, including instrument calibration and protocols. Detailed notes from the presentations and discussions were captured in a comprehensive summary document, which will form the basis of a best-practices guide for end-users. We also plan to develop a paper that reviews this material, conducting sensitivity analysis of potential sources of variability on retrieved data. Various commercially available instruments (including ones that will be new to the market soon) were inter-compared using phytoplankton cultures and natural water samples – we therefore produced a comprehensive data set to quantitatively assess how protocols and engineering configurations influence FRRF data retrieval. Building on this activity, several WG members will participate in a second workshop to further explore multispectral protocol issues (this is an existing workshop that is being run in 2020, see “5. WG Activities for the coming year…’).
ii. To develop, implement and document internationally-agreed best practice for data acquisition, standardized output formats and archiving approaches.
In progress. We have produced a large synthesis document from the June workshop that forms the basis of best practice considerations. Additional verification of some of the proposed best practice is underway over the next 6 months. At that stage, this document will be synthesized into a series of chapters (in the form of an e-book) that will begin with a “quick start” guide for best practice followed by a detailed review underpinning these recommendations. All of this will be supported by a decision tree up-front. We discussed 2-51
potential distribution methods, including freely (or low cost) e-book to ensure broad distribution. WG members were each tasked to work on one or more component, with the idea of having draft chapters completed before the next meeting (before the Feb. 2020 OSM meeting in San Diego). iii. To develop, implement and document internationally-agreed best practice for processing raw fluorescence data to retrieve photosynthetic parameters and primary productivity estimates, taking into account taxonomic and environment factors driving diversity in chlorophyll fluorescence signals in the oceans. From this work we will develop freely available software and documentation to allow non-specialist users to process fluorescence data according to these best practices.
Initiated. Several open source software products were developed and examined during the workshop: (i) A beta version already produced for spectral correction of FRRF data was explored during the workshop; (ii) Novel software platforms (likely through JuPyter notebooks) are being developed to treat data from different (current) instruments, convert data to standard formats and process using different physiological models (also reporting the parameters & measures of statistical quality). iv. To produce a new synthesis of parallel 14C and active Chla induction measurements that can be used to examine the relationship between these two productivity metrics under a range of field conditions. We will also consider other metrics of Net Primary Production alongside 14C.
Initiated. Whilst this activity will be addressed predominantly in Year 2, we considered the validity of existing data sets, and discussed approaches for the collection of new data (FRRf, 14C and MIMS) during the June workshop. Importantly, we tested a novel incubation technique 14 (“simultaneous triple incubation” of C, O2 and ETR) that may be proposed as one of several new standards moving forward. Discussions considered future robust measures of carbon uptake (and O2 evolution) for comparative purposes. Manuscripts have been proposed to (a) document the novel triple incubation approach and (b) argue that FRRf-based electron transport rates be considered as central productivity metrics as a means to understand ‘the reducing power of the oceans’. v. To develop a global database structure for hosting quality-controlled active Chla induction measurements, creating standards for data and meta-data collection, submission and archiving.
Initiated. Whilst this activity will be addressed predominantly in year 3, substantial discussions during the June workshop by WG members (alongside invited members from NASA) identified possible databases. Discussions examined required meta-data and formats, and also identified potentially suitable data repositories already in existence. vi. To build a framework through which in situ active Chla induction data can be used to validate and refine relevant remote sensing measurements (e.g. sun-induced fluorescence yields).
Not yet started. To be initiated in years 3-4. That said, we discussed during the workshop exploring the capacity of existing instrumentation (Soliense FRRf) to quantify passively retrieved data (alongside existing ‘active’ protocols) and thus ground-truthing satellite passive fluorescence signatures. We will discuss with NASA how this can feed through to a dedicated funding proposal. vii. To share knowledge and transfer skills in instrumentation, best practice, quality control and data stewardship with the rapidly expanding user community in developing nations.
On-going. In addition to inclusion of several PhD students and early career researchers to the June workshop, we have:
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Initiated a community voice of WG activities, outputs, interests and opportunities via Twitter (@SCOR_WG156) Discussed with key instrument manufacturers possibility of providing some visibility to the WG activities via their existing web sites (similarly, amongst all WG members). Begun to develop proposal for new training workshops in central and south America, potentially through collaboration with the Millennium Institute of Oceanography in Chile. WG chairs spoke with Schmidt Ocean Institute to develop an EOI that would focus on at sea activities linked back to classrooms in Canada, Australia, South Africa etc. Proposed bespoke sessions at high-profile meetings to ensure visibility amongst wider community needed to identify additional opportunities for regional workshops in best practice. Suggett and Tortell will present a 30-minute tutorial session at the upcoming OSM in San Diego, and will chair a dedicated research session (see below).
5. WG activities planned for the coming year. Limit 500 words
Several key activities are planned:
Field campaign deployments of FRRfs (coupled with 14C) have been proposed/already underway: South African WG members (cross-seasonal evaluations of temperate to sub-polar environments), Canadian and U.S. WG members (sub-Arctic & Arctic environmental gradients), Australian and UK members (Atlantic and/or western Pacific environmental gradients. Importantly, these take advantage of developments in year 1 to (a) validate proposed best practice (or further test unknowns needed to inform best practice) – terms of reference i-iii, (b) add novel data sets comparing FRRf-based productivity measures with MIMS, 14C etc. – terms of reference iv.
Year 2 meeting has also been identified: Ocean Sciences 16-21 February 2020 San Diego. This important milestone will be to (i) review and revise the draft best practice documents, as well as advance possible paper submissions from year 1 workshop/field campaigns, (ii) develop the framework for the novel synthesis exercise of 14C (but also other measures) with FRRf, and (iii) initiate the discussions for year 3 milestones. As part of this, we will also be presenting a tutorial presentation “Establishing Active Fluorescence as a Primary Productivity metric for the worlds coasts and oceans”, and also holding a dedicated research session “Active optics to sense marine productivity throughout the world's coasts and oceans”.
Proposal submissions to enhance capacity. Several WG members are planning joint targeted proposal submissions to their respective research councils, to leverage funding for the final 2 years of the WG (post 2020); also an EOI submission to Schmidt Ocean Institute for funding 2021-22. This will specifically leverage the need for key information as identified by the SCOR terms of reference. Key information (knowledge and knowledge gaps, novel data etc.) documented through the year 1 workshop will directly support these submissions.
Additional workshop to re-focus on multispectral FRRf issues. Several WG members (including the instrument manufacturers) have agreed to convene at a second workshop already organized to examine productivity: Lake Erie, Stone Lab Put-in-Bay (https://ohioseagrant.osu.edu/education/stonelab). Whilst the research will be based on work in freshwaters, it will enable a robust test of multispectral FRRf capabilities relevant to coastal waters. This unique opportunity will also further examine FRRf-14C (and other currency) coupling by natural (cyanobacterial) dominated) communities. This further extends capabilities and strengths of terms of reference i-iv for optically complex waters.
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6. Is the group having difficulties expected in achieving terms of reference or meeting original time schedule? If so, why, and what is being done to address the difficulties Limit 200 words
At this stage, there are no problems in achieving terms of reference/time schedules have been identified.
7. Any special comments or requests to SCOR. Limit 100 words.
Additional information can be submitted and will be included in the background book for the SCOR meeting at the discretion of the SCOR Executive Committee Reporter for the WG and the SCOR Secretariat.
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2.1.13 WG 157: Toward a new global view of marine zooplankton biodiversity based on DNA metabarcoding and reference DNA sequence databases (MetaZooGene) (2018) Miloslavich
Chair: Ann Bucklin (USA)
Vice-chairs: K.T.C.A. (Katja) Peijnenburg (Netherlands) and Ksenia Kosobokova (Russia)
Other Full Members: Leocadio Blanco-Bercial (Bermuda), Georgina Cepeda (Argentina), Tone Falkenhaug (Norway), Jenny Huggett (South Africa), Chaolun Li (China-Beijing), Ryuji Machida (China-Taipei), and Todd O'Brien (USA)
Associate Members: Ruben Escribano (Chile), Erica Goetze (USA), Junya Hirai (Japan), Aino Hosia (Norway), Silke Lakmann (Germany), Pennie Lindeque (UK), Maria Grazia Mazzocchi (Italy), Mary Mar Noblezada (Philippines), Naiara Rodriguez-Ezpeleta (Spain), and Agata Weydmann (Poland)
Terms of Reference
1. Create an open-access web portal for DNA barcodes for marine zooplankton 2. Design an optimal DNA barcoding pipeline for marine zooplankton 3. Develop best practices for DNA metabarcoding of marine zooplankton biodiversity
Executive Committee Reporter: Patricia Miloslavich
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1. Name of group
MetaZooGene: Toward a new global view of marine zooplankton biodiversity based on DNA metabarcoding and reference DNA sequence databases
2. Activities since previous report to SCOR (e.g., virtual or in-person meetings, email discussions, special sessions). Limit 1000 words WG157 website: A MetaZooGene project website (see https://metazoogene.org/ ) was created to allow posting of a broad range of informational materials and resources. (See #3 below)
Email questionnaires to WG157 members: Email discussions have been facilitated by creation of a listserv email address including all Full and Associate members. Two comprehensive planning survey questionnaires were sent to all MetaZooGene members; replies were compiled and summarized by the Chair and co-Vice Chairs. This information was used as a basis for planning the first year’s goals and activities, including setting venue and date for the first meeting. This process was used to obtain commitments from WG157 members to attend the first annual meeting, participate in the MetaZooGene Symposium, contribute to a special issue of a journal, and join as co-authors in the first WG157 review paper.
MetaZooGene Symposium Planning: A SCOR-sponsored Symposium is being organized in association with the first annual WG157 meeting. The goal is to create opportunities for new international collaborations and to showcase MetaZooGene research activities. The Symposium, Rediscovering pelagic biodiversity: Progress, promise, and challenges of metabarcoding of microbes to mammals, will be convened by Ann Bucklin (UConn, WG157 chair) and Bengt Karlson (SCOR Sweden Representative), on September 13, 2019 at the Swedish Exhibition & Congress Centre, Gothenburg, Sweden. The Symposium is also associated with UNESCO - Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) and International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) 2019 Annual Science Conference.
3. Documents published since previous report to SCOR (e.g., peer-reviewed journal articles, reports, Web pages) and should be limited to publications that resulted directly from WG activities and which acknowledge SCOR support
WG157 website: A MetaZooGene project website (see https://metazoogene.org/ ) was created to allow posting of a broad range of informational materials and resources. In addition to information about upcoming meetings and workshops, the site offers Recommended Readings (DOI links or PDFs for open-access papers), and a portal for registration and submission of abstracts for the MetaZooGene Symposium (see https://metazoogene.org/symposia ).
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4. Progress toward achieving group’s terms of reference. List each term of reference separately and describe progress on each one. Limit 1000 words 1) Create an open-access web portal for DNA barcodes for marine zooplankton Work has begun on a MetaZooGene review paper, Toward A Global Reference Database of COI Barcodes for Marine Zooplankton, with lead author Ann Bucklin and considerable effort by WG157 member and webmaster Todd O’Brien, who is leading efforts in data collection from all available sources, including co-authors and web resources, including NCBI GenBank and BOLD (Barcode of Life Database). The goal is a comprehensive summary and analysis of COI barcodes available for holopelagic mesozooplankton taxa, organized by ocean region with explicit intent to achieve global coverage. The DNA barcode data and metadata now being assembled for the review paper will be posted to an open-access web portal, which will include deep links to the GenBank records and associated publications. The DNA sequence data will be downloadable for use as a reference sequence database for species identification of marine zooplankton from metabarcoding analysis of environmental samples.
2) Design an optimal DNA barcoding pipeline for marine zooplankton The important issue of ‘best practices’ for barcode data submission and distribution is being discussed as part of design of the MetaZooGene data portal (see Term of Reference 1). The need for a publicly available, taxonomically comprehensive, global DNA barcode database is being addressed during preparation of the review paper. Progress and next steps for this Term of Reference will be discussed and evaluated during the first annual meeting of WG157.
3) Develop best practices for DNA metabarcoding of marine zooplankton biodiversity This topic will be a focus of a structured discussion during the first annual meeting, which will be designed as a WG157 workshop (with opportunities for WG157 members to participate virtually) to review and compare present approaches and best practices for multi-gene DNA barcoding pipelines from bug-to-database.
5. WG activities planned for the coming year. Limit 500 words 1) First MetaZooGene WG157 Meeting The first WG157 meeting will be held in association with the ICES Annual Science Conference in Gothenburg, Sweden, on September 13-14, 2019. The first day is a co- sponsored SCOR-IOC-ICES Symposium: Rediscovering pelagic biodiversity: Progress, promise, and challenges of metabarcoding. We are encouraging participation via working groups of the sponsoring organizations, and are encouraging anyone and everyone interested in the topic to request oral and poster presentations at the MetaZooGene symposium, with abstract submission via the link on this page: http://www.metazoogene.org/symposia/symposium2019.
2) Second MetaZooGene WG157 Meeting The 2020 annual meeting of MetaZooGene will be held in association with the ASLO/AGU/TOS Ocean Sciences Meeting, which is scheduled for February 16-21, 2010 in San Diego, USA. There are several OSM 2020 theme session proposals that relate to MetaZooGene goals, which will allow showcasing ongoing research and encourage broad 2-57 participation among all MetaZooGene members. WG157 chair Ann Bucklin is a member of the OSM 2020 Program Committee, and will be reviewing session proposals.
3) Special Journal Issue for MetaZooGene research We are planning for a special issue of a journal focused on the MetaZooGene research, based on expressions of interest from WG157 members and resulting in part on the Symposium presentations. We will be asking for manuscript submission information during the summer. Manuscripts will be due in late 2019, with a targeted 2020 publication date. We have communicated with editorial staff members from Frontiers in Marine Science and the ICES Journal of Marine Science, and both journals have expressed interest.
4) MetaZooGene review paper The MetaZooGene review paper on COI barcoding of marine holozooplankton, with lead authors Ann Bucklin and Todd O’Brien, and 8 MetaZooGene member co-authors, will provide a taxonomically comprehensive global summary and analysis of COI sequence data, with gap analysis and prioritization of research needs. The review has been invited by an editor of Marine Biology Reviews.
5) Reference database for COI barcodes for marine holozooplankton The DNA barcode data and metadata now being assembled for the review paper (see above) will also be posted to an open-access web portal (see Term of Reference #1). The database will include deep links to the GenBank records and associated publications, and the DNA sequence data will be downloadable for use as a reference sequence database for species identification of marine zooplankton from metabarcoding analysis of environmental samples.
6. Is the group having difficulties expected in achieving terms of reference or meeting original time schedule? If so, why, and what is being done to address the difficulties Limit 200 words No difficulties identified to date.
7. Any special comments or requests to SCOR. Limit 100 words. SCOR is indeed providing the global perspective and infrastructure support that is a primary goal for MetaZooGene WG157 goals and activities!
Additional information can be submitted and will be included in the background book for the SCOR meeting at the discretion of the SCOR Executive Committee Reporter for the WG and the SCOR Secretariat.
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2.2 Working Group Proposals
2.2.1 Roadmap for a Standardised Global Approach to Deep-Sea Biology for the Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development (DeepSeaDecade) Miloslavich
DeepSeaDecade Roadmap for a Standardised Global Approach to Deep-Sea Biology for the Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development
1. Summary The deep-sea remains one of the least known parts of our planet, yet our basic ecological knowledge of this region is limited because of an historical piecemeal approach to research, and significant spatial bias in the data collected (northern hemisphere, developed nations exclusive economic zones). Fundamental ecological data forms the input parameters to all ecosystem models. Our lack of knowledge of the deep sea means it remains the ‘black box’ in global model simulations. The road map for the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development (UN DOSSD) recognises the deficit of deep-sea data and the impact of this on sustainable management of the oceans. It calls on the deep-sea science community to address this deficit under the UN DOSSD. The community have responded by identifying the key questions to be answered and the potential role of new technology in addressing those questions. What is now required is an unprecedented level of global coordination to effect a giant leap in understanding by the end of the UN DOSSD. This working group will 1) develop a global survey and sampling modular design, 2) agree methods and standards for the acquisition of biological data, including potential use of novel technologies, 3) build on the global design with habitat-specific approaches, 4) integrate developed plans with other global initiatives and 5) build global capacity for conducting deep-sea research. We will produce a series of multi- author peer reviewed papers that will form the reference point for deep-sea research for the next decade and beyond.
2. Scientific Background and Rationale The composition and functioning of the deep sea, comprising the largest living space on Earth, is still poorly understood, with a minimal proportion of the deep seafloor sampled and investigated to date (Ramirez-Llodra et al., 2010). To most of society, the deep sea is thought of as a remote, featureless, and inaccessible space. However the combination of particular geological, physical and geochemical attributes of the deep seafloor and water column, create a set of complex habitats with unique characteristics. Each of these habitats supports faunal communities with specific physiological and behavioural adaptations to high pressure, darkness, low temperatures (or steep temperature gradients in the case of hydrothermal vents), food limitation (particularly at abyssal plains) and in some cases geographic isolation (e.g. seamounts, vents, trenches, and seeps). Deep-sea biodiversity at bathyal and abyssal depths is amongst the highest on the planet (Grassle and Maciolek, 1992; Mora et al. 2011), and in poorly sampled regions, such as the abyssal Pacific, up to 90% of species collected may be new to science (Glover et al. 2002). Our limited knowledge of very basic baseline information is the major challenge when addressing issues of biodiversity, ecosystem function, and the potential impacts of - and resilience to - human activities in the deep sea (Mengerink et al. 2014).
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The United Nations Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development (DOSSD) is due to commence in 2021, and we are currently in the preparation phase. The stated motivation for the decade is to reverse the cycle of decline in ocean health and create improved conditions for sustainable development of the ocean. The roadmap developed for the DOSSD recognises the deficit of biological data for the deep-sea ecosystem, and specifically calls on the scientific community to use the Decade to conduct research to understand better the deep-sea ecosystem and its functions. Deep-sea scientists have responded to this call by holding a series of international meetings. Firstly to agree to science priorities and knowledge gaps for the DOSSD (1-day meeting, Sept 2018, Monterey, USA, and follow-up meeting October 2018, Aveiro, Portugal), and secondly to explore the potential for new technology to address them (Royal Society funded meeting – Beyond Challenger Nov 2018). We now have community-level agreement on the key research questions in deep-sea science, and have identified new technologies on the horizon that may help us to address these questions.
2.1 The questions
i. What is the diversity of life in the deep ocean? We lack fundamental ecological data for much of the deep sea. Poor knowledge of what lives there, how it is distributed from global to local ‘patch’ scales, as well as over environmental gradients, prevents us from establishing a baseline and knowing what is common and what is rare. Critically, fundamental ecological data form the input to all biological ecosystem models. Our ability to forecast how marine biodiversity will respond to environmental change and other anthropogenic pressures, depends on good base knowledge such as species distributions, physical and chemical drivers of distribution, abundance, biomass, growth rates, etc. Efforts to model species distributions to fill data gaps are currently severely limited by a lack of fundamental ecological data. Existing models are simplistic, and of questionable accuracy due to limited, and / or poor quality input data (Davies and Guinotte, 2011; Howell et al., 2016).
ii. How are populations & habitats connected? At present, we do not know the linkages between habitats and populations, including migration routes, ontogenetic or seasonal movement between habitats, larval dispersal pathways and genetic connectivity, or energy flow pathways in the form of trophic links and food webs. Understanding these linkages, collectively termed connectivity, is critical to effective ocean management and sustainable use. Connectivity promotes healthy and resilient populations; disruptions to the connections, for example through changes in ocean circulation patterns, can impact their persistence and population recovery after disturbance, as well as the effectiveness of Marine Protected Area networks. Understanding population connectivity is also important for our mechanistic understanding of species divergence and ultimately speciation in the ocean, and the role that physical mechanisms play in this (Cowen et al, 2000).
iii. What is the role of living organisms in ecosystem function & service provision? We are at an early stage in understanding the role of the deep sea in provision of goods and services (for example food provision or nutrient cycling), and detail on mechanisms of delivery are scant. What are the key species/habitats involved in carbon sequestration? Are some groups more important than others? For example, we know sponges may play an important role in global Si cycling (Maldonado et al. 2005), as well as having a key role as a sink for inorganic
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nitrogen, surpassing that of marine sediments at equivalent depths (Hoffmann et al. 2009). To ensure the ongoing provision of those services, and to understand better marine system processes such as biogeochemical cycling, we need to identify the functional groups present, their role in ecosystem function, and how that function relates to delivery of goods and services. Again, fundamental ecological data are critical to this understanding and to our ability to bring biology into wider ecosystem models.
iv. How do species, communities and ecosystems respond to disturbance? Understanding how the interactions and synergies play out between climate stressors and direct disturbance is essential to effective management of the deep ocean. This is an understanding that can only be gained through use of modelling approaches, and fundamental ecological data provide the input terms to such models.
2.2 The challenge Although deep-sea science has a history of successful, international collaborative research programmes, none to date have provided the level of integration and standardisation required in order to deliver answers to the above questions. The Census of Marine Life programme made significant advances in joining-up international efforts around a common goal to understand marine ecosystems, including various deep-sea systems (e.g. seamounts, abyssal plains, continental slopes, etc.). However, the lack of an agreed common survey / sampling design and standardized methodologies among contributing projects meant that datasets could not be combined to address larger questions. Recently, there have been efforts within the deep-sea community to develop frameworks for globally consistent datasets (Woodall et al., 2018). Still, these efforts need to go further in generating a globally coherent underpinning design, and standardised methods. Only then can we hope to make the leaps in knowledge required to effectively manage the deep sea going forward, and deliver the societal outcomes identified by the DOSSD roadmap.
2.3 The need for a SCOR working group The deep-sea science community has identified the need for a new international programme of research for the UN DOSSD that is global and inclusive. They have also identified the questions that such a programme would address. However, before any further progress can be made there needs to be a concerted effort for dialogue within the community to agree on standards and methods used to address the questions identified, and ensure future research efforts are integrated and inclusive. This requires bringing together a diverse group of researchers including deep-sea habitat specialists (seamount, vent, abyssal plain, continental slope, etc.), macro-ecologists, and process specialists (connectivity, diversity, ecosystem function, etc.). This working group will assemble a team of scientists to work jointly towards delivering an overarching plan that will form the basis of deep-sea biological research for the next decade. It will provide essential data to move towards the targets of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (in particular SD13 on Climate Action and SDG14 on Life Below Water), and it will also help inform the UN World Ocean Assessment II.
3. Terms of Reference 1. To develop a global plan for survey / sampling deep-sea ecosystems to underpin deep- sea research for the UN Decade of Ocean Science. 2-61
2. To agree on methods and standards for the acquisition of biological data, including the role of existing and novel technologies. 3. To develop habitat-specific approaches for survey / sampling the deep-sea ecosystem (following the Census of Marine Life model), that integrate the global approaches developed under ToRS 1 and 2, but allow greater specialisation. 4. To integrate ToRs 1-3 with wider efforts under the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS) via the Deep Ocean Observing Strategy (DOOS). 5. To actively facilitate efforts to build capacity in developing nations for deep-sea science.
4. Working plan Please see the Gantt chart provided in Appendix 1 for timing of key events associated with the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development, and proposed timings of SCOR working groupmeetings (both physical and virtual) and deliverables (draft and final). While each physical meeting will have a key focus outlined below, multiple ToRS will be discussed at each to ensure good integration of ideas both within the working group and with other UN DOSSD initiatives. The Challenger Society’s Deep Sea Special Interest Group will provide funding to support an initial meeting in September 2019, and a funding application for support will be submitted to the Deep Sea Biology Society.
To address ToR 1 we will develop a coherent well-designed global survey and sampling plan, but one that is modular. The underlying principle will be that each survey / sampling module can be placed within a local, regional and/or habitat-specific context and thus be readily integrated with local, regional, research team interests. However, results from all modules can ultimately be combined to answer global scale questions, and provide ‘one giant leap’ for human understanding of the ocean. This plan will be developed using two in-person workshops, beginning with the Challenger Deep-Sea Special Interest Group, followed by the first SCOR working group meeting (SCOR-WG workshop 1). A virtual meeting will also be scheduled between the two workshops to develop further our ideas. The rapid timing of this ToR is important in order to interface with the UN Decade of Ocean Science’s preparation phase and the finalisation of the Decade implementation plan in mid-2020.
ToR 2 is the next logical progression from ToR 1. Having agreed on a modular framework, combining data in the future will only be possible if methods are standardised. SCOR-WG workshop 2 will focus on standardisation of methods of data acquisition and processing. Building on published outputs from the Census of Marine Life (Clark et al., BLAH), a more recent workshop (Woodall et al., 2018), and a Royal Society (UK) funded meeting in Nov 2018, we will identify those measurements / samples best acquired using novel technology, and those that may be acquired using more traditional, cheaper, or more accessible technologies. Consideration of methods is important in democratising deep-sea research and enabling participation of all nations, many of whom lack access to expensive novel technologies. The outcomes of ToRs 1 and 2 will be written up as an open-access peer reviewed publication that will provide a key reference text for deep-sea science for the next 10 years and beyond, underpinning future research efforts.
ToR 3 will be developed in parallel to ToRs 1, 2 and 4. We will look at habitat-specific considerations not covered by the global plan alongside the development of that plan. A
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sampling / survey design that works globally may not fully consider habitat-specific issues. For example, a global programme may require depth-stratified sampling of seamounts; however, a single series of depth-stratified transects on a seamount will not enable us to address seamount specific questions that may require replication on different sides of seamounts. For this ToR we will hold virtual workshops, following each of the first two SCOR workshops, for habitat- specific working groups chaired by appropriate members of the SCOR-WG to engage the wider deep-sea science community fully in the formulation of sampling plans. These virtual groupings will be advertised via the DOSI, INDEEP, Deep-Sea Biology Society and Challenger Society networks in order to reach a wide audience.
At outset, the SCOR working group will work with DOOS (via overlapping participants) to identify ways the SCOR activities advance the DOOS goals (ToR4) and develop a plan to integrate these into DOOS actions and communications. With DOOS we will focus in particular on the integration of biology with the existing deep ocean physical and biogeochemical measurement programs (e.g. ARGO, deep ARGO, BGC Argo, GoSHIP, Ocean Sites, Observatories). Specifically, once we have established both global and habitat-specific plans, ToR 4 will review the plans against existing wider community efforts under the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS) via the DOOS in SCOR-WG workshop 3. We will identify synergies between our plans and DOOS, ensure there is no duplication of effort, and that these different global strategies are integrated. Specifically, we anticipate key collaboration with the DOOS Essential Ocean Variable Biology and Ecosystem panel (which itself is working with the GOOS Biology and Ecosystem panel), the DOOS demonstrations projects, and with the DOSI/INDEEP/DOOS SDG 14 voluntary commitments. Critical links to the existing deep- ocean physical and biogeochemical measurement programs (e.g. ARGO, deep ARGO, BGC Argo, GoSHIP, Ocean Sites, Observatories) can also be achieved through DOOS.
ToR 5 will be partially addressed throughout the development of ToRs 1-4. The proposed working group membership draws scientists from developing nations. In addition, we will seek input from other scientists from developing nations, including early-career scientists through DOSI (in particular the DOSI working group on capacity building), INDEEP, Deep-Sea Biology Society and Challenger Society networks. We intend to consult as widely as possible on the development of deliverables to ensure broad uptake in the future. Our aim is for a truly inclusive working group. We will also hold a specific virtual workshop to develop an action plan to provide sea-going training opportunities for students from developing nations. We anticipate the action plan will consist of a statement of commitment that members of the deep- sea research community can sign-up to; a mechanism through which to advertise opportunities for students; a transparent application, assessment, and selection process; and a requirement for a short post-cruise reflection report. We will ensure engagement with similar initiatives developed under other programmes e.g. POGO.
5. Deliverables 1. An open-access peer-reviewed publication detailing a global plan for survey / sampling the deep-sea ecosystem, including use of standardised methodologies to underpin deep-sea research for the UN Decade of Ocean Science. (ToRs 1 and 2) 2. A series of open-access peer reviewed publications consisting of habitat-specific plans (following the Census of Marine Life model, and similar to German et al., 2011) to 2-63
advance the global plan developed under ToRs 1 and 2 ensuring no duplication of effort with wider initiatives. (ToRS 3 and 4) 3. A research community-endorsed action plan to provide training opportunities and peer support for students from developing nations in order to broaden the research base and nurture talent (ToR 5).
6. Capacity Building Deep-sea research, exploration and exploitation has historically been led by a small number of developed nations. This is also reflected in availability of samples, bias in available data (Fig. 6.1), and overall understanding of deep-sea ecosystems, which is currently severely limited. The least-studied parts of the deep sea are often within developing nations’ EEZs and / or on the High Seas / the Area, away from the continental slopes. In addition, deep-sea research is currently conducted in a very piecemeal and poorly coordinated fashion. Individual projects tackle aspects of larger questions. The projects are often constrained by available budgets, time, and the logistics of sampling in the deep sea. There are often trade-offs made in experimental design or resolution of data against greater temporal / spatial coverage, or to provide data to satisfy multiple competing aims. While this approach has helped us continue to advance our knowledge of the deep-sea ecosystem, it has failed to make the great leaps needed to manage our ocean more effectively.
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Figure 6.1 Density of deep-sea species records currently held by the Ocean Biogeographic Information System, showing clear bias in sampling effort.
International collaboration is the key to both broadening our knowledge of the deep-sea, and to make deep-sea research more accessible to scientists from all nations. This working group, through developing agreed global habitat-specific plans, will build long-lasting capacity for the research community to tackle the long-held, and unanswered, questions outlined above. The published plans will enable the global deep-sea research community to contribute to answering these long-standing questions through regional and local research programmes, in a targeted or opportunistic fashion. The modular design and standardised methodologies will enable separate programmes to adopt a particular module where it fits in with, or contributes to their project- specific research aims. Scientists working at regional scales will generate data for their own programmes, but also for the global research effort. Over the next decade, this globally coherent dataset will grow, and by the end of the decade, we will finally be able to answer the questions posed with confidence.
This working group will also significantly advance efforts to build capacity for deep-sea research in the next generation of scientists, and in developing nations. ToR 5 will specifically address the lack of opportunity for students and researchers from nations lacking in deep-sea science infrastructure to gain experience in sea-going deep-sea research. The development of an action plan to support students, early-career scientists, and researchers from developing nations to gain access to research vessel opportunities will help broaden and diversify the deep-sea research community. It will also help fulfil the aspirations of the Decade of Ocean Science. The Decade Roadmap clearly states that the Implementation Plan, to be developed by 2020, will include a plan for capacity development, training and education (R&D priority 7).
7. Working Group composition 7.1 Full Members
Name Gender Place of work Expertise relevant to the proposal Kerry Howell Female Plymouth University, UK Deep-sea ecologist, (co- chair) ecological modeller, use of AI, links to DOSI, INDEEP, Challenger Society. Seamount & canyon ecology. Elva Escobar Female Universidad Nacional Biological oceanography, Autónoma de Mexico, biodiversity, macroecology. Mexico. Link to UN DOSSD executive planning group. Abyssal ecology. Regional capacity needs. 2-65
Alex Rogers Male REV Ocean, Norway Marine molecular ecology, biodiversity. Links to UN and philanthropic funded programmes. Seamount Ecology Malcom Clark Male National Institute for Deep-sea fish, fisheries. Water and Atmospheric CoML lead, link to ISA. Research, New Zealand Seamounts, oceanic ridges. Ana Hilario (co- Female University of Aviero, Reproductive ecology, chair) Portugal connectivity and biogeography of deep-sea ecosystems. Vent ecology. Paul Snelgrove Male Memorial University of Deep-sea benthos, Newfoundland, Canada. biodiversity drivers and roles in sediments, links to UN BBNJ process. Lisa Levin Female Scripps Institution of Deep-sea benthos and Oceanography, USA. climate change, links to DOOS, DOSI, and IPCC Christopher German Male Woods Hole Deep-sea exploration, Oceanographic including innovative use of Institution, USA robotic vehicles and telepresence. Kerry Sink Female South African National Deep-water ecology, South Biodiversity Institute, Atlantic, SW Indian Ocean, South Africa. regional capacity needs Roberto Danovaro Male Stazione Zoologica Deep-Sea benthos, Anton Dohrn, Naples & biodiversity loss, ecosystem Polytechnic University functions, climate change. of Marche, Italy.
7.2 Associate Members
Name Gender Place of work Expertise relevant to the proposal Bhavani Female Scottish Association Deep-sea ecologist, Narayanaswam for Marine Science, biodiversity, effects of y UK biological/anthropogen ic inputs, continental margins, seamounts NE Atlantic, SW Indian and Arctic Oceans
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Paulo Sumida Male University of São Deep-sea ecology. Paulo, Brazil. South Atlantic regional capacity needs Anna Metaxas Female Dalhousie Biological University, oceanography, Canada. evolutionary ecology. Lenaick Menot Male Ifremer, France. Deep-sea ecologist. Vents, Abyss. Nick Higgs Male Cape Eleuthera Deep-sea biodiversity, Institute, Bahamas. marine observatories, whale fall. Caribbean regional capacity needs. Eva Ramirez-Llodra Female Norwegian Institute for Deep-sea ecologist, Water Research, biodiversity, Norway. connectivity. Links with DOSI, INDEEP, IUCN-CEM Deep-sea ecosystems and mining. Hiromi Watanabe Female Japan Agency for Deep-sea benthos, Marine- Earth Science larval dispersal, and Technology, Japan population connectivity, hydrothermal vents. Awantha Dissanayake Male University of New Ecological South Wales, Sydney, physiology, Australia Experimental Biology, Climate Change. Craig McClain Male Louisiana Universities Macroecology, Marine Consortium, macroeveolution, USA. biodiversity, body size, energy flow. Javier Sellanes Male Catholic University of Deep-sea benthos the North, Chile. ecology and taxonomy. SE Pacific, regional
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8. Working Group contributions Kerry Howell (co-chair) is a deep-sea ecologist and modeller, co-proposer of the SCOR working group, co-chair of the DOSI DOSSD working group, and chair of the Challenger Deep-Sea Special Interest Group. She brings expertise in rugged terrain deep-sea habitats (seamounts, canyons, continental slopes) and various types of ecological modelling including food web, connectivity and habitat suitability modelling.
Elva Escobar contributes with knowledge in biological oceanography studying the marine biodiversity and macroecology of the seabed ecosystems in the Mexican EEZ. She is co-lead of DOSI, and a member of the IOC’s Executive Planning Group for the UN DOSSD. She will ensure the working group’s activities are communicated to the IOC and UN.
Alex Rogers brings expertise in biodiversity of marine ecosystems, including environmental drivers, interspecies interactions, connectivity, longer term-evolutionary processes and human impacts. He has undertaken numerous UN projects and is currently science director for REV Ocean. He will communicate the working group’s plans to REV Ocean and looks for areas of shared interest.
Malcom Clark brings expertise in deep-water fish and fisheries, deep-sea ecosystems including seamount and oceanic ridges, and sampling techniques. He headed the Census of Marine Life on Seamounts, and currently sits on the Legal and Technical Commission of the International Seabed Authority.
Ana Hilario (co-chair) is a deep-sea ecologist and co-chair of the DOSI DOSSD working group and INDEEP Population Connectivity working group. She contributes with expertise on reproductive ecology, larval dispersal, population connectivity and its implications for biogeography and spatial management; as well as experience on capacity building activities in developing countries.
Paul Snelgrove brings expertise on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in deep-sea ecosystems, and particularly seafloor environments. He has been actively involved in discussions on Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction.
Lisa Levin contributes expertise on continental margin benthic ecosystems, their ecosystem services, exposure and response to climate change, and to other forms of human disturbance in the deep ocean. Through her involvement in IPCC (AR5, AR6 and Special Report on Oceans and Cryosphere), DOOS and DOSI she will identify for SCOR the major deep-ocean ecological function and service information that can contribute to ongoing climate assessment and create direct SCOR linkages to DOOS and DOSI planning and activities.
Christopher German contributes expertise in Deep Ocean exploration and, in particular, the innovative use of advances technologies to conduct that work including autonomous underwater vehicles, collaborative robotic systems and telepresence. He has experience in national and international project leadership including as Co-Chair of InterRidge, the Census of Marine Life ChEss Project, SCOR WG135 and NASA's new Network for Ocean Worlds.
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Kerry Sink contributes expertise in marine ecosystem classification and assessment for the Southwest Indian, Southeast Atlantic and Southern Ocean. Kerry will provide developing country context, identify regional capacity needs and help align efforts across projects and programs.
Roberto Danovaro is a deep-sea biologist and ecologist, specialist in the assessment of the interactions between biodiversity loss and impairment of ecosystem functions and on evaluation of the impact of climate change on deep-sea habitats and ecosystems.
9. Relationship to other international programs and SCOR Working groups There are a number of current SCOR WGs focused on standardization of methods and developing global approaches to studying marine systems (WG147 & WG143). Some current WGs are considering biology specifically (WG149), including the role of novel technologies in global efforts (WG156 & WG 157) and integrations with global programmes (WG154). While these current WGs have aspects in common with our proposed WG, none are considering the wider biological component of marine systems or the deep sea. This demonstrates the opportunity offered by our proposal.
Perhaps the most comparable SCOR WGs are historical. SCOR WG 76, approved in 1983, was focused on the ecology of the deep sea floor. As with our proposal, this WG recognized the great technical and statistical difficulties of obtaining adequate information on the deep-sea benthic ecosystem.
They proposed a critical review of the then state-of-the-art, clearly identifying what would be desirable, but at the time impracticable to do. Our proposed WG is a natural progression from where this WG concluded 36 years ago. We understand information needs, how new technology may help gather that information, and have recognised that an international programme of collaborative research is required.
SCOR WG5, the International Indian Ocean Expedition, had a single ToR: to plan and organize international co-operative exploration of the Indian Ocean. This resulted in a large- scale multinational hydrographic survey of the Indian Ocean, which took place from 1959 to 1965. It involved over 45 research vessels from 14 countries. Our proposed WG has a series of ToRs that are analogous to the single ToR of SCOR WG5. Our aim is to produce a road map for international co- operative biological research on the global ocean under the Decade of Ocean Science.
Our proposed WG has very clear links to the UN DOSSD that have been identified throughout, as well as the GOOS and DOOS initiatives. Our proposed membership includes a representative of the IOC’s DOSSD Executive Planning Group, and a Co-Chair of the DOOS initiative. Their participation will ensure good communication and integration with these international programmes. The DOSSD roadmap outlines six critical societal outcomes (SO), and a further seven priority areas for research and development (R&D), which the Decade seeks to address by 2030 (Fig. 9.1). The questions that the deep-sea science community have identified (section 2.1) have direct relevance to the DOSSD SOs and R&D priority areas. Deliverables 1 and 2 of our proposed working group will specifically identify how the scientific plans developed will 2-69
also address the decades SOs and R&D priorities (Table 9.1, Fig. 9.1). In addition, deliverable 3 will directly contribute to R&D priority area 7 (Fig. 9.1). Table 9.1 How the questions identified by the deep-sea science community contribute to societal outcomes and research and development priority areas identified by the DOSSD road map.
Figure 9.1 Societal outcomes and research and development priority areas identified in the Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development roadmap.
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10. References Cowen, R.K., Lwiza, K.M., Sponaugle, S., Paris, C.B. and Olson, D.B., 2000. Connectivity of marine populations: open or closed?. Science, 287(5454), pp.857-859. Davies, A., Guinotte, J. 2011. Global Habitat Suitability for Framework-Forming Cold-Water Corals. PLoS ONE 6. German, C.R., Ramirez-Llodra, E., Baker, M.C., Tyler, P.A., and the ChEss Scientific Steering Committee. 2011. Deep-Water Chemosynthetic Ecosystem Research during the Census of Marine Life Decade and Beyond: A Proposed Deep-Ocean Road Map. PLOS ONE 6, (8). e23259 Grassle JF, Maciolek NL (1992) Deep-sea species richness: regional and local diversity estimates from quantitative bottom samples. Am Nat 139: 313–341. Hoffmann, F., Radax, R., Woebken, D., Holtappels, M., Lavik, G., Rapp, H.T., Schläppy, M.L., Schleper, C., Kuypers, M.M., 2009. Complex nitrogen cycling in the sponge Geodia barretti. Environ. Microbiol. 11, 2228–2243. Howell, K.L., Piechaud, N., Downie, A.-L., Kenny, A. 2016. The distribution of deep-sea sponge aggregations in the North Atlantic and implications for their effective spatial management. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 115, 309-320. Maldonado, M.,Carmona,M.C.,Velásquez,Z.,Puig,A.,Cruzado,A.,López,A.,Young, C.M., 2005. Siliceous sponges as a silicon sink: an over looked aspect of bentho-pelagic coupling in the marine silicon cycle. Limnology and Oceanography. 50, 799–809. Mengerink, K.J., Van Dover, C.L., Ardron, J., Baker, M., Escobar-Briones, E., Gjerde, K., Koslow, J. A., Ramirez-Llodra, E., Lara-Lopez, A., Squires, D., Sutton, T., Sweetman, A.K., Levin, L.A. 2014. A call for Deep-Ocean Stewardship. Science 344, 696-698. Mora C., Tittensor D.P., Adl S., Simpson A.G.B., Worm B., 2011. How Many Species Are There on Earth and in the Ocean? PLoS Biology 9(8): e1001127. Ramirez-Llodra, E., Brandt, A., Danovaro, R., De Mol, B., Escobar, E., German, C.R., Levin, L.A., Martinez Arbizu, P., Menot, L., Buhl-Mortensen, P., Narayanaswamy, B.E., Smith, C.R., Tittensor, D.P., Tyler, P.A., Vanreusel, A., Vecchione, M. 2010. Deep, diverse and definitely different: unique attributes of the world's largest ecosystem. Biogeosciences 7, 2851-2899 Woodall, L.C., Andradi-Brown, D.A., Brierley, A.S., Clark, M.R., Connelly, D., Hall, R.A., Howell, K.L., Huvenne, V.A.I., Linse, K., Ross, R.E., Snelgrove, P., Stefanoudis, P.V., Sutton, T.T., Taylor, M., Thornton, T.F., Rogers, A.D. 2018. A Multidisciplinary Approach for Generating Globally Consistent Data on Mesophotic, Deep-Pelagic, and Bathyal Biological Communities. Oceanography. 31, 76-89. 2-71
Appendix Gantt chart: Timing of key points in the road map for the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development (light blue), and proposed timings for SCOR working group meetings (SCOR funded – black, externally funded – dark blue), virtual meetings (dark grey), ToRs (light grey), and deliverables (draft – light green, final – dark green).
May Sep- Dec- Mar- Jun- Sep- Dec- Mar- Jun- Sep- Dec- Mar- Jun- 2019 Nov Feb May Aug Nov Feb May Aug Nov Feb May Aug Action 2019 2019/ 2020 2020 2020 2020 2021 2021 2021 2021/ 2022 2022 2020 /2021 2022 Decade global meeting #1 Second Exective Planning Group meeting Decade global meeting #2 Endorsment of Decade plan by IOC Official start of Decade SCOR working group meetings TOR 1: global plan for survey / sampling deep-sea ecosystems
TOR 2: agree methods and standards TOR 3: develop habitat-specific approaches TOR 4: integrate with wider marine observation efforts TOR 5: capacity building Deliverable 1: Publication of global plan for decade of ocean science Deliverable 2: Publication of habitat specific plan for decade of ocean science Deliverable 3: Community- endorsed action plan for SCORcapacity Working building group proposal 2019: DeepSeaDecade SCOR-WG close
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Full member selected relevant publications
Kerry Howell (co-chair) Piechaud, N., Culverhouse, P.F., Hunt, C., Howell, K.L. in press. Automated Identification of benthic epifauna from images using computer vision. Marine Ecology Progress Series. Woodall LC, Andradi-Brown, DA, Brierley AS, Clark MR, Connelly D, Hall RA, Howell KL, Huvenne VAI, Linse K, Ross RE, Snelgrove, P, Stefanoudis, PV, Sutton, TT, Taylor, M, Thornton, TF, Rogers AD. 2018 A Multidisciplinary Approach for Generating Globally Consistent Data on Mesophotic, Deep-Pelagic, and Bathyal Biological Communities. Oceanography. 31, 76-89. Ross RE, Nimmo-Smith WAM & Howell KL 2016 'Increasing the Depth of Current Understanding: Sensitivity Testing of Deep-Sea Larval Dispersal Models for Ecologists' PLOS ONE 11, (8) Ross, R, Howell, K.L. 2012. Use of predictive habitat modelling to assess the distribution and extent of the current protection of 'listed' deep-sea habitats. Diversity and Distributions. DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12010 Howell, K.L., Heymans, J.J., Gordon, J.D.M., Duncan, J., Ayers, M., Jones, E.G. 2009. DEEPFISH Project: Applying an ecosystem approach to the sustainable management of deep-water fisheries. Part 1: Development of the Ecopath with Ecosim model. Scottish Association for Marine Science, Oban. U.K. Report no. 259a. http://www.sams.ac.uk/sheila-heymans/deepfish-1-english
Elva Escobar Niner, H.J., Ardron, J.A., Escobar, E.G., Gianni, M., Jaeckel, A., Jones, D.O., Levin, L.A., Smith, C.R., Thiele, T., Turner, P.J. and Van Dover, C.L., 2018. Deep-Sea mining with No net loss of biodiversity— an impossible aim. Frontiers in Marine Science, 5, p.53. Sahling, H., Borowski, C., Escobar-Briones, E., Gaytán-Caballero, A., Hsu, C.W., Loher, M., MacDonald, I., Marcon, Y., Pape, T., Römer, M. and Rubin-Blum, M., 2016. Massive asphalt deposits, oil seepage, and gas venting support abundant chemosynthetic communities at the Campeche Knolls, southern Gulf of Mexico. Biogeosciences, 13(15), pp.4491-4512. Portail, M., Olu, K., Dubois, S.F., Escobar-Briones, E., Gelinas, Y., Menot, L. and Sarrazin, J., 2016. Food-web complexity in Guaymas Basin hydrothermal vents and cold seeps. PloS one, 11(9), p.e0162263. Portail, M., Olu, K., Escobar-Briones, E., Caprais, J.C., Menot, L., Waeles, M., Cruaud, P., Sarradin, P.M., Godfroy, A. and Sarrazin, J., 2015. Comparative study of vent and seep macrofaunal communities in the Guaymas Basin. Biogeosciences, 12(18), pp.5455-5479 Wei, C.L., Rowe, G.T., Escobar-Briones, E., Boetius, A., Soltwedel, T., Caley, M.J., Soliman, Y., Huettmann, F., Qu, F., Yu, Z. and Pitcher, C.R., 2010. Global patterns and predictions of seafloor biomass using random forests. PloS one, 5(12), p.e15323.
Alex Rogers Popova, E., Vousden, D., Sauer, W.H.H., Mohammed, E.Y., Allain, V., Downey-Breedt, N., Fletcher, R., Gjerde, K.M., Halpin, P.N., Kelly, S., Obura, D., Pecl, G., Roberts, M., Raitsos, D.E., Rogers, A.D., Samoilys, M., Sumaila, U.R., Tracey, S., Yool A. (2019) Ecological connectivity between the areas beyond national jurisdiction and coastal waters: 2-73
Safeguarding interests of coastal communities in developing countries. Journal of Marine Policy, 104, 90-102. Woodall LC, Andradi-Brown, DA, Brierley AS, Clark MR, Connelly D, Hall RA, Howell KL, Huvenne VAI, Linse K, Ross RE, Snelgrove, P, Stefanoudis, PV, Sutton, TT, Taylor, M, Thornton, TF, Rogers AD. 2018 A Multidisciplinary Approach for Generating Globally Consistent Data on Mesophotic, Deep-Pelagic, and Bathyal Biological Communities. Oceanography. 31, 76-89. Rogers, A. (2018). “The biology of seamounts: 25 years on.” in Advances in Marine Biology, ed. C. Sheppard (Academic Press, London), 137–224. doi: 10.1016/BS.AMB.2018.06.001 Ashford, O.S., Kenny, A.J., Barrio Froján, C.R., Bonsall, M.B., Horton, T., Brandt, A., Bird, G.J., Gerken, S. and Rogers, A.D., 2018. Phylogenetic and functional evidence suggests that deep-ocean ecosystems are highly sensitive to environmental change and direct human disturbance. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 285(1884), p.20180923. Tittensor, D.P., Baco, A.R., Hall‐Spencer, J.M., Orr, J.C. and Rogers, A.D., 2010. Seamounts as refugia from ocean acidification for cold‐water stony corals. Marine Ecology, 31, pp.212-225.
Malcom Clark Clark, M.R., Durden, J.M. and Christiansen, S., 2019. Environmental Impact Assessments for deep- sea mining: Can we improve their future effectiveness? Marine Policy. Sutton, T.T., Clark, M.R., Dunn, D.C., Halpin, P.N., Rogers, A.D., Guinotte, J., Bograd, S.J., Angel, M.V., Perez, J.A.A., Wishner, K. and Haedrich, R.L., 2017. A global biogeographic classification of the mesopelagic zone. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 126, pp.85-102. Clark, M.R., Consalvey, M., Rowden, A.A. 2016. Biological Sampling in the Deep Sea. 451pp. Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Clark, M.R., Althaus, F., Schlacher, T.A., Williams, A., Bowden, D.A. and Rowden, A.A., 2015. The impacts of deep-sea fisheries on benthic communities: a review. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 73(suppl_1), pp.i51-i69. Clark, M.R., Althaus, F., Williams, A., Niklitschek, E., Menezes, G.M., Hareide, N.R., Sutton, P. and O’Donnell, C., 2010. Are deep‐sea demersal fish assemblages globally homogenous? Insights from seamounts. Marine Ecology, 31, pp.39-51.
Ana Hilario (co-chair) Stratoudakis Y, Hilário A, Ribeiro C, Abecasis D, Gonçalves E, Andrade F, Carreira G, Gonçalves J, Freitas L, Pinheiro LM, Batista M, Henriques M, Oliveira PB, Afonso P, Arriegas PI, Henriques S (2019) Environmental representation in marine protected area networks over large and partly unexplored seascapes: the case of Portugal. Global Ecology and Conservation 17, e00545. doi: 0.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00545 Leal MC, Hilario A, Munro MHG, Blunt JW, Calado R (2016) Natural products discovery needs improved taxonomic and geographic information. Natural Product Reports 33, 747- 750, doi: 10.1039/C5NP00130G Hilário A, Metaxas A, Gaudron S, Howell K, Mercier A, Mestre N, Ross RE, Thurnherr A, Young CM (2015) Estimating dispersal distance in the deep sea: challenges and applications to marine reserves. Frontiers In Marine Science 2, 6, 1-14.
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Tunnicliffe V, St. Germain C, Hilário A (2014) Phenotypic variation and fitness in a metapopulation of tubeworms (Ridgeia piscesae Jones) at hydrothermal vents. PLoS One 9(10), e110578, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110578. Hilário A, Comas MC, Azevedo L, Pinheiro L, Ivanov MK, Cunha MR (2011) First record of a Vestimentifera (Polychaeta: Siboglinidae) from chemosynthetic habitats in the western Mediterranean Sea - Biogeographical implications and future exploration. Deep Sea Research I 58, 200-207, doi: 10.1016/j.dsr.2010.11.009.
Paul Snelgrove Campanya I Llovet, N., Snelgrove, P.V.R. (2018) Fine-scale infaunal community and food web patch mosaics from Barkley methane hydrates (British Columbia, Canada): The role of food quality. Deep- Sea Research Part I 140: 186–195. Campanya I Llovet, N., Snelgrove, P.V.R. (2018) Effects of temporal variation in food sources on infaunal community structure of chemosynthetic and non-chemosynthetic environments in Barkley Hydrates, British Columbia, Canada. Deep-Sea Research Part I 140: 118–127. Snelgrove, P.V.R., Soetaert, K., Solan, M., Thrush, S., Wei, C.-L., Danovaro, R, Fulweiler, R.W., Kitazato, H., Ingole, B., Norkko, A., Parkes, R.J., Volkenborn, N. (2018) Contrasting biogeochemical and biological estimates of carbon turnover on the global seafloor. Trends Ecol. Evol. 33, 96-105. Danovaro R., Corinaldesi C., Dell’Anno A., Snelgrove P.V.R. (2017) Deep-sea biology under global change. Current Biology 27, R461–R465. Danovaro R., Aguzzi, J., Fanelli E., Billett D., Gjerde K., Jamieson A., Ramirez-Llodra E., Smith C.R., Snelgrove P.V.R., Thomsen L., Van Dover C. (2017) A new international ecosystem-based strategy for the global deep ocean. Science 355, 452-454.
Lisa Levin Levin, Lisa A., Brian J. Bett, Andrew R. Gates, Patrick Heimbach, Bruce M. Howe, Felix Janssen, Andrea McCurdy, Henry A. Ruhl, Paul Snelgrove, Karen I. Stocks and 28 others. 2019. Global Observing Needs in the Deep Ocean. Frontiers in Marine Science. In revision. Le, Jennifer T., Lisa A. Levin, Richard T. Carson Incorporating ecosystem services into environmental management of deep seabed mining Deep-sea Research II 137: 486–503 (2017). Levin, Lisa A. Amy R. Baco, David Bowden, Ana Colaco, Erik Cordes, Marina R. Cunha, Amanda Demopoulos, Judith Gobin, Ben Grupe, Jennifer Le, Anna Metaxas, Amanda Netburn, Greg Rouse, Andrew R. Thurber, Verena Tunnicliffe, Cindy Van Dover, Ann Vanreusel, and Les Watling. Hydrothermal vents and methane seeps: rethinking the sphere of influence. Frontiers in Marine Science 3:72. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2016.00072 (2016) Levin, Lisa A. and Nadine Le Bris. Deep oceans under climate change. Science 350: 766-768. (2015) Mengerink, K.J., C.L. Van Dover, J. Ardron, M. Baker, E. Escobar-Briones, K. Gjerde, J. A. Koslow, E. Ramirez-Llodra, A. Lara-Lopez, D. Squires, T. Sutton, A.K. Sweetman, L.A. Levin A. Call for Deep- Ocean Stewardship. Science 344: 696-698. (2014)
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Christopher German K.P. Hand and C.R. German. Exploring ocean worlds on Earth and beyond. Nature Geoscience 10, 2- 4, doi: 10.1038/s41561-017-0045-9, 2018. L. Levin, P.R. Girguis, C.R. German, M.L. Brennan, S. Tuzun, J. Wagner, C. Smart, A. Kruger, K. Inderbitzen, J. Le, M. Martinez, C. Martinez, E. Kappel, N. Gallo & B.M. Grupe. Exploration and discovery of methane seeps and associated communities in the California Borderland. Oceanography 29, 40-43, 2016. S.E. Beaulieu, E.T. Baker & C.R. German. Where are the undiscovered hydrothermal vents on oceanic spreading ridges? Deep Sea Res. II 121, 202-212, 2015. C.R. German, E.Z. Ramirez-Llodra, M.C. Baker, P.A. Tyler & the ChEss Scientific Steering Committee. Deep-water Chemosynthetic Ecosystem Research during the Census of Marine Life decade and beyond: A proposed deep-ocean road map. PLoS One 6, e23259, 2011. E. Ramirez-Llodra, A. Brandt, R. Danovaro, B. DeMol, E. Escobar, C.R. German, L.A. Levin, P. Marttinez Arbizu, L. Menot, P. Buhl-Mortensen, B.E. Narayanaswamy, C.R. Smith, D.P. Tittensor, P.A. Tyler, A. Vanreusel and M. Vecchione. Deep, Diverse and Definitely Different: Unique Attributes of the World’s Largest Ecosystem. Biogeosciences 7, 2851- 2899.
Kerry Sink Kirkman, Stephen P., Stephen Holness, Linda R. Harris, Kerry J. Sink, Amanda T. Lombard, Paulus Kainge, Prideel Majiedt, Silvi E. Nsiangango, Kumbi K. Nsingi, and Toufiek Samaai. 2019. Using Systematic Conservation Planning to support Marine Spatial Planning and achieve marine protection targets in the transboundary Benguela Ecosystem." Ocean & Coastal Management 168: 117‐129. Atkinson LJ and Sink KJ (eds) 2018. Field Guide to the Offshore Marine Invertebrates of South Africa, Malachite Marketing and Media, Pretoria, pp. 498. Karenyi, Natasha, Kerry Sink, Ronel Nel, Allan E. Clark, and Res Altwegg. 2018. Imperfect detection distorts depth‐related trends in marine macrofaunal species richness. Ecography Vol 41 (10) 1698‐ 1706. Cordes EE, Jones DOB, Schlacher TA, Amon DJ, Bernardino AF, Brooke S, Carney R, DeLeo DM, Dunlop KM, Escobar‐Briones EG, Gates AR, Génio L, Gobin J, Henry L‐A, Herrera S, Hoyt S, Joye M, Kark S, Mestre NC, Metaxas A, Pfeifer S, Sink K, Sweetman AK and Witte U. 2016. Environmental Impacts of the Deep‐Water Oil and Gas Industry: A Review to Guide Management Strategies. Front. Environ. Sci. 4:58 Karenyi N., Sink K and Nel R. 2016. Defining seascapes for marine unconsolidated shelf sediments in an eastern boundary upwelling region: the southern Benguela as a case study. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 169 195‐206.
Roberto Danovaro Danovaro Roberto, Jacopo Aguzzi, E Fanelli, D Billett, K Gjerde, A Jamieson, E Ramirez- Llodra, CR Smith, PVR Snelgrove, L Thomsen, CL Van Dover (2017) An ecosystem-based deep-ocean strategy Science 355: 452-454 Danovaro R, A Dell’Anno, C Corinaldesi, E Rastelli, R Cavicchioli, Mart Krupovic, Rachel T Noble, Takuro Nunoura, David Prangishvili (2016) Virus-mediated archaeal hecatomb in the deep seafloor, Science advances 2 (10), e1600492
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Danovaro R, M Molari, C Corinaldesi, A Dell’Anno (2016) Macroecological drivers of archaea and bacteria in benthic deep-sea ecosystems. Science advances 2 (4), e1500961 Danovaro R, PVR Snelgrove, P Tyler (2014) Challenging the paradigms of deep-sea ecology. Trends in ecology & evolution 29 (8), 465-475 A Dell’Anno, C Corinaldesi, R Danovaro (2015) Virus decomposition provides an important contribution to benthic deep-sea ecosystem functioning. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112 (16), E2014-E2019
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2.2.2 Marine Species Distribution Modelling in the global ocean (MSDM-GO) Penner
Marine Species Distribution Modelling in the global ocean (MSDM-GO)
Abstract
Understanding the drivers that control the distribution of species and habitats is a fundamental requirement for conservation and management, particularly when predicting their response to anthropogenic stressors including climate change. Over the last decade, the use of species distribution modelling (SDM) in the marine environment has proliferated, driven largely by 1) an increased accessibility of distributional data, 2) global datasets of environmental predictors, 3) a diversity of modelling tools and 4) increased demands by managers and conservationists to be better informed about the distribution of species now and into the future. SDMs typically build a statistical understanding of the relationship between species occurrences and/or their biological responses and environmental drivers (e.g., temperature, depth, food supplies), requiring a multidisciplinary understanding that bridges statistics, biology and physical oceanography. With a lower barrier to entry, SDMs are being used by increasing numbers of researchers. However, without robust guidance and benchmarking standards, the quality of studies generated by increased SDM use varies widely, reducing confidence and uptake by stakeholders. This SCOR WG will develop community-driven best-practice guidance that will enable the development of next-generation marine distributional models that will drive policy and practice globally. Given the international effort to map the global seabed at high-resolution by 2030 (Nippon Foundation-GEBCO), the 2021 launch of the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development, and an ever-increasing amount and quality of available observation and environmental data, it is important that these guidelines are established in order to maximize the scientific and societal impact of marine SDMs.
Scientific Background and Rationale Many marine environments are under intense and increasing anthropogenic pressure, both from climate change and direct impact from sources such as commercial fishing, oil and gas exploration, and aggregate or mineral extraction activities (e.g., Davies et al. 2007). This pressure is especially problematic given that much of the global ocean remains unmapped, uncharacterized and under-explored, particularly with respect to biodiversity (Ramirez-Llodra et al. 2010). Consequently, scientists and stakeholders face unique challenges and urgency in the study and management of most ocean ecosystems (e.g., Auster et al. 2011). Recent technological advancements in ocean data collection have greatly advanced our ability to explore, observe and ultimately exploit ocean ecosystems (Danovaro et al. 2014). Coupled with improved access to data through open access initiatives, global scale environmental datasets and the emergence of spatially and taxonomically comprehensive databases, these advances have the potential to enable the marine scientific community to better understand the ocean environment and the organisms that reside within. However, success is contingent on engagement across the broader community of marine scientists, policy makers and managers. SCOR and its partners have the means to achieve this, providing access and influence beyond a
2-78 single national project and will draw global attention to our outputs which are tailored to support near- and long-term management and policy decisions.
Our current knowledge of marine systems is spatially variable, biased towards locations near well developed countries and shallow, continental shelf depths (Robinson et al. 2011; Vierod et al. 2014; Robinson et al. 2017). However, the wider ocean, particularly areas that lie beyond national jurisdiction where anthropogenic impacts nonetheless occur and are likely to increase, remains largely data poor (e.g. Southern Ocean, South Pacific). This general paucity of information, and ever-expanding footprint of anthropogenic activity, leads to an urgent need for the development of scientific methods that accurately describe the distribution of species and biodiversity in the marine environment.
Fig 1: Cumulative number of publications from Scopus (Mar 2019) for the search term: (Ocean AND (“species distribution model” OR “habitat suitability model”)).
Application of SDM in marine systems One tool that can address gaps in our knowledge and has seen rapid adoption in a variety of marine ecosystems is species distribution modelling (SDM; Figs 1 and 2) (Robinson et al. 2011; Robinson et al. 2017). Constructing marine SDMs (MSDM) is a challenging and multi-faceted process (Fig 2), that requires a broad understanding of not only statistical modelling techniques, but also of species biology and ecology, bathymetric, geological and habitat mapping, physical oceanography and data handling (Vierod et al. 2014). SDMs take three main forms, 1) correlative, 2) hybrid correlative and process-based, and 3) mechanistic (Fig 2). Correlative models are currently the most commonly used in marine systems. They are empirical models that relate data from species occurrences (and sometimes absences) to a selection of ecologically relevant biological, environmental or spatial variables, deriving an understanding of a species niche (Guisan and Zimmermann 2000). These models can then be extrapolated geographically into areas where environmental data are available to predict the potential distribution of a species in unsurveyed locations or times. Hybrid and mechanistic models are rarely used in marine systems, largely due to the specific data requirements that are needed to apply such approaches, but adoption is emerging (e.g. Schibalski et al. 2018; Thomas and Bacher 2018). 2-79
Fig 2: Flow diagram of the MSDM development.
SDMs have been employed in many marine environments, ranging from shallow coastal waters (Robinson et al. 2017) to the deep ocean (Vierod et al. 2014), at a variety of spatial scales, including local, regional and global. In terms of taxonomic application, fish are the most common group modeled, followed by marine mammals, macroalgae, seabirds and corals (Robinson et al. 2011; Robinson et al. 2017). MSDMs have been used for a variety of purposes, including 1) marine spatial planning (both management and conservation perspectives) (e.g., Gormley et al. 2014), 2) MPA network planning (e.g., Hooker et al. 2011), 3) distribution assessment of taxa or living marine resources (e.g., Yesson et al. 2012), 4) extent assessment of vulnerable marine ecosystems (e.g., Howell et al. 2016), delineation of essential fish habitats, including the abundance of juveniles (e.g., Asjes et al. 2016), the abundance of adults at spawning stage (e.g., González-Irusta and Wright 2015) and fish egg distribution (e.g., Loots et al. 2011), 6) studying responses to anthropogenic impacts (e.g., Foster et al. 2015), 7) determining species responses to climate change (e.g., Jueterbock et al. 2013), and 8) studying biological invasions and disease risk (e.g., Tanaka et al. 2017) (Fig 3).
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Fig 3: Examples of the potential uses of published MSDMs.
Challenges for MSDMs
The underlying data and techniques required for robust MSDMs have developed rapidly in the last decade, but there are limitations that hinder the adoption of outputs by the marine scientific and policy communities. If they are to embrace MSDMs in planning, five main criteria must be met and clearly explained:
Relevance: MSDMs should be relevant to the management, scientific or conservation task at hand. For example, much of the distribution data for marine organisms comes with a level of taxonomic uncertainty (e.g., identifying species from images can be difficult) and spatial bias (i.e., datasets largely comprised of ad hoc rather than structured data collection), which are often not considered in detail within MSDM studies. Scale: MSDMs should be developed at an appropriate resolution, not coarser or finer than is required by stakeholders, as this can create difficulties in adopting them into spatial management plans, or at scales that are unsuitable for input data (e.g., how the variance in observations is related to the spatial and temporal variance in covariates). Appropriate and conservative approaches: Reliance on a model approach without sufficient diagnostics or consideration of assumptions, can reduce confidence in MSDMs. Well justified single or multiple model approaches are more trusted by stakeholders and can be particularly important in data-poor regions. 2-81
Verifiable: The use of appropriate and understandable validation approaches (e.g., correlation metrics, area under curve, k-fold, cross-validation), that may include independent test data or field validation and consider the sampling bias evident in many marine observations, are highly valued by stakeholders. Uncertainty: Understanding the uncertainty in input data and resulting predictions is important for communicating the limitations of outputs. Any sources of error in an MSDM output must be explained and, if appropriate, demonstrated spatially, a particularly useful resource for designing spatial management measures.
Meeting these criteria has been an issue for many MSDM efforts, largely due to highly variable data quality, lack of access to appropriate tutorials regarding best-practice and a disconnect with end-user stakeholders. There is also a need for openness and reproducibility associated with MSDMs and their inputs (e.g., distribution or environmental), and outputs (e.g., predictive surfaces, uncertainty surfaces), and the approaches used, which would facilitate uptake and advance the scientific community. This SCOR WG, through its global and multifaceted approach will address these issues, leading to coherent improvement in the application of MSDM. We will engage the MSDM community in creating a best-practice framework, and supplement this by providing developers with the appropriate tools and examples to enhance practice. Ultimately, we aim to strengthen the adoption of MSDMs by management and policy makers. With multiple international efforts, currently ongoing or planned, which aim to enhance data collection in the ocean (e.g., Nippon Foundation-GEBCO, UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development), there is a pressing need to ensure that practitioners are able to adopt a rigorous and effective MSDM framework that is accepted by stakeholders.
Terms of Reference
1. Identify best practices for the development of marine species distribution models (MSDMs), identify current gaps and limitations in MSDM applications, provide guidance on future MSDM development and publish this in a peer-reviewed output. 2. Increase access to prior-published MSDM outputs (including input and output datasets) and computer code by a) promoting open access, transparency and repeatability and b) the development of a data portal (oceanmodels.org) that will consolidate and curate both model predictions and meta-data records from published MSDM outputs. 3. Coordinate the development of a massive open online course (MOOC) to build capacity and competency in this field, with materials provided by WG participants, designed to incorporate best practices and cover environmental and species data processing, multiple modelling approaches, model development and model validation. 4. Build capacity by mentoring early career scientists who aim to develop and publish MSDMs in the adoption of appropriate approaches, best-practices and application/impact strategy.
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Deliverables
Deliverable 1: Peer-reviewed output(s) that reviews the current development of MSDMs:
Milestone 1.1: Review of the current state-of-the-art in MSDM applications, identifying specific challenges and solutions. Milestone 1.2: Review available ocean datasets (both species and environmental) and data processing procedures to create MSDM inputs. Milestone 1.3: Present future directions that should be explored by scientists interested in building impactful MSDMs in the future.
Deliverable 2: Produce a community-driven code of practice that encourages the developers of MSDMs to embrace the open access, repeatability and transparency of MSDM inputs, outputs and code:
Milestone 2.1: Draft code of practice produced as a technical report for dissemination and feedback from the MSDM community. Milestone 2.2: Finalized code of practice submitted as a perspective manuscript in a relevant journal.
Deliverable 3: Develop a web-mapping portal (oceanmodels.org) dedicated to assimilating published MSDM studies and promotes open access and sharing:
Milestone 3.1: Develop the interactive website and populate this with information from the WG. Milestone 3.2: Populate the web-mapping portal with studies published between 2000 and present.
Deliverable 4: Create training materials and opportunities covering theoretical and applied concepts of MSDMs to assist in capacity building:
Milestone 4.1: Report outlining the online course structure and materials to be developed and released. Milestone 4.2: MOOC Module 1: “Introduction to MSDM”. MOOC Module 2: “Effective species and environmental data for MSDMs”. MOOC Module 3: “Forecasting impacts using MSDMs”. Milestone 4.3: Hold an early career/introductory MSDM workshop utilizing the SCOR Capacity Development program to support participants from developing countries.
Working plan
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To achieve the terms of reference for this WG:
Year 1 - 2020
We will hold an initial 3-day workshop among the participants during Summer 2020 at the University of Rhode Island (USA).
This workshop will:
a. Outline the current state of the art for the development of MSDMs and likely future directions. b. Discuss the challenges facing MSDM practitioners and begin the development of best- practice guidelines and codes of practice for building management relevant MSDMs. c. Discuss the scope and structure of the proposed MSDM data portal and online course. d. Allocate tasks among participants.
Following the meeting, we will:
a. Release website pages that summarize the activities and outputs of the working group (Aug 2020; Milestone 3.1). b. Start a draft working document that summarizes the current state of the art, challenges and future directions for MSDMs (Feb 2020; Milestones 1.1-1.3). c. Release a draft data-sharing and open-access code of practice as a technical report for review by the MSDM community. (Dec 2020; Milestone 2.1). d. Consult with the SCOR Committee on Capacity Building (SCOR CCB) to gain insight on how to solicit participation of scientists from developing countries and to integrate our work with capacity- building activities within SCOR (Oct 2020; Terms of Reference 4 and Deliverable 4).
Year 2 – 2021
During year two, we will progress several of our proposed outputs, and hold a series of virtual meetings between sub-groups of the WG that are responsible for delivering specific tasks, we will:
a. Formalize the draft data-sharing and open access code of practice and submit a peer- reviewed output (Oct 2021; Milestone 2.2). b. Release the web-mapping component of the data-portal with meta- data extracted from peer-reviewed marine SDM publications dating from 2000-present (August 2021; Milestones 3.1-3.2). c. Release the first module for the online course, “Introduction to MSDM” (Sept 2021; Milestone 4.2) and trial it with early career scientists and others identified by SCOR CCB.
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Year 3 – 2022
We will hold a further 3-day workshop among the participants during 2022. Plus, a 2-day training workshop on marine species distribution modelling for early career scientists and scientists from developing countries. We would aim to plan this around a major conference, possibly the 6th World Congress of Marine Biodiversity. The participants’ workshop will:
a. Discuss future directions for the working group and highlight potential additional sources of funding to maintain progress. b. Finalize best-practice guidance for MSDMs based on community and peer-review.
Following the participants workshop we will:
a. Finalize current MSDM state of the art, best-practice guidance and future directions as peer-reviewed outputs (Dec 2022; Milestones 1.1-1.3). b. Release the final modules for the online course (Aug 2022; Milestone 4.2).
The training workshop (Milestone 4.3) will:
a. Provide a series of training sessions regarding best-practice in MSDM development. b. Give early career scientists and scientists from developing countries the opportunity to receive mentorship from established MSDM practitioners. c. Establish a network of early career scientists and scientists from developing countries interested in developing marine SDMs.
Capacity Building
Our outputs will provide a lasting contribution to the field of MSDM and enhance the capability of stakeholders to better manage and conserve marine ecosystems in light of increased demands in much of the global ocean. By building this momentum, the WG will follow capacity building initiatives through three streams and will explore funding to achieve these:
Stream 1 - Established MSDM Community: By providing coherent guidance in the form of published best practice, benchmarks and training materials, we will ensure that the established MSDM community produces outputs that meet minimum agreed standards, improving confidence in MSDMs. Policy makers, management and conservation practitioners will benefit significantly from improved outputs, ensuring that MSDMs develop into the accepted tool that many scientists and policy makers think they can be. We will increase transparency and discoverability of MSDM approaches and input/output data by producing an online data-portal which will be supported and maintained by the University of Rhode Island in perpetuity at no cost to this WG Group. The data-portal will be linked to SCOR resources website for Students and Early Career Scientists and for Scientists and Institutions.
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Capacity Building 1: Increased demand for MSDMs following the establishment of best practice and improved stakeholder confidence will lead to further funding and project opportunities for MSDM practitioners around the world.
Capacity Building 2: Continue the WG as an informal or potentially a formal society following completion of WG activities that is devoted to the continued development of MSDMs and practitioners.
Stream 2 - Early Career Scientists (ECSs): We will reduce barriers for early career scientists who aim to adopt MSDMs by providing rigorous training through the development of online courses and the provision of training workshop. This will be a platform for building a network of early career MSDM practitioners who will continue the future development of the approaches with rigorous standards and an understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of approaches. ECSs will have the opportunity to collaborate with experienced practitioners and enhance their scientific networks.
Capacity Building 3: Establish a network for early career researchers, including opportunities to share current work, explore problems and disseminate outputs to potential stakeholders, potentially through email listserv, social media, oceanmodels.org.
Stream 3 - Scientists from Understudied Regions: Much MSDM research has been concentrated in areas around developed countries. Our objectives to produce high quality and freely accessible training materials through online courses, is specifically designed to increase access and uptake to MSDMs by scientists and stakeholders in developing countries and regions of the world that are fundamentally understudied. Linking with the SCOR CCB will enable us to use that experience and expertise to effectively target individuals and institutions who could most benefit from participation. The WG Chair will apply for SCOR CCB travel funds to support this effort.
Capacity Building 4: Explore how to better build links with stakeholders and scientists interested in building MSDMs in understudied regions through working with the SCOR CCB. Providing collaboration, mentorship and expertise to help advance national and international MSDM-related research.
Relationship to other international programs and SCOR Working groups
This working group has arisen from a 2018 workshop on deep-sea species distribution modelling that was co-organized by the EU Horizon 2020 projects SponGES (grant agreement: 679849) and ATLAS (grant agreement: 678760) and supported by the Convention on Biological Diversity and Fisheries and Oceans Canada. This workshop brought together for the first time, global experts working on MSDM in the deep sea, the core of whom are members of this proposed WG. Our discussions noted the need for the continued development of MSDM and establishment of best-practices, particularly due to the increased pressures that are being faced in many ocean ecosystems around the world and set the foundation for the objectives and
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deliverables proposed as part of this SCOR WG. We anticipate benefiting from and contributing to major international projects working on marine ecosystems such as the Horizon 2020 iAtlantic project (several members are involved, and iAtlantic may be able to contribute to the working group), global seabed mapping by the Nippon Foundation-GEBCO and the 2021 launch of the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development.
We have built a proposal that brings together a geographically diverse group of internationally recognized scientists and created terms of reference that has potential to have long-lasting influence on our understanding of ocean ecosystems at a global scale and leave a digital legacy as well as a powerful leap forward in capacity development in this field. SCOR offers the international profile and experience in capacity building that is needed to achieve our goals. We note that SCOR has not supported a similar working group in this field, and that MSDMs are a true multi-disciplinary application that benefits from and contributes to multiple sectors of oceanographic and marine biological research.
Working Group composition
Our working group covers an expansive geographic network that reflects the global utility of MSDMs. Please note, due to significant Canadian expertise and interest in MSDMs, we have elected to offer a third tier of membership, Observer Members, to ensure that individuals and agencies who wish to be involved can do so, and not be omitted due to geographic locality.
Full Members
Name Gender Place of Expertise relevant to proposal work Andrew J Davies M USA Proposed Chair - Oceanographic drivers of distributions, MSDMs, deep-sea data. Margaret FJ Dolan F Norway Multibeam and habitat mapping, geo-bio interactions, geomorphic characterization. Piers K Dunstan M Australia Multispecies MSDMs, SAM & RCP, marine data. Kerry Howell F UK Atlantic MSDMs, marine spatial planning, MPA networks, connectivity. Ellen Kenchington F Canada MSDMs, international science into policy (e.g. RFMOs, FAO-NANSEN, FAO expert) Telmo Morato M Portugal Forecasting MSDMs, climate change, anthropogenic impacts. Ashley Rowden M New Policy and stakeholder applications of Zealand MSDMs, survey planning and integration. 2-87
AJ Smit M South Marine biogeography, coastal oceanography, Africa marine data. Jarno Vanhatalo M Finland Statistician developing MSDMs including joint species SDMs. Chris Yesson M UK Invasive species, MSDMs, climate refugia, education.
Associate Members
Name Gender Place of Expertise relevant to proposal work Ward Appeltans M Belgium Species occurrence and marine data, lead of the OBIS database project. José Manuel M Spain Application of MSDM to ecosystem González Irusta management.
Christian Mohn M Denmark Physical oceanography, hydrodynamic modelling, interfacing across disciplines. Jose Angel A. Perez M Brazil Diversity and distribution of deep-sea fauna and habitats, anthropogenic impacts Chris Rooper M Canada MSDM, validation surveys and linkages to management applications Kisei Tanaka M USA Shallow water MSDMs, climate variability, climate change impacts on biogeography.
Joana Xavier F Portugal Taxonomy, diversity and distribution of deep- sea habitats/VMEs
Observer Members
Name Gender Place of Expertise relevant to proposal work Lindsay Beazley F Canada MSDMs, marine biodiversity, habitat mapping. Jessica Finney F Canada Mapping lead at DFO, worked on best- practice guidance for MSDM. Scott Foster M Australia Development of multispecies statistical models and sampling programs Kevin Friedland M USA Fisheries expert, MSDM development in data rich regions.
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Anders Knudby M Canada MSDM comparison, evaluation, uncertainty estimations F Javier Murillo M Canada MSDMs, marine biodiversity, habitat mapping. Emily Rubidge F Canada Species-environment interactions, mapping diversity, ecological connectivity Rodrigo Sant'Ana M Brazil Bayesian spatial, temporal and spatial- temporal hierarchical models. Ryan Stanley M Canada Genetically informed SDMs, marine connectivity. Benjamin Weigel M Finland Joint species distribution models. Skipton Wooley M Australia Developer of statistical methods to quantify single or multiple species distributions.
Working Group contributions
Andrew J Davies: Has improved global understanding of the distribution of marine species using SDMs and observational techniques, with his work on cold-water coral distribution being amongst the highest cited deep-sea MSDM publications.
Margaret FJ Dolan: Leading analyst of bathymetric data in the context of benthic habitat mapping, who has significantly advanced awareness of marine geomorphometry and the integration of benthic terrain data into modern MSDMs and habitat maps.
Piers K Dunstan: Internationally renowned ecological modeler with specific expertise in the development and application of multispecies distribution models, species archetype models and regions of common profile models.
Kerry Howell: Focuses on the application of MSDM for marine conservation. Currently lead and participant in several international research programs that use MSDM for Atlantic-wide marine spatial planning.
Ellen Kenchington: Significant experience in providing advice at an international level, to managers and policy makers, regarding marine spatial planning and the application of MSDMs to vulnerable marine ecosystems.
Telmo Morato: Focused on the development of MSDMs for deep-sea fish species and habitats. Currently leading international efforts to map how species distributions will change under future climate conditions.
Ashley Rowden: Internationally leading researcher, with interests including the use of MSDM to inform policy and stakeholders. Substantial experience in planning surveys to best take advance of MSDM techniques in logistically challenging environments. 2-89
AJ Smit: Expertise in coastal systems modelling, marine biogeography and environmental data layer development for MSDMs.
Jarno Vanhatalo: Statistician with experience in developing predictive models and MSDM in multiple marine habitats.
Chris Yesson: Substantial experience in the field of MSDM, with data products used in a variety of conservation and management settings including defining EBSAs in NE Atlantic. Taught SDM workshops in 6 countries and has supervised numerous research students in this field.
References
Asjes A et al. (2016) Age-related and seasonal changes in haddock Melanogrammus aeglefinus distribution: implications for spatial management. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 553: 203-217 Auster PJ et al. (2011) Definition and detection of vulnerable marine ecosystems on the high seas: problems with the" move-on" rule. ICES J Mar Sci 68: 254-264 Danovaro R et al. (2014) Challenging the paradigms of deep-sea ecology. Trends Ecol Evol 29: 465-475 Davies AJ et al. (2007) Preserving deep-sea natural heritage: Emerging issues in offshore conservation and management. Bio Conserv 138: 299-312 Foster SD et al. (2015) The cumulative effect of trawl fishing on a multispecies fish assemblage in south-eastern Australia. Journal of Animal Ecology 52: 129-139 González-Irusta JM, Wright PJ (2015) Spawning grounds of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) in the North Sea. ICES J Mar Sci 73: 304-315 Gormley KSG et al. (2014) Can management effort be predicted for marine protected areas? New considerations for network design. Marine Policy 47: 138-146 Guisan A, Zimmermann NE (2000) Predictive habitat distribution models in ecology. Ecol Model 135: 147-186 Hooker SK et al. (2011) Making protected area networks effective for marine top predators. Endangered Species Research 13: 203-218 Howell K-L et al. 2016. The distribution of deep-sea sponge aggregations in the North Atlantic and implications for their effective spatial management. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 115, 309-320. Jueterbock A et al. (2013) Climate change impact on seaweed meadow distribution in the North Atlantic rocky intertidal. Ecology and Evolution 3: 1356-1373 Loots C et al. (2011) Understanding what controls the spawning distribution of North Sea whiting (Merlangius merlangus) using a multi-model approach. Fisheries Oceanography 20: 18-31 Ramirez-Llodra E et al. (2010) Deep, diverse and definitely different: unique attributes of the world's largest ecosystem. Biogeosciences 7: 2851-2899 Robinson LM, Elith J, Hobday AJ, Pearson RG, Kendall BE, Possingham HP, Richardson AJ (2011) Pushing the limits in marine species distribution modelling: lessons from the land present challenges and opportunities. Global Ecology and Biogeography 20: 789-802
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Robinson NM et al. (2017) A Systematic Review of Marine-Based Species Distribution Models (SDMs) with Recommendations for Best Practice. Frontiers in Marine Science 4 Schibalski A et al. (2018) Novel model coupling approach for resilience analysis of coastal plant communities. Ecological Applications 28: 1640-1654 Tanaka KR et al. (2017) A statistical model for monitoring shell disease in inshore lobster fisheries: A case study in Long Island Sound. PloS one 12: e0172123 Thomas Y, Bacher C (2018) Assessing the sensitivity of bivalve populations to global warming using an individual-based modelling approach. Global Change Biology 24: 4581-4597 Vierod ADT et al. (2014) Predicting the distribution of vulnerable marine ecosystems in the deep sea using presence-background models. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 99: 6-18 Yesson C et al. (2012) Global habitat suitability of cold-water octocorals. J Biogeogr 39: 1278- 1292 2-91
Appendix
For each Full Member, five key publications related to the proposal:
Andrew J Davies Davies, A., Guinotte, J. 2011. Global Habitat Suitability for Framework-Forming Cold-Water Corals. PLoS ONE 6. Davies, A.J., Duineveld, G.C.A., Lavaleye, M.S.S., Bergman, M.J.N., Van Haren, H., Roberts, J.M. 2009. Downwelling and deep-water bottom currents as food supply mechanisms to the cold-water coral Lophelia pertusa (Scleractinia) at the Mingulay Reef Complex. Limnology and Oceanography 54, 620-629. Davies, A.J., Wisshak, M., Orr, J.C., Roberts, J.M. 2008. Predicting suitable habitat for the cold-water reef framework-forming coral Lophelia pertusa (Scleractinia). Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 55, 1048-1062. Guinotte, J.M., Davies, A.J. 2014. Predicted deep-sea coral habitat suitability for the US West Coast. PLoS ONE 9, e93918. Vierod, A.D.T., Guinotte, J.M., Davies, A.J. 2014. Predicting the distribution of vulnerable marine ecosystems in the deep sea using presence-background models. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 99, 6-18.
Margaret FJ Dolan (Wilson) Dolan, M.F.J., Grehan, A.J., Guinan, J.C., Brown, C. 2008. Modelling the local distribution of cold-water corals in relation to bathymetric variables: Adding spatial context to deep-sea video data. Deep-Sea Research Part I-Oceanographic Research Papers 55, 1564-1579. Dolan, M.F.J, Lucieer, V.L. 2014. Variation and uncertainty in bathymetric slope calculations using geographic information systems. Marine Geodesy 37(2) 187- 219. Guinan, J., Grehan, A.J., Dolan, M.F.J., Brown, C. 2009. Quantifying relationships between video observations of cold-water coral cover and seafloor features in Rockall Trough, west of Ireland. Marine Ecology-Progress Series 375, 125-138. Lecours, V., Dolan, M.F.J., Micallef, A., Lucieer, V.L. 2016. A review of marine geomorphometry, the quantitative study of the seafloor. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 20, 3207. Wilson, M.F.J., O'Connell, B., Brown, C., Guinan, J.C., Grehan, A.J. 2007. Multiscale terrain analysis of multibeam bathymetry data for habitat mapping on the Continental Slope. Marine Geodesy 30, 3-35.
Piers K Dunstan Dunstan, P.K., Foster, S.D., Hui, F.K.C., Warton, D.I. 2013. Finite Mixture of Regression Modelling for High-Dimensional Count and Biomass Data in Ecology. Journal of Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Statistics 18, 357-375. Dunstan, P.K., Foster, S.D., King, E., Risbey, J., O'kane, T.J., Monselesan, D., Hobday, A.J., Hartog, J.R., Thompson, P.A. 2018. Global patterns of change and variation in sea surface temperature and chlorophyll a. Sci Rep 8, 14624. Foster, S.D., Dunstan, P.K., Althaus, F., Williams, A. 2015. The cumulative effect of trawl fishing on a multispecies fish assemblage in south-eastern Australia. Journal of Animal Ecology 52, 129-139.
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Jansen, J., Hill, N.A., Dunstan, P.K., Mckinlay, J., Sumner, M.D., Post, A.L., Eleaume, M.P., Armand, L.K., Warnock, J.P., Galton-Fenzi, B.K., Johnson, C.R. 2018. Abundance and richness of key Antarctic seafloor fauna correlates with modelled food availability. Nat Ecol Evol 2, 71-80. Leaper, R., Dunstan, P.K., Foster, S.D., Barrett, N.S., Edgar, G.J. 2014. Do communities exist? Complex patterns of overlapping marine species distributions. Ecology 95, 2016-2025.
Kerry Howell Howell, K.-L., Piechaud, N., Downie, A.-L., Kenny, A. 2016. The distribution of deep-sea sponge aggregations in the North Atlantic and implications for their effective spatial management. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 115, 309-320. Marshall, C.E., Glegg, G.A., Howell, K.L. 2014. Species distribution modelling to support marine conservation planning: the next steps. Marine Policy 45, 330-332. Piechaud, N., Downie, A., Stewart, H.A., Howell, K.L. 2015. The impact of modelling method selection on predicted extent and distribution of deep-sea benthic assemblages. Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of The Royal Society of Edinburgh 105, 251-261. Ross, L.K., Ross, R.E., Stewart, H.A., Howell, K.L. 2015. The influence of data resolution on predicted distribution and estimates of extent of current protection of three ‘listed’ deep-sea habitats. PLoS ONE 10, e0140061. Ross, R.E., Howell, K.L. 2013. Use of predictive habitat modelling to assess the distribution and extent of the current protection of ‘listed’ deep-sea habitats. Diversity and Distributions 19, 433-445.
Ellen Kenchington Beazley, L., Wang, Z., Kenchington, E., Yashayaev, I., Rapp, H.T., Xavier, J.R., Murillo, F.J., Fenton, D., Fuller, S. 2018. Predicted distribution of the glass sponge Vazella pourtalesi on the Scotian Shelf and its persistence in the face of climatic variability. PLoS ONE 13, e0205505. Kenchington, E., Beazley, L., Lirette, C., Murillo, F.J., Guijarro, J., Wareham, V., Gilkinson, K., Koen-Alonso, M., Benoît, H., Bourdages, H. 2016. Delineation of coral and sponge significant benthic areas in Eastern Canada using Kernel Density Analyses and Species Distribution Models. Canadian Science Advisory Secretariat. Kenchington, E., Callery, O., Davidson, F., Grehan, A., Morato, T., Appiott, J., Davies, A.J., Dunstan, P.K., Du Preez, C., Finney, J., González-Irusta, J.M., Howell, K.L., Knudby, A., Lacharité, M., Lee, J., Murillo, F.J., Beazley, L., Roberts, J.M., Roberts, E.M.T., Rowden, A., Rubige, E., Stanley, R., Stirling, D., Tanaka, K.R., Vanhatalo, J., Weigel, B., Wooley, S., Yesson, C. 2019. Use of Species Distribution Modelling in the Deep Sea. Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 3296: ix + 76 p. Knudby, A., Kenchington, E., Murillo, F.J. 2013. Modelling the distribution of Geodia sponges and sponge grounds in the Northwest Atlantic. PLoS ONE 8, e82306. Murillo, F.J., Kenchington, E., Tompkins, G., Beazley, L., Baker, E., Knudby, A., Walkusz, W. 2018. Sponge assemblages and predicted archetypes in the eastern Canadian Arctic. Marine Ecology Progress Series 597, 115-135.
Telmo Morato Fulton, B., Morato, T., Pitcher, T.J. 2007. Modelling seamount ecosystems and their fisheries. 2-93
Seamounts: Ecology, Fisheries and Conservation. Fisheries and Aquatic Resource Series, Blackwell Scientific 296-332. Gollner, S., Kaiser, S., Menzel, L., Jones, D.O.B., Brown, A., Mestre, N.C., Van Oevelen, D., Menot, L., Colaço, A., Canals, M. 2017. Resilience of benthic deep- sea fauna to mining activities. Marine Environmental Research 129, 76-101. Morato, T., Watson, R., Pitcher, T.J., Pauly, D. 2006. Fishing down the deep. Fish and Fisheries 7, 24-34. Morato, T., Dominguez-Carrió, C., Davies, A.J., Carreiro-Silva, M., Sweetman, A., Wei, C.L. 2019. Pilot modelling of the habitat suitability of VME indicator taxa under future climate scenarios, in two RFMOs. Pages 104-120 in Levin L, Baker M, Thompson A, eds. Deep- ocean climate change impacts on habitat, fish and fisheries, FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper No. XX. Rome, FAO. Parra, H.E., Pham, C.K., Menezes, G.M., Rosa, A., Tempera, F., Morato, T. 2017. Predictive modelling of deep-sea fish distribution in the Azores. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 145, 49-60.
Ashley Rowden Anderson, O.F., Guinotte, J.M., Rowden, A.A., Clark, M.R., Mormede, S., Davies, A.J., Bowden, D.A. 2016. Field validation of habitat suitability models for vulnerable marine ecosystems in the South Pacific Ocean: implications for the use of broad- scale models in fisheries management. Ocean & Coastal Management 120, 110- 126. Georgian, S.E., Anderson, O.F., Rowden, A.A. 2019. Ensemble habitat suitability modelling of vulnerable marine ecosystem indicator taxa to inform deep-sea fisheries management in the South Pacific Ocean. Fisheries Research, 211, 256- 274 Rowden, A.A, Anderson, O.F, Georgian, S.E., Bowden, D.A, Clark, M.R., Pallentin, A. Miller A. 2017. High-resolution habitat suitability models for the conservation and management of vulnerable marine ecosystems on the Louisville Seamount Chain, South Pacific Ocean. Frontiers in Marine Science. 4:335. Rowden, A.A., Stephenson, F., Clark, M.R., Anderson, O.F., Guinotte, J.M., Baird, S.J., Roux, M.J., Wadhwa, S., Cryer, M., Lundquist, C.J. 2019. Examining the utility of a decision- support tool to develop spatial management options for the protection of vulnerable marine ecosystems on the high seas around New Zealand. Ocean & Coastal Management 170, 1-16. Tittensor, D.P., Baco, A.R., Brewin, P.E., Clark, M.R., Consalvey, M., Hall‐ Spencer, J., Rowden, A.A., Schlacher, T., Stocks, K.I., Rogers, A.D. 2009. Predicting global habitat suitability for stony corals on seamounts. Journal of Biogeography 36, 1111-1128.
AJ Smit De Lecea, A.M., Cooper, R., Smit, A.J. 2016. Identifying the drivers of the pelagic ecosystem of an oligotrophic bight (KwaZulu–Natal, South Africa) using stable isotopes (δ13C, δ15N) and C: N ratio analysis. Marine and Freshwater Research 67, 1750-1761. García-Reyes, M., Sydeman, W.J., Schoeman, D.S., Rykaczewski, R.R., Black, B.A., Smit, A.J., Bograd, S.J. 2015. Under pressure: Climate change, upwelling, and eastern boundary upwelling ecosystems. Frontiers in Marine Science 2, 109. Livingstone, T.C., Harris, J.M., Lombard, A.T., Smit, A.J., Schoeman, D.S. 2018. Classification of marine bioregions on the east coast of South Africa. African Journal of Marine Science 40, 51-65.
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Smit, A.J., Bolton, J.J., Anderson, R.J. 2017. Seaweeds in two oceans: beta- diversity. Frontiers in Marine Science 4, 404. Smit, A.J., Roberts, M., Anderson, R.J., Dufois, F., Dudley, S.F.J., Bornman, T.G., Olbers, J., Bolton, J.J. 2013. A coastal seawater temperature dataset for biogeographical studies: large biases between in situ and remotely-sensed data sets around the coast of South Africa. PLoS ONE 8, e81944.
Jarno Vanhatalo Bakka, H., Vanhatalo, J., Illian, J.B., Simpson, D., Rue, H. 2019. Non-stationary Gaussian models with physical barriers. Spatial Statistics. Kallasvuo, M., Vanhatalo, J., Veneranta, L. 2016. Modelling the spatial distribution of larval fish abundance provides essential information for management. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 74, 636-649. Kotta, J., Vanhatalo, J., Jänes, H., Orav-Kotta, H., Rugiu, L., Jormalainen, V., Bobsien, I., Viitasalo, M., Virtanen, E., Sandman, A.N. 2019. Integrating experimental and distribution data to predict future species patterns. Scientific Reports 9, 1821. Mäkinen, J., Vanhatalo, J. 2018. Hierarchical Bayesian model reveals the distributional shifts of Arctic marine mammals. Diversity and Distributions 24, 1381- 1394. Vanhatalo, J., Hosack, G.R., Sweatman, H. 2017. Spatiotemporal modelling of crown‐of‐thorns starfish outbreaks on the Great Barrier Reef to inform control strategies. Journal of Applied Ecology 54, 188-197.
Chris Yesson Fernandez, M., Yesson, C., Gannier, A., Miller, P.I., Azevedo, J.M.N. 2017. The importance of temporal resolution for niche modelling in dynamic marine environments. Journal of Biogeography 44, 2816-2827. Gallardo, B., Aldridge, D.C., González-Moreno, P., Pergl, J., Pizarro, M., Pyšek, P., Thuiller, W., Yesson, C., Vilà, M. 2017. Protected areas offer refuge from invasive species spreading under climate change. Global Change Biology 23, 5331-5343. Yesson, C., Bedford, F., Rogers, A.D., Taylor, M.L. 2017. The global distribution of deep- water Antipatharia habitat. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 145, 79-86. Yesson, C., Bush, L.E., Davies, A.J., Maggs, C.A., Brodie, J. 2015. The distribution and environmental requirements of large brown seaweeds in the British Isles. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 95, 669-680. Yesson, C., Taylor, M.L., Tittensor, D.P., Davies, A.J., Guinotte, J., Baco, A., Black, J., Hall- Spencer, J.M., Rogers, A.D. 2012. Global habitat suitability of cold- water octocorals. Journal of Biogeography 39, 1278-1292.
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2.2.3 DIagnoSis of Carbon in the Ocean: Variability, uncERtainty and the Coasts (DISCOVER- C) McDougall
DISCOVER-C: DIagnoSis of Carbon in the Ocean: Variability, uncERtainty and the Coasts
Co-Chairs:
Peter Landschützer Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany [email protected]
Galen A. McKinley Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory and Columbia University, NY, USA [email protected]
1. Summary
A number of recent studies have applied novel statistical and machine-learning methods to in situ surface ocean carbon dioxide (CO2) observations to estimate the ocean carbon sink with unprecedented spatio-temporal resolution. These studies suggest that the oceanic CO2 sink for carbon dioxide is more variable on multiyear timescales than previously estimated from biogeochemical model simulations. This newly-identified variability challenges our model- based mechanistic understanding, and puts into question our projections of the future ocean carbon sink. These observation-based estimates, however, rely on extensive interpolation of limited observations, and thus their reliability is unclear, particularly in data-sparse regions and seasons. Furthermore, inconsistencies regarding the ocean area covered by open and coastal ocean estimates hampers our ability to constrain CO2 fluxes across the full aquatic continuum. The goal of this working group will be to assess critical uncertainties in existing data-based products, determine how best to integrate observation-based open ocean and coastal ocean estimates of CO2 air-sea fluxes, and evaluate the impacts of CO2 release associated with river discharge. These efforts will lead to better constraints on the contemporary ocean carbon sink and its variability. The results of this SCOR Working Group will assist the global carbon community in informing the 5-yearly global update of progress toward fulfilling the UNFCCC Paris Agreement, and thus contribute to sustainable development goal (SDG) 13. It will also provide guidance where we lack essential knowledge to assess the rate of ocean acidification and the saturation states of aragonite and calcite, which are direct indicators (SDG 14.3.1) for the wellbeing of marine life, related to SDG 14.
2. Scientific Background and Rationale
Global assessments suggest that, in the past decade, the ocean has annually taken up about 25% of the CO2 emitted by human activities (Le Quéré et al. 2018) which, in turn, leads to ocean
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acidification harmful for entire ecosystems. Despite the ocean’s crucial role, we still lack essential knowledge regarding variability of ocean carbon uptake in time and space. Without building up this knowledge towards the first UN stocktake in 2023, where the collective progress of all countries in reducing emissions will be established, we might be unable to measure the success of the Paris Agreement (Peters et al. 2017).
For many years, the strength of the ocean CO2 sink has been estimated using ocean forward models that have been tuned to match a variety of observational estimates for the 1990s and the cumulative uptake over the industrial period. These models reproduce the increase in the surface ocean partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) that is expected from the increase in anthropogenic CO2 in the atmosphere and indicate only small to moderate climate variability around the anthropogenic trend. If this is the case, then the observed variations in the atmospheric growth rate of CO2 must be due almost exclusively to variability in the land sink. Recently, the Global Carbon Project reported that we are unable to balance the global carbon budget, finding a residual term of ~0.5 PgC yr-1 (or roughly 5% of current fossil fuel emissions) remains (Le Quéré et al. 2018). Despite the fact that the ocean sink is better constrained than the land sink, we cannot exclude the ocean as a possible source for this substantial discrepancy.
Over the past decade, the number of publicly available surface ocean CO2 observations has increased rapidly from 6 million in the first release of the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT) database (Pfeil et al. 2013, Bakker et al. 2014, Bakker et al. 2016) in 2011 to 23 million data in 2018. These valuable observations and synthesis effort have enabled scientists around the world to create a variety of new observation-based estimates of the ocean carbon sink, taking advantage of novel data-interpolation techniques based on statistics and machine-learning to fill observational gaps. These studies suggest much stronger variability on interannual to decadal timescales than earlier model estimates (Rödenbeck et al. 2015, Landschützer et al. 2016, Gregor et al. 2018, Le Quéré et al. 2018), calling into question both the mechanistic understanding gained from ocean models, and our ability to precisely predict the future ocean carbon sink (Figure 1). These surface ocean CO2-based estimates, however, suffer from heterogeneous data distribution and large ocean regions with little data coverage. A study by Rödenbeck et al. (2015) highlights that substantial differences of up to 1 PgC yr-1 occur between methods, i.e. twice the current carbon budget imbalance, highlighting the need to better constrain observation-based air-sea CO2 fluxes.
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Figure 1: Air-sea CO2 exchange and its difference between different methods from Le Quéré et al. (2018). Observation-based estimates are highlighted in red, model-based estimates are in grey and the Global Carbon Budget best estimate with uncertainty shading is highlighted in black.
Substantial discrepancies do not only exist between observation-based estimates due to methodological differences (see e.g. Figure 1), but further as a result of differences in the ocean regions covered by observation-based estimates (Rödenbeck et al 2015). The majority of surface ocean CO2 measurement-based methods do not include significant carbon sinks such as the Arctic Ocean and coastal waters. Yet, the polar oceans as well as the Eastern Boundary upwelling systems (Gruber et al. 2012) will be among the first ocean regions to experience critical declines in ocean pH. We are in desperate need to close this gap and investigate the role of these regions before we can compare products and provide a best global ocean carbon sink constraint. While there have been recent developments in constraining the coastal ocean CO2 fluxes (Laruelle et al. 2017) and Arctic Ocean CO2 fluxes (Yasunaka et al. 2016), these have not yet been integrated with the global ocean flux products.
Another issue is that the area of the ocean represented in the different approaches varies significantly. Based on the 1° x 1° global ocean mask of RECCAP (Canadell et al. 2011), ocean models cover 89-99% of the total ocean area. The data-based products include only 77- 87%, often leaving out much of the Southern Ocean, a region of significant carbon uptake (Gruber et al. 2019). These differences alone lead to global mean flux discrepancies of up to 0.5 PgC yr-1. The Global Carbon Budget (Le Quéré et al. 2018) has not addressed these masking issues, instead attribute mean differences between modelled and observation-based estimates to riverine inputs of natural carbon from 0.45 to 0.78 PgC yr-1 (Jacobson et al. 2007, Resplandy et al. 2018).
In summary, there are a wide range of issues – coastal, riverine, masking - that need to be resolved. All these issues impact the quality of our current estimates of the ocean carbon sink,
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both of its mean and its variability. These issues require expert attention and the development of clear recommendations that can support more reliable diagnoses in the years to come.
There are currently several active efforts to assess recent ocean carbon fluxes and placing these in context with the global anthropogenic carbon cycle, such as the REgional Carbon Cycle Assessment and Processes phase 2 (RECCAP2) (https://www.reccap2-gotemba2019.org), the Global Carbon Project’s annual Global Carbon Budget (Le Quéré et al. 2018), and the IPCC AR6 assessment. As the primary goal of these ongoing assessments is to integrate ocean fluxes into a global carbon cycle meta-analyses, these projects will have the time to put focused attention on accounting for inconsistencies between ocean flux estimates. This is why this effort is needed. This working group will support these other efforts by understanding and remedying methodological discrepancies and quantifying the resulting uncertainty.
As we improve our diagnosis of ocean carbon fluxes based on models and existing data, new data streams based on autonomous measuring devices (such as Biogeochemical Argo (BGC- Argo) floats) have emerged. There is great potential from these data, but better understanding of the impacts of adding new data with different error statistics is required for robust product development. Further, discrepancies between open-ocean and coastal ocean estimates that this WG identifies will provide important direction for future field campaigns.
The United Nations has presented 17 sustainable development goals (SDG) from which SDG 14 (Life below water) and SDG 13 (Climate action) will directly benefit from this working group. We will better constrain the representation of internal or forced variability based on the to-date most reliable air-sea CO2 flux estimates from observations and models. These estimates are critical to assessing how changes in anthropogenic emissions are impacting atmospheric CO2 concentration and thus are a critical component of the 5-yearly global stocktake under article 14 of the UNFCCC Paris Agreement with the first stocktake in 2023. For climate pledges to be renewed and strengthened, it is important that the global carbon science community be able to quantify natural carbon sources and sinks accurately.
Better quantification of past, present and future carbon fluxes will also improve estimates of trends in ocean acidification and the saturation states of aragonite and calcite, which are direct indicators (SDG 14.3.1) for the wellbeing of marine life. Combining available air-sea CO2 flux estimates from models, open ocean, coastal and marginal sea products to enhance our ability to monitor the changing carbon state of the ocean is the only way to monitor our progress toward this critical development goal.
In this SCOR Working Group (WG) we will 1) compare monthly estimates of ocean carbon uptake and estimate uncertainties, 2) determine how to integrate coastal and open ocean air- sea CO2 fluxes, 3) make recommendations for improving estimates of global ocean carbon uptake (Section 3).
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3. Terms of Reference
Objective 1: Compare air-sea CO2 fluxes standardized at monthly temporal and 1º x 1º spatial resolution and estimate uncertainties. We will:
1. Gather and compare publicly available estimates of global and regional air-sea CO2 fluxes based on in situ surface ocean observations and numerical models 2. Identify differences in ocean mask, riverine carbon input, treatment of ice-covered regions and resolution and the effect of these on CO2 air-sea flux estimates 3. Assess uncertainty based on the spread across these estimates, and recommend more sophisticated approaches for formal uncertainty quantification
Objective 2: Determine how to integrate CO2 air-sea flux estimates for the coastal seas, Arctic Ocean and open oceans. We will discuss the following issues that complicate integration of coastal fluxes with open ocean fluxes, and determine an optimal approach.
1. Coastal and Arctic Ocean flux estimates overlap in space with open ocean estimates in some areas, while there are gaps elsewhere. 2. Coastal flux estimates do not include variability beyond the seasonal cycle, while open ocean fluxes also have interannual variability.
Objective 3: Recommend a path forward to improve air-sea CO2 flux estimates. We will:
1. Identify the regions and seasons where additional observations will most improve regional and global flux estimates 2. Make recommendations with respect to integration of BGC-Argo floats into a surface ocean CO2 monitoring system 3. Combine observation-based CO2 flux estimates with model output to improve our mechanistic understanding regarding the air-sea flux variability in time
4. Working Plan
Expected start: January 2020
Month 1 until month 6: In order to deliver the 3 objectives, the working group will contact representatives of the Global Carbon Project, RECCAP2, the large modelling centres and the providers of observation-based air-sea flux estimates (e.g., via the Surface Ocean CO2 Mapping project (SOCOM), but also newer estimates that are not yet included in SOCOM) to gather the most up to date air-sea CO2 flux estimates. Full Members of this proposed WG are directly involved with each of these projects, and thus we don’t expect this process to take more than 6 months.
During the data-gathering phase, we will hold the first working group meeting, bringing together representatives from the measurement, modelling, and global carbon budget analysis
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communities. We propose to organize this meeting during the Ocean Sciences meeting in February 2020 in San Diego, USA, and to discuss the following issues:
The current availability and methodologies implemented to create the suite of data- based products and the suite of hindcast models. Each participant will be asked to lead discussion for one or more data-based products or models. Masking issues, riverine carbon inputs and coastal CO2 fluxes, and other pressing first steps in comparing flux estimates globally and regionally.
The main goal of the meeting is for the community to understand and discuss the methodological discrepancies between data-based open ocean and coastal ocean CO2 flux products as well as model output in order to fulfill Objective 1 of the working group.
Month 6 until month 18:
After the data gathering phase, the working group will proceed to examine Objective 2. A detailed plan will be developed to best integrate data-based flux estimates for the open ocean, coastal ocean and other regions, such as the Arctic Ocean. Bi-monthly, i.e. every two months, teleconferences will be held in order to work towards common metrics to combine and evaluate these estimates.
The group will establish ways to best represent uncertainties of the air-sea CO2 flux, e.g. based on random subsampling or bootstrapping approaches, using synthetic data from internally consistent output from ocean model simulations and by examining the spread between the different observational data interpolation approaches. Furthermore, the working group will discuss ways to best incorporate shipboard measurements in combination with sensor data from autonomous platforms such as BGC Argo floats. We further plan to make these merged best- estimate products based on measurements available to the public and directly transfer our results to intercomparison studies such as RECCAP2 and global budget analyses such as the GCB. Furthermore, a revised observation-based air-sea CO2 flux estimate including open ocean, coastal ocean and Arctic Ocean, will be submitted to an open-access peer- reviewed journal, completing Objective 2 of the working group.
Month 18 until month 30:
Following the first working group meeting in San Diego, two additional key conferences will be identified, to which the majority of working group members are planning to travel. We suggest combining the working group meetings with other conferences to keep our carbon footprint as low as possible. The 11th International Carbon Dioxide Conference (ICDC11) in late 2021 is a possible venue for the next second WG meeting. The location of ICDC11 is not yet determined, and as our goal is to spread the meetings geographically, we will have to determine if this is the best choice once the location is announced.
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A side-event will be organized at the 11th International Carbon Dioxide Conference meeting in late 2021 (or at the alternative venue) for the second working group meeting, where the revised observation-based air-sea flux, including the uncertainty estimates, will be presented. We further plan to liaise with IOCCP to co-host a hands-on workshop that will introduce other scientists to the methodologies being used to upscale sea surface pCO2 observations. This will provide them with hands-on experience in the creation and best use of available air-sea CO2 flux estimates. We further intend to provide tools for analysis of the suite as well as their uncertainty calculation.
Once we have established a set of merged observation-based air-sea CO2 flux estimates that cover a consistent global ocean area, the working group will continue to combine these with state-of-the-art biogeochemical models in order to identify remaining regional and temporal discrepancies that were not originally linked to area differences, so as to address Objective 3. The working group will establish where these differences occur on the regional level and whether these differences can be linked to data paucity. At this stage, we will start and subsample process model output to perform Observing System Simulation Experiments (OSSEs) using the available mapping methods in order to identify key regions where observations are essential to reduce the uncertainty in our best air-sea flux estimate. Bi- monthly teleconferences will be held to coordinate this effort.
Month 30 until Month 42:
The working group will meet for its 3rd and last time at a conference in the Asia/Oceania region. We aim to organise a conference session, where the results of the observation-based CO2 flux and model CO2 flux intercomparison study will be presented. We will also present the revised best marine carbon sink estimate and we will communicate where the observing system simulations identified the need to further collect surface ocean CO2 measurements. Using the revised air-sea flux estimate we will further examine the remaining global carbon budget imbalance.
As a last step, to fulfil Objective 3, the working group will examine the temporal variability of the air-sea exchange using both the new consistent global observation-based flux estimates and a suite of ocean biogeochemical models. The new combined observation-based estimates will allow a fair comparison between data and models. The working group will focus on the amplitude of the interannual-to-decadal variability in the air-sea CO2 exchange. Furthermore, combining both observations and models, the working group will investigate the drivers of the dominant modes of variability, providing a realistic estimate of the expected variations in the ocean carbon sink on top of the anthropogenic forcing for the UN stocktake period. Bi-monthly teleconferences will be held to coordinate this effort.
Month 42 until month 48:
The results of the observing system simulations and data-model comparison study will be submitted to an open access journal. This article will also serve as a new standard for data-
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model intercomparison and its results will be directly communicated to the GCP and RECCAP2.
5. Deliverables
The discussions of this working group will be critical to the development of several key open- access scientific publications from the WG members and their collaborators. These publications are well-aligned with the individual research directions of the WG members, which will support their timely completion. The fact that this WG will allow for a broader engagement of the community than would otherwise be possible will enhance their scope. These publications will be comprehensive guidelines that can push forward our community’s efforts in diagnosis of the ocean carbon sink and its variability. These publications will:
1. Identify the impacts of differences in ocean mask, riverine carbon input, treatment of ice- covered regions on CO2 air-sea flux estimates; assess uncertainty based on the spread across estimates; and recommend standard operational procedures (SOPs) for the integration and formal uncertainty quantification of observation-based air-sea CO2 flux estimates. 2. Integrate open ocean with Arctic Ocean and coastal ocean air-sea CO2 fluxes and create a first fully global observation-based air-sea flux estimate. 3. Use model experiments to locate ocean regions where large flux discrepancies are driven by data paucity, and thus illustrate where additional CO2 measurements are essential to better constrain the ocean carbon uptake. The role for BGC-Argo floats in filling these holes will be addressed. 4. Constrain the origin and magnitude of interannual air-sea CO2 flux variability and work towards reducing the global carbon budget imbalance.
6. Capacity Building
The working group will provide standard operational procedures (SOPs) combining observation-based estimates from various sources (open ocean, coast, Arctic Ocean) providing the baseline for a representative global air-sea CO2 flux product. This will provide the baseline for future intercomparison studies such as RECCAP2, the global carbon budget and future studies to come.
At our second meeting, we will host a 1-day training workshop for early-career scientists and others that will introduce the range of methodologies being used to interpolate sparse in situ pCO2 data to full coverage estimates. IOCCP will be asked to assist in this activity. Uncertainty estimation will be discussed. We will provide basic analysis scripts and provide time for discussion on important directions for detailed analyses. This workshop will increase the community of scientists who are knowledgeable about how these data-based products are created, but so that they can become more knowledgeable users and also so they can apply these techniques to their own data sets.
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This first fully global observation-based air-sea CO2 flux product provides the baseline for ocean acidification studies as the surface ocean pH can be directly inferred from the surface ocean pCO2 in combination with salinity-based total alkalinity estimates (Lauvset et al. 2015). This is highly relevant for the UN SDG 14 and for monitoring trends in marine ecosystem stressors.
Combining observation-based estimates with process model output will provide valuable insight into the drivers and magnitude of the interannual to decadal variability. This will directly benefit the WCRP grand challenge on Carbon Feedbacks in the Climate System and will build towards improved future CO2 flux predictions.
The working group efforts are further well-aligned with the first stages of the UN Decade for the Ocean Science for Sustainable Development (2021-2030) and will build toward a more better constrained ocean carbon sink, which is a necessary requirement for the UN stocktake periods and monitoring the success of the Paris climate accord.
7. Working Group Composition
7.1 Full Members (chairs are highlighted in bold letters)
Name Gender Place of Work Expertise 1 Peter M Max Planck Institute Expert in observation-based Landschützer for Meteorology, air-sea flux estimates, open Hamburg, Germany ocean carbon cycle and its variability 2 Galen A. F LDEO and Columbia Expert in mechanisms of air- McKinley University, New sea CO2 flux variability; York, USA models and data 3 Dorothee C. E. F UEA, Norwich, Lead-scientist in the Surface Bakker United Kingdom Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT) data synthesis effort
4 Shin-ichiro M NIES, Tsukuba, Japan Expert in CO2 observations, Nakaoka CO2 mapping and marine carbon cycle 5 Sara Mikaloff F National Institute of Global biogeochemical cycles Fletcher Water and of CO2 and other trace gases as Atmospheric research, well as ocean acidification Wellington, New 6 Pedro Monteiro M Southern Ocean Expert in observing, modelling Carbon-Climate and assessing variability and Observatory trends of surface ocean CO2 (SOCCO), CSIR, fluxes through the seasonal Cape Town, South cycle Africa
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7 Raphaëlle Sauzède F Laboratory of Expert in interpreting Oceanography of biogeochemical Argo data, Villefranche, global data analysis and Villefranche-Sur- Mer, synthesis France 8 Goulven G. M Université Libre de Expert in observation-based Laruelle Bruxelles, Bruxelles, coastal ocean CO2 mapping Belgium and the coastal ocean carbon cycle 9 Leticia Cotrim da F Universidade do Coastal and open ocean Cunha Estado do Rio de biogeochemistry, CO2 Janeiro Faculdade de observations Oceanografia, Rio de Janiero, Brazil 10 Laure Resplandy F Princeton University, Expert in Ocean carbon USA modelling and biophysical processes; eddy- scale to global scale variability.
7.2 Associate Member
Name Gender Place of Work Expertise
1 Christian M Max Planck Institute Surface Ocean CO2 mapping Rödenbeck for Biogeochemistry, (SOCOM) lead-scientist, Jena, Germany atmospheric inverse estimates 2 Brendan Carter M NOAA Pacific Marine Analysis of ocean carbonate Environmental system data, data-model Laboratory, USA intercomparison 3 Geun-Ha Park F East Sea Research CO2 mapping and marine Institute, Korea carbon cycle Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Uljin, Korea 4 Sayaka Yasunaka F Japan Agency for Arctic Ocean carbon cycle, Marine-Earth Science CO2 mapping Technology, Japan 5 Siv K. Lauvset F NORCE Norwegian Surface ocean and interior Research Centre, ocean carbon measurements, Norway data analysis and synthesis 2-105
6 Tatiana Ilyina F Max Planck Institute Ocean modelling CO2 for Meteorology, projections and decadal CO2 Hamburg, Germany predictions, WCRP grand challenge co- chair 7 Kim Currie F National Institute of Measurements of ocean pCO2 Water and and carbonates in the coastal Atmospheric research, and open ocean, marine Wellington, New chemistry, ocean acidification Zealand
8 Nicolas Gruber M ETH, Zürich, Observation based CO2 Switzerland estimates from surface and interior, Ocean Modelling, RECCAP2 ocean leader 9 Nicole Lovenduski F University of Boulder, Ocean Modelling, CO2 Colorado, USA projections 10 Yosuke Iida M Japanese CO2 mapping based on Meteorological Agency, surface ocean CO2 Tokyo, Japan observations and marine carbon cycle
8. Working Group Contributions
The working group will:
Combine data-based open ocean with coastal ocean and Arctic Ocean estimates and provide SOPs for the future. This will add to our estimates regions that include some of the most vulnerable ecosystems to climate change. Identify key ocean areas where data collection is a high priority and future field campaigns should set their focus Provide an improved baseline for model validation, e.g. within the CMIP6 effort and thereby contribute towards a data-driven global carbon budget Contribute to Sustainable Development Goal 13 by supporting the 5-yearly global stocktake under article 14 of the UNFCCC Paris Agreement Advance ocean acidification studies in order to achieve the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 14 Reduce the working group’s carbon footprint by planning working group meetings in combination with conferences Combine these meetings with a training event that will broaden the user base of these products and advance the careers of the next generation of scientists
During the working group meetings, the working group chairs will identify group members to lead the tasks above.
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9. Expertise
Peter Landschützer is an expert in ocean pCO2 mapping using machine-learning algorithms and is an expert in the analysis of the decadal variability of the global ocean uptake of CO2.
Galen A. McKinley is an expert in assessment of the mechanisms of variability and long-term change of CO2 fluxes using pCO2 observations and ocean biogeochemical models.
Dorothee C. E. Bakker is expert in the collection and synthesis of CO2 observations and she is carrying a lead role in the SOCAT effort.
Shi-Ichiro Nakaoka is an expert in collecting surface ocean CO2 observations, their analysis and interpretation through advanced statistical methods.
Sara Mikaloff Fletcher is an expert in modelling atmospheric CO2 and other gases that are linked to ocean biogeochemistry. She serves on the WMO IG3IS Scientific Advisory Panel, and is an Editor for the journal Global Biogeochemical Cycles.
Pedro Monteiro is an expert in understanding the role of climate variability in the ocean carbon cycle based on numerical models with a special focus on the Southern Ocean.
Raphaëlle Sauzède is an expert in the synthesis of BGC-Argo data for 4-dimensional reconstructions of biogeochemical parameters using machine learning-based methods.
Goulven G. Laruelle is expert in coastal ocean biogeochemistry and in mapping the exchange of CO2 in coastal regions based on observations and models.
Leticia Cotrim da Cunha is an expert in marine biogeochemistry observations, and is at present part of the Reference Group for GLODAP (Global Ocean Data Analysis Project).
Laure Resplandy is an expert in the analysis and modeling of bio-physical interactions controlling CO2 air-sea fluxes, and the use of oceanic and atmospheric data to constrain the global carbon cycle.
10. Relationship to other International Programs
We will interact with many international projects, analysis and synthesis efforts. In particular, the working group sets out to provide guidance for the air-sea CO2 flux comparison in assessment studies by the Global Carbon Project, namely the Global Carbon Budget and RECCAP2. The Global Carbon Project provides annual updates of the global sources and sinks of carbon and the results of the working group will help to provide the best marine air- sea flux constraint and its variability in time.
Furthermore, we will closely collaborate with the existing surface ocean CO2 data collection efforts, in particular the Surface Ocean CO2 Reference Observing Network (SOCONET), 2-107
the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT), and the Biogeochemical ARGO projects. In particular, we will provide recommendations where additional observations will help to reduce future uncertainties.
We will collaborate with the International Ocean Carbon Coordination Project (IOCCP), in particular relaying information on critical gaps in the existing pCO2 network, to ensure that appropriate actions can be taken to improve this. We will also enlist IOCCP help in the planned training workshop.
We will communicate our findings and recommendations to the Integrated Global Greenhouse Gas Information System (IG3IS), which is a World Meteorological Organisation program that provides a bridge between science and policy for greenhouse gas monitoring and emissions. This will ensure uptake by relevant global, regional, and national research projects that seek to improve CO2 emission and uptake estimates using atmospheric observations.
Providing crucial information regarding trends and variability of the ocean carbon as well as ocean pH content, in addition to progress in integrating CO2 synthesis, will serve towards the achievement of both United Nations Sustainable Development Goals 13 (Climate action) 14 (Life below water).
We will be in direct interaction with the WCRP grand challenge on Carbon Feedbacks in the Climate System. Our Associate Member Tatiana Ilyina is co-lead of this WCRP project.
We will provide essential information in the area of “Constraining ocean carbon uptake and storage”, highlighted in CLIVAR’s 2018 Science and Implementation Plan as a key component of its overarching goal: “Understanding the ocean’s role in climate variability, change, and transient sensitivity”.
Finally, we will work closely with global modelling groups to help improve future carbon cycle projections and decadal CO2 predictions by adding the observation-based uncertainty, but also by providing an observation-based reference for model intercomparison projects such as CMIP6.
11. Key References
Canadell, J., Ciais, P., Gurney, K. & Le Quéré, C. An International Effort to Quantify Regional Carbon Fluxes. EOS 92, 81–82, 2011 Gruber, N., Landschützer, P. & Lovenduski, N. S. The Variable Southern Ocean Carbon Sink. Annu. Rev. Marine. Sci. 11, 159–186, 2019 Gruber, N. et al. Rapid Progression of Ocean Acidification in the California Current System. Science 337, 220–223, 2012 Jacobson, A. R., Mikaloff Fletcher, S. E., Gruber, N., Sarmiento, J. L. & Gloor, M. A joint atmosphere-ocean inversion for surface fluxes of carbon dioxide: 1. Methods and global- scale fluxes. Global Biogeochem Cy 21, 273, 2007
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Lauvset, S. K., Gruber, N., Landschützer, P., Olsen, A. & Tjiputra, J. Trends and drivers in global surface ocean pH over the past 3 decades. Biogeosciences 12, 1285–1298, 2015 Yasunaka, S. et al. Mapping of the air-sea CO2 flux in the Arctic Ocean and its adjacent seas: Basin-wide distribution and seasonal to interannual variability. Polar Science 10, 323–334, 2016
Other references cited in the text are found in the next section.
12. Appendix
Full Member 5 Key Publications:
Peter Landschützer: Landschützer, P., Gruber, N., Bakker, D. C. E., Stemmler, I. and Six. K. D.: Strengthening seasonal marine CO2 variations due to increasing atmospheric CO2. Nature Climate Change, 8, 146–150, doi: 10.1038/s41558-017-0057-x, 2018 Landschützer, P., Gruber, N. and Bakker, D. C. E.: Decadal variations and trends of the global ocean carbon sink, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 30, 1396- 1417, doi:10.1002/2015GB005359, 2016 Landschützer, P., Gruber, N., Haumann, F. A. Rödenbeck, C. Bakker, D. C. E., van Heuven, S. Hoppema, M., Metzl, N., Sweeney, C., Takahashi, T., Tilbrook, B. and Wanninkhof, R: The reinvigoration of the Southern Ocean carbon sink, Science, 349, 1221-1224. doi: 10.1126/science.aab2620, 2015 Landschützer, P., Gruber, N., Bakker, D. C. E. and Schuster, U.: Recent variability of the global ocean carbon sink, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 28, 927-949, doi: 10.1002/2014GB004853, 2014 Landschützer, P., Gruber, N., Bakker, D. C. E., Schuster, U., Nakaoka, S., Payne, M. R., Sasse, T., and Zeng, J.: A neural network-based estimate of the seasonal to inter-annual variability of the Atlantic Ocean carbon sink, Biogeosciences, 10, 7793-7815, doi:10.5194/bg- 10-7793-2013, 2013
Galen A. McKinley: McKinley, G.A., Fay, A.R., Lovenduski, N.S. and Pilcher, D.J.: Natural Variability and Anthropogenic Trends in the Ocean Carbon Sink. Annu. Rev. Marine. Sci. 9, 125–150, 2017 Peters, G. P. C. LeQuere, R.M. Andrew, J.G. Canadell, P. Friedlingstein, T. Ilyina, R.B. Jackson, F. Joos, J.I. Korsbakken, G.A. McKinley, S. Sitch, and P. Tans. Towards real-time verification of CO2 emissions. Nature Climate Change 7, 848–850, 2017 McKinley, G.A., Pilcher, D.J., Fay, A.R., Lindsay, K., Long, M.C. and Lovenduski, N.S.: Timescales for detection of trends in the ocean carbon sink. Nature 530, 469–472, 2016 Fay, A.R. & McKinley, G.A.: Global trends in surface ocean pCO2 from in situ data. Global Biogeochem Cycles 27, 1–17, 2013 McKinley, G.A., Fay, A.R., Takahashi, T. and Metzl, N., Convergence of atmospheric and North Atlantic carbon dioxide trends on multidecadal timescales. Nature Geoscience 4, 606– 610, 2011
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Dorothee C.E. Bakker: Bakker, D.C.E., Pfeil, B., Smith, K., Hankin, S., Olsen, A., Alin, S.R., Cosca, C., Harasawa, S., Kozyr, A., Nojiri, Y., O’Brien, K. M., Schuster, U., Telszewski, M., Tilbrook, B., Wada, C., Akl, J., Barbero, L., Bates, N. R., Boutin, J., Bozec, Y., Cai, W.-J., Castle, R.D., Chavez, F.P., Chen, L., Chierici, M., Currie, K., De Baar, H.J.W., Evans, W., Feely, R.A., Fransson, A., Gao, Z., Hales, B., Hardman-Mountford, N.J., Hoppema, M., Huang, W.-J., Hunt, C.W., Huss, B., Ichikawa, T., Johannessen, T., Jones, E.M., Jones, S., Jutterstrøm, S., Kitidis, V., Körtzinger, A., Landschützer, P., Lauvset, S.K., Lefèvre, N., Manke, A.B., Mathis, J.T., Merlivat, L., Metzl, N., Murata, A., Newberger, T., Omar, A.M., Ono, T., Park, G.-H., Paterson, K., Pierrot, D., Ríos, A. F., Sabine, C. L., Saito, S., Salisbury, J., Sarma, V.V.S.S., Schlitzer, R., Sieger, R., Skjelvan, I., Steinhoff, T., Sullivan, K.F., Sun, H., Sutton, A.J., Suzuki, T., Sweeney, C., Takahashi, T., Tjiputra, J., Tsurushima, N., Van Heuven, S.M.A.C., Vandemark, D., Vlahos, P., Wallace, D.W.R., Wanninkhof, R. and Watson, A.J.: An update to the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT version 2). Earth System Science Data 6: 69-90. doi:10.5194/essd-6-69-2014, 2014 Brévière, E.H.G., Bakker, D.C.E., Bange, H.W., Bates, T.S., Bell, T.G., Boyd, P.W., Duce, R.A., Garçon, V., Johnson, M.T., Law, C.S., Marandino, C.A., Olsen, A., Quack, B., Quinn, P.K., Sabine, C.L., Saltzman, E.: Surface ocean - lower atmosphere study: Scientific synthesis and contribution to Earth System science. Anthropocene: 12:5468. doi: 10.1016/j.ancene.2015.11.001, 2015 Lenton, A., Tilbrook, B., Law, R.M., Bakker, D.C.E., Doney, S.C., Gruber, N., Ishii, M., Hoppema, M., Lovenduski, N.S., Matear, R.J., McNeil, B.I., Metzl, N., Mikaloff Fletcher, S.E., Monteiro, P.M.S., Rödenbeck, C., Sweeney, C. and Takahashi, T.: Sea-air CO2 fluxes in the Southern Ocean for the period 1990-2009. Biogeosciences 10: 4037-4054. doi:10.5194/bg-10-4037-2013, 2013 Pfeil, B., Olsen, A., Bakker, D.C.E., Hankin, S., Koyuk, H., Kozyr, A., Malczyk, J., Manke, A., Metzl, N., Sabine, C.L., Akl, J., Alin, S.R., Bates, N., Bellerby, R.G.J., Borges, A., Boutin, J., Brown, P.J., Cai, W.-J., Chavez, F.P., Chen, A., Cosca, C., Fassbender, A.J., Feely, R.A., González-Dávila, M., Goyet, C., Hales, B., Hardman-Mountford, N., Heinze, C., Hood, M., Hoppema, M., Hunt, C.W., Hydes, D., Ishii, M., Johannessen, T., Jones, S.D., Key, R.M., Körtzinger, A., Landschützer, P., Lauvset, S.K., Lefèvre, N., Lenton, A., Lourantou, A., Merlivat, L., Midorikawa, T., Mintrop, L., Miyazaki, C., Murata, A., Nakadate, A., Nakano, Y., Nakaoka, S., Nojiri, Y., Omar, A.M., Padin, X.A., Park, G.-H., Paterson, K., Perez, F.F., Pierrot, D., Poisson, A., Ríos, A.F., Santana-Casiano, J.M., Salisbury, J., Sarma, V.V.S.S., Schlitzer, R., Schneider, B., Schuster, U., Sieger, R., Skjelvan, I., Steinhoff, T., Suzuki, T., Takahashi, T., Tedesco, K., Telszewski, M., Thomas, H., Tilbrook, B., Tjiputra, J., Vandemark, D., Veness, T., Wanninkhof, R., Watson, A.J., Weiss, R., Wong, C.S., and Yoshikawa-Inoue, H.: A uniform, quality controlled Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT). Earth System Science Data 5: 125-143. doi:10.5194/essd-5-125-2013, 2013 Watson, A.J.; Schuster, U.; Bakker, D.C.E.; Bates, N.R.; Corbière, A.; González-Dávila, M.; Friedrich, T.; Hauck, J.; Heinze, C.; Johannessen, T.; Körtzinger, A.; Metzl, N.; Olafsson, J.; Olsen, A.; Oschlies, A.; Padin, X.A.; Pfeil, B.; Santana-Casiano, J.M.; Steinhoff, T.; Telszewski, M.; Rios, A.F.; Wallace, D.W.R. & Wanninkhof, R. Tracking the variable North Atlantic sink for atmospheric CO2, Science, 326, 1391-1393, 2009
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Shin-Ichiro Nakaoka: Le Quéré, C., Andrew, R.M., Friedlingstein, P., Sitch, S., Hauck, J., Pongratz, J., Pickers, P.A., Korsbakken, J.I., Peters, G.P., Canadell, J.G., Arneth, A., Arora, V.K., Barbero, L., Bastos, A., Bopp, L., Chevallier, F., Chini, L.P., Ciais, P., Doney, S.C., Gkritzalis, T., Goll, D.S., Harris, I., Haverd, V., Hoffman, F.M., Hoppema, M., Houghton, R.A., Hurtt, G., Ilyina, T., Jain, A.K., Johannessen, T., Jones, C.D., Kato, E., Keeling, R.F., Goldewijk, K.K., Landschützer, P., Lefèvre, N., Lienert, S., Liu, Z., Lombardozzi, D., Metzl, N., Munro, D.R., Nabel, J.E.M.S., Nakaoka, S.-I., Neill, C., Olsen, A., Ono, T., Patra, P., Peregon, A., Peters, W., Peylin, P., Pfeil, B., Pierrot, D., Poulter, B., Rehder, G., Resplandy, L., Robertson, E., Rocher, M., Rödenbeck, C., Schuster, U., Schwinger, J., Séférian, R., Skjelvan, I., Steinhoff, T., Sutton, A., Tans, P.P., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Tubiello, F.N., van der Laan-Luijkx, I.T., van der Werf, G.R., Viovy, N., Walker, A.P., Wiltshire, A.J., Wright, R., Zaehle, S., and Zheng, B.: Global Carbon Budget 2018, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 10, 2141- 2194, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-2141-2018, 2018 Hoshina, Y., Tohjima, Y., Katsumata, K., Machida, T., and Nakaoka, S.-I.: In situ observation of atmospheric oxygen and carbon dioxide in the North Pacific using a cargo ship, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 9283-9295, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-9283-2018, 2018 Ritter, R., Landschützer, P., Gruber, N., Fay, A.R., Iida, Y., Jones, S., Nakaoka, S., Park, G.- H., Peylin, P., Rödenbeck, C., Rodgers, K.B., Shutler, J.D. and Zeng, J.: Observation-based trends of the Southern Ocean carbon sink. Geophysical Research Letters, 44, doi:10.1002/2017GL074837, 2017 Rödenbeck, C., Bakker, D. C. E., Gruber, N., Iida, Y., Jacobson, A.R., Jones, S., Landschützer, P., Metzl, N., Nakaoka, S., Olsen, A., Park, G.-H., Peylin, P., Rodgers, K.B., Sasse, T.P., Schuster, U., Shutler, J.D., Valsala, V., Wanninkhof, R., and Zeng, J.: Data-based estimates of the ocean carbon sink variability – first results of the Surface Ocean pCO2 Mapping intercomparison (SOCOM), Biogeosciences, 12, 7251-7278, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12- 7251-2015, 2015 Nakaoka, S., Telszewski, M., Nojiri, Y., Yasunaka, S., Miyazaki, C., Mukai, H., and Usui, N.: Estimating temporal and spatial variation of ocean surface pCO2 in the North Pacific using a self-organizing map neural network technique, Biogeosciences, 10, 6093-6106, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-6093-2013, 2013
Sara Mikaloff-Fletcher: Mikaloff-Fletcher, S.E.: Ocean carbon uptake driven by circulation. Nature, 542, 169–170, doi:10.1038/542169a, 2017 Mikaloff Fletcher, S.E., An increasing carbon sink? Science, 349, 1165, doi: 10.1126/science.aad0912, 2015 Rodgers, K.B., Aumont, O., Mikaloff Fletcher, S.E., Iudicone, D., Bopp, L., Keeling, R.F., Madec, G., de Boyer Montégut, C., Plancherel, Y. and Wanninkhof, R., Strong sensitivity of Southern Ocean carbon uptake and nutrient cycling to wind stirring. 11, 4077-4098, doi:10.5194/bg-11-4077-2014, 2014 Mikaloff Fletcher, S.E., Gruber, N.,Jacobson, A.R., Doney, S.C., Dutkiewicz, S., Gerber, M., Follows, M., Joos, F., Lindsay, K., Menemenlis, D., Mouchet, A., Muller, S. A. and Sarmiento, J.L., Inverse estimates of anthropogenic CO2 uptake, transport, and storage by the ocean. Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 20, GB2002, doi: 10.1029/2005gb002530, 2006 2-111
Mikaloff Fletcher, S.E., Gruber, N., Jacobson, A.R., Gloor, M., Doney, S.C., Dutkiewicz, S., Gerber, M., Follows, M., Joos, F., Lindsay, K., Menemenlis, D., Mouchet, A., Muller, S. A. and Sarmiento, J.L., Inverse estimates of oceanic sources and sinks of natural CO2 and the implied oceanic carbon transport. Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 21, 21, GB1010, doi:10.1029/2006GB002751, 2007
Pedro M.S. Monteiro: Gregor, L., Lebehot, A.D., Kok, S., and Monteiro, P.M.S. A comparative assessment of the uncertainties of global surfaceocean CO2 estimates using a machine learning ensemble (CSIR ML6 version 2019a) – have we hit the wall?, Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2019-46, in review, 2019 Mongwe, N. P., Vichi, M., and Monteiro, P. M.S. The Seasonal Cycle of pCO2 and CO2 fluxes in the Southern Ocean: Diagnosing Anomalies in CMIP5 Earth System Models, Biogeosciences , https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2017-361, 2018 Gregor, L., Kok, S., and Monteiro, P. M. S. Interannual drivers of the seasonal cycle of CO2 in the Southern Ocean, Biogeosciences, 15, 2361-2378 doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2361-2018, 2018 Monteiro, P. M. S., L. Gregor, M. Lévy, S. Maenner, C. L. Sabine, and S. Swart., Intraseasonal variability linked to sampling alias in air-sea CO2 fluxes in the Southern Ocean, Geophysical Research Letters, 42, doi:10.1002/2015GL066009, 2015 Gregor, L and Monteiro, P.M.S, Seasonal cycle of N:P:TA stoichiometry as a modulator of CO2 buffering in eastern boundary upwelling systems, Geophysical Research Letters : 40(20): 5429-5434 DOI: 10.1002/2013GL058036, 2013
Raphaëlle Sauzède: Sauzède, R., Claustre, H., and Guinehut, S.: Towards the end-users: New three-dimensional biogeochemical products derived from machine learning-based methods. Oral presentation. 19th Argo Data Management Team meeting, La Jolla, CA, USA, December 2018 Sauzède, R.: Novel learning-based methods to derive biogeochemical parameters from profiling floats. Invited speaker. Gordon Research Conference on Ocean Biogeochemistry, Hong Kong, July 2018 Bittig, H. C., Steinhoff, T., Claustre, H., Fiedler, B., Williams, N. L., Sauzède, R., Körtzinger, A., and Gattuso, J.-P: An Alternative to Static Climatologies: Robust Estimation of Open Ocean CO2 Variables and Nutrient Concentrations From T, S, and O2 Data Using Bayesian Neural Networks. Frontiers in Marine Science, 5:328, ISSN 2296-7745. 10.3389/ fmars.2018.00328. 2018 Sauzède, R., Bittig, H., Claustre, H., de Fommervault, O., Gattuso, J.-P., Legendre, L., and Johnson, K: Estimates of water-column nutrient concentrations and carbonate system parameters in the global ocean: A novel approach based on neural networks. Frontiers in Marine Science, 4(128), ISSN 22967745. 10.3389/fmars.2017.00128. 2017 Sauzède, R., Claustre, H., Uitz, J., Jamet, C., Dall’Olmo, G., D’Ortenzio, F., Gentili, B., Poteau, A., and Schmechtig, C: A neural network-based method for merging ocean color and Argo data to extend surface bio-optical properties to depth: Retrieval of the particulate backscattering coefficient. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 121(4). ISSN 21699291. 10.1002/2015JC011408. 2016
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Goulven Laruelle: Laruelle, G.G., Cai, W.J., Hu, X., Gruber, N., Mackenzie, F.T. and Regnier, P.: Continental shelves as a variable but increasing global sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide, Nature communications 9 (1), 454, 2018 Laruelle, G.G., Goossens, N., Arndt, S., Cai, W.J., Regnier, P.: Air–water CO2 evasion from US East Coast estuaries, Biogeosciences 14, 2441-2468, 2017 Laruelle, G.G., Landschützer, P., Gruber, N., Tison, J.L., Delille, B., Regnier, P.: Global high- resolution monthly pCO2 climatology for the coastal ocean derived from neural network interpolation, Biogeosciences 14 (19), 4545, 2017 Laruelle, G. G., Lauerwald, R., Pfeil, B., Regnier, P.: Regionalized global budget of the CO2 exchange at the air‐water interface in continental shelf seas, Global biogeochemical cycles 28 (11), 1199-1214, 2014 Regnier,P., Friedlingstein, P., Ciais, P., Mackenzie, F.T., Gruber, N., Janssens, I.A., Laruelle, G.G., Lauerwald, R., Luyssaert, S., Andersson, A.J., Arndt, S., Arnosti, C., Borges, A.V., Dale, A.W., Gallego-Sala, A., Goddéris, Y., Goossens, N., Hartmann, J., Heinze, C., Ilyina, T., Joos, F, LaRowe, D.E., Leifeld, J., Meysman, F.J.R., Munhoven, G., Raymond, P.A., Spahni, R., Suntharalingam, P. and Thullner, M.: Anthropogenic perturbation of the carbon fluxes from land to ocean, Nature geoscience, 6, 8, 597, 2013
Leticia Cotrim da Cunha: Perretti, A.R., de Albergaria-Barbosa, A.C.R., Kerr, R., and da Cunha, L.C. Ocean acidification studies and the uncertainties relevance on measurements of marine carbonate system properties. Brazilian J. Oceanogr. 66, 234–242. doi:10.1590/s1679- 87592018000706602, 2018 da Cunha, L. C., Hamacher, C., Farias, C. de O., Kerr, R., Mendes, C.R.B., and Mata, M.M. Contrasting end-summer distribution of organic carbon along the Gerlache Strait, Northern Antarctic Peninsula: Bio-physical interactions. Deep Sea Res. Part II Top. Stud. Oceanogr. 149, 206–217. doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2018.03.003, 2018 Kerr, R., Orselli, I.B.M., Lencina-Avila, J.M., Eidt, R.T., Mendes, C.R.B., da Cunha, L.C., et al. Carbonate system properties in the Gerlache Strait, Northern Antarctic Peninsula (February 2015): I. Sea–Air CO2 fluxes. Deep Sea Res. Part II Top. Stud. Oceanogr. 149, 171–181. doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2017.02.008, 2018 Kerr, R., Goyet, C., da Cunha, L.C., Orselli, I.B.M., Lencina-Avila, J.M., Mendes, C.R.B., et al. Carbonate system properties in the Gerlache Strait, Northern Antarctic Peninsula (February 2015): II. Anthropogenic CO2 and seawater acidification. Deep Sea Res. Part II Top. Stud. Oceanogr. 149, 182–192. doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2017.07.007, 2018 Kerr, R., da Cunha, L.C., Kikuchi, R.K.P., Horta, P.A., Ito, R.G., Müller, M.N., et al. The Western South Atlantic Ocean in a High-CO2 World: Current Measurement Capabilities and Perspectives. Environ. Manage. 57, 740–752. doi:10.1007/s00267-015-0630-x, 2016
Laure Resplandy: Resplandy, L., Keeling, R.F., Rödenbeck, C., Stephens, B.B., Khatiwala, S., Rodgers, K.B., Long, M.C., Bopp, L., Tans, P.P., Revision of global carbon fluxes based on a reassessment 2-113
of oceanic and riverine carbon transport. Nature Geoscience 1. doi.org/10.1038/s41561-018- 0151-3. 2018 Resplandy, L., Keeling, R.F., Eddebbar, Y., Brooks, M.K., Wang, R., Bopp, L., Long, M.C., Dunne, J.P., Koeve, W., Oschlies, A., Quantification of ocean heat uptake from changes in atmospheric O2 and CO2 composition. Nature 563, 105–108. doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018- 0651-8. 2018 Resplandy, L., Séférian, R. and L. Bopp. Natural variability of CO2 and O2 fluxes: what can we learn from centuries-long climate models simulations? J. Geophys. Res, 120, doi:10.1002/2014JC010463. 2015 Resplandy, L., Boutin J. and Merlivat L. Observed small spatial scale and seasonal variability of the CO2-system in the Southern Ocean. Biogeosciences, 11, 75-90, doi:10.5194/bg-11- 75- 2014. 2014 Resplandy, L., M. Lévy, F. d'Ovidio and L. Merlivat, Impact of submesoscale variability in estimating the air-sea CO2 exchange: Results from a model study of the POMME experiment, Glob. Biogeo. Cyc., 23, GB1017, doi:10.1029/2008GB003239. 2009
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2.2.4 Changing Biotic-Sediment Interactions in the Ocean Seabed (CBIOS) Yoo
CBIOS
Changing Biotic-Sediment Interactions in the Ocean Seabed
Rapidly Changing Biotic-Sediment Interactions in the Ocean Seabed – Biogeochemical Consequences in the 21st Century
1. Summary/Abstract
The activities of macrobenthos (animals > 500 µm living in or on sediments) significantly alter organic carbon (OC) storage and cycling within the seafloor. However, the lack of validated conceptual models and paucity of integrated datasets limit accurate and appropriately scaled predictions of benthic community response to global warming, acidification, and deoxygenation, and subsequent alterations in carbon cycling. We propose a working group (WG) to coordinate internationally among research disciplines, spanning climate science, organic geochemistry, paleoecology, benthic ecology, and evolutionary genetics. This WG, Changing Biotic-Sediment Interactions in the Ocean Seabed (CBIOS), will enhance understanding of global benthic- sediment dynamics. We will review current science on biotic-sediment interactions to develop a conceptual model(s) informed by paleo records of global change and contemporary benthic community functional traits, evaluate non-carbon ecosystem services that changing biotic- sediment interactions may alter, and develop an open-access database that supports cross- disciplinary investigations into altered macrobenthos communities, OC cycling and carbon sequestration. CBIOS products will include three annual WG meetings, a training workshop hosted by the University of the West Indies in collaboration with SpeSeas (Trinidad and Tobago), a new conceptual model, an open-access CBIOS dataset, and a perspectives article synthesizing working group findings. This WG will include several members from, and will build on, a previously SCOR- sponsored workshop on benthic systems.1
2. Scientific Background and Rationale
2.1 Importance
Documented poleward shifts of many benthic taxa in response to climate warming and potential changes in vertical exchange of materials (including living biota) due to changes in climate- related water-column productivity has sparked growing interest in how these shifts interactively influence biogeochemical processing. Such global changes in species distribution influence the geochemical properties of sediments, and their role as global carbon sources and sinks.2 Ocean sediments represent Earth’s largest interactive landscape for OC storage. An estimated 16% of the global seabed lies on continental shelves and margins which, along with other contiguous nearshore regions, account for ca. 75% of total ocean carbon burial. Several reviews have discussed marine megafaunal effects on carbon processes, but do not detail the specific influence of benthic metazoans on biogeochemical processes.3 For example, while 2-115 much attention has been directed towards understanding the role of vegetation in blue carbon habitats, the influence of metazoans has been largely ignored. CBIOS will explore direct effects of carbon consumption/uptake by macrobenthos, indirect effects via grazing on microbes, modification of the environment (i.e., bioturbation, including particle reworking, solute exchange during bio-irrigation and burrowing, and biodeposition), and linkages with phylogenetic diversity of carbon-processing pathways. We will consider linkages with environmental heterogeneity to both the distribution of macrobenthos and to changes in biogeochemical cycling, noting direct ties to nitrogen and phosphorus cycling. We will also scale up this relationship to evaluate its regional and global significance, which is particularly timely given that state-of-the-art Earth System Models (ESMs), such as those used for the IPCC AR5 report,4 still rely on rudimentary sediment models5 (e.g., Hülse et al., 2018 for a recent overview) and none consider the potential effects of benthic ecosystem changes on coupled biogeochemical cycles and the climate system. Due to differences in shallow (photic) habitats and deep-sea environments, CBIOS will calibrate our model(s) for each of these environments.
These changes will likely include poleward shifts in species, reshuffling of community compositions (taxonomic and functional groups), and alteration of biomass/body size distributions, mortality, and behavioral/physiological adaptations. Informed environmental and management decisions, the development of mitigation strategies, and prediction of the global capacity to cycle carbon all require understanding the role natural communities play in sedimentary OC accumulation and long-term C sequestration (burial). This working group will explore biogeochemical pathways and associated organismal change in low- and high-carbon deposition/burial (hot spots) spanning across oxic and anoxic regions. These regions range from shallow (intertidal) to deep waters and span latitudinal gradients and we predict they will respond differently to climate-related changes in ocean ecosystems.
Past climate shifts have resulted in many large-scale redistributions and extinctions of marine organisms. We will therefore use the fossil record of marine macrobenthic fauna to better understand how to predict adaptive responses or extinctions of different taxa. Similarly, we will synthesize the current literature that explores adaptive phenotypic and genotypic variation and change in macrobenthos across different latitudes and water depths, and incorporate them into the CBIOS conceptual model(s). Understanding carbon cycle-climate feedbacks across terrestrial and marine pelagic ecosystems has motivated major research efforts over the past two decades, in part to improve predictions from ESMs. CBIOS will examine how changes in the attributes and distribution of macrobenthic fauna could impact biogeochemical cycling in ocean sediments, and how these impacts may result in additional positive or negative feedbacks in the coupled ocean-atmosphere system. More specifically we will work within the following core topics: 1) Carbon Dynamics, Marine Benthos, and a Changing Marine Climate; 2) Long-Term Evolution of Marine Benthos and Impacts on Sediment Chemistry; and 3) Modeling “Transient” Carbon Cycling in a Rapidly Warming Climate.
2.2 Challenges
Ultimately, integrating the (generally poleward) redistribution of benthos and associated impacts on carbon cycling via changes in sediment oxygenation across a spectrum of global
2-116 carbon (i.e., from high OC deposition/burial hotspots to low OC supply zones in the deep- ocean) and climatic (i.e., latitudinal gradients in temperature across a species range) gradients presents a major challenge that will be addressed by CBIOS. The WG also seeks to address glaring gaps in knowledge on the global carbon budget as it relates to ocean sediments, diagenetic models, benthic-pelagic coupling in ocean biogeochemical models and, ultimately, ESMs. In particular, we plan to identify knowledge gaps (e.g. regional gaps) that require more data collection. While we have some understanding of changes in microbial carbon cycling and changes in benthos because of global warming, the integrated response is largely unknown. Additionally, CBIOS will examine one of the complicating factors when considering poleward redistribution of a particular species, which is the changing nature of shallow water deposits latitudinally resulting from increased dominance of relict (glacial) deposits in the < 200 m depth range towards the poles. We will also address the complicating factors of changing sea levels, their impact on intertidal sedimentary habitats, and how inundation of shallow sediments affects carbon deposition/burial.
2.3 Justification for SCOR working group
A subset of our proposed members are currently developing a Nature Reviews article that will synthesize the current state of the science on animal-sediment interactions in the face of global change. The review article will provide a foundation for the proposed WG and identify knowledge gaps that CBIOS will address. The scope of past and future animal-sediment interactions is a topic that lies within SCOR’s mission, was identified as a key gap in a previously funded SCOR workshop,1 and is not being addressed by any current SCOR- sponsored large-scale research projects. The lack of conceptual models and integrated datasets limits current research on benthic-sediment interactions - a need our proposed WG will address. The development of an international open-source database will unite disparate research groups and address a need recognized by previous WGs6 by allowing the ocean research community to better access data regarding past changes in benthic communities composition/function to predict future benthic community changes and alterations in C cycling. In addition to addressing current knowledge gaps, the proposed WG will also promote capacity building in the ocean sciences by supporting early career scientists and underrepresented groups, promoting a training workshop led by early career scientists, and encouraging international collaboration with members spanning a diversity of backgrounds, career stages, and institutions.
3. Terms of Reference
1. To evaluate the state of the science of animal-sediment interactions, their response to a changing climate, subsequent alterations in metazoan community composition and function, and the consequences for carbon cycling. 2. To create a conceptual model(s) that integrates ancient ocean macrobenthic fauna and their adaptive response to past climate change with modern benthic communities to predict future alterations in animal-sediment interactions, their effects on carbon cycling, and how Earth System Models, such as those used by the IPCC, can best incorporate this information. 3. To assess the mechanisms by which climate change impacts on animal- 2-117
sediment interactions may alter non-carbon ecosystem services. 4. To develop an open-access database that integrates paleo records (using museum databases) with modern benthic community data, including information on phenotypic and genotypic variation within and among species, to support cross- disciplinary investigations into animal-sediment interactions and to identify knowledge gaps for future studies. 5. To foster international collaborations across transdisciplinary research groups and promote capacity building in the ocean sciences through the involvement of early- career scientists from a diversity of countries, backgrounds and institutions.
4. Working Plan
CBIOS will develop a series of meetings to achieve the goals described in the WG’s terms of reference (ToR), with products including a conceptual model, a perspectives article, an open- source database, and model outputs under climate scenarios for use in climate assessments (IPCC). Prior to WG initiation, a subset of members will attend a workshop hosted by Utah State University (application submitted for Summer 2019), and WG members will apply for an OCB workshop at WHOI (application to be submitted December 2019).
The main work plan activities are:
(1) Creation of a conceptual model describing past, current, and future changes to benthic-sediment interactions
We will develop a conceptual model that will inform database and model development. As needed, working sub-groups will be developed for specific research areas. The conceptual model will incorporate the following:
(a) review of current spatial patterns of global sediment carbon sequestration and stocks. We will summarize recent estimates of the amount of carbon stored in the continental margin and deep ocean sediments (hadal zone and abyssal plains) and polar, temperate, and tropical marine sediments, and how those link to extant animals and their activities. (b) examine mechanisms linking adaptive responses to the distributions of marine benthos, underpinned by both inter- and intra-specific diversity.7,8 We will explore how evolutionary innovations established novel burrow architectures and feeding guilds, and how the emergence of bioturbation acted as a major player on geobiologic feedbacks and geochemical cycles and how this can inform carbon cycling models.
(c) consider the influence of continental margin type (e.g., passive or active, seasonal or aseasonal) on benthic community composition via different input rates, timing, and types of sediment and organic matter, and how these gradients, from natural and human drivers, create critical zones that influence productivity, distribution, phenotypic plasticity, and/or evolution that offer an opportunity to advance our understanding of seafloor carbon cycling.9
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(d) predict the effect of projected changes to climate variables at the seafloor (T, O2, pH, and aragonite saturation) and to particulate organic carbon (POC) flux, sources of uncertainty, time of signal emergence, and the expected nature of metazoan faunal responses with respect to carbon dynamics.
(e) assess the impacts of redistribution and general poleward expansion of benthos on carbon cycling via changes in sediment oxygenation across a spectrum of global carbon (i.e., from coastal hotspots to low C supply zones in the deep-ocean) and climactic (i.e., latitudinal gradients in temperature across a species range) gradients.
(2) Development of an open-access CBIOS database that will incorporate paleoenvironmental and modern data
The conceptual model developed in Activity 1 (ToR #2) will identify current critical gaps in knowledge on the global carbon budget as it relates to ocean sediments, diagenetic models, benthic-pelagic coupling in ocean biogeochemical models and, ultimately, ESMs. To address these gaps, we will develop a database to compile the necessary data to understand how the redistribution of benthos may impact carbon cycling via changes in sediment oxygenation across a spectrum of global carbon (i.e., from coastal hotspots to low C supply zones in the deep-ocean) and climatic (i.e., latitudinal gradients in temperature across a species range) gradients.
(3) Development of a perspective article(s) on the fate of benthic-sediment interactions
As mentioned previously, a subset of the CBIOS group is writing an article for Nature Reviews which will provide a foundation for the SCOR WG. The SCOR WG will work from this document to develop a perspective article for a high-impact journal that challenges the evolutionary, ecological, and marine science communities with questions that go beyond those covered in the Nature Review on the following core topics: (1) Carbon Dynamics, Marine Benthos, and a Changing Marine Climate; (2) Long-Term Evolution of Marine Benthos and Impacts on Sediment Chemistry; and (3) Modeling “Transient” Carbon Cycling in a Rapidly Warming Climate. This perspective article will synthesize the findings of the WG and highlight future research needs.
Year 1:
First WG Meeting, Conceptual Model and CBIOS Database At the first CBIOS meeting, members and attendees will discuss the structure and implementation of CBIOS, agree on rules and norms for collaborative work, develop the conceptual model (ToR #1-3), and begin the open-access database plan (ToR #4). Working sub- groups will be created to discuss areas of need within the different aspects of CBIOS to develop the conceptual model. These sub-groups will also identify the type of data needed to understand how marine benthos respond to changing climatic gradients with the ultimate goal of incorporating them into regional biogeochemical cycles in ESMs.
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This first meeting will coincide with the 2020 Ocean Sciences Meeting in San Diego, CA to maximize attendance and visibility of the CBIOS working group. If selected, an additional meeting would gather any WG members attending the Summer 2020 Ocean Carbon and Biogeochemistry (OCB) workshop.
Year 2:
Second WG Meeting, Training Workshop, Finalize Conceptual Model At the second WG meeting, each sub-group will present their portions of the conceptual model, and members will integrate each component and finalize the conceptual model developed in Year 1 (ToR #2). Development of the open-access database will continue, and final decisions regarding database development (i.e., data accessibility, usage, long-term hosting and maintenance) will be agreed upon (ToR #4). This WG meeting will coincide with the 2021 Aquatic Sciences Meeting in Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
In addition to the second WG meeting, early career scientists will organize a training workshop hosted by the University of the West Indies, in collaboration with SpeSeas (Trinidad and Tobago), with mentorship from more established researchers (ToR #5). This workshop will cover benthic-sediment interactions and global change, data standardization and database implementation.
Year 3:
Third WG meeting, Finalize CBIOS Database, Perspectives Article The third workshop will draft the perspectives article that synthesizes the findings of the WG, highlights remaining knowledge gaps, and outlines a way forward for future research in the field of benthic-sediment interactions (ToR #1, 3). Additional development of the database will be included as needed (ToR #4). This WG workshop will coincide with the 2022 Ocean Sciences Meeting in Honolulu, Hawaii.
5. Deliverables
We will develop a conceptual model (Year 1-2; ToR #2) to describe past animal-sediment interactions, and their response to past global change, to assess how the modern response of benthos compares to previous global change, and to lay a framework for future predictions of altered benthic-sediment interactions.
After developing the conceptual model, we will generate an open-access database (Year 2; ToR #4) to incorporate paleo-environmental data and modern data on benthos distribution, functional guilds, phenotypic and genotypic data, as well as organic geochemical data relating to OC and other elemental cycling. The database will conform to Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO) best management practices. We will investigate BCO-DMO or OBIS (Ocean Biogeographic Information System) as a potential host for the database. All data and associated metadata will be organized, validated for QA/QC, and made available according to the data management practices described by BCO-DMO and OBIS.
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The WG will produce a perspective article to evaluate the ramifications of changes in zoogeochemistry of ocean seafloor in response to global change/mass migration and/or adaptive change (phenotypic/genotypic) (Year 3; ToR #1, 3). This perspective article will address questions such as: what are implications of changing biotic-sediment interactions for carbon cycling and ESMs? These specific deliverables will be developed through SCOR WG meetings, which will be further leveraged by an OCB workshop to be held at WHOI and a training workshop to enhance capacity building for our international partners (Year 2; ToR #5).
6. Capacity Building
The database and conceptual model produced by the S WG will promote the synthesis and preservation of data and concepts related to benthic-sediment interactions. The long-term storage and open-access nature of the CBIOS database will promote international collaborations, standardized data collection, and increase data accessibility for the ocean science research community. The CBIOS database will be accessible according to the data management practices described by OBIS, BCO-DMO, the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) Ocean Data and Information System (ODIS) or equivalent data management center.
CBIOS will promote open-access documentation whenever possible. This WG is a transdisciplinary group that can go beyond “business-as-usual” to look at interconnections and bio-geo-chemical processes over multiple spatial and temporal scales to highlight underlying mechanisms driving sediment-benthos processes. Moreover, the WG will promote systems- thinking and connect multiple highly technical disciplines at multiple scales of research.
The proposed WG members (full and associate) come from a diversity of institutions and countries, as well as a variety of career stages, which will promote capacity building within the ocean sciences. To further build capacity for ocean sciences, CBIOS will develop a training workshop on benthic-sediment interactions and global change hosted by the University of the West Indies, in collaboration with SpeSeas (Trinidad and Tobago). The training workshop will be organized by early-career scientists with advice from more established WG members. Early career scientists, post-doctoral research associates, and graduate students will be encouraged to attend the training workshop. We will promote further capacity building by seeking collaborations and funding with other national and international groups, including the U.S. Ocean Carbon and Biogeochemistry program, to support meeting costs.
7. Working Group Composition
The proposed WG is comprised of world-renowned scientists that represent a diverse range of career stages, institutions, and countries.
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7.1 Full members
Name Gender Place of work Expertise relevant to proposal Thomas S. Bianchi Male Professor, Department of Global carbon (co-chair) Geological Sciences, University cycling, chemical of Florida, Gainesville, FL, biomarkers, benthic USA biogeochemistry Luis Buatois Male Professor, Department of Animal-substrate Geological Sciences, University interactions through of Saskatchewan, Canada geologic time Judith Gobin Female Senior Lecturer, Department of Marine benthos in Life Sciences, The University of soft sediments, The West Indies, St. Augustine, rocky shores, deep- Trinidad and Tobago sea environments and climate change impacts across these habitats (and over time) Agnes Karlsson Female Assistant Professor, Dept. of Integrating stress Ecology, Environment, and responses at sub- Plant Sciences, Stockholm cellular level with University, Stockholm, Sweden higher biological levels, benthos- based indicators of ecological status
Lisa A. Levin Female Professor Center for Marine Benthic community Biodiversity and Conservation structure and Scripps Institution of function, global Oceanography, UC San climate projections Diego, USA to the seafloor, and carbon cycling Jack J. Middelburg Male Professor, Earth Sciences, Inorganic and Utrecht University, The organic Netherlands geochemistry, benthic ecology, and earth system science Pierre Regnier Male Professor, Université Libre de Biogeochemistry Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium with model-data fusion approaches and advanced statistical methods
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Natasha Karenyi Female Lecturer, Dept. of Biological Marine biodiversity, Sciences, University of Cape ecosystem Town, Republic of South classification, Africa benthic ecology Paul V.R. Snelgrove Male Professor, Dept. of Ocean Marine biodiversity, (co-chair) Sciences and Biology food quality, and Department, Memorial ecosystem University of Newfoundland, functioning Canada Hong Zhou Female Professor, Dept. of Modern benthic Environmental Ecology College community data of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean collection including University of China phenotypic and genotypic variation
7.2 Associate members Name Gender Place of work Expertise relevant to proposal
Diva Amon Female Visiting Curie Fellow, Natural Deep sea biology, History Museum, UK; human impacts on the Director, SpeSeas, Trinidad and deep sea, caribbean, Tobago and chemosynthetic environments Sandra Arndt Female Professor, Department of Biogeochemistry, Geosciences, Environment and diagenesis, land-ocean Society, Université Libre de interactions, Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium paleoclimate Trisha Atwood Female Assistant Professor, Watershed Response of aquatic Sciences, Utah State University ecosystems to global USA change; effects of disturbance on aquatic biogeochemistry, including carbon cycling and storage Erik Kristensen Male Professor, Dept. of Biology, Biodiversity, Southern University of Denmark, biogeochemistry, Odense, Denmark bioturbation, benthic fauna 2-123
Alf Norkko Male Professor, Tvärminne Zoological Ecology of seafloor Station, University of Helsinki, habitats; Helsinki, Finland environmental mediation of biodiversity and ecosystem function Deena Pillay Male Lecturer, Department of Zoology Bioturbation, benthic University of Cape Town ecology, ecosystem Rondebosch, Republic of South engineers, Africa anthropogenic effects on estuarine systems. Candida Savage Female Assistant Professor, Dept. of Marine ecology, Marine Science, University of nutrient cycling, Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand systems ecology, and paleoecology Erik E. Sotka Male Professor, College of Charleston, Marine and molecular Department of Biology, Grice ecology, Marine Laboratory, SC, USA evolutionary ecology
Ryan Stanley Male Research Scientist, Bedford Cryptic intraspecific Institute of Oceanography, diversity associated Fisheries and Oceans Canada, with climatic variation Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada Simon Thrush Male Professor, The University of Organism-sediment Auckland, Inst. Of Marine interactions; effects of Science, Auckland, New Zealand disturbance on populations, communities and recovery processes
8. Working Group Contributions
Dr. Thomas S. Bianchi has studied biogeochemical cycling in marine sediments, more specifically sources and decay dynamics of sedimentary organic matter, and hotspots of carbon burial in the coastal ocean for over 30 years.
Dr. Luis Buatois focuses on animal-substrate interactions through geologic time. He characterizes secular changes in types of bioturbation in different environmental settings as a result of the interplay of evolutionary radiations and mass extinctions. The long-term goal of his research program is to understand the role bioturbation may have played in macroevolution and evolutionary paleoecology.
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Dr. Judith Gobin brings a wealth of marine benthic ecological experience to the team and especially from the SIDs perspective. Her expertise covers soft sediments, rocky shores as well as deep-sea environments and her understanding of climate change impacts across these habitats (and over time), is of great importance to her geographic study area of the Caribbean territory.
Dr. Natasha Karenyi is a benthic ecologist with a particular interest in developing a conceptual framework for the ecology of subtidal sediment ecosystems. She has a focus on marine biodiversity and ecosystem classification research.
Dr. Agnes Karlson studies biodiversity and ecosystem functioning as well as adaptive capacity of individuals and populations to environmental changes in the species-poor system of the Baltic Sea, which is also the fastest warming sea area in the world. She is particularly interested in how to interpret stable isotope data in archived samples of consumers from e.g. long-term monitoring.
Dr. Lisa A. Levin will contribute expertise on the effects of climate change, particularly oxygen loss and ocean acidification, on benthic community structure and function. She brings experience with infaunal lifestyles, bioturbation, global climate projections to the seafloor and assessments of their consequences for carbon cycling and the climate. She has participated in the IPCC AR 5 as contributing author, in the IPCC Special Report on Oceans and Cryosphere, served on the Ocean Carbon Biogeochemistry Program steering committee, and serves as co-lead of the Deep Ocean Observing Strategy and Deep-Ocean Stewardship Initiative.
Dr. Jack J. Middelburg is a biogeochemist with expertise in inorganic and organic geochemistry, benthic ecology, stable isotopes and earth system science, including paleoceanography.
Dr. Pierre Regnier is leading the research group ‘Biogeochemistry & Modeling of the Earth System’ at the Université Libre de Bruxelles. His research focuses on the biogeochemistry of carbon and nutrients in terrestrial, freshwater and marine ecosystems including the seafloor, global greenhouse gas (CO2, N2O, CH4) cycling, geomicrobiology, and modeling of land- ocean interactions. He combines model-data fusion approaches and advanced statistical methods, as well as reactive-transport and Earth system modeling.
Dr. Paul V.R. Snelgrove brings 30 years of research experience in seafloor ecosystems and has published widely on questions relating to marine biodiversity, food quality, and ecosystem functioning.
Dr. Hong Zhou studies modern benthic community data collection from Chinese continental shelf and coastal habitats, including information on phenotypic and genotypic variation within and among species (e.g. Chinese polychaetes and other macrobenthic invertebrates, Chinese free- living marine nematodes in Barcode of Life Data System).
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9. Relationship to other international programs and SCOR Working groups
CBIOS strongly relates to current and past SCOR WGs, as well as other international programs. Specifically, the objectives and scope of CBIOS will complement current SCOR WGs such as Changing Ocean Biological Systems (COBS; SCOR WG#149), which is investigating the effects of oceanic conditions on marine organisms and ecosystems. CBIOS also builds off of past working groups, such as WG#62: Carbon Budget of the Ocean; and WG#76: Ecology of the Deep Sea Floor, and other large-scale research projects that have been co-sponsored by SCOR, such as the Global Ocean Ecosystem Dynamics (GLOBEC) which focused on the impacts of climate change on marine ecosystems and fisheries. Additionally, CBIOS complements the work conducted by SCOR WG#128 Natural and Human-Induced Hypoxia and Consequences for Coastal Areas, and two members of WG#128 are proposed members of CBIOS. This WG would also build on the foundation provided by the SCOR-sponsored workshop on benthic systems and several participants in that workshop are proposed as members of this group. CBIOS further complements these current and previously supported SCOR programs by investigating the impacts of climate change on benthic community dynamics and carbon cycling. Members of CBIOS have also been involved in a Pegasus/ Future Earth/ NCEAS workshop to advance the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS).
CBIOS is currently seeking support from Utah State University to fund a workshop on marine animal-sediment interactions in Summer/Fall 2019 and will also seek support from Ocean Carbon and Biogeochemistry (OCB), by applying for a Summer 2020 workshop (deadline December 2019) to be held at Woods Hole, MA.
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2-127 10. Key References
1. Snelgrove, P. V. R. et al. Global Carbon Cycling on a Heterogeneous Seafloor. Trends in Ecology and Evolution (2018). doi:10.1016/j.tree.2017.11.004 2. Schmitz, O. J. et al. Animals and the zoogeochemistry of the carbon cycle. Science (80-. ). (2018). doi:10.1126/science.aar3213 3. Atwood, T. B. et al. Predators help protect carbon stocks in blue carbon ecosystems. Nature Climate Change (2015). doi:10.1038/nclimate2763 4. Ciais, P. et al. Carbon and Other Biogeochemical Cycles. In: Cli- mate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Climate Change 2013 - The Physical Science Basis (2013). doi:10.1017/CBO9781107415324.015 5. Hülse, D., Arndt, S., Daines, S., Regnier, P. & Ridgwell, A. OMEN-SED 1.0: A novel, numerically efficient organic matter sediment diagenesis module for coupling to Earth system models. Geosci. Model Dev. (2018). doi:10.5194/gmd-11-2649-2018 6. Boyd, P. W. et al. Experimental strategies to assess the biological ramifications of multiple drivers of global ocean change—A review. Global Change Biology (2018). doi:10.1111/gcb.14102 7. Sotka, E. E. Natural selection, larval dispersal, and the geography of phenotype in the sea. in Integrative and Comparative Biology (2012). doi:10.1093/icb/ics084 8. Stanley, R. R. E. et al. A climate-associated multispecies cryptic cline in the northwest Atlantic. Sci. Adv. (2018). doi:10.1126/sciadv.aaq0929 9. Snelgrove, P. V. R., Thrush, S. F., Wall, D. H. & Norkko, A. Real world biodiversity- ecosystem functioning: A seafloor perspective. Trends in Ecology and Evolution (2014). doi:10.1016/j.tree.2014.05.002
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11. Appendix - 5 publications for full members
Thomas S. Bianchi Bianchi, T.S., Blair, N., Burdige, D., Eglinton, T.I., Galy, V. (2018) Centers of organic carbon burial at the land-ocean interface. Org. Geochem. 115: 138-155. Shields, M.R., Bianchi, T.S., Mohrig, D., Hutchings, J.A., Kenney, W.F., Kolker, A.S., Curtis, J.H., 2017. Carbon storage in the Mississippi River delta enhanced by environmental engineering. Nat. Geosci. 10, 846–851. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo3044. Smith, R.W., Bianchi, T.S., Allison, M.A., Savage, C., Galy, V. (2015) The Role of Fjords as Major Oceanic Sites of Marine Organic Carbon Burial. Nat. Geosci. 8: 450–453. Bauer, J.E., Cai, W.J., Raymond, P., Bianchi, T.S., Hopkinson, C.S., Regnier, P. (2013) The Coastal Ocean as a Key Dynamic Interface in the Global Carbon Cycle. Nature 504 (7478): 61-70. Bianchi, T.S., Allison, M.A. (2009) Large-river delta-front estuaries as natural “recorders” of global environmental change. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 106 (20): 8085-8092.
Luis Buatois Buatois, L.A., Almond, J., Mángano, M.G., Jensen, S., Germs, G.J. (2018) Sediment disturbance by Ediacaran bulldozers and the roots of the Cambrian explosion. Nat. Sci. Reports 8: 4514. Buatois, L.A., Mángano, M.G. (2018) The other biodiversity record: Innovations in animal- substrate interactions through geologic time. GSA Today 28:4-10. Mángano, M.G., Buatois, L.A. (Eds.) (2016) The trace-fossil record of major evolutionary events. Volume 1: Precambrian and Paleozoic. Topics Geobiol. 39. Springer, 358 pp. Mángano, M.G., Buatois, L.A. (Eds.) 2016. The trace-fossil record of major evolutionary events. Volume 2: Mesozoic and Cenozoic. Topics Geobiol. 40. Springer, 486 p. Buatois, L.A., Mángano, M.G., Olea, R.A., Wilson, M.A. (2016) Decoupled evolution of soft and hard substrate communities during the Cambrian Explosion and Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 113: 6945–6948.
Judith Gobin Amon, D.J., Gobin, J., Van Dover, C.L., Levin, L.A., Marsh, L., Raineault, N.A. (2017) Characterization of Methane-Seep Communities in a Deep-Sea Area Designated for Oil and Natural Gas Exploitation Off Trinidad and Tobago. Front. Mar. Sci. 4:1-16.doi: 10.3389/fmars.2017.00342. Levin, L.A., Baco, A.R., Bowden, D., Colaço, A., Cordes, E., Cunha, M.R., Demopoulos, A., Gobin, J., Grupe, B., Le, J., Metaxas, A., Netburn, A., Rouse, G.W., Thurber, A.R., Tunnicliffe, V., Van Dover, C., Vanreusel, A., Watling., L. (2016) Hydrothermal Vents and Methane Seeps: Rethinking the Sphere of Influence. Front. Mar. Sci., section Deep- Sea Environments and Ecology. Front 3:72, pp 1-23.doi: 10.3389/fmars.2016.00072. Cordes, E., Jones, D., Schlacher, T., Amon, D., Bernardino, A., Brooke, S., Carney, R., DeLeo, D., Dunlop, K., Escobar-Briones, E., Gates, A., Genio, L., Gobin, J., Henry, L., Herrera, S., Hoyt, S., Joye, M., Kark, S., Mestre, N., Metaxas, A., Pfeirfe, S., Sink, K., Sweetman, A., Witte, U. (2016) Environmental Impacts of the Deep-Water Oil and Gas Industry: A Review to Guide Management Strategies. Frontiers in Marine Science, section Deep-Sea 2-129 Environments and Ecology. Front. Environ. Sci., 4:58, pp, 1-26.doi: 10.3389/fenvs.2016.00058. Miloslavich, P., Webb, T., Snelgrove, P., Vanden Berghe, E., Kaschner, K., Halpin, P.N., Reeves, R.R., Lascelles, B., Tarzia, M., Wallace, B.P., Dulvy, N., Simpfendorfer, C.A., Schillinger, G., Boustany, A., Collette, B.B., Graves, J.E., Obura, D., Edwards, M., Clark, M., Stocks, K., Morato, T., Tunnicliffe, V., Hopcroft, R., Archambault, P., Pepin, P., Tunnell, J.W., Moretzsohn, F., Escobar-Briones, E., Ojaveer, H., Gobin, J., Nakaoka, M., Fujikura, K., Yamano, H., Li, X., Venkataraman, K., Raghunathan, C., Griffiths, C.L., Bax, N.J., Butler, A.J., Brandt, A., Griffiths, H.J., Rice, J. (2016) World Oceans Assessment. Chapter 35. Extent of Assessment of Marine Biological Diversity, pp 1-58. Sharkey, P.M., Merrick, J., Gobin, J. (2016) Chapter 3: Benthic Assemblages in South American Intertidal Rocky Shores: Biodiversity, Services and Threats, pp 83-137, In Marine Benthos, Biology, Ecosystem Functions and Environmental Impact. Editors: Rafael Riosmena-Rodríguez (The Autonomous University of Baja California Sur, Marine Biology Department and Marine Botany Research Program, Mexico). Sharkey, P.M., Merrick, J., Gobin, J. (2016) Chapter 5: Environmental Impacts on Marine Benthic Communities in an Industrialized Caribbean Island- Trinidad and Tobago, pp169-179. In Marine Benthos, Biology, Ecosystem Functions and Environmenta Impact. Editors: Rafael Riosmena-Rodríguez (The Autonomous University of Baja California Sur, Marine Biology Department and Marine Botany Research Program, Mexico).
Natasha Karenyi Karenyi, N., Sink, K., Nel, R., Clark, A.E., Altwegg, R. (2018) Imperfect detection distorts depth‐related trends in marine macrofaunal species richness. Ecography. 41(10): 1698- 1706. Karenyi, N., Sink, K., Nel, R. (2016) Defining seascapes for marine unconsolidated shelf sediments in an eastern boundary upwelling region: the southern Benguela as a case study. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 169: 195-206. Karenyi, N., Nel, R., Altwegg, R., Sink, K. (2016) Incorporating species detectability into conservation targets based on the species–area relationship. Divers. Distrib. 22: 758–769. Kruger, N., Branch, G.M., Griffiths, C.L., Field. J.G. (2005) Changes in the benthos of Saldanha Bay (1960s-2001): an analysis based on dredge samples. African J. Mar. Sci. 27(2): 471- 477. Griffiths, C.L., Van Sittert, L., Best, P.B., Brown, A.C., Clark, B.M., Cook, P.A., Crawford, R.J.M., David, J.H.M., Davies, B.R., Griffiths, M.H., Hutchings, K., Jerarddino, A., Kriger, N., Lamberth, S., Leslie, R.W., Melville-Smith, R.W., Tarr, R., Van der Lingen, C.d. (2004) Impacts of human activities on marine animal life in the Benguela: a historical overview. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol.: An Ann. Rev. 42: 303-392
Agnes Karlson Ek, C., Holmstrand, H., Mustajärvi, L., Garbaras, A., Barisevičiu̅ te, R., Šapolaitė, J., Sobek, A., Gorokhova, E., Karlson, A.M.L. (2018) Using Compound-Specific and Bulk Stable Isotope Analysis for Trophic Positioning of Bivalves in Contaminated Baltic Sea Sediments. Environ. Sci. Technol. 52(8) DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b05782.
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Karlson, A.M.L., Niemand, C., Savage, C., Pilditch, C.A. (2016) Density of key-species determines efficiency of macroalgal uptake by intertidal benthic communities PLos ONE 11, e0158785. Karlson, A.M.L., Gorokhova, E., Elmgren, R. (2015) Do deposit-feeders compete? Isotopic niche analysis of an invasion in a species-poor system. Sci. Reports 5: 9715. DOI: 10.1038/srep09715. Karlson, A.M.L., Gorokhova, E., Elmgren, R. (2014) Nitrogen fixed by cyanobacteria is utilized by deposit-feeders. PLoS ONE 9(8): e104460. Karlson, A.M.L., Nascimento, F.J.A., Näslund, J., Elmgren, R. (2010) Higher diversity of deposit-feeding macrofauna enhances phytodetritus processing. Ecology 91: 1414-1423.
Lisa A. Levin Sweetman, A.K., Thurber, A.R., Smith, C.R., Levin, L.A., Mora, C. Wei, C.L., Gooday, Jones, D.O.B., Rex, M. Yasuhara, M., Ingels, J., Ruhl, H.A., Frieder, C.A., Roberto, D., Wurzberg, L., Baco, A. Grupe, B.M., Pasulka, A. Meyer, K.S., Dunlop, K.M., Henry, L.A., Roberts, J.M. (2017) Major impacts of climate change on deep seafloor ecosystems. Elementa DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.203. Sperling, E.A., Frieder, C.A., Levin, L.A. (2016) Biodiversity response to natural gradients of multiple stressors on continental margins. Proceeding Royal Society B. 283: 20160637. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.0637. Levin, Lisa A., Le Bris, N. Deep oceans under climate change (2015) Science 350: 766-768. (2015) Levin, L.A., Sibuet, M. (2012) Understanding Continental Margin Biodiversity: A New Imperative. Ann. Rev. Mar. Sci. doi: 10.1146/annurev-marine-120709-142714 Levin, L.A., Ekau, W., Gooday, A., Jorrisen, F., Middelburg, J., Neira, C., Rabalais, N., Naqvi, S.W.A., Zhang, J. (2009) Effects of natural and human-induced hypoxia on coastal benthos. Biogeosciences 6: 2063-2098.
Jack J. Middelburg Middelburg, J.J. (2019) Ocean carbon biogeochemistry: A primer for Earth System Scientists. Springer International Publishing, 118 pp. 10.1007/978-3-030-10822-9 (open access book) Middelburg, J.J. (2018) Reviews and synthesis: to the bottom of carbon processing at the seafloor. Biogeosciences 15(2): 413-427. Woulds, C., Bouillon, S., Cowie, G.L., Drake, E., Middelburg, J.J., Witte, U. (2016) Patterns of carbon processing at the seafloor - the role of faunal and microbial communities in moderating carbon flows. Biogeosciences 13: 4343-4357. Meysman, F.J.R., Boudreau, B.P., Middelburg, J.J. (2010) When and why does bioturbation: lead to diffusive mixing. J. Mar. Res. 68: 891-920. Meysman, F.J.R., Middelburg, J.J., Heip, C.H.R. (2006) New insights into Darwin’s last idea: bioturbation. Trends Ecol. Evol 21: 688-695.
Pierre Regnier Arndt, S., Jørgensen, B. B., LaRowe, D. E., Middelburg, J. J., Pancost, R. D. and Regnier, P. (2013) Quantifying the degradation of organic matter in marine sediments: A review and synthesis. (2013) Earth Sci. Rev. 123 : 53-86. 2-131 Bauer, J.E., Cai, W-J, Raymond, P., Bianchi, T., Hopkinson, C. and Regnier P. (2013) The changing coastal carbon cycle. (2013) Nature 504 : 61–70. Hülse, D., Arndt, S., Daines, S., Regnier, P., and Ridgwell, A. (2018) OMEN-SED 1.0: a novel, numerically efficient organic matter sediment diagenesis module for coupling to Earth system models. Geoscient. Model Develop. 11: 2649-2689, doi: 10.5194/gmd-11- 2649. Regnier, P., Friedlingstein, P., Ciais, P., Mackenzie, F.T., Gruber, N. et al. (2013) Anthropogenic perturbation of the carbon fluxes from land to ocean. Nature Geosci., 6 (8) : 597-607. Thullner M., Dale, A.W. and Regnier P. (2009) Global scale quantification of organic carbon degradation pathways in marine sediments: a reactive transport modeling approach. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 10:1, doi:10.1029/2009GC002484.
Paul V.R. Snelgrove Stanley, R.R.E., DiBacco, C., Lowen, B., Bieko, R., Wyngaarden, M., Jeffery, N.W., Bentzen, P., Bernatchez, L., Gosselin, T., Johnson, C., Snelgrove, P.V.R., Wringe, B.F., Bradbury, I.R. (2018) A climate-associated multi-species cryptic genetic cline in the northwest Atlantic. Sci. Adv. 4, eaaq0929 (2018). Snelgrove, P.V.R., Soetaert, K., Solan, M., Thrush, S., Wei, C.-L., Danovaro, R, Fulweiler, R.W., Kitazato, H., Ingole, B., Norkko, A., Parkes, R.J., Volkenborn, N. (2018) Contrasting biogeochemical and biological estimates of carbon turnover on the global seafloor. Trends Ecol. Evol. 33: 96-105. Belley, R., Snelgrove, P.V.R (2017) The role of infaunal functional groups in short-term response of contrasting benthic communities to an experimental food pulse. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 491: 38-50. Belley, R., Snelgrove, P.V.R. (2016) Relative contributions of biodiversity and environment to benthic ecosystem functioning. Front. Mar. Sci. 3, 10.3389/fmars.2016.00242 Snelgrove, P.V.R. Thrush, S.F., Wall, D.H., Norkko, A. (2014) Biodiversity - ecosystem functioning for the real world: A seafloor perspective. Trends Ecol. Evol. 29: 398-405.
Hong Zhou Sun, X.Y., Zhou, H., Hua, E., Xu, S.H., Cong, B.Q., Zhang, Z.N. (2014) Meiofauna and its sedimentary environment as an integrated indication of anthropogenic disturbance to sandy beach ecosystems. Mar. Poll. Bull. 88: 260-267. Zhou, H., Zhang, Z.N., Liu, X.S., Hua, E. (2012) Decadal change in sublittoral macrofaunal biodiversity in the Bohai Sea, China. Mar. Poll. Bull. 64: 2364-2373. Zhou, H., Fend, S.V., Gustafson, D.L., Wit, P.D., Erséus, C. (2010) Molecular phylogeny of Nearctic species of Rhynchelmis (Annelida). Zool. Scr. 39: 378-393. Zhou, H., Zhang, Z.N., Chen, H.Y., Sun, R.H., Wang, H., Guo, L., Pan, H.J. (2010) Integrating a DNA barcoding project with an ecological survey: a case study on temperate intertidal polychaete communities in Qingdao, China. Chin. J. Oceanol. Limnol. 28: 899-910. Zhou, H., Zhang, Z.N., Liu, X.S., Tu, L.H., Yu, Z.S. (2007) Changes in the shelf macrobenthic community over large temporal and spatial scales in the Bohai Sea, China. J. Mar. Syst. 67: 312-321.
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2.2.5 Coordinated Global Research Assessment of Seagrass System (C-GRASS) Burkill
C-GRASS: Coordinated Global Research Assessment Of Seagrass Systems
Co-chairs:
J. Emmett Duffy Smithsonian Institution, USA Email: [email protected]
Lauren V. Weatherdon UN Environment World Conservation Monitoring Centre, UK Email: [email protected]
1. Summary
Seagrasses provide the foundation of submerged coastal grassland ecosystems around the world but are threatened by human activities, with substantial declines in global cover over the last century. Seagrasses provide multiple valuable ecosystem services, particularly in the developing world. Yet obtaining an accurate understanding of seagrass status, trends, and responses to global change has been challenging due to the fragmented nature of available data. The time is opportune to solve these problems. Building on a recently completed Community White Paper and initial workshops to organize global seagrass researchers, we propose a series of SCOR workshops to collate and analyze existing data toward a scientific synthesis of the drivers and trajectories of seagrass ecosystems under global change, and to provide a framework for future coordinated observation and research on seagrass systems. Our Working Group (WG) engages a diverse community, spanning the globe and fields of technical expertise to: (1) collate and analyze existing data to publish an open-access scientific synthesis of current status, trends, and drivers of change in global seagrass systems; (2) establish common protocols and best practices for seagrass data collection, curation, and sharing, collated in a multi-media handbook of accepted protocols and best practices; (3) integrate seagrass data collection into international, open-access portals, with common frameworks for data vocabulary, metadata, management, and service to stakeholders; and (4) integrate ongoing seagrass monitoring and research into a global community of practice that incorporates diverse data types and informs diverse end users.
2. Scientific Background and Rationale
2.1. Global status of seagrass ecosystems
Seagrasses provide the foundation of submerged coastal grassland ecosystems around the world. They are among the most productive natural habitats on land or sea (1), store substantial quantities of carbon, and provide humanity with fishery habitat, coastal protection, 2-133 erosion control, and other services (2). Seagrass nutrient cycling services alone have an estimated value of nearly $2 trillion per year (3), and Indonesian seagrass meadows provide fishery nursery areas that contribute an estimated 54% to 99% of daily protein intake for local communities (4). Seagrasses also serve as early warning indicators of anthropogenic perturbations in the coastal zone due to their sensitivity to changing water quality and fishing activities (5).
Seagrass habitats are threatened worldwide by human activities: a recent synthesis estimates that almost 30% of seagrass global cover has been lost over the last century (6) and 22 of the world’s 72 seagrass species (31%) are in decline (2, 7), a trend widely considered a global crisis (8). Recognizing this, the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS) has proposed seagrass cover and composition as one of seven Essential Ocean Variables (EOVs) defined by societal importance as reflected in reporting requirements for numerous international conventions and agreements that shape policy responses to global change (9).
Despite their importance, developing coordinated systems for observing seagrass status and trends has been challenging for several reasons. First is the fragmented nature of available in situ data. Data on seagrass systems are collected by numerous local and regional monitoring programs, and by two global programs: Seagrass-Watch (10, 11), SeagrassNet (12). These networks, together with the Smithsonian’s newer MarineGEO program, have engaged hundreds of scientists and thousands of citizens in collecting data. But such programs often have different objectives, methods, and target variables, making inter-comparison and synthesis difficult. A second challenge is that field sampling is biased geographically, concentrated in North America and western Europe around major scientific organizations. As a result, syntheses of seagrass occurrence rely heavily on interpolation of expert knowledge and low-resolution point-based occurrence sampling, whereas seagrass extent is difficult to quantify and resolution is low in the regions where seagrasses are most diverse such as the western Pacific.
2.2. New opportunities in seagrass science and conservation
We are now poised to overcome these historical challenges, as illustrated by several recent developments. These include production of a consensus Community White Paper outlining criteria for a coordinated global seagrass observing system (13), convening of the International Seagrass Experts Network (ISEN),3 an upcoming GOOS workshop to draft implementation plans for seagrass and mangrove observing, and participation in this WG of leaders of the two major global seagrass networks, Seagrass-Watch (WG member McKenzie) and SeagrassNet (WG member Short). Recent field initiatives have focused on seagrasses in the rich and understudied territories of southeast Asia and the coral triangle, including by members of this Working Group: Ambo-Rappe, Cullen-Unsworth, Fortes, Nordlund, Prathep, and Unsworth. While Africa remains poorly documented, WG member Uku is an authority in that region. This work promises to significantly expand geographic coverage of seagrass knowledge in understudied areas.
3 See: http://unseagrass.org/
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Additional opportunities to assemble a geographically comprehensive and well resolved understanding of global seagrass systems come from innovations in remote sensing; engagement of citizen scientists in field data collection; and community consensus around the need for standardization of protocols and data management (13). Our proposed working group (WG) aims to integrate and coordinate remote sensing and in situ sampling programs toward a more powerful scientific synthesis of global seagrass distribution and ecosystem characteristics. The WG will then extend this synthesis by coordinating seagrass ecosystem researchers worldwide toward consensus on comparable approaches for collecting and organizing data on seagrass cover, composition, and ecosystem characteristics. The WG will have the secondary benefit of providing a scientific and operational foundation to advance seagrass cover and composition as an Essential Ocean Variable (1).
2.3. Rationale for a SCOR working group
We propose a series of SCOR workshops that engage a diverse community of scientists and stakeholders to achieve the following goals: (1) collate and analyze data to produce a synthesis of the current status, trends, and drivers of change in global seagrass systems; (2) establish common protocols and best practices for seagrass data collection, curation, and sharing; (3) integrate existing and ongoing seagrass data collection into open-access portals, using a common schema; and (4) integrate existing seagrass monitoring and analysis into a unified, global community of practice. The proposed workshops will establish the community to continue the process into the future, and several participating institutions are committed to supporting achievement of the long-term goals.
Over the last few years seagrass researchers around the world have recognized the need for a more coordinated global response to understanding and publicizing seagrass degradation and have begun to coalesce around a shared vision for achieving this (8, 13). The time is ripe for a new global assessment of seagrass ecosystems. Achieving such a synthesis requires engaging expertise in seagrass physiology, field ecology, biogeochemistry, remote sensing, database architecture, geospatial science and mapping, social science, and digital knowledge product development and service. The proposed WG, and our large network of collaborators, spans this expertise. Foundations have been laid by incorporating seagrass cover as an Essential Ocean Variable by the Global Ocean Observing System (9), engaging the global community in the consensus Community White Paper (13), and formation of the ISEN.
The primary bottlenecks to a global seagrass database are comparability of protocols and accessibility of data. We will make rapid progress on the first of these as leaders of both major seagrass networks and the MarineGEO program are full members of this group (McKenzie, Short, Duffy). An achievable first step is to establish a public metadata portal to summarize what seagrass data exist and who holds them. We will then work to make as much of this data as possible accessible and will incorporate new data as they become available.
Candidate protocols and best practices have been developed, vetted, and formalized by Seagrass- Watch, SeagrassNet, the Zostera Experimental Network (14), MarineGEO,4 and
4 Available at: https://marinegeo.github.io/seagrass.html 2-135 other programs, providing a foundation for a global community of practice. Under the right conditions, satellite remote sensing (15) and lightweight drone technology (16) can obtain high- resolution maps of seagrass distribution and resolve variation in abundance, offering promise in linking regional and global-scale cover mapping, and validating these with strategically sited in situ measurements. We will evaluate the capabilities of remote sensing to conduct regional assessments on the health and cover of seagrass communities. Satellite images collected over the past 30 years provide an basis for evaluating change, yet it is not clear how this technology can be leveraged with new unmanned airborne systems and field efforts. WG Members Muller-Karger and Dierssen bring experience in these areas to the WG.
The accessibility of shallow-water seagrass meadows and their importance to local fisheries and ecosystems makes seagrass systems prime targets for application of citizen science monitoring, as done by Seagrass-Watch and the Seagrass Spotter phone app,5 co-developed by WG Member Unsworth. There is considerable potential to expand and integrate these activities. Through all these approaches, we are poised to achieve a previously unavailable synthesis of the changing distribution of global seagrass habitat, and the drivers of these trends. This process will also advance implementation of the seagrass EOV envisioned as part of GOOS.
3. Terms of Reference
The objectives of the SCOR C-GRASS Working Group are:
Objective 1: Produce a scientific synthesis of status and trends in global seagrasses and the systems they support, via a comprehensive review of peer-reviewed and gray literature, and unpublished data, on seagrass occurrence, ecosystem characteristics, and benefits to human well- being.
Objective 2: Produce a handbook of standard protocols and best practices for collecting, curating, and sharing data on seagrass ecosystems among scientists and stakeholder groups, building on existing experience of scientists and end-users in management and conservation, and contributed to the Ocean Data Standards and Best Practices Project of IODE.
Objective 3: Promote development of standardized vocabularies for variables and data schemas specific to seagrass ecosystems, and integration of existing and new data into the Ocean Biodiversity Information System (OBIS) using the EVENT-DATA schema (17).
Objective 4: Organize an interdisciplinary community of practice to synthesize data on status, trends, and drivers of global change in seagrass ecosystems, building on and integrating existing resources.
5 Available at: https://seagrassspotter.org/
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4. Working plan
4.1. Objective 1: Produce a scientific synthesis of status and trends in global seagrass systems
The centerpiece of the Working Group will be assembling the existing global seagrass data into an updated scientific assessment, building on previous assessments of global seagrass occurrence (18). Collaboration of major global seagrass networks (WG members Short, McKenzie, Duffy) will achieve an unprecedented coordination and integration of data, knowledge, and practice. The data will be analyzed with ocean environmental data layers and data on human activities to quantify drivers of change in global seagrass systems. The results will be published in peer- reviewed paper(s), and integrated into the UNEP-WCMC Ocean+ initiative, which maintains a database of seagrass cover and produces maps and knowledge products that directly inform decision-making (available through Ocean Data Viewer6), including the Global Distribution of Seagrasses.7 The synthesis will also link in situ seagrass data to remote sensing approaches (19) and quantification of seagrass ecosystem services (WG members Cullen-Unsworth and Nordlund) (20, 21).
4.2. Objective 2: Produce a handbook of standard protocols and best practices
Agreement on comparable protocols and best practices is key to coordinating monitoring across a distributed network and ensuring that data are comparable across space and time. We will assemble and analyze core measurements and protocols for in situ survey methods (22), remote- sensing approaches (15), and sampling designs, focusing on those that are fit to purpose, i.e., selected to provide information of appropriate resolution, quality, and scale to capture seagrass trends relevant to reporting requirements of nations and decision-makers. This process is facilitated because only two large networks dominate the field and leaders of both (McKenzie, Short) are members of our WG. The Working Group will produce a multi-media handbook, linked to training videos and online resources facilitating field data collection, data management, and curation methods accepted by community consensus. These products will accelerate data collection and integration across networks by making protocols and data more accessible, and by building capacity to collect and contribute data, also adding value to existing networks (as confirmed by participation of Short and McKenzie).
4.3. Objective 3: Promote development of standardized vocabularies and data schemas
Rigorous comparison of data among programs requires a common language. The recently developed EVENT-DATA OBIS schema uses a standard Darwin Core set of terms and accommodates sampling descriptions, environmental data, and biodiversity records. The WG will develop and compile a standardized vocabulary for seagrass systems via established OBIS collaborations developed by the MBON (WG member Muller-Karger) and Smithsonian MarineGEO (WG co-lead Duffy). We will integrate a substantial body of records of seagrass cover and species composition into OBIS, notably from SeagrassNet representing 33
6 Available at: http://data.unep-wcmc.org 7 Available at: http://data.unep-wcmc.org/datasets/7 2-137 countries, Seagrass-Watch representing 26 countries, and the 13 sites in the MarineGEO program.
Data access and ownership are key issues in the emerging networked data ecosystem. A key first step will be a metadata portal. We will promote availability of as much seagrass data as possible, building on the Seagrass-Watch model, which involves a tiered system of data sharing that respects the ownership of raw data, while making detailed summaries available via open access portals.
Objective 4: Organize an interdisciplinary community of practice
A dynamic observing system for seagrasses requires a coordinated effort, structures to manage ongoing data input and access to maintain inter-comparability, and engagement of diverse partners across the world, disciplinary expertise, and knowledge of the needs of policy- and decision-makers. We will focus on linking the web portals and protocols of the Seagrass- Watch, SeagrassNet, the Ocean Data Viewer, and MarineGEO programs, leveraging resources already invested in them and the continuing support of their secretariat institutions. Working Group members, including the UN Environment World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP- WCMC, with leadership from co-chair Weatherdon) and GRID-Arendal (Maria Potouroglou ) will assist in engaging end-users of the information products from the policy community, and in developing a communications strategy. UNEP-WCMC’s existing seagrass layer has been used for environmental sensitivity mapping, marine spatial planning, high-level screening of biodiversity risk, and blue carbon assessments, and its application to ecosystem-based adaptation to climate change is in progress. We expect rapid uptake of our findings in development and refinement of global blue carbon inventories and development of blue carbon markets as several WG members play advisory roles in International Blue Carbon Partnership (collaborator Peter Macreadie), the IUCN Blue Carbon Initiative (Fourqurean, Fortes, Marba), the IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (Macreadie), and the Coastal Carbon Research Coordination Network (Duffy).
4.4. Timeline
Working Group meetings will be held in association with international conferences and we will work to leverage other funds to cover costs of participants; several participating institutions have offered financial or in-kind support. Likely venues for meetings include the 14th International Seagrass Biology Workshop (2020, Washington DC); and international Ocean Science meetings.
Month 1: Working Group meeting 1. Hone goals, assign subgroups with leads for each of the four objectives. Begin to identify data sources and tractable synthesis goals, and to assemble data and metadata (Objective 1). Draft outline of best practices (Objective 2) and data schema (Objective 3).
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Month 1-12: Subgroups work on collating data, integrating into the developing data schema (Objectives 1,3), and converge on best practices for handbook (Objective 2). Integrate sample data sets into OBIS using draft schema (Objectives 1,3).
Month 12: WG meeting 2. Present draft of best practices document (Objective 2) and data schema (Objective 3) for discussion by WG. Review data assembled, outline synthesis papers, and begin intensive data analysis (Objective 1).
Month 12-24: Continue work on best practices (Objective 2) and synthesis paper(s) (Objective 4). Introduce drafts to policy end-users and incorporate feedback.
Month 24: WG meeting 3. Complete best practices handbook (Objective 2) and synthesis papers (Objective 4). Report on data integration (Objectives 1, 3), challenges, and plans.
Month 24-36: Subgroups finish work on all four objectives.
Month 36: Meeting of selected WG members, lead authors, and data architects, to synthesize results toward the Objectives, finish products, and develop plans for long-term advancement. Official launch of products.
5. Deliverables
(1) Hold a town hall meeting at the 2020 Ocean Sciences meeting (and potentially others) to announce the Working Group effort and solicit broad input. Contributes to delivering all Objectives. (2) (3) Produce a peer-reviewed scientific synthesis of status, trends, and environmental and anthropogenic drivers of change in global seagrasses and the systems they support, based on a comprehensive review of peer-reviewed and gray literature and unpublished data available in major seagrass network databases. Delivers Objective 1.
(4) Integrate existing seagrass data, and ongoing monitoring data, into the Ocean Biodiversity Information System (OBIS) using a common data schema. Contributes to delivering Objectives 1 and 3.
(5) Produce a peer-reviewed handbook of inter-comparable protocols and best practices for seagrass field measurements and data management, published and contributed to the Ocean Data Standards and Best Practices Project of IODE. Delivers Objective 2.
6. Capacity Building
The community of practice built through this series of working groups will be advanced into the future in several ways. First, we engage seagrass researchers and stakeholders from a diverse range of backgrounds, geographic regions, and disciplines in this common, 2-139 collaborative effort. Second, we intend to develop courses with support from IODE Ocean Teacher Global Academy (OTGA) of the International Oceanographic Data and Information Exchange (IODE) to spread the protocols, best practices and synthesis tools in seagrass research to a global community. We will liaise with the OTGA program to propose an OBIS course tailored for the seagrass community, and seek support from OTGA. Third, the several seagrass observation programs, including Seagrass-Watch (McKenzie), SeagrassNet (Short), the MarineGEO program (Duffy), and the MBON (Muller-Karger) conduct training and outreach activities that will promote the best practices developed by the WG. Finally, development of the handbook and other products will also focus on feeding information into international targets such as the UN Sustainable Development Goals and Aichi Targets, as well as the post-2020 biodiversity agenda, with leadership by UNEP-WCMC (Weatherdon) and GRID-Arendal (Potouroglou).
7. Working Group Composition
Our Working Group brings together ten Full Members (6 female, 4 male), representing 9 countries, and a range of career stages and disciplinary expertise from seagrass biology to biogeochemistry, remote sensing, fisheries, social science, and global conservation. Several Full and Associate Members are leaders in existing synthesis and coordination efforts in coastal marine and seagrass science. This diversity will help ensure that interdisciplinary products of the working group are effectively communicated to a wide audience and translated into practical applications.
7.1. Full Members
Name Gender Place of Work Expertise Emmett Duffy (co-chair) M Smithsonian Institution, USA Marine ecology and biodiversity Lauren Weatherdon F UN Environment World digital knowledge (co-chair) Conservation Monitoring products, ocean Centre, UK biodiversity and spatial data Rohani Ambo Rappe F Universitas Seagrass ecology, Hasanuddin, ecosystem services, Indonesia seagrass restoration Leanne Cullen-Unsworth F Cardiff University, Wales Coupled social- ecological systems, seagrass ecosystem services Miguel Fortes M University of the Philippines Seagrass & mangrove ecology, blue carbon, policy & coastal resilience
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Núria Marbà F Consejo Superior de Seagrass ecology, Investigaciones global change Científicas, Spain Len McKenzie M James Cook Seagrass status, University, management and Australia sustainable use, founder Seagrass- Watch Maria Potouroglou F GRID Arendal, Norway Seagrass mapping, monitoring and ecosystem services assessment, coastal and marine policy Fred Short M University of New Seagrass ecology and Hampshire, USA restoration, founder SeagrassNet Jacqueline Uku F Kenya Marine and Seagrass physiology, Fisheries Research ecology, community Institute development
7.2. Associate Members
Name Gender Place of Work Expertise Rod Connolly M Griffith University, Australia Seagrass ecosystem resilience, carbon pathways, fisheries food web Maricela de la Torre Castro F Stockholm University, Social-ecological Sweden systems analysis, governance, gender, sustainable resource use, resilience Heidi Dierssen F University of Connecticut, Remote sensing of USA seagrass extent, leaf area index, carbon Carlos Duarte M King Abdullah University of Marine ecology and Science and Technology, oceanography, Saudi Arabia expertise in all aspects of seagrass ecology James W. Fourqurean M Florida International Ecosystem ecology, University, USA biogeochemistry of seagrass systems 2-141 Margot Hessing-Lewis F Hakai Institute, Canada Coastal marine ecology, focusing on seagrass systems Frank Muller-Karger M University of South Florida, Biological USA oceanography, remote sensing, global change Masahiro Nakaoka M Hokkaido University, Japan Coastal ecosystem dynamics, seagrass ecology Anchana Prathep F Prince of Songkla University, Seaweed and Thailand seagrass biodiversity and ecology; coastal climate change Richard Unsworth M Swansea University, Wales Seagrass ecology, conservation, and ecosystem services, co- founder Project
8. Working Group contributions
Rohani Ambo Rappe is a seagrass ecologist, studying ecosystem services and seagrass restoration, with expertise in the seagrass systems of the coral triangle region, the most diverse marine systems in the world.
Leanne Cullen-Unsworth is a coupled social-ecological systems analyst focusing on seagrass ecosystem services, in particular seagrass fisheries and associated food security.
Emmett Duffy is a biodiversity scientist who founded the Zostera Experimental Network (ZEN) and is the first Director of the Smithsonian’s Tennenbaum Marine Observatories Network and MarineGEO program. He is a member of MBON, the GOOS Biology and Ecosystem panel, and is lead development of specification sheet and implementation plan for the GOOS seagrass EOV.
Miguel D. Fortes is a coastal Ecologist, and specialist on Biodiversity, ICZM and Blue Carbon, focusing on seagrasses and mangroves. His works are major additions to seagrass science and policy in the tropics and are having major impacts in applications and in development of coastal resilience in the face of climate change and other environmental uncertainties.
Núria Marbà is a seagrass ecologist focusing on assessing sustainability and integrity of coastal ecosystems and ecosystem services as well as the impact of global change.
Len McKenzie is a seagrass and coastal ecosystems ecologist working to facilitate the protection, conservation, biological diversity, rehabilitation, management and sustainable development of seagrass resources. His research focuses on status and condition of seagrass
2-142 resources, the role of disturbance, and identifying thresholds of concern and investigating resilience of seagrass ecosystems. Len directs the Seagrass-Watch program, one of the two major global seagrass observing networks.
Maria Potouroglou is a biologist with extensive experience in seagrass ecosystems science and policy in several Regional Seas programmes, including the Eastern Africa, Mediterranean, North-West Pacific, Western Africa and ROPME Sea regions. She leads the scientific strategy of the first ever seagrass project in West Africa, and co-ordinates the UN Environment/GRID- Arendal convened International Seagrass Experts Network.
Fred Short is a seagrass ecologist with expertise in restoration, global seagrass mapping and monitoring, eelgrass stressors including nitrogen loading, physical impacts and climate change. He established the global seagrass monitoring program SeagrassNet and co-edited the seminal book Global Seagrass Research Methods (2001).
Jacqueline Uku is a marine ecologist working on seagrass systems in Kenya and recently engaged in community development projects along the Kenyan Coast. She is current President and member of the Western Indian Ocean Marine Science Association (WIOMSA), providing linkage to the member countries of the Western Indian Ocean.
Lauren Weatherdon leads development of digital knowledge products that contribute to a step- change in global access to, and use of, ocean biodiversity information and spatial data. These products help to support the delivery of global ocean goals and targets, and to support marine spatial planning, conduct environmental impact assessments, produce ecosystem assessments, and enhance ocean literacy; she is also a member of MBON.
9. Relationship to other international programs and SCOR Working groups
This project builds on and synergizes with two initiatives already underway. First, in May 2019, UN Environment/GRID Arendal will convene an International Seagrass Experts Network to produce a report, led by member Potouroglou, highlighting the current state and threats to seagrass systems and their ecosystem services with relevance to policy. Second, in June 2019, Co-chair Duffy will co-lead a NASA-funded workshop to develop implementation plans for the GOOS seagrass and mangrove Essential Ocean Variables (EOVs). These two activities, which involve several of our members, will lay a strong foundation by identifying available data sources, conducting a qualitative review, and articulating a plan for coordinating seagrass research globally. Our proposed SCOR project will advance to the next, quantitative step by picking up where those efforts leave off: assembling, harmonizing, and analyzing the metadata and available data to produce a quantitative picture of global seagrass status, and the rates and drivers of change. A second major product will be an agreement among key seagrass constituencies around the world on terms of coordination, protocol comparability, and data sharing in future research. Together, these activities will facilitate rigorous global analyses of seagrass distribution, change, and responses to environmental and anthropogenic forcing.
2-143 The proposed WG has important relevance to several other interdisciplinary global change science efforts, and to the science-policy-society interface and communication initiatives. These other efforts are not specifically focused on seagrasses and would benefit from the research advanced by this SCOR WG on seagrasses. Among these are the following. The OceanObs Research Coordination Network is an NSF-sponsored effort to advance the integration of biological observations into ocean observing systems for societal benefit, co-led by WG member Muller-Karger. We have already submitted a Community White Paper on seagrasses to the OceanObs'19 meeting in Honolulu, Hawaii, September 2019. The Marine Biodiversity Observation Network (MBON, with WG members Muller-Karger and Duffy) is a thematic program under the Group on Earth Observations Biodiversity Observation Network or GEO BON to strengthen understanding of marine biodiversity and coordinate monitoring of associated changes over time by defining marine Essential Biodiversity Variables or EBVs. The Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS) Bio-Eco Panel (WG members Muller-Karger and Duffy) seeks to improve the availability of existing core biological variables and identify and prioritize additional cross-cutting biological and ecosystem observation needs by defining Essential Ocean Variables or EOVs for biology and to integrate these with physical and biogeochemical EOV and observing programs. Several members of the proposed C-GRASS WG are closely involved in each of these efforts and will work to integrate the WG’s activities with their goals.
10. Key References
1. Duarte C, Chiscano C (1999) Seagrass biomass and production: a reassessment. Aquatic Botany 65(1–4):159–174. 2. West JA, Calumpong HP, Martin G, Gaever S van (2016) Kelp Forests and Seagrass Meadows. United Nations World Ocean Assessment, eds Inniss L, Simcock A, pp 1– 13. 3. Costanza R, et al. (1997) The value of the world’s ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature 387(6630):253–260. 4. Unsworth R, Hinder SL, Bodger OG, Cullen-Unsworth LC (2014) Food supply depends on seagrass meadows in the coral triangle. Environ Res Lett 9(094005). doi:10.1088/1748- 9326/9/9/094005. 5. Dennison W, et al. (1993) Assessing water quality with submersed aquatic vegetation. BioScience 43(2):86–94. 6. Waycott M, et al. (2009) Accelerating loss of seagrasses across the globe threatens coastal ecosystems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106(30):12377– 12381. 7. Short FT, et al. (2011) Extinction risk assessment of the world’s seagrass species. Biological Conservation 144(7):1961–1971. 8. Orth R, et al. (2006) A global crisis for seagrass ecosystems. BioScience 56(12):987–996. 9. Miloslavich P, et al. (2018) Essential ocean variables for global sustained observations of biodiversity and ecosystem changes. Global Change Biology 105(6332):10456–18. 10. McKenzie LJ, Long L, marina RCB, 2000 (2000) Seagrass-Watch: Community based monitoring of seagrass resources. Biol Mar Medit 7(2):393–396. 11. Jones BL, Unsworth RKF, McKenzie LJ, Yoshida RL, Cullen-Unsworth LC (2017)
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Crowdsourcing conservation: The role of citizen science in securing a future for seagrass. Mar Pollut Bull:1–0. 12. Short FT, et al. (2006) SeagrassNet monitoring across the Americas: case studies of seagrass decline. Marine Ecology 27(4):277–289. 13. Duffy JE (2019) Toward a coordinated global observing system for seagrasses and marine macroalgae. Frontiers in Marine Science in press. 14. Ruesink JL, et al. (2017) Form-function relationships in a marine foundation species depend on scale: a shoot to global perspective from a distributed ecological experiment. Oikos 127(3):364–374. 15. Muller-Karger FE, et al. (2018) Satellite sensor requirements for monitoring essential biodiversity variables of coastal ecosystems. Ecological Applications in press. doi:10.1002/eap.1682. 16. Duffy JP, Pratt L, Anderson K, Land PE, Shutler JD (2018) Spatial assessment of intertidal seagrass meadows using optical imaging systems and a lightweight drone. Estuarine coastal and Shelf Science 200:169–180. 17. De Pooter D, et al. (2017) Toward a new data standard for combined marine biological and environmental datasets - expanding OBIS beyond species occurrences. BDJ 5:e10989. 18. Green EP, Short FT (2003) World atlas of seagrasses (University of California Press) Available at: http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=dHV0NA3m2AIC&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq =w orld+atlas+of+seagrasses+short&ots=wxBQHQxIJP&sig=U3kliAAUH0Jf4H- yDtfsLZ5PLzw. 19. Wabnitz CC, Andréfouët S, Torres-Pulliza D, Muller-Karger FE, Kramer PA (2008) Regional-scale seagrass habitat mapping in the Wider Caribbean region using Landsat sensors: Applications to conservation and ecology. Remote Sensing of Environment 112(8):3455–3467. 20. Nordlund LM, Koch EW, Barbier EB, Creed JC (2016) Seagrass Ecosystem Services and Their Variability across Genera and Geographical Regions. PLoS ONE 11(10):e0163091- 23. 21. Nordlund LM, et al. (2017) Seagrass ecosystem services – What’s next? Mar Pollut Bull:in press. 22. Short FT, Coles RG (2001) Global seagrass research methods. 33. Available at: http://www.worldcat.org/title/global-seagrass-research- methods/oclc/935245623.
11. Appendix—5 key publications for full members
Emmett Duffy Miloslavich, P. N. Bax, S. Simmons, E. Klein, W. Appeltans, O. Aburto-Oropeza, M. Anderson- García, S. Batten, L. Benedetti-Cecchi, D. Checkley, S. Chiba, E. Duffy, D. Dunn, A. Fischer, J. Gunn, R. Kudela, F. Marsac, F. Muller-Karger, D. Obura, Y.-J. Shin. 2018. Essential Ocean Variables for global sustained observations of biodiversity and ecosystem changes. Global Change Biology doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14108. 2-145 Duffy, J.E., C.M. Godwin, B.J. Cardinale. 2017. Biodiversity effects in the wild are as strong as global change drivers of productivity. Nature 549:261-264. Naeem, S., R. Chazdon, J.E. Duffy, C. Prager, B. Worm. 2016. Biodiversity and human wellbeing: an essential link for sustainable development. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 283(1844): 20162091. Stuart-Smith, R.D., G.J Edgar, N.S. Barrett, A.E. Bates, S.C. Baker, N. Bax, M. Becerro, J. Blanchard, D.J. Brock, G.F. Clark, T.R Davis, P.B. Day, J.E. Duffy, T. Holmes, E. Johnston, A. Jordan, N. Knott, J. Lefcheck, S.D. Ling, S. Kininmonth, A. Parr, E. Strain, H. Sweatman, R. Thomson. 2017. Assessing national trends in biodiversity indicators for rocky and coral reefs through integration of citizen science and scientific monitoring programs. BioScience, 67:134- 146. Duffy, J.E. and 27 others. 2015. Biodiversity mediates top-down control in eelgrass ecosystems: A global comparative-experimental approach. Ecology Letters 18:696–705.
Lauren Weatherdon Weatherdon LV, Appeltans W, Bowles-Newark N, Brooks TM, Davis FE, Despot-Belmonte K, Fletcher S, Garilao C, Hilton-Taylor C, Hirsch T, Juffe-Bignoli D, Kaschner K, Kingston N, Malsch K, Regan EC, Kesner-Reyes K, Rose DC, Wetzel FT, Wilkinson T, Martin CS. (2017). Blueprints of effective biodiversity and conservation knowledge products that support marine policy. Frontiers in Marine Science 4(96). Doi: 10.3389/fmars.2017.00096. Weatherdon LV, Mcowen C, Martin CS, Thomas H. (2015). Marine and coastal data requirements to achieve Sustainable Development Goals. In: The Oceans and Us. Neumann C, T Bryan, L Pendleton, A Kaupo, J Glavan (eds.). Arendal, Norway: GRID- Arendal. Pp. 32-35. URL: http://wcmc.io/OceanAndUs. Weatherdon LV, Fletcher R, Jones MC, Kaschner K, Sullivan E, Tittensor DP, Mcowen C, Geffert JL, van Bochove JW, Thomas H, Blyth S, Ravilious C, Tolley M, Stanwell-Smith D, Fletcher S, Martin CS. (2015). Manual of marine and coastal datasets of biodiversity importance. December 2015 edition. Cambridge (UK): UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre. 30 pp. (+4 annexes totalling 221 pp. and one e-supplement). URL: http://wcmc.io/MarineDataManual. Bird K, Mcowen C, Weatherdon LV, Crooks S, Holmquist, J. (in production) Status of Tidal Marsh Mapping for Blue Carbon Inventories. In: A Blue Carbon Primer: The State of Coastal Wetland Carbon Science, Practice, and Policy. CRC Press. 350 pp. Brummitt N, Regan EC, Weatherdon LV, Martin CS, Geijzendorffer IR, Rocchini D, Gavish Y, Haase P, Marsh CJ, Schmeller DS. (2017). Taking stock of nature: Essential biodiversity variables explained. Biological Conservation 213 (Part B): 252-255. Doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2016.09.006.
Rohani Ambo Rappe Unsworth, R.K., Ambo-Rappe, R., Jones, B.L., La Nafie, Y.A., Irawan, A., Hernawan, U.E., Moore, A.M. and Cullen-Unsworth, L.C., 2018. Indonesia's globally significant seagrass meadows are under widespread threat. Science of The Total Environment 634: 279-286. Williams, S.L., Ambo-Rappe, R., Sur, C., Abbott, J.M. and Limbong, S.R., 2017. Species richness accelerates marine ecosystem restoration in the Coral Triangle. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 114:11986-
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11991. Ambo-Rappe, R., 2016. Differences in Richness and Abundance of Species Assemblages in Tropical Seagrass Beds of Different Structural Complexity. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 9:246. DOI: 10.3923/jest.2016.Ambo-Rappe, R., 2014. Developing a methodology of bioindication of human-induced effects using seagrass morphological variation in Spermonde Archipelago, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Marine pollution bulletin, 86: 298-303. Ambo-Rappe, R., Nessa, M.N., Latuconsina, H. and Lajus, D.L., 2013. Relationship between the tropical seagrass bed characteristics and the structure of the associated fish community. Open Journal of Ecology 3(05): 331-342.
Leanne Cullen-Unsworth Nordlund LM, RKF Unsworth, M Gullstron, LC Cullen-Unsworth (accepted, October 2017) Global significance of seagrass fishery activity. Fish & Fisheries 2017; 00:1-14. LC Cullen-Unsworth, RKF Unsworth (2016). Strategies to enhance the resilience of the world's seagrass meadows. Journal of Applied Ecology53, 967-972. doi:10.1111/1365- 2664.12637. RKF Unsworth, SL Hinder, OG Bodger & LC Cullen-Unsworth (2014) Food supply depends on seagrass meadows in the Coral Triangle Environmental Research Letters 9: 094005 doi:10.1088/1748-9326/9/9/094005. LC Cullen-Unsworth, L Mtwana Nordlund, J Paddock, S Baker, LJ McKenzie & RKF Unsworth (2014) Seagrass meadows globally as a coupled social-ecological system: implications for human well-being, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 83 (2): 387-397. RKF Unsworth & LC Cullen (2010) Recognising the Necessity for Seagrass Conservation. Conservation Letters, 3 (2): 63-73.
Miguel Fortes Fortes MD. 2018. Seagrass ecosystem conservation in Southeast Asia needs to link science to policy and practice, Ocean and Coastal Management. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2018.01.028 (Available on line) Fortes MD and Salmo III SD. 2017. Mangroves in the Philippines: Responding to Change. Lambert Academic Publishing. Germany. 312 p. Quiros TEAL, Croll D, Tershy B, Fortes MD, Raimondi P. 2017. Land use is a better predictor of tropical seagrass condition than marine protection. Biological Conservation 209: 454– 463. Short FT, Coles R, Fortes MD, Victor S, Salik M, Isnain I, Andrew J, Seno A. 2014. Monitoring in the Western Pacific region shows evidence of seagrass decline in line with global trends Fortes MD. 2013. A Review: Biodiversity, Distribution and Conservation of Philippine Seagrasses, Philippine Journal of Science, 142: 95-111, Special Issue. ISSN 0031 – 7683
Núria Marbà Roca, G., TAlcoverro, T., Krause-Jensen, D., Balsby, T.J.S., van Katwijk, M.M., Marbà, N., Santos, R., Arthur, R., Mascaró, O., Fernández-Torquemada, Y., Pérez, M., Duarte, C.M., Romero, J. 2016. Response of seagrass indicators to shifts in environmental stressors: a 2-147 global review and management synthesis. Ecological Indicators. 63: 310–323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.12.007 Marbà, N., Arias-Ortiz, A., Masqué, P., Kendrick, G.A., Mazarrasa, I., Bastyan, G.R., Garcia- Orellana, J., Duarte, C.M. 2015. Impact of seagrass loss and subsequent revegetation on carbon sequestration and stocks. Journal of Ecology, 103: 296–302. doi: 10.1111/1365- 2745.12370. Marbà, N., Díaz-Almela, E., Duarte, C.M. 2014. Mediterranean seagrass (Posidonia oceanica) loss between 1842 and 2009. Biological Conservation 176: 183–190. DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2014.05.024 Duarte, C.M., Losada, I.J., Hendriks, I.E., Mazarrasa I., Marbà N. 2013. The Role of Coastal Plant Communities for Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation. Nature Climate Change 3: 961–968. DOI: 10.1038/NCLIMATE1970 Marbà N., Duarte C.M. 2010. Mediterranean Warming Triggers Seagrass (Posidonia oceanica) Shoot Mortality. Global Change Biology 16: 2366-2375
Len McKenzie Unsworth, R.K., McKenzie, L.J., Collier, C.J., Cullen-Unsworth, L.C., Duarte, C.M., Eklöf, J.S., Jarvis, J.C., Jones, B.L. and Nordlund, L.M. 2018. Global challenges for seagrass conservation. Ambio 2018:1-15. Jones, B.L., Unsworth, R.K., McKenzie, L.J., Yoshida, R.L. and Cullen-Unsworth, L.C., 2018. Crowdsourcing conservation: The role of citizen science in securing a future for seagrass. Marine pollution bulletin, 134, pp.210-215. Kilminster, K., McMahon, K., Waycott, M., Kendrick, G.A., Scanes, P., McKenzie, L., O'Brien, K.R., Lyons, M., Ferguson, A., Maxwell, P. and Glasby, T., 2015. Unravelling complexity in seagrass systems for management: Australia as a microcosm. Science of the Total Environment 534:97-109. McKenzie LJ, Long L, marina RCB, 2000 (2000) Seagrass-Watch: Community based monitoring of seagrass resources. Biol Mar Medit 7(2):393–396. McKenzie, L.J., Finkbeiner, M.A. and Kirkman, H., 2001. Methods for mapping seagrass distribution. Global seagrass research methods. Pp.101-121.
Maria Potouroglou Potouroglou, M., Bull, J.C., Krauss, K.W., Kennedy, H.A., Fusi, M., Daffonchio, D., Mangora, M.M., Githaiga, M.N., Diele, K. and Huxham, M., 2017. Measuring the role of seagrasses in regulating sediment surface elevation. Scientific reports 7(1):11917. Olsen, Y.S., Potouroglou, M., Garcias-Bonet, N. and Duarte, C.M., 2015. Warming reduces pathogen pressure on a climate-vulnerable seagrass species. Estuaries and coasts, 38(2), pp.659- 667. Potouroglou, M., Kenyon, E.J., Gall, A., Cook, K.J. and Bull, J.C., 2014. The roles of flowering, overwinter survival and sea surface temperature in the long-term population dynamics of Zostera marina around the Isles of Scilly, UK. Marine pollution bulletin 83(2):500-507.
Malea, P., Kevrekidis, T. and Potouroglou, M., 2013. Seasonal variation of trace metal (Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb, Co, Cd) concentrations in compartments of the seagrass Cymodocea nodosa. Botanica Marina 56(2):169-184.
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Fred Short Neckles, H.A., Kopp, B.S., Peterson, B.J. and Pooler, P.S., 2012. Integrating scales of seagrass monitoring to meet conservation needs. Estuaries and Coasts 35(1): 23-46. Coles, R., Grech, A., Rasheed, M., McKenzie, L., Unsworth, R. and Short, F., 2011. Seagrass ecology and threats in the tropical Indo-Pacific bioregion. Seagrass: Ecology, Uses and Threats. Hauppauge: Nova Science Publishers. Pp.225-240. Short, F.T., Polidoro, B., Livingstone, S.R., Carpenter, K.E., Bandeira, S., Bujang, J.S., Calumpong, H.P., Carruthers, T.J., Coles, R.G., Dennison, W.C. and Erftemeijer, P.L., 2011. Extinction risk assessment of the world’s seagrass species. Biological Conservation 144(7): 1961-1971. Short, F., Carruthers, T., Dennison, W. and Waycott, M., 2007. Global seagrass distribution and diversity: a bioregional model. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 350(1- 2):3-20. Green, E.P., Short, F.T. and Frederick, T., 2003. World atlas of seagrasses. University of California Press.
Jacqueline Uku Aura, C.M., Hassan, F., Osore, M.K., Musa, S., Morara, G. and Uku, J., 2015. A comprehensive public-private partnership concept for resources sustainability from a mega- project management multi-level perspective. International Journal of Management and Sustainability, 4(11): 218-236. Eklöf, J.S., Fröcklin, S., Lindvall, A., Stadlinger, N., Kimathi, A., Uku, J.N. and McClanahan, T.R., 2009. How effective are MPAs? Predation control and ‘spill-in effects’ in seagrass–coral reef lagoons under contrasting fishery management. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 384: 83-96. Uku, J. and Björk, M., 2005. Productivity aspects of three tropical seagrass species in areas of different nutrient levels in Kenya. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 63(3): 407-420. Uku, J., Beer, S. and Björk, M., 2005. Buffer sensitivity of photosynthetic carbon utilisation in eight tropical seagrasses. Marine Biology, 147(5): 1085. Björk, M., Uku, J., Weil, A. and Beer, S., 1999. Photosynthetic tolerances to desiccation of tropical intertidal seagrasses. Marine Ecology Progress Series 191:121-126. 2-149 2.2.6 Integration of international ocean acidification research at CO2 seeps (InterSEEP) Myers
Title: Integration of international ocean acidification research at CO2 seeps.
Acronym: InterSEEP
Summary Ocean acidification (OA) is caused by the uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) and its effects on ocean chemistry are well understood. Most OA research has been conducted in laboratories and mesocosms, which isolate organisms from their environment, so the effects of OA on marine communities, species interactions, food web structure, and on ecosystem services are poorly known. Over the past 10 years, the study of shallow marine CO2 seeps has emerged as a powerful tool to address this knowledge gap, to assess effects of OA on coastal ecosystems. This research community remains fragmented internationally, with a lack of capacity to study CO2 seep systems in developing nations, so the time is right to form an international forum to exchange knowledge and coordinate efforts.
This working group will coordinate interdisciplinary international studies using natural CO2 gradients on seeps worldwide to analyse current data available, plan in situ observations, agree a set of standard techniques for work in seeps, and establish a foundation for long-term capacity building. A new global research community will be formed for the exchange of scientific information, to share new technologies/facilities, and to coordinate programs that no single nation can achieve alone. InterSEEP will also strengthen the voice of shallow CO2 seep researchers worldwide, providing syntheses for policy makers and a legacy through training scientists worldwide.
Scientific Background and Rationale
Atmospheric pCO2 will almost certainly double from pre-industrial levels by 2100, higher than 1 at any time during the past few million years. CO2 emissions have caused a 26% increase in [H+] in surface ocean waters since the early 1900s, with a projected drop in seawater pH of up to 0.5 units by 2100.1 Additionally, increased air-sea heat flux and altered circulation patterns have led to significant warming of the global ocean, while extreme warming of seeps has also intensified in many regions.1,2 The combined stressors of ocean acidification (OA) and warming are a major threat to marine ecosystems and the goods and services they provide (e.g., food provision and security, coastal defence, mitigation of climate change-blue carbon).3 However, current understanding of how marine ecosystems will respond to climate change remains severely limited, which restricts our ability to predict and manage for further change.4 Currently, the only forum that attracts OA scientists to meet on a regular basis are the symposia
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on The Ocean in a High-CO2 World every four years, and that this frequency of meeting is not often enough to achieve needed planning and coordination in the CO2 seep community. This proposal aims to bring together the resources of the global community of CO2 seep scientists to address important OA research issues, and is explicitly linked to the UN Sustainable Development Goal (# 14.3), which aims to better understand the impacts of climate change on marine ecosystems.
The vast majority of our current understanding of how marine biota will respond to climate change stems from experiments conducted in tanks and mesocosms.5,6 While these controlled manipulations are useful, they suffer from a lack of realism, as natural populations are influenced by abiotic and biotic processes that operate over multiple spatial and temporal scales.5 Conversely, the majority of research on the impacts of climate change stems from long- term time series, which document ecological change, but do not generally elucidate underlying causative mechanisms.
Researchers around the globe have begun utilizing existing natural gradients in climate variables to conduct ‘space for time’ substitution experiments7-9 to examine how increased temperature and pCO2 will likely influence ecological structure and functioning. This approach offers increased realism and inference because (i) marine communities found under the different environmental conditions are naturally assembled, complex and shaped by species interactions; (ii) environmental variables (both climate and non-climate related) exhibit ‘real’ variability patterns; and (iii) populations and communities have been exposed to the different environmental conditions for periods of time (decades to many centuries) that far exceed that of laboratory experiments. Recent work using spatial gradients (usually latitudinal) in temperature has shown that continued ocean warming will likely lead to changes in primary productivity, decreased resilience to physical disturbance and increased grazing pressure within many habitat 10 types. Similarly, research using CO2 seeps as natural analogues has shown that OA will likely cause shifts in the relative abundance of calcifying organisms and changes in community structure and biodiversity.7-9 Furthermore this kind of ecosystem can be found around the globe (Fig. 1).
Of the research focused on CO2 seeps so far, there have been several high-impact publications.9,11,12 We feel the time is ripe to create a holistic global synthesis of lessons learned to date and to map future strategies to maximize the use of natural analogues for ocean acidification. Therefore, we propose the creation of a global network of researchers working on CO2 seeps to create open-access data resources, synthesize the impacts of variability in carbon chemistry, design global joint experiments, develop internationally agreed best practices for data acquisition and build capacity internationally, with an emphasis on developing countries. This proposal is designed to provide a unified forum for shallow CO2 seeps researchers worldwide.
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Figure 1. Areas of shallow-water (<200 m) hydrothermal seeping with known data on biota up to 2005 (in several cases one symbol shows more than one closely located areas). 1 - Kolbeinsey, 2 - Tyrrhenian Sea (Capes Palinuro and Messino, Baia Pozzuoli, Aeolian Islands), Columbretes Islands (NW Mediterranean Sea) 3 - Aegean Sea (Islands Santorini and Milos), 4 - D. Joao de Castro Bank, Azores, 5 - Kraternaya Bight, Ushishir Island, Kuril Islands, 6 - Kunashir Island, Kuril Islands, 7 - Kagoshima Bay, 8 - Tokora and Iwo Islands (Kita-Iwo-jima and Akuseki-jima), 9 - Nishino-shima Sintoh, Ogasawara Islands, 10 - Kueishan Is., Taiwan, 11 - Esmeralda Bank, Mariana Islands, 12 - Matupi Harbour, New Britain Island and Tutum Bay, Ambitle Island, Papua New Guinea, 13 - Bay of Plenty, New Zealand, 14 - White Point, Palos Verdes, California, 15 - Punta Banda and Punta Mita, Baja California. From Tarasov13
Terms of Reference (ToR)
1. To create an open-access data resource based on observations made at CO2 seep sites globally. 2. To produce a new synthesis of the impacts of the variability in carbon chemistry on marine ecosystems and the goods and services they provide. 3. To produce a peer-reviewed perspectives article on future seep research, identifying what kind of research is needed and in which locations. Emphasis will be given to a) benthic and fish diversity, abundance and biomass; b) sea food quality; and c) resilience of coastal habitats to ocean acidification and temperature increases. 4. To share knowledge and transfer skills for surveys and experiments, laboratory analysis and data management, in order to build capacity in developing countries. 5. To develop a document of internationally agreed best practices for data acquisition, standardized output formats and archiving for surveys and experiments at CO2 seep sites.
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Working plan (logical sequence of steps to fulfil terms of reference, with timeline)
Year 1 - February 2020
A kick-off meeting will be held in Ecuador to begin addressing TORs 1-5.
Goal for ToR 1 at this meeting - Determine what data are currently available in what format, propose how to structure data, determine what data can be uploaded into the database, and design a Data Team.
One-day session. Participants will be contacted before the workshop and asked to complete a survey where they will state which data they could contribute and its structure.
The working methodology is:
1) Presentation of the Sustainable Development Goal 14.3.1 in order to have all participants aware of expected data quality and format to be used. 2) Presentation of the results of the survey of WG members on available data. 3) Form small groups, based on the expertise of the Working Group members, which will focus on each kind of data in order to propose specifics ways to structure the data. 4) Each group will present in 15 minutes their proposal for the data structure and will receive comments of all participants. 5) Designation of a Data Team within the members of the working group, which will be in charge of developing the dataset. 6) A summary of the proposed methodology. 7) Design a follow-up plan to develop the database.
Goal for ToR 2 at this meeting.- To create a draft with the structure of a synthesis paper.
One-day session. Before the Workshop, all participants will be asked to create a 10-minute presentation with their current work and results. The presentations will be held at the beginning of the day in order to show the state of the science on CO2 seeps. The working methodology is:
1) Presentation of participant’s research and results. 2) Presentation of general guidelines of the content of the synthesis paper. 3) Separate in work groups to modify/improve the proposed guidelines. 4) Presentation of work groups’ ideas. 5) Brainstorming to define the structure and content of the synthesis paper. 6) Designation of a Synthesis Paper Coordinator. 7) Design a follow-up plan to develop the paper.
Goal for ToR 3 at this meeting.- Design research strategies, with general and specific objectives, plus methodology, for a peer-reviewed perspectives article. One-day session. Based on the expertise and interest of each participant, the attendees will be separated in small work groups to design research strategies and perspectives with emphasis on each of the ToR’s scopes. The working methodology is: 2-153
1) Separate in work groups to design research strategies for each experimental focus. 2) Presentation of work groups ideas. 3) Brainstorming to define final content of each approach. 4) Designation of 3 Research Strategy coordinators, one per topic. 5) Define collaborators for each Research Strategy. 6) Design a follow up plan to develop each Research Strategy.
Goal for ToR 4 at this meeting.- Planning of Capacity building event. One-half day will be devoted to this goal, discussing the following topics:
1) Decide what capacity will be built at the following year’s meeting. 2) How it will be test/use the best practices manual. 3) How funding will be raised for the event.
Goal for ToR 5 at this meeting.- To create a draft with the structure of the Best Practices handbook.
One-day session. Before the Workshop, all participants will receive a document with bullet points and a tentative structure of a Best Practices handbook, plus reference material. The working methodology is:
1) Presentation of general guidelines of the content of the Best Practices handbook. 2) Separate in work groups to modify/improve the proposed guidelines. 3) Presentation of work groups ideas. 4) Brainstorming to define final content of the Best Practices handbook. 5) Designation of Best Practices handbook chapter leaders and teams. 6) Design a follow-up plan to develop the Best Practices handbook.
Year 2 - February 2021 The second meeting of the group will be held in Dominica in February 2021. The meeting will address ToRs 2, 4, and 5. In particular, ToR 4 will be addressed through a special capacity building event to be done at the same time (see capacity building section below).
Goal for ToR 2 at this meeting - Finalise the synthesis paper.
The document started during the previous year will be approved by all Working group members and submitted for review. A half-day session will be devoted to a final check of the synthesis paper.
Goal for ToR 4 at this meeting - Conduct a training activity focused on the use of CO2 seeps for ocean acidification studies (see capacity building section below).
Goal for ToR 5 at this meeting - Review, based on field activities, the Best Practices handbook.
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Two sessions, one before and one after the capacity building event, will be carried out to discuss the methods and content of the document. The Best Practices Handbook Chapter leaders and teams will review the work carried out and will propose improvements on the document.
Year 3 - February 2022
The closing meeting of the group will be held in Barcelona. The meeting will address ToR 5 in detail.
Goal for ToR 5 at this meeting - Final review of the content, structure and final agreement on the Best Practices handbook.
Two and a half day session. Before the Workshop, all participants will receive the latest draft of the Best Practices handbook. The working methodology is:
Day 1 - Mini symposia
1) Presentation of the current content of the Best Practices handbook. 2) Presentation of research results of the “road test” of the Best Practices handbook done at the Capacity building event, as well as research conducted by the participants in the previous 2 years.
Day 2 - Work groups and brainstorming
1) Separate in work groups to modify/improve the proposed methodologies. 2) Presentation of work groups’ ideas in a plenary session. 3) Brainstorming to define final content of the Best Practices handbook.
Day 3 - Half day
4) Summary of the 2 previous days’ work. 5) Discussion of a potential follow-up plan of InterSEEP. 6) Closing remarks of the Working Group.
Deliverables.
1. ToR 1
Open-access resource of temporal-space data variability, created in the Pangea database, including gas parameters, water parameters, substratum parameters, bacteria, meiofauna, macroalgae, sessile and mobile macrobenthos, and demersal and pelagic fish. 2-155 2. ToR 2.
Synthesis paper to be published in a peer-reviewed journal: reanalysis of datasets mentioned above, focusing on the most relevant aspect (e.g., effects on ecosystem functioning and services).
3. ToR 3.
A peer-reviewed perspectives article on future seep research with conceptual models of key future global experiments. A key legacy of this Working Group will be to create a roadmap of globally replicated experiments at CO2 seeps a reality, focused on socially and economically important aspects of coastal services to mankind. The OA research community can use these perspectives as a basis to design and submit new research projects to funding agencies as Horizon Europe, a €100 billion research and innovation programme that will succeed Horizon 2020, the Environmental Restoration and Conservation Agency from Japan (ERCA), the Japan International Cooperation Agency and NOAA’s Ocean Acidification Program, if possible.
4. ToRs 4-5.
Road test our draft of the Best Practices Handbook during the Capacity Building activity in 2021. Then with input of all the participants finalize a guide of best practices on Ocean Acidification research in CO2 seeps.
Capacity Building
Our training activity will focus on the use of CO2 seeps for ocean acidification studies, and will be held in February 2021.
The aim of the workshop is to provide an opportunity for training as well as data collection. A major goal of the workshop will be to educate a new cohort of young scientists from developing countries to the opportunities available to apply their techniques to natural CO2 gradients to scale-up from laboratory studies and improve predictions about the long- term effects of CO2 on coastal ocean system functioning.
The training activity will consist on theoretical and review lectures in the mornings about the chemical and physical effects of volcanic marine seeps, the use of natural analogues for high- CO2 conditions, physiological experiments at CO2 seeps and work to date on the use of low pH/low saturation states in natural settings. These will be followed by practical field sessions in the afternoons on the intertidal and subtidal coastal ecological shifts along CO2 gradients, physiological in situ experimentation, pelagic sampling and boat- based water chemistry monitoring plus the deployment of a range of loggers to monitor the system. A total of 12 early- career scientists willing to work on those ecosystems back at their home countries are expected to participate.
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During this training course the participants will be trained in different aspects of OA research as:
Standard measurements for carbon system parameters, including analytical chemistry techniques, The use of stable isotopes as a major tool in food web analysis in the framework of OA research, In-situ sample collection in a CO2 seep for chemical and biological analysis, And the study of benthic community structure and functioning under the influence of high CO2 conditions.
Upon completion of the training course, participants will have gained increased knowledge in the different issues involved in the training and experimental activities, and they will be able to:
1. Monitor basic carbonate chemistry, including detailed methodology for collecting samples, measurements of potentiometric pH and total alkalinity (TA), the use of certified reference materials, and specific challenges related to each method. 2. Understand what ancillary seawater measurements are needed, and at what accuracy to calculate all the parameters of the carbonate system in seawater (i.e., temperature, salinity, nutrients, barometric pressure), as well as to know what algorithms can be used as proxies for aragonite and calcite saturation state in field studies. 3. Collect and pre-treat seawater samples and biological samples for isotopic analysis, explore data management and interpretation. 4. Analyse the relationship between seawater carbonate chemistry and benthic community structure in enriched-CO2 sites, in order to evaluate potential impact of high pCO2 conditions on ecosystem functioning.
To fund this activity support proposals will be submitted to The Ocean Foundation (TOF), and to the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Technical Cooperation project INT7019 “Supporting a Global Ocean Acidification Observing Network – towards Increased Involvement of Developing States”; both of which support training initiative in OA research. 2-157 Working Group composition
Full Members
Name Gender Place of work Expertise relevant to proposal
1 Cristina Linares Female Associate Professor at Her research focuses on the study the Department of of the structure and dynamics of Evolutionary Biology, coastal benthic communities and Ecology and their response to global change Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona, Spain 2 Jason Hall- Male Professor of Marine Seamount ecology, fisheries Spencer Biology. ocean acidification, aquaculture School of and conservation. CO-CHAIR Biological and Marine Fieldwork sites are currently at Sciences, Faculty of volcanic CO2 seeps in the Science and Mediterranean and off Japan. Engineering. UK. 3 Katharina Female Senior Principal Coral reefs processes (ranging Fabricius Research Scientist, from ecophysiology to macro- Australian Institute of ecology), understanding the Marine Science effects of cumulative impacts (AIMS), Australia. from chronic and acute disturbances, CO2 seeps, ecosystem resilience. 4 Haruko Kurihara Female Assistant Professor, Research focus on risk Department of assessment and management of Chemistry, Biology, ocean acidification impacts on and Marine Science, Japan’s coastal habitats and University of the fisheries Ryukyus, Japan. 5 Rafael Bermúdez Male Researcher- Lecturer Research focus on the effect of at Galapagos Marine Ocean Acidification in the CO-CHAIR Research and biomolecular composition of Exploration Program primary producers and its (GMaRE), Ecuador. concomitant influence in food webs.
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6 Riccardo Male Researcher at Research focus on coral reefs, Rodolfo Metalpa ENTROPIE - global change, ocean Écologie marine acidification, coral tropicale des océans calcification, coral physiology, Pacifique et Indien, Institute of Research for Development, France. 7 Salvatrice Female Professor of Ecology, Research activity is focused on Vizzini Università degli Studi the ecology of coastal di Palermo, Consorzio environments with particular Nazionale attention on trophic ecology Interuniversitario per using stable isotopes and fatty le Scienze del Mare- acids as trophic markers CoNISMa, Italy. 8 Sam Rastrick Male Associate Research Research focus on the use of Professor, Research physiology to explain the Group of Benthic ecological distribution, both Habitats and Shellfish, temporal and spatial, of species Institute of Marine important to both ecosystem Research, Norway. function and services. 9 Sylvain Agostini Male Assistant Professor. Research activity is focused on Shimoda Marine the eco physiology of hermatypic Research Center, corals in temperate and tropical University of zones. Tsukuba, Japan. 10 Vanessa Female Marine and Coastal Ecology, taxonomy, distribution Yepes-Narvaez Research Institute and population genetics of INVEMAR, Santa marine deep and shallow Marta, Colombia. bryozoans in the Atlantic Ocean
Associate Members
Name Gender Place of work Expertise relevant to proposal 1 Christopher Male Victoria Wellington Research focus on examine how Cornwall University, macroalgal dominated ecosystems Wellington, New function today and how this will be Zealand altered by future ocean acidification in the context of variability in the environment (e.g. pH, water motion and light) 2-159 2 Derek Manzello Male Researcher, Ocean Research focus on how climate Chemistry and change and ocean acidification will, Ecosystems Division, and already are, affecting the NOAA's Atlantic construction (coral growth, Oceanographic and calcification) and breakdown Meteorological (bioerosion, dissolution) of coral Laboratory, USA reefs, as well as the associated ramifications this has for ecosystem function 3 Marco Milazzo Male Professor of Ecology, Research interests on impacts of Università degli Studi humans on marine ecosystems, di Palermo, Italy biological invasions, and marine reserves. 4 Lucia Porzio Female PostDoc at Stazione Research focus on the study of Zoologica Anton anthropogenic pressures and the Dohrn, Italy impacts they cause on macrophytes and on their biodiversity. 5 Yu-Shih Lin Female Assistant professor, Biogeochemistry and isotope Department of geochemistry in CO2 vents Oceanography, National Sun Yat- Sen University
Working Group contributions
Cristina Linares - Associate professor from a developed country. Expertise on the study of the structure and functioning of temperate benthic ecosystems and their response to global change and CO2 seep research affecting mesophotic communities in Columbretes Islands (NW Mediterranean Sea)
Jason Hall-Spencer - Senior researcher from a developed country. Expertise on laboratory studies, mesocosms and CO2 seep research in the Mediterranean, the Azores, Papua New Guinea, China and Japan. Helped organise a previous training workshop on seeps in Italy Katharina Fabricius - Senior researcher from a developed country, ongoing collaborative research in developing countries. Coral reef ecologist, with strong focus on using field settings as natural laboratories. Her interdisciplinary CO2 seeps project in Papua New Guinea has involved ~50 collaborators from over 20 nations to date.
Haruko Kurihara - Assistant professor from a developed country. Research focus on risk assessment and management of ocean acidification impacts on Japan’s coastal habitats and fisheries.
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Rafael Bermúdez.- Junior Professor from a developing country. Expertise on food webs under ocean acidification conditions. Researcher at the newly found seep at Galapagos. organized previous training on seeps in Ecuador.
Riccardo Rodolfo Metalpa - Researcher from a developing country. Working on coral reefs and other calcifier organisms at CO2 seep from 2008. Laboratory mesocosms, CO2 seep and extreme environments in the Med, Papua New Guinea and New Caledonia.
Salvatrice Vizzini - Senior researcher from a developed country. Expertise on effects of ocean acidification on trophic interactions and benthic communities and processes in CO2 seeps. Organised previous training on seeps in Italy.
Samuel Rastrick - Associate research professor in marine ecophysiology form a developed country. Expertise in laboratory, mesocosm and natural analogue studies e.g. CO2 seeps in Mediterranean, Japan and the Caribbean. Develops traditionally laboratory based methods for use in the field. Chairs an international WG exploring using natural analogies to investigate CC in Arctic ecosystems. Organised previous training on seeps in Dominica.
Sylvain Agostini - Assistant professor from a developed country in Asia. Expertise on the ecological and physiological effects of ocean acidification on corals and other marine organisms. Researcher at the CO2 seeps in Japan.
Vanessa Yepes-Narvaez - Junior researcher from a developing country. Research focus on ecology, taxonomy, distribution and population genetics of marine deep and shallow bryozoans in the Atlantic Ocean with emphasis in seep sites in the Caribbean sea.
Relationship to other international programs and SCOR Working groups (max. 500 words)
The Ocean Foundation (TOF) is a community foundation with a mission to support, strengthen, and promote organizations dedicated to reversing the trend of destruction of ocean environments around the world. In parallel, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has the Technical Cooperation project INT7019 “Supporting a Global Ocean Acidification Observing Network – towards Increased Involvement of Developing States”; InterSEEP aims to partner with TOF and the IAEA in order to promote Ocean Acidification research on natural CO2 seep systems on developing countries as a model for predictive future ocean scenarios. InterSEEP also aspires to become a Special Hub (in contrast to Regional Hubs) within the Global Ocean Acidification Observing Network (GOA-ON) in order to promote OA research in Seep sites around the globe.
This proposed group fits perfectly within SCOR’s scope on Ocean Carbon Working Groups. It is novel as it focuses on observations of biological responses of Ocean Acidification using the complex marine communities found around natural seeps. InterSEEP is also a timely update to the Working Group 104 “Coral Reef Responses to 2-161 Global Change: The Role of Adaptation” which published its last report 20 years ago. Additionally, InterSEEP will potentially expand the application of the newly developed tool, created by the Working Group 149, for experiments related to Ocean Acidification and multi-stress factors in laboratory experiments, in order to use it in natural field seep conditions. Furthermore, following the steps of SCOR/InterRidge Working Group 135 on Deep Sea Hydrothermal systems, InterSEEP will bring together CO2 seep researchers worldwide to address important issues to improve and coordinate global research.
Key References
1. Boyd, P. W. et al. IPCC WGII AR5 Chapter 6. (2014). 2. Oliver, E. C. J. et al. Longer and more frequent marine heatwaves over the past century. Nat. Commun. 1–12 (2018). 3. Gattuso, J.-P. et al. Contrasting futures for ocean and society from different anthropogenic CO2 emissions scenarios. Science (80-. ). 349, aac4722 (2015). 4. Riebesell, U. & Gattuso, J. Lessons learned from ocean acidification research. Nat. Clim. Chang. 5, 12–14 (2015). 5. Wernberg, T. et al. A decade of climate change experiments on marine organisms: Procedures, patterns and problems. Glob. Chang. Biol. 18, 1491– 1498 (2012). 6. Kroeker, K. et al. Meta-analysis reveals negative yet variable effects of ocean acidification on marine organisms. Ecol. Lett. 13, 1419–34 (2010). 7. Agostini, S. et al. Ocean acidification drives community shifts towards simplified non-calcified habitats in a subtropical − temperate transition zone. 5–10 (2018). 8. Pessarrodona, A. et al. Carbon assimilation and transfer through kelp forests in the NE Atlantic is diminished under a warmer ocean climate. Glob. Chang. Biol. 24, 4386–4398 (2018). 9. Hall-Spencer, J.M. & Harvey, B.P. Ocean acidification impacts on coastal ecosystem services due to habitat degradation. Emerging Topics in Life Sciences DOI: 10.1042/ETLS20180117(2019) 10. Vergés, A. et al. Long-term empirical evidence of ocean warming leading to tropicalization of fish communities, increased herbivory, and loss of kelp. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 113, 13791–13796 (2016). 11. Fabricius, K. E. et al. Losers and winners in coral reefs acclimatized to elevated carbon dioxide concentrations. Nat. Clim. Chang. 1, 165–169 (2011). 12. Munday, P. et al. Behavioural impairment in reef fishes caused by ocean acidification at CO2 seeps. Nat. Clim. Chang. 4, 487–492 (2014). 13. Tarasov, V. G., et al. Deep-sea and shallow-water hydrothermal seep communities : Two different phenomena ? Chem. Geol. 224, 5–39 (2005).
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ANNEX 1.- Five more relevant publications of the Full Members
Cristina Linares Exploring the oxygen and carbon isotopic composition of the Mediterranean red coral (Corallium rubrum) for seawater temperature reconstruction (2016) S Chaabane, ML Correa, P Montagna, N Kallel, M Taviani, C Linares, et al. Marine Chemistry 186, 11-23 Experimental evidence of the synergistic effects of warming and invasive algae on a temperate reef-builder coral (2015) DK Kersting, E Cebrian, C Casado, N Teixidó, J Garrabou, C Linares Scientific reports 5, 18635 Persistent natural acidification drives major distribution shifts in marine benthic ecosystems (2015) C Linares, M Vidal, et al. Proc. R. Soc. B 282 (1818), 20150587 Harvesting effects, recovery mechanisms, and management strategies for a long-lived and structural precious coral (2015) I Montero-Serra, C Linares, M García, et al. PloS one 10 (2), e0117250. Rapid recovery from injuries in the temperate long-lived coral Cladocora caespitosa (2015) C Casado, DK Kersting, E Cebrian, N Teixidó, J Garrabou, C Linares Marine Biodiversity 45 (1), 135-137
Jason Hall-Spencer Responses of marine benthic microalgae to elevated CO2 (2011) VR Johnson, C Brownlee, REM Rickaby, M Graziano, M Milazzo, JM Hall- Spencer, et al. Marine Biology, 1-12 Effects of ocean acidification on macroalgal communities (2011) L Porzio, MC Buia, JM Hall-Spencer Journal of experimental marine biology and ecology 400 (1-2), 278-287 Effects of ocean acidification on invertebrate settlement at volcanic CO2 vents (2010) M Cigliano, MC Gambi, R Rodolfo-Metalpa, FP Patti, JM Hall-Spencer Marine Biology, 1- 14 Volcanic carbon dioxide vents show ecosystem effects of ocean acidification (2008) JM Hall-Spencer, R Rodolfo-Metalpa, et al. Nature 454 (7200), 96-99 Ocean acidification impacts on coastal ecosystem services due to habitat degradation. (2019) JM Hall-Spencer, BP Harvey. Emerging Topics in Life Sciences DOI: 10.1042/ETLS20180117
Katharina Fabricius Classification and regression trees: a powerful yet simple technique for ecological data analysis (2000) G De'ath, KE Fabricius. Ecology 81 (11), 3178-3192 Losers and winners in coral reefs acclimatized to elevated carbon dioxide concentrations (2011) KE Fabricius, C Langdon, et al.. Nature Climate Change 1 (3), 165 Declining coral calcification on the Great Barrier Reef (2009) G De'ath, JM Lough, KE Fabricius Science 323 (5910), 116-119 Declining coral calcification in massive Porites in two nearshore regions of the northern Great Barrier Reef (2008) TF Cooper, G De'Ath, KE Fabricius, JM Lough Global Change Biology 14 (3), 529-538 Changes in algal, coral and fish assemblages along water quality gradients on the inshore Great Barrier Reef (2005) K Fabricius, G De’ath, et al. Marine pollution bulletin 51 (1- 4), 384-398 2-163 Haruko Kurihara Ocean acidification impacts in select Pacific Basin coral reef ecosystems (2019) M Lebrec, S Stefanski, R Gates, S Acar, Y Golbuu, A Claudel-Rusin, H Kurihara, et al. Regional Studies in Marine Science, 100584 Effects of CO2-driven ocean acidification on the early developmental stages of invertebrates (2008) H Kurihara Marine Ecology Progress Series 373, 275-284 Effects of increased seawater pCO2 on early development of the oyster Crassostrea gigas (2007) H Kurihara, S Kato, A Ishimatsu Aquatic Biology 1(1), 91-98 Effects of increased atmospheric CO2 on sea urchin early development (2004) H Kurihara, Y Shirayama Marine Ecology Progress Series 274, 161-169 Sub-Lethal Effects of Elevated Concentration of CO2 on Planktonic Copepods and Sea Urchins (2004) H Kurihara, S Shimode, Y Shirayama Journal of Oceanography 60 (4), 743-750
Rafael Bermúdez Phytoplankton blooms at increasing levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide: experimental evidence for negative effects on prymnesiophytes and positive on small picoeukaryotes (2017) KG Schulz, LT Bach, RGJ Bellerby, R Bermúdez, et al. Frontiers in Marine Science 4, 64 Ocean acidification reduces transfer of essential biomolecules in a natural plankton community (2016) JR Bermúdez, U Riebesell, et al.Scientific reports 6, 27749 Effect of ocean acidification on the structure and fatty acid composition of a natural plankton community in the Baltic Sea (2016) JR Bermudez, M Winder et al. Biogeosciences (BG) 13 (24), 6625-6635 Long-term conditioning to elevated pCO2 and warming influences the fatty and amino acid composition of the diatom Cylindrotheca fusiformis (2015) R Bermudez, Y Feng, et al. PLoS One 10 (5), e0123945 Ocean acidification-induced food quality deterioration constrains trophic transfer (2012) D Rossoll, R Bermúdez, et al. PloS one 7 (4), e34737
Riccardo Rodolfo Metalpa Coral and mollusc resistance to ocean acidification adversely affected by warming (2011) R Rodolfo-Metalpa, F Houlbrèque, et al. Nature Climate Change 1 (6), 308 Response of the temperate coral Cladocora caespitosa to mid-and long- term exposure to pCO2 and temperature levels projected for the year 2100 AD (2010) R Rodolfo-Metalpa, S Martin, et al. Biogeosciences 7 (1), 289-300 Effects of ocean acidification and high temperatures on the bryozoan Myriapora truncata at natural CO2 vents (2010) R Rodolfo‐Metalpa, C Lombardi, et al. Marine Ecology 31 (3), 447-456 Volcanic carbon dioxide vents show ecosystem effects of ocean acidification (2008) JM Hall- Spencer, R Rodolfo-Metalpa, et al. Nature 454 (7200), 96 Effects of naturally acidified seawater on seagrass calcareous epibionts (2008) S Martin, R Rodolfo-Metalpa, E Ransome, et al. Biology letters 4 (6), 689-692
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Salvatrice Vizzini Plant and sediment properties in seagrass meadows from two Mediterranean CO2 vents: Implications for carbon storage capacity of acidified oceans (2019) S Vizzini, ET Apostolaki, E Ricevuto Marine Environmental Research, Available online 18 March 2019 The influence of high pCO2 on otolith shape, chemical and carbon isotope composition of six coastal fish species in a Mediterranean shallow CO2 vent (2017) AM irasole · BM Gillanders · P Reis-Santos · F Grassa · S Vizzini Marine Biology 164(9):191 Ocean acidification as a driver of community simplification via the collapse of higher-order and rise of lower-order consumers S Vizzini, B Martínez-Crego et al. Scientific Reports 7(1):4018 Altered epiphyte community and sea urchin diet in Posidonia oceanica meadows in the vicinity of submarine volcanic CO2 vents (2017) P Nogueira, MC Gambi, S Vizzini, et al. Marine environmental research 127 Ocean acidification effects on stable isotope signatures and trophic interactions of polychaete consumers and organic matter sources at a CO2 shallow vent system (2015) E Ricevuto, S Vizzini, et al. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 468
Samuel Rastrick Using natural analogues to investigate the effects of climate change and ocean acidification on Northern ecosystems (2018) S Rastrick, H Graham, et al. ICES Journal of Marine Science 75(7) Feeding plasticity more than metabolic rate drives the productivity of economically important filter feeders in response to elevated CO2 and reduced salinity (2018) S Rastrick, V Collier, et al. ICES Journal of Marine Science 75(6) Natural acidification changes the timing and rate of succession, alters community structure, and increases homogeneity in marine biofouling communities (2017) NE Brown, M Milazzo, S Rastrick, et al. Global Change Biology 24(1) The impact of ocean acidification and warming on the skeletal mechanical properties of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus from laboratory and field observations (2016) M Collard, S Rastrick, et al. ICES Journal of Marine Science 73(3) Individual and population-level responses to ocean acidification (2016) BP Harvey, NJ Mckeown, S Rastrick, et al. Scientific Reports 6, 20194.
Sylvain Agostini Geochemistry of two shallow CO2 seeps in Shikine Island (Japan) and their potential for ocean acidification research (2015) S Agostini, S Wada, et al. Regional Studies in Marine Science 2, 45-53 Bacterial enhancement of bleaching and physiological impacts on the coral Montipora digitata (2013) T Higuchi, S Agostini, BE Casareto, K Yoshinaga, T Suzuki, Y Nakano, et al. Journal of experimental marine biology and ecology 440, 54-60 The effects of thermal and high-CO2 stresses on the metabolism and surrounding microenvironment of the coral Galaxea fascicularis (2013) S Agostini, H Fujimura, et al. Comptes rendus biologies 336 (8), 384-391 Respiratory electron transport system activity in symbiotic corals and its link to calcification (2013) S Agostini, H Fujimura, et al. Aquatic Biology 18 (2), 125-139 2-165
Biological and chemical characteristics of the coral gastric cavity (2012) S Agostini, Y Suzuki, et al. Coral Reefs 31 (1), 147-156
Vanessa Yepes-Narvaez Habitat-forming bryozoans in the Colombian Caribbean Sea: a possible hotspot of biodiversity? (2016) P Flórez, E Montoya-Cadavid, V Yepes-Narváez, A Polanco, A Gracia. International Bryozoology Association 44 p. Recruitment dynamics of sessile organisms is shallow benthic habitats in the Sanctuary of Wildlife Malpelo (2013) V Yepes-Narvaez, L Chasqui-Velasco, et al. Technical document. Marine and Coastal Research Institute, Invemar. 40 pp. Four new records of ascidians (Ascidiacea: Tunicata) in Colombian Caribbean (2014) V Yepes-Narvaez, K Carreño, M Santos-Acevedo, C Puentes, J Gómez- León. Zootaxa Thirteen new registers of bryozoans in Colombian Caribbean (2016) V Yepes- Narvaez, P Florez, et al. Boletin de Investigaciones marinas y costeras Offshore exploration in Colombia: Situation, methodologies, challenges and resources for a sustainable utilization (2015) M Garrido-Linares, F Dorado-Roncancio, C Cedeño- Posso, V Yepes- Narváez, et al. XVI Seminario Nacional de Ciencias y Tecnologías del Mar. Santa Marta, Colombia. 176 p.
3.0 LARGE-SCALE OCEAN RESEARCH PROJECTS
3.1 GEOTRACES, p. 3-1 Lam, Duce
3.2 Surface Ocean – Lower Atmosphere Study, p. 3-33 Miller, Penner
3.3 International Quiet Ocean Experiment, p. 3-48 Urban, Halpern
3.4 Integrated Marine Biogeochemistry and Ecosystem Research, p. 3-58 Claydon, Burkill
3.5 Second International Indian Ocean Expedition, p. 3-92 D’Adamo, Burkill
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3.1 GEOTRACES Lam, Duce
Terms of Reference: Organize national and international planning workshops as well as special sessions at international conferences to obtain community input on the design and implementation of GEOTRACES. Establish priorities for research on the sources, sinks, internal cycling, transport, speciation and fate of TEIs, and develop this information into an International Science Plan. Promote intercalibration of analytical methods, and the development of standard reference materials. Identify new instrumentation and related infrastructure that will help achieve GEOTRACES objectives. Define a policy for data management and sample archival. Forge scientific linkages with other research programs holding overlapping interests to create synergies where possible and avoid duplication of efforts. To the extent practical, this will involve cross-membership between the GEOTRACES Planning Group and the Planning Groups and Science Steering Committees of other programs. Interact with SCOR Working Groups that share common interests including, but not limited to, SCOR/IMAGES WG 123 on Reconstruction of Past Ocean Circulation (PACE) and SCOR/IMAGES WG 124 on Analyzing the Links Between Present Oceanic Processes and Paleo-Records (LINKS).
Co-Chairs: Andrew Bowie (Australia) and Phoebe Lam (USA)
Other Members: Eric Achterberg (Germany), Adrian Burd (USA), Zanna Chase (Australia), Jay Cullen (Canada), Susanne Fietz (South Africa), Tina van de Flierdt (UK), Vanessa Hatje (Brazil), Marina Kravchishina (Russia), Rob Middag (The Netherlands), Hajime Obata (Japan), Haojia Abby Ren (China-Taipei), Yeala Shaked (Israel), Kazuyo Tachikawa (France), Antonio Tovar-Sanchez (Spain), And Liping Zhou (China-Beijing)
Ex Officio Members: Maeve Lohan (UK), Co-Chair of the Standards and Intercalibration Committee Walter Geibert (Germany), Co-Chair of the Standards and Intercalibration Committee Alessandro Tagliabue (UK), Co-Chair of the Data Management Committee William Landing (USA), Co-Chair of the Data Management Committee
IPO Executive Officer: Elena Masferrer Dodas
IPO Science Director: Catherine Jeandel
Executive Committee Reporter: David Halpern
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GEOTRACES SCIENTIFIC STEERING COMMITTEE ANNUAL REPORT TO SCOR 2018/2019
1 April 2018 to 31 March 2019
1. SCOR Scientific Steering Committee (SSC) for GEOTRACES
Co-Chairs Andrew Bowie, Australia Phoebe Lam, USA
Members Eric Achterberg, Germany Adrian Burd, USA Zanna Chase, Australia Jay T. Cullen, Canada Susanne Fietz, South Africa Tina van de Flierdt, UK Vanessa Hatje, Brazil Marina Kravishina, Russia
Rob Middag, Netherlands Hajime Obata, Japan Haojia (Abby) Ren, China-Taipei Yeala Shaked, Israel Kazuyo Tachikawa, France Antonio Tovar-Sanchez, Spain Liping Zhou, China-Beijing 3-3
The SSC membership (listed above) includes scientists from 15 different countries, with diverse expertise, including marine biogeochemistry of carbon and nutrients; trace elements and isotopes as proxies for past climate conditions; land-sea fluxes of trace elements/sediment-water interactions; trace element effects on organisms; internal cycles of the elements in the oceans; hydrothermal fluxes of trace elements; tracers of ocean circulation; tracers of contaminant transport; controls on distribution and speciation of trace elements; and ocean modelling.
2. Progress on implementation of the project
With 2 GEOTRACES Intermediate Data Products released, 111 cruises completed, 1,230 publications completed (45 in high-impact journals), 3 international synthesis workshops conducted, and more than 40 scientific or training workshops undertaken, the GEOTRACES programme is enjoying a very successful implementation.
2.1 Status of GEOTRACES field programme
The GEOTRACES field programme continues to progress successfully. Overall, 111 cruises have been completed, corresponding to 30 GEOTRACES sections (with 40 cruises), 32 process studies (with 51 cruises) and 9 compliant data sets, as well as 11 cruises completed as a GEOTRACES contribution to the International Polar Year (IPY).
During this reporting period, 5 cruises were completed, including one new section cruise by U.S. scientists (with 2 cruises, see map below, section in orange) and 3 process studies from Australia, Germany and The Netherlands (see data management section below for additional details).
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Figure 1. Status of GEOTRACES global survey of trace elements and their isotopes. In black: Sections completed as the GEOTRACES contribution to the International Polar Year. In yellow: Sections completed as part of the primary GEOTRACES global survey. In orange: Sections completed during the past year. In red: Planned Sections. An updated version of this map can be found on the GEOTRACES home page
2.2 GEOTRACES Intermediate Data Products
Towards Intermediate Data Product 2021: Development of an on-line metadata portal
GEOTRACES has successfully released two Intermediate Data Products (IDPs) in 2014 and in 2017 (https://www.bodc.ac.uk/geotraces/data/dp/) with the release planned in 2021. The number of parameters and samples included in the 2017 IDP was about double those in the 2014 IDP. This was a clear demonstration of the success of the programme, but also a sobering lesson on the resources required to accomplish the task of producing IDPs. For this reason, GEOTRACES decided to move to a more automated data management process to reduce the amount of work required to build future IDPs. The development of an on-line metadata portal has been a major activity of the IPO, S&I Committee, Parameter Naming Committee, and Data Management Committee during the reporting period. The portal is currently (April 2019) undergoing initial testing, and the goal is for it to be functional for data contributors to use for IDP2021. See the GEOTRACES International Project Office report for more details.
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Intermediate Data Product download statistics
Overall, the GEOTRACES Intermediate Data Products have been downloaded more than 2,655 times (as of March 2019). The IDP2017 has been downloaded more than 1,168 times since its release in August 2017, while the IDP2014 has been downloaded 1,487 times since its release in February 2014.
2.3 GEOTRACES Publications
During the reporting period, 295 new peer-reviewed papers have been published based on GEOTRACES research. In total, the GEOTRACES peer-reviewed papers database includes 1,230 publications (45 in high-impact journals). This includes peer-reviewed papers that have “GEOTRACES” in either their keywords, abstract or summary, as well as publications that have been reported by the GEOTRACES national representatives in their annual activity reports and which are relevant for GEOTRACES research. PhD and Masters dissertations from GEOTRACES research are also included in the publication database.
Synthesis papers
Following the GEOTRACES Synthesis of Results Strategy (http://www.geotraces.org/science/synthesis-of-results) launched in 2015 in partnership with other institutions and international programmes, GEOTRACES has started to produce important synthesis papers that benefit both GEOTRACES, but also the broader oceanographic community. Two recent examples of synthesis papers resulting from the workshop organised jointly with the Ocean Carbon and Biogeochemistry (OCB) programme are the following:
Hayes, C. T., et al. (2018), Replacement times of a spectrum of elements in the North Atlantic based on thorium supply, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 32(9), 1294-1311, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1029/2017GB005839 Hayes, C. T., et al. (2018), Flux of particulate elements in the North Atlantic Ocean constrained by multiple radionuclides, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 32(12), 1738- 1758, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GB005994
Publicity documents
It is important to mention that, in addition to the peer-reviewed publications, publicity articles to promote GEOTRACES are continuously published nationally and internationally. These publications are not included in the GEOTRACES publication database, but have a dedicated web page on the GEOTRACES site. An example is the volume that was published in December 2018 in Elements Magazine devoted to GEOTRACES research and showcasing the diverse roles that trace elements and isotopes (TEIs) play in marine biogeochemistry:
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Marine Biogeochemistry of Trace Elements and Their Isotopes Catherine Jeandel, Zanna Chase, and Vanessa Hatje - Guest Editors
http://www.geotraces.org/news-50/news/116-news/1636-elements-magazine- geotraces
For complete information about GEOTRACES publications please check the following web pages:
GEOTRACES peer-reviewed papers database: http://www.geotraces.org/library- 88/scientific-publications/peer-reviewed-papers GEOTRACES special issues: http://www.geotraces.org/library-88/scientific- publications/geotraces-special-issues List of GEOTRACES promotional articles: http://www.geotraces.org/outreach/publicity- documents
2.4 GEOTRACES Science highlights
The GEOTRACES International Project Office regularly generates science highlights of notable published articles, which are posted on the website (http://www.geotraces.org/science/science- highlight) and in the electronic eNewsletter (http://www.geotraces.org/outreach/geotraces- enewsletter). So far, about 200 highlights have been published. Among the numerous highlights published since last year’s report, we selected the following six:
The circulation loop in the North Atlantic and Arctic oceans depicted by the artificial radionuclides
Atlantic waters have been recently recognised to play an increasing role in reducing sea-ice extent in the Arctic Ocean at a rate now comparable to losses from atmospheric thermodynamic forcing. Beyond the Arctic Ocean, the water mass transport and transformation processes in the North Atlantic Ocean substantially contribute to the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC). Artificial radionuclides can be used as transient tracers that provide crucial information on pathways, time scales and processes of key water masses that cannot be obtained from hydrographic properties alone. In particular, radionuclides released from the two European Nuclear Reprocessing Plants have proven to be useful to trace the circulation of Atlantic waters into the Arctic and sub-Arctic oceans. Within this context, the three recent articles by Castrillejo et al. (2018), Wefing et al. (2019) and Casacuberta et al. (2018, see references below) describe 129 6 the journey of the two long-lived anthropogenic radionuclides iodine-129 ( I; T1/2=15.7 ·10 y) 236 6 and uranium-236 ( U; T1/2=23.4 · 10 y) from their sources up through the Arctic Ocean and back into the North Atlantic Ocean. Each paper corresponds to one GEOTRACES expedition that took place between 2014 and 2016 in the North Atlantic Ocean (GA01 section), Arctic 3-7
Ocean (GN04 section), and Fram Strait (GN05 section). Main results show that the combination of 129I and 236U serves very well to identify the different Atlantic branches entering the Arctic Ocean: Barents Sea Branch Water (BSBW) and Fram Strait Branch Water (FSBW). Due to the uneven mixing of 129I and 236U from the two European Reprocessing Plants of Sellafield and La Hague in the North Sea, each branch brings a different 129I/236U ratio. Furthermore, this ratio allowed identification of a third Atlantic branch evolving from the Norwegian Coastal Current (NCC), which stays within the upper Polar Mixed Layer and carries a significantly larger proportion of 129I and 236U releases from the European reprocessing plants compared to the FSBW and the BSBW. The evolution of the NCC with a strong 129I and 236U signal is further observed when it returns to the Atlantic Ocean as Polar Surface Water (PSW) in the Fram Strait. This allowed estimation of a transit time of 15-22 years for the PSW flowing through the Arctic Ocean. In the subpolar North Atlantic Ocean (SPNA), an increase of 129I was observed in the deep overflow waters in the Labrador and Irminger Seas, confirming the major pathways of Atlantic Waters in the SPNA that were previously suggested by other authors: a short loop through the Nordic seas into the SPNA (8-10 years) and a longer one, which includes transport all the way through the Arctic Ocean (>16 years). This research proves the potential use of 129I and 236U as tools for investigating the circulation within and exchanges between the Arctic and sub-Arctic Seas.
Figure 2. (Left) Map showing the main Atlantic water circulation in the North Atlantic and Arctic oceans (black arrows). Dashed lines represent the three GEOTRACES sections sampled between 2014 and 2016: North Atlantic Ocean (GA01), Arctic Ocean (GN04) and Fram Strait (GN05). Both 129I and 236U are released from the two European Reprocessing Plants of Sellafield and La Hague (purple stars). Blue triangles represent the 129I/236U atom ratios (in red) at sampling time and the transit time of Atlantic waters (in blue) from their source in the North Sea, to the sampling location. (Right) Section plots of 129I/236U atom ratio in the three GEOTRACES sections, with black contour lines representing potential temperature.
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References: Casacuberta, N., Christl, M., Vockenhuber, C., Wefing, A.-M., Wacker, L., Masqué, P., Synal, H.-A., Rutgers van der Loeff, M. (2018). Tracing the Three Atlantic Branches Entering the Arctic Ocean With 129I and 236U. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 123(9), 6909–6921. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1029/2018JC014168 Castrillejo, M., Casacuberta, N., Christl, M., Vockenhuber, C., Synal, H.-A., García-Ibáñez, M. I., Lherminier, P., Sarthou, G., Garcia-Orellana, J., Masqué, P. (2018). Tracing water masses with 129I and 236U in the subpolar North Atlantic along the GEOTRACES GA01 section. Biogeosciences, 15(18), 5545–5564. DOI: http://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15- 5545-2018 Wefing, A.-M., Christl, M., Vockenhuber, C., van der Loeff, M.R., & Casacuberta, N. (2019). Tracing Atlantic waters using 129 I and 236 U in the Fram Strait in 2016. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1029/2018JC014399
Gulf stream eddies are fertilizing the Western Atlantic Ocean
Tim Conway and co-authors (2018, see reference below) show that Gulf Steam eddies can provide an extra supply of iron, and nutrients such as phosphate and nitrate, to the iron-starved Western Atlantic Ocean. Gulf Stream eddies form when the northward fast-flowing Gulf Stream meanders and pinches off coastal water, spinning these 'rings' out into the ocean. This coastal water is rich in iron. The authors used satellite and ocean datasets to show that these eddies may be just as important as dust in supplying iron to this area of the ocean.
Figure 3. Cruise track (left) and dissolved iron (Fe) concentrations (right) from a North Atlantic GEOTRACES dataset (GA03). The northward flowing Gulf Stream (labelled GS) can be clearly picked out as the boundary between the coastal Slope Water, which is enriched in Fe, and the open gyre, which is Fe-depleted. A Gulf Steam eddy (labelled) was serendipitously sampled on the cruise, and can be seen as carrying a column of water enriched in Fe across the Gulf Stream and out into the gyre. The authors used this chemical dataset, together with satellite data to calculate how much iron eddies carry into the gyre each year.
Reference: Conway, T.M., Palter, J.B., & de Souza, G.F. (2018). Gulf Stream rings as a source of iron to the North Atlantic subtropical gyre. Nature Geoscience, 1. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-018-0162-0 3-9
Artificial intelligence helps investigate the oceanic zinc cycle
What explains the hitherto mysterious correlation between zinc (Zn) and silicon, an element not involved in the Zn cycle?
Roshan and co-workers (2018, see reference below) used an artificial neural network (ANN, a machine learning technique inspired by biological neural systems) to produce a global climatology of dissolved Zn concentration, the first such global climatology of a trace metal. They first used an ensemble of ANNs to produce climatological maps of dissolved Zn with the same spatial resolution as the World Ocean Atlas 2013 (WOA13) and then coupled these 3- 4- dissolved Zn maps, and those of phosphate (PO4 ) and silicate (SiO4 ) from WOA13, to a data- constrained ocean circulation model. They then employed a restoring model to compute the 3- 4- biogeochemical sources and sinks of dissolved Zn, PO4 and SiO4 .
Figure 4. This schematic shows the reconstructed internal particle-associated cycling of zinc (Zn) in the ocean, as well as some recent estimates of the external sources and sinks of Zn. Funnels represent fluxes of particulate zinc (pink; in giga mol/yr), silicon (green; in tera mol/yr) and phosphorous (cyan; in tera mol/yr), which are biologically produced in the sunlit surface ocean and exported to the subsurface. In the subsurface, the fluxes gradually attenuate due to degradation/dissolution. Particulate zinc flux attenuates quickly, like particulate phosphorus, meaning that these two compounds are associated with labile soft tissues of plankton and re- enter the water column at shallower depths than silicon, which is a hard-tissue compound. However, a significant amount of dissolved zinc is supplied to the deep ocean (below 2,000 m; 0.1-2.5 giga mol/yr), which most likely resulted from a combination of seafloor hydrothermal input and desorption of the zinc ions that are passively adsorbed on the particles at shallower depths. Circles represent the mean dissolved concentrations of the above three compounds at depths below 2,000 m of different regions, which indicate that the mentioned excess input of zinc makes its deep ocean increasing trend (according to water flow arrows) more similar to silicon than phosphorous, and eventually leads to a coincidental zinc-silicon correlation in the ocean. Also annotated are some estimates of the zinc input from rivers and dust, and those of removal to deep and shelf sediments.
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The main results of this study are the following:
3- The Zn: PO4 uptake ratio varies by approximately tenfold across latitude and is modulated by Fe availability; 3- Zn remineralizes like PO4 in the upper ocean, but its accumulation in deep waters exceeds 3- that of PO4 ; 4- The strong Zn-SiO4 correlation is caused by a combination of surface uptake, desorption from particles, and hydrothermal input, and is therefore completely fortuitous.
Reference: Roshan, S., DeVries, T., Wu, J., & Chen, G. (2018). The Internal Cycling of Zinc in the Ocean. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 32(12), 1833-1849. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1029/2018GB006045
Ever wonder how long your favourite element remains in the ocean before it’s gone again?
This timeframe, sometimes called a residence time, ranges from decades for the most reactive trace elements to millions of years for the most unreactive elements, such as the major components of sea salt. The residence time is often difficult to constrain and involves estimating how much of an element is presently in the ocean (i.e., the inventory) as well as the magnitude of the total supply rate or removal rate of the element. In a study published by Hayes and co- authors in Global Biogeochemical Cycles (2018, see reference below), a replacement time (or residence time with respect to supply) can be quantified using large synthesised GEOTRACES datasets from the North Atlantic, which can precisely define the inventory of trace elements as well as their supply rate, using radioactive tracers. In particular, their method suggests an ocean replacement for iron that is only 6 years, meaning this micronutrient element may be cycling much more quickly than previous estimates have suggested and will provide a target for ocean models to understand how this element is removed from the ocean in terms of biological uptake or abiotic scavenging.
Figure 5. (Left) Replacement time of dissolved Fe across the GEOTRACES cruise section GA03. This replacement time is how long it would take to replace all of the iron in the North Atlantic Ocean with a source of iron derived from the quantifiable delivery of the crustal isotope thorium-232 to the ocean. (Right) Map showing the GEOTRACES section GA03 in the Atlantic Ocean.
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Reference: Hayes, C.T., Anderson, R.F., Cheng, H., Conway, T.M., Edwards, R.L., Fleisher, M.Q., Ho, P., Huang, K.-F., John, S., Landing, W.M., Little, S.H., Lu, Y., Morton, P L., Moran, S.B., Robinson, L.F., Shelley, R.U., Shiller, A.M., Zheng, X.-Y. (2018). Replacement Times of a Spectrum of Elements in the North Atlantic Based on Thorium Supply. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 32(9), 1294–1311. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1029/2017GB005839
The role of melting ice in driving the slowdown of circulation in the western Atlantic Ocean revealed by protactinium-thorium ratio
Abrupt climate changes in the past have been attributed to variations in Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) strength. Knowing the exact timing and magnitude of the AMOC shift is important to understand the driving mechanism of such climate variability. After a thorough selection of 13 sediment cores, the authors show that the proxy Protactinium-231- Thorium-230 (231Pa/230Th) exhibits remarkably consistent changes, both in timing and amplitude, over the last 25 thousand years (kyr) in the West and deep high-latitude North Atlantic. This consistent signal reveals a spatially coherent picture of western Atlantic circulation changes over the last deglaciation, during abrupt millennial-scale climate transitions. At the onset of deglaciation, an early slowdown of circulation in the western Atlantic is observed consistent with the timing of accelerated Eurasian ice melting, followed by a persistence of this weak AMOC for another millennium, corresponding to the substantial ice rafting from the Laurentide ice sheet. This timing indicates a role for melting ice in driving a two-step AMOC slowdown. This work also emphasises that 231Pa/230Th, under thorough criteria, could hold as pertinent proxy of ocean circulation.
Figure 6. Use of sedimentary 231Pa/230Th to interpret changes in Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) strength and its link to climate variations over the past 25 thousand years. (a) Location map of 231Pa/230Th records [1]–[13] and ice melting proxy records [A]–[C] presented in this study, (b) North Atlantic ice rafting records (IRD) and a proxy record of Eurasian meltwater discharge (BIT index), (c) selected West and high-latitude North
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Atlantic 231Pa/230Th records, (d) Northern Greenland temperature proxy record. The AMOC slowdown observed (c) is consistent with the timing of an increased Eurasian ice melting (b).
Reference: Ng, H.C., Robinson, L.F., McManus, J.F., Mohamed, K.J., Jacobel, A.W., Ivanovic, R.F., Gregoire, L.J., Chen, T. (2018). Coherent deglacial changes in western Atlantic Ocean circulation. Nature Communications, 9(1), 2947. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1038/s41467- 018-05312-3
Figure 7. A) Excess particulate matter in “strong” nepheloid layers (> 20 μg l-1) based on transmissometer (cp) and nephelometer (E/ED) profiles. B) Mean Kinetic Energy per unit mass, cm2 s-2, in surface waters, derived from four years of satellite altimetric data and using the geostrophic relationship (adapted from Wunsch, 2015). Black contours superimposed are Excess particulate matter in “strong” nepheloid layers (> 20 μg l- 1 from Figure A).
52 years of benthic nepheloid layer data! A database of 2,412 profiles collected using the Lamont Thorndike nephelometer from 1964 to 1984 is used to map turbid nepheloid layers globally by Gardner and co-workers (2018, see reference below). The authors compare maps from that period with maps based on data from 6,392 profiles measured using transmissometers from 1979 to 2016. Beyond this comparison, the final goal is to gain insight about the factors creating/sustaining Benthic Nepheloid Layers (BNLs). Eleven maps, including mean surface Kinetic Energy (KE), are discussed here. The similarity between general locations of high and low particle concentration BNLs during the two time periods indicates that the driving forces of erosion and resuspension of bottom sediments are spatially persistent during recent decadal time spans, though in areas of strong BNLs, intensity is highly episodic. This work confirms that topography, well-developed current systems, and surface KE and EKE play a role in generating and maintaining BNLs.
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Reference: Gardner, W.D., Richardson, M.J., Mishonov, A.V., & Biscaye, P.E. (2018). Global comparison of benthic nepheloid layers based on 52 years of nephelometer and transmissometer measurements. Progress in Oceanography, 168(May), 100–111. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2018.09.008
3. Activities
3.1 GEOTRACES intercalibration activities
The Standards &Intercalibration (S&I) Committee has welcomed four new members: Ana Aguilar-Islas from the University of Alaska Fairbanks (USA), Yoshiko Kondo from Technology Nagasaki University (Japan), Peter Sedwick from Old Dominion University(USA) , and Alyson Santoro from University of Santa Barbara (USA).
The complete S&I Committee is currently composed of Ana Aguilar-Islas (USA), Karen Casciotti (USA), Tina van de Flierdt (UK), Walter Geibert (Germany), Lars-Eric Heimbürger- Boavida (France), Yoshiko Kondo (Japan), Maeve Lohan UK), Hélène Planquette (France), Peter Sedwick (USA) and Alyson Santoro (USA). Maeve Lohan and Walter Geibert serve as co- chairs. The committee met in person on 6-7 December 2018 in Marseille, hosted by Lars-Eric Heimbürger-Boavida.
The focus for the past reporting period was almost completely shifted away from the intercalibration of datasets towards the preparation of procedures for the upcoming Intermediate Data Product, implementing improvements of the S&I report submission procedure, together with the data management committee and the International Project Office. The main focus has been on the development of an on-line portal system for analysts to submit their data to be calibrated. This system will track all the data and the permissions for future IDPs. This involved the participation of the S&I co-chairs at a DMC meeting in Liverpool (17-18 April 2018) and in Toulouse on 24-26 September 2018 for the IDP data portal meeting.
During the S&I Committee meeting in December 2018, a key task was the introduction of the new committee members to the existing intercalibration procedures for labs, cruise data sets, and materials. The existing procedures for the submission of intercalibration reports to the S&I Committee, and the subsequent review and approval were discussed in detail, before agreeing on suggestions how these procedures should be reflected in the data submission portal. The S&I Committee produced a template for the portal whereby an analyst will download a form with a series of questions to be answered that will act as the intercalibration report. The analyst will then upload this back through the portal.
The S&I Committee has already received a significant number of intercalibration reports in the previous report-style IDP2017 format and has approved four new datasets for IDP 2021.
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Laboratory intercomparisons & Consensus Materials:
The status and progress on several initiatives to produce consensus materials and lab intercomparisons is reported below:
Sea ice: Ana Aguilar-Islas and Peter Sedwick led a successful exercise on trace metals in sea- ice, comparing sampling equipment and processing intercalibration and exploring ways to produce consensus materials, including artificial sea ice. They are still awaiting results from one group, but the results look promising.
Seawater Consensus materials: For the seawater consensus materials GSC and GSP, material has been sent out to several labs, 18 of which have reported back for GSP and 16 for GSC. Consensus values for this material are under development, and a request for reporting data to Jim Moffett is published on the GEOTRACES web page. Overall, the data look good for most laboratories and we have enough data for consensus values for Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni and Pb, but are awaiting more data for Co and Al. The S&I Committee is working with Jim Moffett on establishing the best way to assign errors for the data and we hope the consensus values will be on the GEOTRACES web page soon.
An additional consensus material for seawater (CAP) was collected by E. Achterberg and C. Schlosser during GA08 in the Cape Basin. To date, only four laboratories have reported back with their results, so the S&I Committee is encouraging more laboratories to report results for this material before consensus values can be published. The GEOTRACES web page will be updated to encourage more people to submit data and to analyse this material.
Leachable Particulate data: Hélène Planquette led an exercise to compare results for the Berger marine particle leach protocol, for which five of seven labs had reported results by 7 December 2018.
Next Meeting: The next meeting for the following reporting period is scheduled for 12-13 June 2019 in Norfolk, Virginia, hosted by Peter Sedwick. It is hoped that a test run of the portal submission process can be undertaken and assessed by the S&I Committee.
3.2 Data management for GEOTRACES The GEOTRACES Data Assembly Centre (GDAC) is hosted by the British Oceanography Data Centre (BODC), with the head office located in Liverpool; Dr. Mohamed Adjou, the GEOTRACES Data Manager, is based at Liverpool BODC office. He is assisted by Donna Cockwell from the Southampton BODC office. GDAC benefits from additional BODC expertise when work cases require it.
GDAC is responsible for the entirety of the GEOTRACES data activities from reception to completion. This takes into account the following components: 3-15
• Interaction between PIs and national data centres in order to encourage regular and timely data metadata submissions; • Maintaining and modifying GDAC web pages to include updated ocean basin maps (http://www.bodc.ac.uk/geotraces/cruises/section_maps/ ) and upcoming cruises on the programme page (http://www.bodc.ac.uk/geotraces/cruises/programme/ ); • Liaising with the Data Management Committee and Standards and Intercalibration Committee to ensure issues/questions relating to GEOTRACES and its progress can be discussed, and deadlines can be met accordingly; • Input of metadata and data into the BODC database and compilation of documentation to include analysis methodologies; • Preparing for future data reception at GDAC under the recommendation of the Data Management Committee; • Collation of data and metadata for the future IDP; • Answering requests from GEOTRACES community and assisting on IDP download and use for all kind of users.
This year, GDAC would like to highlight and report on the following tasks:
Cooperation with the IPO: The IPO is in regular contact with GDAC in order to have an up- to-date cruise inventory displayed on the GDAC website. IPO is also assisting GDAC by sending reminders to respect time-scheduled tasks.
GDAC website updates: All basin maps have been updated. The update of the GDAC website maps was not considered as a priority task during the IDP publication year, under intense data processing work at GDAC.
DMC and SSC meetings The DMC meeting (Liverpool, April 2018) and SSC meeting (Taipei, July 2018) were occasions for Mohamed to meet most of the key GEOTRACES participants and country representatives.
The DMC meeting was one month after Mohamed took on the post of GEOTRACES data manager. Discussions focused on data quality control of IDP2017 and future IDPs, as well as the control of datasets submission workflow and how to track the data sets approved by the S&I Committee and author permissions.
During the SSC meeting, the following points, among others, were addressed under GDAC perspectives:
1. Information and highlights on version 2 of the IDP2017 2. A comparison/interpretation of version 1 and version 2 IDP2017 download statistics. 3. A GDAC website report 4. Proposing a new methodology to improve data quality checking and reporting. 5. Suggesting SeaDataNet flags to have a broader range of data quality flagging possibilities. 6. Proposing a proofreading step by the scientists to enable them to check the final version of their data in the IDP.
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Contribution to GEOTRACES metadata portal effort: Although GDAC is not in charge of the development and the future deployment of GEOTRACES metadata portal, GDAC contributed in defining the functional requirement of such a web portal (GEOTRACES Metadata Portal meeting, 25-26 September in Toulouse, France). One of the major tasks assigned to GDAC from the Toulouse meeting was to review the list of cruise identifiers and GEOTRACES cruise names and aliases, and to find a way to standardise these different labels in order to avoid using free-text for cruise names in the metadata portal. This list was established and circulated in a spreadsheet, as a first step, to the Toulouse meeting participants. GDAC is working on providing this standardised cruise list through a webservice enabling “real-time" updates to be distributed instantly.
Liaison with national data centres: National marine data centres (BCO-DMO, CYBER-LEFE and NIOZ) in charge of supplying GDAC with GEOTRACES data were contacted and short work visits are scheduled for the upcoming months of this year. GDAC also hosted Yanping Xu from Xiamen University (China) in November 2018 for a week-long training session on GEOTRACES data management prior to China’s first GEOTRACES section cruise (GP09).
Data and cruise metadata overview: This year is a post-IDP publication year and only a few datasets were submitted to GDAC. The next DMC and SSC meetings, expected in September 2019, will communicate on the future IDP2021 and this will encourage people to submit their data to GDAC.
Summary of GEOTRACES cruises that have taken place in the period April 2018-April 2019: GEOTRACES Cruise Chief scientist scientist Type Period Location PS117 Olaf Boebel Rob Middag Process 2018-12-15 Zero meridian (GApr12) Study — towards 2019-02-07 continent (Lazarev Sea) & Weddell Sea RR1815 (GP15 Greg Cutter, Greg Cutter, Section 2018-10-24 Pacific Ocean Leg2, PMT) Karen Karen Cruise — Casciotti, & Casciotti, & 2018-11-24 Phoebe Lam Phoebe Lam RR1814 Greg Cutter Greg Cutter, Section 2018-09-18 Pacific Ocean (GP15 Leg1, G, Casciotti K Karen Cruise — PMT) & Lam P Casciotti & 2018-10-22 Phoebe Lam IN2018_V04 Michael Michael Process 2018-09-11 East Australian (GIpr13) Ellwood Ellwood Study — Current 2018-10-08 M147 Martin Frank Martin Frank Process 2018-04-19 Amazon (AMAZON- Study — estuary GEOTRACES, 2018-05-21 & the GApr11) 3-17
associated plume
Summary of GEOTRACES cruises to take place in May 2019-April 2020:
GEOTRACES Cruise Chief scientist scientist Type Period Location TONGA Cecile Guieu Géraldine Process 2019-10-31 Western (GPpr14) & Sophie Sarthou, Matthieu Study — Tropical South Bonnet Bressac & Hélène 2019-12-06 Pacific Planquette KK1902 Yihua Cai & Zhimian Cao, Section 2019-04-25 North West (GP09) Kuanbo Zhou Minhan Dai & Cruise — Pacific Liping Zhou 2019-06-10 IN2019_V02 Tom Trull Philip Boyd Process 2019-03-12 Southern Ocean (GIpr08 bis) Study — (East Indian 2019-04-05 sector) BAIT* Rod Johnson Peter Sedwick Process 2019-03* Sargasso Sea (GApr13) Study — (BATS site) 2020-03* (*) BAIT project will cover several cruises on-board of the RVs Endeavor or Atlantic Explorer. The first cruise ‘EN631’ will take place during the period 2019-03-10 —2019-03-15. During the period 2019-05-01 —2020-04-30 four other cruises are planned (cruise IDs and dates not yet known).
In summary This year, during the calm data submission period, the main task at GDAC was to review and improve data processing, with a special attention to data QC. The collection and processing of data to be included in the IDP2021 will be the focal point of GDAC’s data activities over the coming year, as DMC and SCC are expected to communicate on IDP2021 at the Hobart meeting (September 2019).
The workflow of data processing and tracking will benefit from the on-going developments of the GEOTRACES IDP portal. Meanwhile at GDAC, a new controlled data processing workflow will be launched in close consultation with the S&I Committee and Data Management Committee.
We continue to provide useful information on GDAC web pages for scientists and answer questions related to data and metadata submission though our GDAC email ([email protected]). We encourage the GEOTRACES community to contact GDAC for any questions about their data or metadata submission.
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3.3 GEOTRACES International Project Office The GEOTRACES International Project Office (IPO) is based at the Laboratoire d’Etudes en Géophysique et Océanographie Spatiales (LEGOS) in Toulouse, France. The IPO is staffed by one person, the IPO Executive Officer, Elena Masferrer Dodas. She works under the scientific supervision of Catherine Jeandel (CNRS, LEGOS, France).
The IPO is responsible for:
assisting the Scientific Steering Committee (SSC) in implementing the GEOTRACES Science Plan and implementation plans of the programme; organising and staffing meetings of the SSC, working groups and task teams; liaising with the sponsors and other relevant organisations; seeking and managing programme finances; representing the project at international meetings; maintaining the project website, and Facebook and Twitter pages; maintaining the project mailing lists; preparing GEOTRACES science highlights and the bimonthly GEOTRACES eNewsletter; maintaining the GEOTRACES publications database and the GEOTRACES Scientists Analytical Expertise Database; assisting GDAC in securing information about upcoming cruises; and interacting with GEOTRACES national committees and groups, as well as other international projects.
This year, we want to highlight the following activities:
On-line GEOTRACES metadata portal
An important activity conducted this year by the IPO is supporting the development of an on- line GEOTRACES metadata portal. Following the success of the GEOTRACES Intermediate Data Products, the amount of data to be reviewed, managed, and processed has increased considerably. In order to facilitate the tasks of the core group of persons working on the construction of the product (co-chairs of S&I Committee, Data Management Committee, Parameter Naming Committee, GDAC, IPO, and Reiner Schlitzer), this group met in Liverpool in April 2018 for a joint DMC and GEOTRACES Executive meeting to review the lessons learned from the IDP2017 and to propose to the SSC the creation of a on-line GEOTRACES metadata portal that should allow: (1) a major participation of the data contributors in directly filling in the information necessary for the evaluation and management of their data, (2) quick and easy access to this information for all people involved in the construction of the product, (3) and more automatic management of these data to allow easier updating and evaluation. The SSC approved the development of this portal by Guillaume Brissebrat (head) and Arnaud Mière (IT) from the Observatory Midi-Pyrenées Data Center (SEDOO, Toulouse, where the IPO is hosted), as they have already successfully worked with the IPO in developing the GEOTRACES publication database. In September 2018, the IPO organised a working meeting with Guillaume and the IDP core group in order to define the structure and functional requirements of the portal 3-19
(GEOTRACES Data Portal meeting, 25-26 September 2018, Toulouse, France). The IPO contributed to this meeting by proposing a working document defining a possible structure for the portal. Following the meeting, the IPO is assisting the developers (Guillaume and Arnaud) in providing input when needed, chasing the information from GEOTRACES senior scientists and pushing developers to get the portal done in time. Regular meetings are held between the IPO and the SEDOO every two weeks.
GEOTRACES Publications Database (
New search functionalities have been added to the database. For instance, it is now possible to make more complex searches equivalent to using Boolean operators such as “AND”, “OR” and “NOT”.
Guide for cruise PI (< http://www.geotraces.org/cruises/cruise-summary/cruise-guide>)
The IPO has developed an interactive flow chart to guide cruise leaders on the overall process from getting their cruise designated as a GEOTRACES cruise or compliant data until the data resulting from the cruise are included in the IDP. A short version of the guide is also available for cruise leaders to distribute to cruise participants to guide them on the process to get their data in the IDP (
GEOTRACES Best Practices (
The IPO has published a list of best practices for GEOTRACES researchers, with the objective of (1) informing scientists of the actions needed in order for the IPO to properly broadcast their GEOTRACES scientific results and activities and (2) reinforcing information on the process to get cruise data included in the next IDP. The best practice list covers the following topics: data; cruise information; scientific publications; special sessions and issues; outreach and educational materials and activities; national events and activities; and networking.
New GEOTRACES Programme Brochure
A new GEOTRACES brochure presenting the GEOTRACES programme, along with the Intermediate Data Products, is being developed.
GEOTRACES website (
The main menu bar of the GEOTRACES website has been improved in order to simplify access to the Intermediate Data Product and GDAC web site resources. During the 2018 SSC meeting, the IPO distributed a survey to SSC members asking for feedback and suggestions for improvement. Ninety per cent of the respondents found the web site well organised and have no suggestions for improvement. The main proposal for improvement is to enhance the search engine. In the coming reporting period, the IPO plans to undertake a major overhaul of the web
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site that will imply moving the web site from Joomla! to WordPress. All the suggestions received will be taken into account during this process.
We want to thank Olivier Boebion (IT system administrator at Observatoire Océanologique de Villefranche sur Mer, France) for all his technical assistance with the GEOTRACES web site.
GEOTRACES Science Highlight keyword search cloud
The IPO has now published almost 200 science highlights on the GEOTRACES web site. In order to improve the search functionality, the IPO is currently working on setting up a GEOTRACES Science Highlight keyword cloud that will allow for users to click on a keyword and get a list of science highlights corresponding to the keyword selected. This functionality will be available on the new GEOTRACES web site.
Logistics for meetings
The IPO hosted the GEOTRACES Data Portal Meeting (25-27 September 2018) and has provided assistance in the organization of the GEOTRACES Data Management Meeting (April 2018, Liverpool, UK), the GEOTRACES SSC Meeting (July 2018, Taiwan), the GEOTRACES-PAGES Workshop (November 2018, Aix-Marseille, France) and the GEOTRACES S&I meeting (November 2018, Marseille, France).
Some statistics
o 36 new highlights published (191 in total) o 6 eNewsletters published, including one special issue (bimonthly 33 in total) o 295 new peer-reviewed papers included in the GEOTRACES Publication Database (1,230 in total) o 108 new articles published on the GEOTRACES website o 72 new announcements sent through the GEOTRACES mailing list o 546 likes in Facebook (top post reached 1.6K) o 780 likes and 1,007 followers for Twitter (top tweet reached 3.1K) o 157 new subscribers on the GEOTRACES mailing list
Featured outreach activity: Float Your Boat Project
The 2015 U.S. Arctic GEOTRACES initiative participated in a novel outreach project coordinated with Dave Forcucci (U.S. Coast Guard Marine Science Coordinator) to involve students and the public with an Arctic research cruise on the U.S. Coast Guard Ice-breaker Healy. GEOTRACES was a perfect match for the inaugural kick off of "Float your Boat" < https://www.facebook.com/explorethearctic/ >. More than one thousand 8-inch (20-cm) long cedar boats were commissioned (funded by the National Science Foundation) from the Center for Wooden Boats (CWB.org) in Seattle, Washington, USA and distributed to school groups, scout troops, and science open-house events around the country. Students personalized their boats with bright colours and after returning to Seattle the boats were branded with floatboat.org 3-21
and packed into the hold of the Healy for the journey to the North Pole. During the GEOTRACES cruise, four groups of boats were deployed on ice floes between 87.5°N and 80°N on the 150°W meridian, each with a small satellite buoy (deployed by the University of Washington Applied Physics Laboratory to study ice movement). The Iridium satellite-linked buoys provided an opportunistic chance for high-resolution, real-time tracking of the boats for about a year and a half. After drifting with the Arctic ice, it was hoped that the boats would eventually be freed from its grasp and float to a distant shore to be discovered and reported. This project is described by our teacher-at-sea, Bill Schmoker, at https://www.polartrec.com/expeditions/us-arctic-geotraces/journals/2015-09-16 and by Prof. Timothy Kenna, the scientist who was in charge of deploying the boats: https://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2015/09/21/arctic-magic-one-research-vessel-multiplies-to- hundreds/
In October 2018, three years after deployment, one of these small wooden boats was found by a gentleman in Iceland, Bolli Thor (in the picture). He wrote: “These are the coordinates 63.962285, -22.734055 where I found one of your little wooden boats, near small town called Sandgerði in Iceland where I live. I found it at my favorite spot, where I usually walk with my dog called Tyra.”. Remarkably, we identified the pre-deployment picture, the student and school (Upper Nyack Elementary School).
The drift track data stopped in February, 2017. Two groups of boats ran aground in northern Canada, while two groups, deployed near the North Pole, were entrained in the Trans Polar drift and travelled south, through Fram Strait, into the East Greenland Current. A boat from these groups made it to Iceland.
3.4 GEOTRACES Workshops
A list of completed or planned GEOTRACES Workshops is available below:
GEOTRACES Taiwan Training Workshop, 26 July 2018, Taipei, China-Taipei A GEOTRACES-Taiwan training workshop was organised the day immediately after the SSC meeting in Taipei. The workshop was organised by Tung-Yuan Ho (Academia Sinica) and attended by 62 participants from Taiwan. GEOTRACES lectures were given by 8 SSC members (Phoebe Lam, Andy Bowie, Maeve Lohan, Hajime Obata, Reiner Schlitzer, William Landing and Tung-Yuan Ho), including topics such as GEOTRACES and an IDP2017 introduction; seawater trace metal clean sampling and pre-treatment; particle sampling and analysis; TEIs on- board sampling and FIA&CSV analysis; and Ocean Data View and marine biogeochemistry. The workshop was followed by a fruitful debate between GEOTRACES international scientists and local scientists.
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For further information please visit the GEOTRACES web page: http://www.geotraces.org/images/stories/documents/workshops/2018-GEOTRACES-Workshop- Info.pdf
Introduction to the Awesome OCIM, 12 August 2018, Boston, USA A workshop to introduce Awesome OCIM (AO), a new modeling toolbox designed to bring cutting-edge transport matrix models to a wide community of users, was held in August in Boston in the vicinity of the Goldschmidt 2018 meeting. The AO uses Ocean Circulation Inverse Model (OCIM) transport for realistic global 3D circulation. Within this circulation, broad features of the distribution of many marine TEIs can be achieved by combining just a few processes. For example, iron might be modeled as a combination of atmospheric and sedimentary sources, biological uptake, and remineralization. Thorium might be modeled with radioactive production and decay, plus scavenging. A clickable interface allows the user to include processes such as these, and tune their magnitude to match observed GEOTRACES data. Further adjustments to biogeochemical cycling can be achieved with changes to the underlying Matlab code.
For further information please visit the GEOTRACES web page: http://www.geotraces.org/meetings/meetings-by-year/eventdetail/331/-/introduction-to-the- awesome-ocim
GEOTRACES-PAGES Synthesis workshop: Trace Element and Isotope Proxies in Paleoceanography, 3 - 5 December 2018, Aix-Marseille, France 60 researchers from the PAGES and GEOTRACES communities participated to an intensive 2.5-day workshop on 3-5 December 2018 in Aix en Provence, France. The aim of the workshop was to conduct open discussions on the applicability and scientific gaps regarding the use of some proxies exploited to infer past circulation, surface productivity and particle fluxes. Indeed, thanks to the GEOTRACES programme, these tracers are more and more documented in the modern ocean, raising important caveats in the understanding of their present behaviour and distributions. Fruitful discussions were conducted between the two communities to identify common exciting perspectives and workshop products.
Further information is available at the workshop web page: https://geotracespages.sciencesconf.org/
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Figure 8. Participants at the Joint GEOTRACES-PAGES Workshop.
Biogeoscapes Workshop, 8-10 November 2018, Johnsson Center, Woods Hole, USA In November 2018, approximately 28 international scientists from the fields of chemical oceanography, -omics, physiology and modeling met to explore the need and scope of a new international programme loosely aimed around coupling the potential insight onto ocean ecosystems from new advances from different fields (primarily arising from the Tara Oceans and GEOTRACES efforts). The meeting was sponsored by the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research, the Ocean Carbon and Biogeochemistry programme, and the Moore Foundation. Four invited speakers highlighted the insight and added value gained from integrating observations of micronutrients and -omics. Reflection on previous programmes identified the importance of intercalibration and data management, and the need for -omics intercalibration efforts and investment in novel data management and open-access, user-friendly platforms. Equally, the need for new ecosystem modelling approaches, capable of integrating the mechanisms and feedbacks emerging from omics datasets was noted. Time was spent discussing the potential extent and impact of a new program, as well as choosing Biogeoscapes as the name. The role of different types of contributions from different nations, including the routes to funding Biogeoscapes activities were discussed, and the overall outcome of the meeting is summarised in the broad mission statement above. This preliminary broad mission of Biogeoscapes will be improved by further input and feedback from the international community. It is anticipated that feedback from the wider community will occur first via national meetings during 2019 and then in a larger international forum, which would shape the preliminary science plan in much more detail.
For further information please visit: www.biogeoscapes.org
BioGEOTRACES-Japan begins, 19-21 September 2018, Nagasaki, Japan A workshop, entitled ”BioGEOTRACES-Japan begins” was held on 19-21 September 2018 in Nagasaki, Japan to evaluate the potential of biological studies related to trace elements and their isotopes (TEI) in the ocean, and to find the future directions of these studies in Japan. For three days, 15 registered Japanese scientists took part in the workshop. Drs. Maria Maldonado
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(University of British Columbia, Vancouver) and Tung-Yuan Ho (Academia Sinica, Taipei) were invited as guest speakers. The workshop consisted of 3 invited talks, 3 keynote talks and 11 research topics related to GEOTRACES & BioGEOTRACES. During the workshop, recent scientific findings, and possible future collaborations among TEI chemists, biologists and modellers were discussed. It was decided to organise BioGEOTRACES-Japan in order to promote these comprehensive studies and cooperate with the international community.
7th Kaplan Symposium: Tracers in the Sea: Trace Elements and their Isotopes in the Oceans, Future Directions and Instrumental Frontiers, 11-13 February 2019, Eilat, Israel The 7th Kaplan Symposium was dedicated to GEOTRACES research with the title “Tracers in the Sea: Trace Elements and their Isotopes in the Oceans, Future Directions and Instrumental Frontiers”. The workshop was attended by 72 scientists and it was organised by Adi Torfstein and Yeala Shaked at the Institute of Earth Sciences of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. The symposium had four scientific themes: trace element cycling in seawater and marine particulates; the role of atmospheric dust in marine biogeochemistry; novel isotope systems in the oceans; and instrumental developments in marine geochemistry. Several GEOTRACES senior scientists were invited speakers, including Eric Achterberg, GEOMAR, Germany; Mark Altabet, U. Massachusetts Dartmouth, USA; Bob Anderson, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, USA; Gideon Henderson, Oxford University, UK; Catherine Jeandel, LEGOS, University of Toulouse, France; William Landing, Florida State University, USA; Claire Rollion-Bard, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, France; and Derek Vance, ETH, Switzerland. For further information please visit the symposium web site: https://sites.google.com/view/7th- kaplan-symposium/home
3.5 GEOTRACES Summer School The second GEOTRACES Summer School will be held from 23 to 28 September 2019 in Cadiz, Spain. It aims at teaching the skills and knowledge necessary for a good understanding of the biogeochemical cycles of trace metals. It will bring together 36 students and 10 world- leading international scientists.
Particular objectives of the summer school are:
Gaining knowledge and experience on oceanographic sampling campaigns for collection of samples for the analysis of trace metals. Students should be capable to properly select and conduct analytical strategies for the study of trace metals in marine samples. Gaining knowledge on bio-geochemical cycles of metals in the ocean and their speciation. Data management to analyse the role of trace metals in the ocean.
The summer school is organised by the International GEOTRACES programme, the University of Cádiz (UCA), the Andalusian Institute of Marine Sciences of the Spanish National Research Council (ICMAN-CSIC), and the International Campus of Excellence of the Sea (CEI·MAR); with funding from the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR)/GEOTRACES, the 3-25
General CSIC Foundation, the International Doctorate School of Marine Studies (EIDEMAR), and CEI·MAR.
For further information please visit the Summer School web site: https://geotraces.uca.es/
3.6 Special sessions at international conferences featuring GEOTRACES findings
Several GEOTRACES special sessions were held or are planned in major international conferences including the following:
Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography (ASLO) 2018 Summer Meeting, 10 -15 June 2018, Victoria, BC, Canada For further information: https://aslo.org/victoria2018/main GEOTRACES-related session:
*SS82: Emerging Models of Trace Metal Bioavailability to Aquatic Organisms Conveners: David Semeniuk, Randelle Bundy and Anne Cremazy
Goldschmidt 2018, 12- 17 August 2018, Boston, USA For further information: https://goldschmidt.info/2018/index
GEOTRACES session:
*Session 07i: New Insights in Marine Trace Element Biogeochemistry Conveners: Christian Schlosser, Florian Scholz, Rene Boiteau, Tim Conway, Daniel Ohnemus, Jennifer McKay, William Homoky and Jessica Fitzsimmons
Fourth Xiamen Symposium on Marine Environmental Sciences (XMAS), 6-9 January 2019, Xiamen China For further information: http://mel.xmu.edu.cn/conference/4xmas
GEOTRACES session:
*The role of trace metals in controlling structure and function of microbial communities in contemporary oceans Conveners: Punyasloke Bhadury, Yeala Shaked, Maria Maldonado, Yihua Cai and Chris Bowler
ASLO 2019, Aquatic Sciences Meeting, 23 February - 2 March 2019, San Juan, Puerto Rico For further information: https://aslo.org/sanjuan2019/main
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GEOTRACES session:
*SS51. New views on the biological transformation of metals in the marine environment Conveners: Randelle Bundy, Shane Hogle, Katherine Heal, Kristen Buck and P. Dreux Chappell
Forthcoming:
SOLAS Open Science Conference, 21-25 April 2019, Sapporo, Japan For further information: https://www.confmanager.com/main.cfm?cid=2778
GEOTRACES session:
*Atmospheric deposition of iron, ocean biogeochemistry and marine emission of biological aerosols Conveners: Akinori Ito (JAMSTEC), William M. Landing (Florida State University) and Douglas S. Hamilton (Cornell University)
27th IUGG General Assembly, 8-18 July, 2019, Palais des Congrès in Montréal, Québec, Canada
GEOTRACES relevant sessions:
*P02 Physics and biogeochemistry of semi-enclosed, shelf seas and coastal zones Conveners: Peter Zavialov, Jianping Gan, Osmar Moller Jr, Katrin Schroeder
*P09 Marine biogeochemistry through time: nutrient, trace metal, oxygen, and carbon cycling in the past, present and future Conveners: Kate Hendry, Zanna Chase, Katja Fennel and Patrick Rafter
Goldschmidt 2019, 18-23 August 2019, Barcelona For further information: https://goldschmidt.info/2019/
GEOTRACES or GEOTRACES-related sessions:
*10c: Arctic and sub-Arctic Large Scale Ocean Processes: What can We Learn from Tracers? Conveners: Núria Casacuberta, Michael Karcher
*10j: Biogeochemical Cycles of Low Oxygen Zones and their Response to Ocean Deoxygenation Conveners: Nicole Bale, Darci Rush, Ruifang Xie, Tim Conway, Insa Rapp, Laura Bristow
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*10k: Trace Metal Cycling and Radioisotope Tracers of Ocean Biogeochemistry (GEOTRACES) Conveners: Aridane G. González, Hannah Whitby, Amber Annett, Emilie Le Roy
*08j: Dynamics and Fluxes of the Exogenic Carbon Cycle and Interactions with Biogeochemical Cycling Conveners: Gerhard Kuhn, Norbert Frank, Thomas Chalk, William Gray Keynote: Robert Anderson
*10a: Linking Marine Silicate Alteration to Carbon Cycle and Trace Elements Budgets in the Ocean and Sediment Conveners: Wei-Li Hong, Jianghui Du, Antoine Crémière Keynote: Catherine Jeandel
*10h: The Oceanic Particle Flux and its Cycling within the Deep Water Column Conveners: Maureen Conte, Rut Pedrosa Pamies, Phoebe Lam, Henry Ruhl *12a: Hydrobiogeochemical Processes at the Sediment-Water Interface: Wetlands, River Corridors and Coastal Zones Conveners: Dipankar Dwivedi, Xingyuan Chen, Joseph Tamborski, Valentí Rodellas, Edward O'Loughlin, Yamin Deng, Virginie Sanial Keynote: Christof Meile
*13e: Radionuclides in the Environment: Modeling, Experimental, Scaling, Controlling Chemical/Microbial/Hydrological Processes Conveners: Peter H. Santschi, Daniel Kaplan
*13f: Trace Elements Speciation: Novel Methodologies and Insights into Transformations Influencing their Global Biogeochemical Cycle Conveners: Sylvain Bouchet, Adrien Mestrot
3.7 Capacity building
Activities It is a GEOTRACES strategy to organise training workshops for one day or two days immediately after a SSC meeting in order to increase the local impact of these meetings (e.g., the GEOTRACES-Taiwan training workshop held in July 2019, see GEOTRACES Workshops above for further details). In this sense, the capacity building benefits are considered at the time of selecting the host of the meeting. During the training workshops selected SSC members give lectures, along with local scientists, to national scientist and students. Note that SSC meetings are also an occasion for a fruitful exchange with local scientists and often-parallel scientific meetings are organised during the breaks all along the SSC meeting.
Travel Grants GEOTRACES has requested support from SCOR to enable scientists from developing countries and countries with economies in transition to participate in the second GEOTRACES Summer School.
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Sampling Systems It is a goal of GEOTRACES that every nation carrying out oceanographic research should have access to a trace metal-clean sampling system. GEOTRACES offers guidance based on past experience in the design and construction of sampling systems, as well as advice in operating these systems as shared facilities. At the time of writing this review, a document “Recommendations for nations developing a trace metal-clean sampling system” is being prepared by Greg Cutter (Old Dominion University, past S&I Committee co-chair). This document will summarise the lessons learned during past guidance experiences and it will be a great resource for other countries wishing to develop trace metal-clean sampling. This document will be available on the GEOTRACES Capacity Building web page http://www.geotraces.org/science/geotraces-activities.
An updated status of trace metal-clean sampling systems to support GEOTRACES research is provided in the table below. Scientists interested in developing one of these systems for their own use are encouraged to contact the GEOTRACES IPO or any member of the SSC, who will arrange for contact with an appropriate person to provide technical information about the design, construction, and cost of a system.
Nation Status System/ Carousel Bottles Depth Powder coated Australia 12 x 10-L Teflon- aluminium, autonomous (Australia lined Niskin- 6000 m; 6 mm Complete 1018 intelligent rosette National 1010X (General Dynex rope system (General University) Oceanics) Oceanics) Polyurethane powder- coated aluminium 1750 m 9mm 12 x 12-L Teflon- Australia autonomous Seabird Dyneema rope lined OTE (Marine rosette with CTD and or 200 m 6 mm Complete external-spring National other sensors, auto-fire Dyneema rope wth Niskin-style Facility) module, and all coupling to 6000 m bottles titanium housings and CTD wire fittings Polyurethane powder- coated aluminium 1750 m 9mm 12 x 12-L Teflon- Australia autonomous Seabird Dyneema rope Complete lined OTE (Marine rosette with CTD and or 200 m 6 mm (backup external-spring National other sensors, auto-fire Dyneema rope wth system) Niskin-style Facility) module, and all coupling to 6000 m bottles titanium housings and CTD wire fittings GEOTRACES WATER SAMPLER - 24-bottle 24 X 12-L GO- 3000 m; Brazil Complete sampler for use with Flo Kevlar cable modem equipped 911plus CTD 3-29
Powder coated aluminium with 24 X 12-L GO- 5000 m conducting Canada Complete titanium CTD housing, Flo Vectran Seabird Rosette Seabird Rosette. 24 x 12-L OTE China - Powder coated GO-Flo; 24 X 12- 8000 m; conducting Beijing Complete aluminium with L Teflon-lined Kevlar titanium pressure Niskin-X housings and fittings China – Multi- size GO- Complete Teflon coated rosette 3000 m; Kevlar line Taipei Flo Powder coated aluminium with 24 X 12-L GO- 8000 m; conducting France Complete titanium pressure Flo Kevlar housing for CTD Powder coated aluminium with 27 x 12-L OTE 8000 m; conducting Germany Complete titanium pressure GO-Flo Kevlar housings and fittings Powder coated aluminum with titanium 24 X 12-L 8000 m; conducting India Complete pressure housings and Niskin-X Kevlar fittings Powder coated 12 X 12-L Niskin; 2000 m, steel Israel Complete aluminium, SeaBird 8 X 12-L GO-Flo conducting cable Rosette (Teflon coated) Go-Flo bottles on Italy Complete 5 x 20-L Go-Flos Kevlar Kevlar line 7000 m; Vectran Powder coated Japan Complete 12-L Niskin-X conducting aluminium Cable 10000 m; conducting 24 X 24-liter Kevlar* Netherlands Complete Titanium frame ultraclean *There is only one polypropylene cable for the two systems 10000 m; conducting Kevlar* 24 X 24-liter Netherlands Complete Titanium frame *There is only one ultraclean PVDF cable for the two systems 13 X 5-L Teflon- Powder coated 4000 m; 8 mm New Zealand Complete lined Niskin-X; aluminium Kevlar line 13 X 5GO-Flo Norway In Standard 12 positions 5-L Niskin-X
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development CTD Rosette GO Powder coated Complete* aluminum, SeaBird 3000m, steel Poland (although the 8x 10L GoFlo Rosette conducting cable cable is steel)
10l G-FLO X Poland Complete Single bottle 300m Kevlar Teflon coated Surface water Poland Complete Teflon pump on-line 1.5m fixed pump In Teflon hose Poland Pump CTD Up to 200m development 10mm Powder coated Complete* aluminium, SeaBird 24 × 12-L Niskin 4000 m, steel Russia (although the Rosette SBE9p bottles conducting cable cable is steel) occupied CTD SBE 9+ In Powder coated development aluminium, SeaBird GO-FLO, Niskin- 10000 m, conducting Russia (by 2021– Rosette and all titanium X, 24 × 12-L Kevlar 2024) housings and fittings Powder coated aluminium, titanium 24 X 12-liter GO- 6500 m; Kevlar South Africa Complete housing/fittings Flo cable
10,000 m; South Korea Complete Titanium frame 24 × 12L PVDF conducting Kevlar 2 x Titanium frame, Ti 24 10-L OTE 2 x 8000m UK Complete pressure housings 24 10-L OTE conducting Kevlar USA - Powder coated 12 X 12-L GO- 1500 m; conducting Complete CLIVAR aluminium Flo Kevlar Powder coated USA - aluminium with 24 X 12-L GO- 8000 m; conducting GEOTRACE Complete titanium pressure Flo Kevlar S housings and fittings Seabird Rosette. USA- Powder coated University of aluminium with Ti parts 12 X 5-L Teflon- No Kevlar line Complete Alaska and pressure housing. lined Niskin-X available yet. Fairbanks Fires at pre- programmable depths Seabird Rosette. SBE- USA- 19plusV2 CTD unit. Old Powder coated 12 X 5-L Teflon- 2000 m 0.5-inch Complete Dominion aluminium with Ti parts lined Niskin-X Kevlar wire University and pressure housing. Fires at pre- 3-31
programmable depths Powder coated USA – Polar aluminium with 12 X12-L 3000 m; conducting Complete Programs titanium pressure Niskin-X Kevlar housings and fittings
4. Plans for the coming year
Towards Intermediate Data Product 2021 The development of the web-based metadata portal will continue over the next reporting period, with the goal for it to be functional for data contributors to use for the IDP2021. GEOTRACES hopes that this data portal will not only smooth the production of the remaining intermediate and final data products for the GEOTRACES programme, but will provide a data management framework for future programmes.
Also, having completed over half of the global survey (Figure 1) GEOTRACES plans to continue to advance the GEOTRACES field programme through section cruises (with one section cruise from China scheduled so far for the next reporting period), supplemented by process studies (3 already planned for next year) that have investigated particular physical, chemical, and biological processes regulating the distributions of these TEIs.
Capacity building through GEOTRACES Summer Schools Following the successful GEOTRACES Summer School organised in August 2017 in Brest, France, GEOTRACES has decided to organise GEOTRACES summer schools every two years. GEOTRACES is currently preparing the second summer school, to be held in September 2019 in Cadiz, Spain as reported previously. The third GEOTRACES summer school is already planned to be held in 2021 in Germany.
In addition, a workshop “Southern Ocean Biogeochemistry in a Changing World” will be held in Hobart, Australia, on 12-13 September 2019, immediately after the 2019 SSC meeting. The workshop will bring together national and international GEOTRACES scientists as well as local students and researchers in biogeochemical oceanography, modelling and paleoceanography focused on the Southern Ocean’s response to climate change.
Scientific workshops The following scientific meetings will be organised:
Regional and Basin Workshops: A fourth East Asia GEOTRACES Workshop will be organised in Xiamen in fall 2019 (initially planned for early 2019). This workshop will continue collaboration advanced by the third East Asia Workshop (16-18 January 2017, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan), where a first picture of the current status of the studies in the Northwestern Pacific Ocean (NWPO) was completed and important scientific questions and directions for regional collaborative studies were defined.
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Future synthesis of results workshops: GEOTRACES plans to continue its synthesis efforts initiated by the suite of three synthesis workshops (in 2015, 2016 and 2018, http://www.geotraces.org/science/synthesis-of-results) by organising a synthesis workshop on sensitivity to trace elements and isotopes cycles to global change to be held in 2021 (tentatively) in Germany. This workshop will combine new knowledge gained from GEOTRACES with the latest models of TEIs. The workshop should also continue the efforts in bringing together the observational and modelling communities fostered by the three Data-Model Synergy Workshops that GEOTRACES organised in 2007, 2009, and 2011. In any case, the synthesis will continue to respond to the expectation that GEOTRACES results benefit other oceanographic disciplines.
Biogeoscapes effort GEOTRACES investigators and the IPO will provide advice and recommendations, as appropriate, to help launch this new programme as needed.
Acknowledgements Once more, we wish to express our gratitude to SCOR and Ed Urban for the continuous support and valuable advice generously given to help with the implementation of the GEOTRACES programme.
Written and compiled by: Elena Masferrer Dodas (GEOTRACES IPO Executive Officer) Catherine Jeandel (GEOTRACES IPO Science Director) Andrew Bowie and Phoebe Lam (Co-Chairs GEOTRACES SSC) Bob Anderson, Gideon Henderson and Reiner Schlitzer (Past GEOTRACES SSC Co-chairs) Maeve Lohan and Walter Geibert (Co-Chairs of the GEOTRACES S&I Committee) Alessandro Tagliabue and Bill Landing (Co-Chairs of the GEOTRACES DMC Committee) Mohamed Adjou (GEOTRACES Data Manager
May 2019
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3.2 Surface Ocean–Lower Atmosphere Study (SOLAS) Miller, Penner (joint with Future Earth, WCRP, and CACGP)
Terms of Reference: To develop the Surface Ocean - Lower Atmosphere Study (SOLAS) Science Plan and an Implementation Strategy, in accordance with guidance of the sponsoring organisations. To oversee the development of SOLAS in accordance with its Science Plan/Implementation Strategy. To collaborate, as appropriate, with other related projects of IGBP, WCRP, SCOR and CACGP and related projects and programmes (e.g., IHDP, DIVERSITAS, IOC and the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS), etc.) To establish appropriate data management policies to ensure access to, sharing of, and preservation of SOLAS data, taking into account policies of the sponsors. To report regularly to SCOR, IGBP, WCRP and CACGP on the state of planning and accomplishments of SOLAS. The SOLAS SSC, its subsidiary groups and International Project Office shall operate in accordance with the operating procedures for IGBP Projects and as required by other co-sponsors.
Chair: Lisa Miller (Canada)
Other Members: Katye Altieri (South Africa), Philip Boyd (Australia), Erik van Doorn (Germany), Cristina Facchini (Italy), Laura Gallardo (Chile), Santiago Gassó (USA), Arne Körtzinger (Germany), Mohd Talib Latif (Malaysia), Maurice Levasseur (Canada), Anoop Mahajan (India), Peter Minnett (USA), Jun Nishioka (Japan), Jurgita Ovadnevaite (Ireland), Anna Rutgersson (Sweden), Parvadha Suntharalingam (UK), Guiling Zhang (China-Beijing)
Executive Officer: Jessica Gier
Executive Committee Reporter: Joyce Penner
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SOLAS Annual Report to SCOR
Reporting period: May 2018 - May 2019 Version of 11 June 2019 by Jessica Gier
I. Progress on implementation of project science and implementation plans, and schedule for major project activities, including open science meetings, major data releases, synthesis activities, and project completion
I.a. SOLAS 2015-2025: Science Plan and Organisation The SOLAS science mission is organised around five core themes:
Core Theme 1: Greenhouse gases and the oceans Core Theme 2: Air-sea interface and fluxes of mass and energy Core Theme 3: Atmospheric deposition and ocean biogeochemistry Core Theme 4: Interconnections between aerosols, clouds, and marine ecosystems Core Theme 5: Ocean biogeochemical control on atmospheric chemistry
In addition, the study of these themes are integrated in efforts to understand key environments, for example, upwelling systems, polar oceans, and the Indian Ocean, as well as to evaluate the environmental efficacy and impacts of climate intervention proposals, policy decisions, and societal developments.
The SOLAS 2015-2025: Science Plan and Organisation (SPO) is available to download from the SOLAS website (http://www.solas-int.org/about/solas.html) and hardcopies are available upon request from the IPO.
I.b. SOLAS 2015-2025. Implementation Strategy SOLAS chose to use a pragmatic approach with a continually evolving 2-year implementation strategy. This approach means that the document is a moving target that is regularly (i.e., annually) updated. The implementation strategy is intended to be a live web-based document only and is available for download from the SOLAS website at http://www.solas- int.org/activities/implementation.html.
The latest iteration of the Implementation Strategy was released online in April 2018 and the update for 2019 is in progress. Upcoming SOLAS-related activities include:
iCACGP annual meeting, Montreal, Canada, 6-8 July 2019 BEPSII annual meeting at the IGS Sea Ice Symposium, Winnipeg, Canada, 16-18 August 2019 Global Ocean Oxygen Network (GO2NE) summer school, Xiamen, China, 2-7 September 2019 Shipping & the Environment II, Gothenburg, Sweden, 4-6 September 2019 OceanObs'19, Hawai'i, USA, 16-20 September 2019 3-35
SCOR annual meeting, Toyama, Japan, 23-25 September 2019 IGAC SSC meeting, Mexico City, Mexico, 29-30 October 2019 CATCH annual meeting at the AGU, San Francisco, USA, 9-13 December 2019 CATCH Open Science workshop, Berkeley, USA, 7-8 December 2019 Ocean Sciences Meeting, San Diego, USA, 16-20 February 2020 Treatise on basic research needs in evaluating proposed climate intervention strategies 8th International Symposium on Gas Transfer at Water Surfaces, Plymouth, United Kingdom, 19-22 May 2020 Asian SOLAS-remote sensing workshop, 2020 8th international SOLAS Summer School, Cape Verde, 2021 SOLAS Open Science Conference, 2022
I.c. Collaboration between CLIVAR, GCP, IMBeR, IOCCP, SOLAS, and WCRP on Ocean Carbon Recognising the importance of improving holistic understanding of the role of the ocean in the global carbon cycle in the context of its societal and economic importance, the Working Group on Integrated Ocean Carbon Research has been created under the auspices of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC). This think tank succeeds and expands on the mandate of the previous SOLAS-IMBER ocean carbon research group; it has a broader focus, and involvement of a larger expert community, including representatives of CLIVAR, GCP, IOCCP, and WCRP.
The major activity of 2018 has been the formation of the executive panel of the working group and adoption of terms of reference. Plans for 2019 include: (a) expanding membership of the working group to include specific carbon expertise currently not covered within the executive panel; (b) the first face-to-face meeting of the group, which is planned for 28-30 October 2019, in Paris, France, to formulate the more detailed scope of the working group's activities; and (c) development of links to ongoing relevant initiatives (e.g., the Regional Carbon Cycle Assessment and Processes, RECCAP 2). Specific areas of interest are the interactions of the organic and inorganic ocean carbon cycles, and the impacts of the changing ocean carbon cycle on ocean health, including higher tropic levels and sustainable fisheries.
I.d. SOLAS metadata portal The SOLAS metadata portal was set up by the SOLAS project integration initiative (2007-2013) with the intention to help SOLAS scientists identify what data exist, where they are stored, and the data originators. The portal is hosted by NASA and the metadata files are stored on the international standard Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). The resource is freely available to the entire community at http://www.solas-int.org/solas-metadata-portal.html.
The SOLAS metadata portal is an ongoing effort. Scientists can help expanding the SOLAS metadata base by completing a simple template available at http://tinyurl.com/328zjr5 and emailing it to [email protected].
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I.e. Collaboration with Climate and Cryosphere (CliC) and the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) on Biogeochemical Exchange Processes at Sea-Ice Interfaces (BEPSII) http://www.bepsii.org
Biogeochemical Exchange Processes at Sea-Ice Interfaces (BEPSII) started in 2011 with a focus on sea-ice biogeochemistry and was a SCOR working group from 2012 until September 2016, and has since been endorsed as a SOLAS-CliC Activity (from 2016) and as a SCAR Action Group (from 2017). Following a workshop in Switzerland in 2018, the BEPSII community is now preparing a Position Analysis on Arctic sea-ice biogeochemical responses to climate change for submission to Nature Communications. The BEPSII Special feature in Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene has been finalised (18 accepted contributions), the 5- year activity plan was completed, and a new website and logo were launched. SOLAS will support the BEPSII annual meeting, which is planned for 16-18 August 2019 in Winnipeg, Canada.
I.f. Collaboration with International Global Atmospheric Chemistry (IGAC) on Cryosphere and Atmospheric Chemistry (CATCH) https://sites.google.com/view/catchscience/home The Cryosphere and Atmospheric Chemistry (CATCH) project facilitates atmospheric chemistry research within the international community, with a focus on natural processes specific to cold regions of the Earth. The operational mode of CATCH was shaped in 2018 and CATCH now operates with a scientific steering committee (SSC), co-chairs, and liaisons with related activities elected by the community and rotated every four years. Katye Altieri (SOLAS SSC member) was named the SOLAS liaison to CATCH in Feb. 2019. The CATCH SSC holds monthly tele- conferences to discuss updates and planning of activities, and will hold its first annual physical meeting immediately after the CATCH December 2019 workshop.
I.g. Collaboration with Integrated Marine Biosphere Research project (IMBeR): SOLAS/IMBER Ocean Acidification (SIOA) The SIOA provides a key advisory role to the Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre (OA-ICC) at the International Atomic Energy Agency in Monaco. In 2018, the SIOA/IAEA OA-ICC continued to act as an international coordination platform for ocean acidification research and collaboration by
Ensuring that scientists have access to recently updated, state-of-the-art software to calculate ocean acidification parameters, and that ocean acidification data collected across the globe is properly archived, accessible, and comparable. This is particularly relevant in the context of reporting of countries on the UN SDG 14.3. Acting as a hub for global stakeholders interested in ocean acidification, providing unique resources such as its comprehensive bibliographic database and a news stream updated daily with info on ocean acidification scientific articles, media coverage, jobs, and meetings. Providing increased awareness about ocean acidification with contributions to major reports and working groups, highly visible international events and meetings, training courses, the OA-ICC web site, news stream, and communication products. Providing enhanced capacity in ocean acidification research and networking opportunities 3-37
in 2018 for 53 researchers from 32 IAEA Member States. Contributing to the development of international and regional coordination activities and networks, such as GOA-ON, LAOCA, and OA-AFRICA. Contributing to methodology development for UN SDG14.3 on Ocean Acidification and helping countries to get ready to report towards that target. Improved software used by the scientific community working on ocean acidification to calculate carbonate chemistry parameters, e.g. to offer new options to allow for uncertainty propagation and to use of new oceanographic standards (TEOS-10) for temperature and salinity. The most recent work on uncertainty propagation is described in Orr et al. 2019. The largest OA community meeting, “The Ocean in a High CO2 World”, will take place in Lima, Peru, 7-10 September 2020.
The 2019 SIOA and OA-ICC annual meeting took place in Monaco from 27-28 May.
I.h. Collaboration with Ocean Carbon & Biogeochemistry (OCB) SOLAS participated and supported the OCB Workshop on Oceanic Methane and Nitrous Oxide: The present situation and future scenarios, Los Angeles, USA, 28-31 October 2018.
Ocean Carbon & Biogeochemistry (OCB) Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction Subcommittee. https://www.us-ocb.org/about/ocb-subcommittees/subcommittee-on-ocean-atmosphere- interactions/
The scientific focus of this subcommittee is on ocean-atmosphere interactions and their role in marine biogeochemical cycles). The subcommittee secured funding for a workshop on “Ocean- Atmosphere Interactions: Scoping directions for U.S. research”, which will be held 1-3 October 2019 in Sterling, VA, USA (https://web.whoi.edu/air-sea-workshop/), and will gather U.S. scientists working at the air-sea interface to identify research priorities and facilitate the communication and collaboration required for future significant research advances. The workshop will serve as a critical next step in strengthening the U.S. air-sea interaction research community and encouraging synergistic activities across disciplines and nations. This 3-day scoping workshop will be open to interested members of the community, but attendance will be limited to ~60-65 scientists who are prepared to contribute to in-depth discussions about research priorities and engagement with international SOLAS. Participants will present and share cutting edge research and participate in discussions to identify key knowledge gaps and prioritise research needed to advance the field. From the discussions at the workshop, the OAIC will assemble a “grassroots” document to help assemble the U.S. air-sea interaction research community around a common set of science goals and research priorities. The workshop and its outcomes are expected to strengthen ties between the ocean and atmosphere research communities and foster a more cohesive U.S. contribution to international SOLAS. We will send out another announcement when the workshop website and registration is open.
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II. Activities (including capacity building) and publications that resulted from the project’s work since the previous year’s report
II.a. SOLAS Workshops on Core Themes 4 and 5 SOLAS Event Report Issue12 These consecutive workshops were held 27-29 November 2018 in Rome, Italy, They focused on the SOLAS core themes 4 and 5 and included experimentalists and modellers, representing the oceanographic and atmospheric science communities. Scientists from 17 different countries joined the workshops representing a wide range of career stages.
I. Workshop I was about the “Influence of coastal pollution on marine atmospheric chemistry: effects on climate and human health”. This workshop focused on the importance of the coastal environment from the air-sea interaction point of view and on the different aspects of coastal pollution (air and water), with the main objectives to a) discuss how coastal pollution affects gas and particles emitted over the coasts, and b) understand the effects of coastal pollution on the air quality-climate system and human health.
Participants articulated a series of research needs for air-sea exchange investigations in the coastal environment. The necessity of linking different scientific communities (atmosphere, ocean, toxicology, and human society) through the development of a multidisciplinary investigation approach was deemed of paramount importance to significantly advance the science. The necessity of integrating laboratory and field observations, remote sensing and modelling was also highlighted, together with the importance of implementing integrated sea-atmosphere long-term observations in the coastal environment, which are almost non- existent at present.
This workshop was organised jointly by SOLAS and the ‘International Global Atmospheric Chemistry’ project.
II. Workshop II was about the “Interconnections between aerosols, clouds, and marine ecosystems in contrasting environments”. The workshop was motivated by the existence of many large programs (highlighted in the annual reports from the SOLAS national networks) aimed at improving our understanding of the complex and highly dynamical interconnections be- tween aerosols, clouds, and marine ecosystems. The goals of this workshop were to address the science of the ocean ecosystem-aerosol-cloud linkage (one of the key elements of the Sur- face Ocean - Lower Atmosphere Study (SOLAS) science plan), to make the participants aware of what other programs are doing, and to initiate cross- cutting studies. Participants in the different programs, as well as all interested researchers working on these topics, were invited to attend the workshop in order to share and compare their findings, to cross-fertilise their research, and to contribute to a community paper. The following programs were present: Antarctic Circumnavigation Expedition (ACE); Plankton- derived Emissions of trace Gases and Aerosols in the Southern Ocean (PEGASO); Process studies at the air-sea interface after dust deposition in the Mediterranean Sea (PEACETIME); Network on Climate and Aerosols: Addressing Key Uncertainties in Remote Canadian Environments (NETCARE); Marine biological production, organic aerosol particles and marine clouds: a Process Chain (MarParCloud); Surface Ocean 3-39
Aerosol Production (SOAP); North Atlantic Aerosols and Ma- rine Ecosystems Study (NAAMES); Reef to Rain Forest (R2R); Impact of Biogenic versus Anthropogenic emissions on Clouds and Climate: towards a Holistic UnderStanding (BACCHUS); and Variability of the American Monsoon Systems Ocean-Cloud-Atmosphere- Land Study (VOCALS).
II.b. SOLAS Open Science Conference 2019 www.solas-int.org/osc2019.html
The 7th SOLAS Open Science Conference 2019 took place on 21-25 April 2019 in Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan, and was organised by a committee of 31 people, hailing from 17 countries. We welcomed 190 attendees from 30 countries to share their research and knowledge of SOLAS science. The five core themes and three cross-cutting themes outlined in the current SOLAS Science Plan 2015-2025 were covered by plenary lectures. These were complemented by poster session for each of the Themes in the afternoons, as well as nine discussion sessions (three in parallel on three days) which provided an opportunity for the community to identify new frontiers to explore. Details about the speakers, plenary/poster/discussion sessions can be found on the SOLAS OSC website, and a SOLAS Event Report will be published. In addition to the main conference, a day-long Climate Intervention Workshop (https://www.confmanager.com/main.cfm?cid=2778&nid=16739), led by Philip Boyd of the In- stitute of Marine and Antarctic Studies at the University of Tasmania, Australia, and Cliff Law of the National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, New Zealand, brought together observationalists, modellers, and legal experts working on the interactions between the ocean and the atmosphere. The workshop assessed how SOLAS science can contribute to the debate around negative CO2 emission technologies (NETs) and geoengineering. In addition to considering different NET approaches and how SOLAS science can add rigour to their assessment, the work- shop examined international governance frameworks and discussed how the air-sea research community can help inform the decision-making process in climate intervention. SOLAS recognises our responsibility in investigating the scientific basis of many carbon dioxide removal and solar radiation management techniques, such as iron fertilisation, alkalinity addition or increasing surface ocean reflectivity. The day before the conference, an Early-Career Scientists Day (https://www.confmanager. com/main.cfm?cid=2778&nid=16704) brought together 25 doctoral students and postdoctoral researchers to network, discuss, and share their respective research. Lectures delved into the rea- sons why science needs to remain fun and accessible and into knowledge mobilisation of re- search activities within the public at large. Following the lectures, each participant presented their research during three-minute talks which were accompanied by two-minute Q&A, and Early-Career peer evaluations. The best three talks were given awards during the conference banquet. The Early-Career Scientists Day ended with a field trip to Lake Shikotsu.
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II.c. SOLAS Summer School SOLAS Event Report Issue 11 http://www.solas-int.org/summer-schools-archive-kopie-224.html The summer school gathered 64 students and 17 lecturers and practical demonstrators. The students came from 24 countries and were all either graduate students or recent post-docs in various fields of oceanography and atmospheric science. The lecturers were international experts on SO- LAS science who also hailed from around the world. These people were brought together under the leadership of Christa Marandino, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Germany, with the help of an organising committee consisting largely of past summer school alumni and lecturers.
II.d. Collaboration with ESA Tom Bell represented SOLAS at the ESA Atlantic from Space workshop, Southampton, 23-25 January 2019. Potential collaborations between SOLAS and ESA were discussed and a summary of the workshop will be available soon. An ESA-SOLAS session on “Remote Sensing of the Ocean Surface and Lower Atmosphere - a SOLAS Session” was held at the ESA Living Planet Symposium at the ESA Living Planet Symposium, Milan, Italy, 12-16 May, 2019. Diego Fernández-Prieto, ESA ESRIN, mentioned ESA’s very high interest in continuing the collaboration with SOLAS, for example through joint activities on upwelling regions.
II.e. Collaboration with PICES SOLAS Event Report Issue 10 SOLAS was engaged with the scientific planning of the 4th International Symposium on "The Effects of Climate Change on the World's Oceans", Washington DC, USA, 4-8 June 2018. SOLAS organised a session on Eastern Boundary Upwelling Systems: Diversity, Coupled Dynamics and Sensitivity to Climate Change. This was a PICES, ICES, IOC, FAO event. PICES jointly sponsored the Early-Career Scientist Day during the SOLAS Open Science Conference, 21 April 2019, in Sapporo, Japan. A report about the event will be published in the next PICES newsletter. The PICES-2018 annual meeting took take place in Yokohama, Japan, 25 October-4 November 2018. Lisa Miller attended the meeting and represented SOLAS. The next PICES annual meeting will take place 16-27 October 2019 in Victoria, BC, Canada. Lisa Miller will represent SOLAS at the meeting.
II.e. SOLAS Integrated Atmosphere-Ocean time-series station in Cape Verde The goal of this time series station is to better understand ocean-atmosphere interactions and the role of the sea surface microlayer. The aim of the Helmholtz International Ocean-Atmosphere Network (HI-OceAN) is to advance air-sea interaction science while providing a unique platform to the international community. The proposed air-sea platform will build upon existing time- series stations/infrastructure at Cape Verde. A development and funding (Helmholtz International Labs) meeting was held on 22-23 October, 2018, in Kiel, Germany. The proposal was submitted in March 2019 and the outcome will be announced in fall 2019.
Project partners: o GEOMAR, Kiel, Germany: Christa Marandino, Anja Engel, Arne Körtzinger o University of York, York, UK: Lucy Carpenter 3-41
o Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel: Ilan Koren o Instituto Nacional de Desenvolvimento das Pescas, Cape Verde: Osvaldina Silva o Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia e Geofisica, Cape Verde: Bruno Faria
II.f. Additional SOLAS events Past events: Meeting with sister organisations, Victoria, BC, Canada, 1 May 2018, to facilitate joint activities in global environmental change research SOLAS SSC Meeting 2018, Victoria, BC, Canada, 2-4 May 2018. POLAR2018, A SCAR & IASC Conference, Davos, Switzerland, 15-26 June 2018 BEPSII & ECV-Ice annual meetings, Davos Switzerland, 15-17 June 2018. Future Earth Summit, Bonn, Germany, 28-29 August, 2018 SFB 745 Ocean Deoxygenation conference, Kiel, Germany, September 2018 SCOR annual meeting, Plymouth, United Kingdom, 10-13 September 2018 IIOE-2 Working Group 1 Science & Research Meeting, Kiel, 28-30 November 2018 SCOR China annual meeting, Zhoushan, China, 28-29 December 2018 The 4th Xiamen Symposium on Marine Environmental Sciences, SOLAS session “Surface Ocean and Lower Atmosphere Study - Air-Sea interactions and their climatic and environmental impacts”, Xiamen, China, 6-9 January, 2019. A SOLAS Event Report Issue 13 Royal Society Future Earth meeting, Wolfson suite, UK, 28 February 2019 GESAMP / iCACGP / SOLAS session on “Air-sea Chemical Fluxes : Impacts on Biogeochemistry and Climate”, EGU, Vienna, 7-12 April 2019 SOLAS SSC meeting, 26-28 April 2019, Sapporo, Japan Journée Future Earth, Paris, France, 9 May 2019 First Global Planning Meeting of the Preparatory Phase of the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development, Copenhagen, Denmark, 13-15 May 2019 Ocean KAN meeting, Copenhagen, Denmark, 16 May 2019
II.g. SOLAS publications Version 3 of the FluxEngine toolbox, which is an output from the joint ESA - SOLAS project, 'OceanFlux GHG' and is an open source toolbox for calculating air-sea CO2 gas fluxes from in situ, model, and Earth observation data. The FluxEngine can be used through the web portal (http://www.ifremer.fr/cersat1/exp/oceanflux/).
A discussion of new methods for inferring CO2 fluxes at high resolution from satellite data: Hernández-Carrasco I, Garçon V, Sudre J, Garbe C, and Yahia H (2018) Increasing the Resolution of Ocean pCO2Maps in the South Eastern Atlantic Ocean Merging Multifractal Satellite-Derived Ocean Variables. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING, 56(11): 6596 - 6610. DOI: 10.1109/TGRS.2018.2840526
SOLAS remote sensing priorities identified at the ESA-SOLAS workshop in Frascati, Italy, 2016:
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Neukermans G, Harmel T, Galí M, Rudorff N, Chowdhary J, Dubovik O, Hostetler C, Hu Y, Jamet C, Knobelspiesse K, Lehahn Y, Litvinov P, Sayer AM, Ward B, Boss E, Koren I, and Miller LA (2018). Harnessing remote sensing to address critical science questions on ocean- atmosphere interactions. Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene, 6(1), p.71. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.331
A new tool for assessing uncertainties in the ocean CO2 system from the SOLAS-IMBeR Ocean Acidification working group:
Orr JC, Epitalon J-M, Dickson AG, and Gattuso J-P (Nov 2018). Routine uncertainty propagation for the marine carbon dioxide system. Marine Chemistry 207: 84-107.
A synthesis of the results from the SOLAS-sponsored NETCARE project: Abbatt JPD, Leaitch WR, Aliabadi AA, Bertram AK, Blanchet JP, et al. (2019) New insights into aerosol and climate in the Arctic. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions, European Geosciences Union, 19, 2527–2560, 2019. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-2527-2019
A synthesis of the results from the SOLAS-sponsored NAAMES project: Behrenfeld MJ, Moore RH, Hostetler CA, Graff J, Gaube P, Russell LM, Chen G, Doney SC, Giovannoni S, Liu H, Proctor C, Bolaños LM, Baetge N, Davie-Martin C, Westberry TK, Bates TS, Bell TG, Bidle KD, Boss ES, Brooks SD, Cairns B, Carlson C, Halsey K, Harvey EL, Hu C, Karp-Boss L, Kleb M, Menden-Deuer S, Morison F, Quinn PK, Scarino AJ, An- derson B, Chowdhary J, Crosbie E, Ferrare R, Hair JW, Hu Y, Janz S, Redemann J, Saltzman E, Shook M, Siegel DA, Wisthaler A, Martin MY, and Ziemba L (2019) The North Atlantic Aerosol and Marine Ecosystem Study (NAAMES): Science Motive and Mission Overview. Frontiers in Marine Science. 6:122. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2019.00122
SOLAS Event Report series: Issue 13, March 2019. SOLAS session at XMAS IV, Xiamen, China, 6-9 January 2019. Issue 12, January 2019. Two consecutive workshops on SOLAS Core Themes 4 and 5, Roma, Italy, 27-29 November 2018. Issue 11, December 2018. The 7th international SOLAS Summer School, Cargèse, Corsica, France, 23 July - 4 August 2018. Issue 10, August 2018. Session on: „Eastern Boundary upwelling systems: diversity, coupled dynamics and sensitivity to climate change” at ECCWO, Washington DC, USA, 2-8 June, 2018. Issue 09, May 2018. Workshop on: “Remote Sensing for Studying the Ocean Atmosphere Interface”, Potomac, Maryland, USA, 13-15 March, 2018.
SOLAS Position Statement on Climate Intervention http://solas-int.org/statement-on-geoengineering.html
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SOLAS Code of Conduct http://solas-int.org/code-of-conduct.html
II.h. SOLAS communications Website, http://www.solas-int.org/ The IPO is currently redeveloping and updating the SOLAS website, with a new design and structure with the website support agency “Erdmann & Freunde” (https://erdmann- freunde.de/en/).
Monthly e-news: 13 SOLAS e-news have been sent to over 1000 SOLAS scientists since the last SCOR report in May 2017. The monthly e-news releases compile news from SOLAS, opportunities for meetings, abstract submission deadlines, recent publications, vacancies, and news from relevant partner projects and collaborators. In May 2018, with implementation of the General Data Protection Regulation, the SOLAS mailing list was deleted and re-established. Before deletion, the mailing list included 2500 subscribers and is now back to 1060. Past issues of the e- news can be viewed on the SOLAS website: http://solas-int.org/archive.html. Event Report series, reports on SOLAS sponsored or co-sponsored events. An event report is published after each SOLAS-sponsored event. These reports are sent to the SOLAS sponsors and other interested parties and are released in combination with the monthly e-news.
Poster: A poster presenting SOLAS and its new science plan is available to download on the SOLAS website. Anyone is welcome to freely use it for conferences/meetings/workshops or just to have a brief overview of SOLAS.
Presentation: A SOLAS presentation for workshop organisers is available upon request from the IPO.
Twitter account: Regular posts (currently 582) are being sent out and the number of followers is steadily increasing (currently 578). Twitter: @SOLAS_IPO
II.i. SOLAS national networks http://solas-int.org/community/national-networks.html SOLAS has National Representatives in 30 countries around the globe. The national representatives are asked to report annually on SOLAS activities in their countries. To facilitate the reporting effort, a template form is provided. In May 2019, 15 reports were received and are posted on the SOLAS website. The information contained in the reports has been a great source of information for the IPO to report to sponsors but also to facilitate coordination and dissemination of results and progress from national projects to the rest of the SOLAS community. Information provided through the reports is also used to update the implementation strategy.
All reports received during the reporting period are available in an Addendum to this document. Current national networks:
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Australia: Sarah Lawson and Andrew Bowie Belgium: Nathalie Gypens Brazil: Leticia Cotrim Da Cunha * Canada: Jon Abbatt Chile: Laura Farias * China (Beijing): Minhan Dai China (Taipei): Chonlin Lee Denmark: Lise Lotte Soerensen and Mikael Sejr * Finland: Lauri Laakso France: Rémi Losno * Germany: Christa Marandino and Hartmut Herrmann India: VVSS Sarma * Israel: Yoav Lehahn Ireland: Brian Ward * Italy: Chiara Santinelli * Japan: Yuzo Miyazaki Korea: Kitack Lee Mexico: Jose Martin Hernandez Ayon * Netherlands: Jan-Berend Stuut New Zealand: Cliff Law Norway: Siv Lauvset Peru: Michelle Graco * Poland: Timo Zielinski Russia: Sergey Gulev * South Africa: Sarah Fawcett * Spain: Alfonso Saiz-Lopez Sweden: Katarina Abrahamsson * Turkey: Baris Saglihoglu, Mustafa Koçak, Nazli Olgun UK: Tom Bell * USA: Rachel Stanley
SOLAS has not yet received the 2018 report
II.j. Endorsed project since the previous year’s report March 2019: Impact of atmospheric multi-stressors to coastal marine systems in a changing climate scenario (AMBIEnCE). Website: https://projectambience.wordpress.com/ Information on all endorsed projects is available on the SOLAS website: http://www.solas-int.org/activities/project-endorsement.html.
III. Income and expenses for the past year and budget for the coming year, including funding from all sources (not only SCOR funding) Executive director salary, office space and in kind provided by GEOMAR until 3-45
December 2020. Project officer salary provided by NSF funding via SCOR/GEOMAR. Esther Rickert was hired for 4 months in 2018 and was hired with the new NSF fund from January 2019. Project officer salary, office space and in kind provided by MEL until September 2020 US-NSF via SCOR annual grant of 25kUSD through 2018, 2/3rd cover the cost of the SSC meetings. US-NSF via SCOR annual grant of 32-35kUSD until September 2021. About half to cov- er the cost of the SSC meetings. Future Earth annual block grant of 15kEUR contributing to the costs of the SSC meetings.
IV. Update on the Scientific Steering Committee and International Project Office status since the last report
IV.a. SOLAS Scientific Steering Committee Lisa Miller (F, Canada) is the 5th SOLAS SSC Chair, acting for 3 years, from January 2018 until December 2020.
SOLAS has an Executive Committee composed of the Chair Lisa Miller, Katye Altieri, Cristina Faccini, and Maurice Levasseur.
The following SSC members rotated off at the end of 2018:
Veronique Garçon (finished her ex-officio term) Ilan Koren Alfonso Saiz-Lopez Phil Boyd, Peter Minnett, and Parvadha Suntharalingam finished their first terms at the end of 2018 and were renewed for second terms.
In January 2019, two new SSC members were appointed:
Anoop Mahajan (M, India) Jurgita Ovadnevaite (F, Ireland)
Phil Boyd will be completing his second term at the end of 2019, and we are currently searching for a replacement with expertise in climate intervention science.
Guiling Zhang, Anna Rutgersson, Erik van Doorn, and Jun Nishioka will finish their first terms at the end of 2019 and were renewed for second terms
The current membership of the SOLAS SSC is 17 members including the chair:
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Last name First Country of Scientific expertise SOLAS expertise Term End name employ- ment Gender Sunthara- Numerical modelling / Parvadha UK F Theme 1 and 3 2 2021 lingam C, N, S bgc cycles Carbon cycle, Ocean Körtzinger Arne Germany M Theme 1, Upwelling 1 2020 observation
Zhang Guiling China F Bgc of trace gases Theme 1, Coastal ocean 1 2019
Remote sensing, phys- Minnett Peter USA M Theme 2 2 2021 ical air-sea exchange Theme 2, Air-sea physical inter- Coastal ocean, Science & Rutgersson Anna Sweden F 1 2019 action society, WCRP rep Mohd Microlayer, atmosph. Latif Malaysia M Theme 2 and 5 1 2020 Talib aerosols
Theme 3 and 5, South Af- Atmospheric mole- Altieri Katye F Polar oceans, Science & 1 2020 rica cules, climate policy society
Theme 3, Boyd Phil Australia M Marine bgc 2 2019 geoengineering
Remote sensing, Theme 3 and 4, Gasso Santiago USA M 1 2020 aerosols, dust transport NASA connection Ocean bgc, dimethyl- Theme 3 and 4, Polar Levasseur Maurice Canada M sulfide, Arctic, ice 2 2020 oceans algae Atmospheric Theme 4 and 5, Upwelling, Gallardo Laura Chile F modeling, Coastal ocean, Science & 1 2020 pollutants society, IGAC Physical and chemical Themes 4 and 5, Coastal Facchini Cristina Italy F processes in multi- 2 2020 ocean phase atm. systems Aerosol chem, physics Ovadnevaite Jurgita Ireland F Themes 4 and 5 1 2021 and cloud processes Atm chemistry, halo- Mahajan Anoop India M gens, climate model- Theme 5, Indian Ocean 1 2021 ling Sea-ice bgc and marine Theme 2, Polar oceans, Miller Lisa Canada F 2 2020 inorganic bgc PICES connection Oc. trace metal bgc Theme 3, Polar oceans , Nishioka Jun Japan M cycle, Polar oceanog- 1 2019 Coastal ocean raphy and sea-ice bgc Van Doorn Erik Germany M Law of the Sea Science and Society 1 2019
The current gender and country balance of the SSC is as follows, for a total of 17 members including the chair: 3-47
8 female, 9 male 4 members from developing countries and 13 from developed countries
IV.b. SOLAS International Project Office The SOLAS IPO is hosted at the GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel in Kiel, Germany. In April 2018, Jessica Gier was appointed the SOLAS Executive Director. The salary of the Executive Director and office space for the IPO, are supported by GEOMAR until December 2020.
A proposal to NSF to maintain a Project Officer position at GEOMAR was approved in September 2018, and Esther Rickert was appointed on a half-time basis. Every three months, GEOMAR sends an invoice to SCOR, and Esther submits a job description to SCOR.
Minhan Dai and MEL, Xiamen University supports a SOLAS regional hub and an additional project officer, Li Li, until September 2020.
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3.3 International Quiet Ocean Experiment Urban, Halpern
Terms of Reference: The IQOE Science Committee (SC) has the primary responsibility for coordination and management of IQOE activities that are international in nature. The main duties of the IQOE SC include the following:
Advocate for and coordinate international activities of the IQOE Science Plan Review and report annually on progress in project implementation Refine the future project agenda annually and propose updates to the Science Plan as necessary Develop and oversee any subcommittees, working groups, and task teams necessary to implement international activities related to the IQOE Science Plan Establish and oversee the IQOE International Project Office (IPO) and its staff Serve as a resource for national committees Organize planning workshops as needed to establish research and observational priorities Promote partnerships with other projects and organizations to achieve IQOE goals Promote discussion about IQOE benefits with and among all stakeholders Endorse proposals for activities that are directly within the IQOE Science Plan or whose results can add to IQOE Define IQOE products Seek financial resources from national and international funding sources to support the implementation of IQOE Foster dissemination of the findings of the IQOE program Define indicators and metrics for evaluation and demonstration of IQOE progress
Co-Chairs: George Frisk (USA) and Peter Tyack (UK)
Other Members: Olaf Boebel (Germany), Christ de Jong (The Netherlands), Robert McCauley (Australia), Jennifer Miksis-Olds (USA), Hanne Sagen (Norway), Steve Simpson (UK), Jakob Tougaard (Denmark), and Alexander Vedenev (Russia)
Executive Officer: Ed Urban
Executive Committee Reporter: David Halpern
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IQOE News #3 August 2019
Endorsed projects (7): ADEON, JOMOPANS, JONAS, PHYSIC, QUIETMED2, SanctSound, TANGO Publications in Aquatic Acoustic Archive: 4,689 IQOE Email List: 211
IQOE Co-founder Knighted IQOE co-founder Ian Boyd was knighted at the 2019 Queen’s Birthday Honors in June 2019 “for services to Science and Economics on Food and the Environment” and for his “visionary leadership in his role as Chief Scientific Advisor at DEFRA”, the UK Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. Congratulations, Sir Ian!
ECO Magazine Special Issue on Underwater Sound IQOE sponsored development of a special issue of ECO Magazine focused on ocean sound. This issue is a well-balanced presentation of the issues related to sound in the ocean, with excellent articles on science, technology, management, and the environment. This publication will be helpful for public outreach related to IQOE. The embedded sounds from the ocean from DOSITS (https://dosits.org/) should be especially helpful to attract public interest to the issue of sound in the ocean.
IQOE Data Office The Alfred Wegener Institute in Bremerhaven, Germany has recently announced that it is seeking one data scientist and one data engineer to develop a data system for ocean acoustics data. These individuals will work with the IQOE Working Group on Data Management and Access and Working Group on Standardization to implement their terms of reference. Advertisements for these positions are available at Data Scientist and Data Engineer. The deadline for applications is 31 August 2019. Please contact Olaf Boebel if you have questions.
OceanObs’19 IQOE Science Committee members Jennifer Miksis-Olds and Hanne Sagen teamed with Bruce Howe, Eric Rehm, Peter F. Worcester, and Georgios Haralabus to produce a community white paper for OceanObs’19 entitled “Observing the Oceans Acoustically”. This paper combines information about the use of both passive and active acoustics to study the global ocean. The paper has been published in Frontiers in Marine Science.
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IQOE and the IQOE WG on Arctic Acoustic Ecosystems have submitted abstracts for posters to be presented at the meeting.
Please let Ed Urban know if you will be attending OceanObs’19. We are hoping for a good showing of people interested in observations of acoustics and bioacoustics in the ocean, and may plan some acoustics-focused event.
Ocean Sound Essential Ocean Variable (EOV) The Biology and Ecosystems Panel of the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS) has adopted an Ocean Sound EOV, under the responsibility of IQOE. An IQOE Panel supported by the Partnership for Observation of the Global Ocean (POGO) proposed this EOV and created the specification sheet. IQOE and GOOS are discussing next steps to progress this EOV, including the potential for an implementation meeting in the coming year.
News from Endorsed Projects
JOMOPANS: Joint Monitoring Programme for Ambient Noise North Sea Contributed by Niels Kinneging: “Jomopans implements a monitoring strategy for continuous sound in the North Sea. The project responds to requirements of the European Marine Strategy Framework Directive, but the resulting data will also be available for the wider community of underwater sound specialists.
The second year of Jomopans is crucial for the project. All activities are now in full swing and Jomopans scientists are enthusiastically working on the results. Most of the 14 measurement stations around the North Sea are now operational and data will be gathered for all seasons in 2019. In addition, the first soundscape maps are being produced through propagation modelling.
In the first half of 2019, the development of the GES Tool resulted in great progress. Michael Carder Ltd. was contracted to build the tool and in a very animated workshop the functionality of the tool was further detailed. After a short delay in 2018, the tool is now on track again.
Apart from the technical developments, the future use of Jomopans results is being discussed with the marine managers of all participating countries. In this way, the results can be adapted to the needs of the marine managers and the system can be made operational shortly after the project’s end.
Jomopans participated in the Aquatic Noise conference in The Hague from 7 to 12 July and organized (in co-operation with IQOE) two workshops on monitoring underwater sound on 13 July, also in The Hague.
On 8 October, the Jomopans Midterm event will be held in London. This will be an opportunity to meet the Jomopans team, discuss the progress of Jomopans, the connection with other projects and learn more about sound in the sea. More information can be found shortly in our newsletter and on the Jompans website (www.northsearegion.eu/jomopans).”
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PHYSIC: Ports, Humpbacks, Y Soundscapes In Colombia Contributed by Kerri Seger: “During the month of May, two students at Javeriana University in Bogota continued data analysis to assemble time series of sound sources at the Morro Mico site. These students also submitted an abstract to the Senalmar conference in Barranquilla, Colombia, in October to practice their presentation skills and take ownership over processing cyclical sound comparisons in the dataset. Also during the month of May, Dr. Kerri Seger (PHYSiC PI) processed the Ecological Acoustic Recorder (EAR) sound samples as power spectral density percentiles. A diel cycle in humpback whale singing activity, with nighttime peaks, was easily discernible. Boat passes were only detectable in the 99th percentile, confirming expectations that this environment is relatively pristine compared with many other passive acoustic monitoring sites in more disturbed areas of the world, where boat engine noise occurs in lower percentiles more often. These results have been requested by numerous local councils and university groups writing a manifesto to petition the Colombian government not to proceed with port construction. These results were also disseminated at the Acoustical Society of America conference in Louisville, Kentucky, with Dr. Chris Verlinden presenting on the behalf of Dr. Seger, who was unable to attend. Journalists and filming agencies from the UK and Colombia have asked for statements about the soundscape of the Gulf of Tribugá during the last few weeks. Planning for the 2019 season began in May 2019.”
QUIETMED2: Joint programme for GES assessment on Descriptor 11-noise in the Mediterranean Marine Region (2019-2021) The IQOE Science Committee approved endorsement of QUIETMED2 in May 2019. This project will support implementation of the second cycle of the European Union’s Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). QUIETMED2 will assess the extent to which Good Environmental Status (GES) on underwater noise has been achieved in the Mediterranean Region. “The project will help implement this GES standard through
i) a joint proposal of a candidate for an impulsive noise indicator in the Mediterranean Region; ii) a common methodology for Competent Authorities to establish threshold values on impulsive noise in the Mediterranean region; iii) a data and information tool to support the implementation of the monitoring programs of impact of impulsive noise based on the current joint impulsive noise register developed under QUIETMED project, which will be demonstrated on iv) an operational pilot of the tool; and v) several activities to boost regional cooperation efforts of the Barcelona Convention.” (from endorsement proposal)”
The QUIETMED2 consortium is made up of 11 entities from 8 EU Member States (Spain, Italy, Malta, Greece, Cyprus, Croatia, Slovenia and Denmark) and is linked to the Barcelona Convention (UNEP/MAP) and to other Conventions as OSPAR and HELCOM. This project will
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help all EU Member States cooperate in the Mediterranean Marine Region to implement the next 6-year cycle of MSFD requirements. See http://quietmed2.eu/.
SanctSound: NOAA Navy Sanctuary Soundscape Monitoring Project IQOE approved endorsement of SanctSound in June 2019. From the SanctSound endorsement application: “The U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the U.S. Navy are engaged in a multi-year effort to monitor underwater sound within the U.S. National Marine Sanctuary System. The agencies are working with numerous scientific partners to study sound within 7 national marine sanctuaries and one marine national monument, in waters off the east coast region of the United States (Stellwagen Bank, Gray’s Reef and Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuaries), the west coast region (Olympic Coast, Monterey Bay and Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuaries) and the Pacific region (Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary and Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument). The project is designed to provide standardized baseline information as a context to understand both how much sound is introduced within these protected areas by specific sources and potential impacts to the areas’ marine taxa and habitats.”
Get you project endorsed IQOE would like to endorse any research project or observation activities that are relevant to IQOE. Information about the endorsement process and endorsed projects can be found at http://www.iqoe.org/projects. The benefits of endorsement include increased international visibility of endorsed projects, which are usually national or regional, and the potential for joint activities with other endorsed projects and with other IQOE-involved scientists
Changes in the IQOE Website A link was added to the passive acoustic data from the MBARI MARS Cabled Observatory (see https://iqoe.org/acoustic-data-portal). The system provides access to hourly spectrograms from the Monterey Bay area collected since August 2015. More information about the system and its purpose can be found at https://www.mbari.org/technology/solving-challenges/persistent-presence/mars- hydrophone/. Information has been added to the Endorsed Projects page for the two newly endorsed projects, QUIETMED2 and SanctSound. The terms of reference and membership of the Working Group on Marine Bioacoustical Standardization were approved by the IQOE Science Committee and this information was added to the IQOE Web site (see https://www.iqoe.org/groups/marine-bioacoustical- standardization).
We still need help from the community to do the following (send update information to Ed Urban at [email protected]):
update the database of passive acoustic observatories (https://iqoe.org/systems), submit IQOE-relevant papers for the IQOE literature database (https://iqoe.org/library) submit entries for the portal to acoustic data (https://iqoe.org/acoustic-data-portal) 3-53
submit entries for the portal to marine animal sounds (https://iqoe.org/marine-animal- sounds), and submit projects for endorsement.
WG Progress
IQOE established four working groups in 2016 and one in 2019:
WG on Acoustic Measurement of Ocean Biodiversity Hotspots (chaired by Aran Mooney, USA): A subset of the group (Lucia Di Iorio, Mark Lammers, Aran Mooney, Miles Parsons, Craig Radford, and Jenni Stanley) met in The Netherlands on 13 June to finalize a review paper and discuss other aspects of the group’s future work. The paper will summarize the advantages and challenges of measuring biodiversity using passive acoustic methods and will provide a framework for future research. This is one of the primary tasks of the working group. The group also discussed membership changes and affirmed its terms of reference. Participants discussed and outlined future projects that the team can work on together, including a multi-site experiment measuring the same parameters in different parts of the world with comparable methods, maybe even with the same equipment. Finally, the group discussed multiple funding options for future projects and working group meetings, and several white papers, which will be the group’s goal after the framework manuscript is submitted.
Meeting of Acoustic Measurement of Ocean Biodiversity Hotspots WG in The Hague
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WG on Arctic Acoustic Environment (co-chaired by Hanne Sagen, Norway and Philippe Blondel, UK): The group met for the first time in Paris, France on 29-30 January 2019 and identified actions to implement the group’s terms of reference. The group was represented at the UACE2019 Conference by Philippe Blondel and will be represented at OceanObs’19 by Hanne Sagen. IQOE and the IQOE-endorsed Jomopans project (see earlier) co-sponsored concurrent workshops on “Guidelines for observation of ocean sound” and on “Monitoring continuous underwater sound – beyond acquisition” on 13 June 2019 in The Hague, Netherlands. These workshops were held on the day after Aquatic Noise 2019 and contributed to the work of the IQOE WG on Data Management and Access (chaired by Rob McCauley, Australia) and WG on Standardization (co-chaired by Christ de Jong and Michael Ainslie, Netherlands).
For the workshop on “Guidelines for observation of ocean sound”, the organizers collected, analyzed, and summarized information about existing guidelines for measuring, processing, reporting, and managing ocean sound data from various national and international projects. The organizers presented results of the collated information at the workshop, including suggestions for standardized guidelines, for discussion with the participants. Organizers will report on the discussions of the workshop in a document that will provide guidelines where consensus could be achieved and describing the obstacles to reaching further consensus. After review by workshop participants and the IQOE WG on Standardization, the final report will be published on the IQOE website. The purpose of the workshop on “Monitoring continuous underwater sound – beyond acquisition” was to discuss the requirements for data management, sharing and to find solutions for best possible harmonisation. Workshop participants developed the following declaration.
Declaration from the workshop The participants of the workshop “Monitoring continuous underwater sound: beyond acquisition” state that the sharing of knowledge and data in the field of underwater acoustics is essential to progress in the scientific field as well as on the management of underwater sound. Measured and modelled data, and corresponding metadata, including the processing pathways, should be stored with the highest resolution possible in an easy- to-find repository.
Long-term international co-operation needs to be established and supported in order to realize an operational framework for sharing and disseminating acoustical raw and/or processed data from monitoring programmes.
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Meeting of IQOE WGs on WG on Data Management and Access and WG on Standardization in The Hague
The IQOE WG on Marine Bioacoustical Standardization was approved in June 2019 and held its kick-off meeting at the Park Hotel in The Hague on 13 July 2019. Chaired by Michele Halvorsen (USA) and Michael Ainslie (Netherlands), its present membership comprises Tomonari Akamatsu (Japan), Rebecca Dunlop (Australia), Dorian Houser (USA), Robert McCauley (Australia), Sander von Benda-Beckmann (Netherlands), and Paul Wensveen (Iceland). The purpose of this group is to increase comparability of results from different locations and institutions by promoting standardization in the field of marine bioacoustics. After the terms of reference are in place, the group’s first task will be to develop an inventory of existing standards.
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Meeting of Marine Bioacoustical Standardization WG in The Hague
National/Regional Activities
Canada
The MERIDIAN Underwater Acoustic Data Discovery Portal Contributed by Ines Hessler: “Have you ever thought about how convenient it would be if a platform existed that enables you to find available and well-described underwater acoustic data that you may want to assess for its suitability to support your research, advance the project you are currently working on, or simply get an overview of other acoustic datasets available in your region of interest?
If you quietly answered yes to the above question, be assured that such platform will be available soon! We at MERIDIAN (Marine Environmental Research Infrastructure for Data Integration and Application Network), a Canada Foundation for Innovation funded national CyberInfrastructure project, are currently in the process of building a data discovery portal that will provide you with the opportunity to discover available underwater acoustic resources and contribute rich descriptions of your own datasets. The interface of the discovery layer will allow for web-based searching by keywords, geographical extent and other attributes. To contribute descriptions of your individual datasets (aka metadata) we are developing a web-based and user- friendly metadata submission form. For larger collections we offer direct harvesting of information using common information exchange protocols such as CSW (Catalog Service for the Web) and OAI-PMH (Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting).
We are currently in the process of testing the discovery portal and its workflows, initially internally but soon with a selected number of community members. We are aiming at completing 3-57
testing and feedback implementation in the course of the coming few months and will, hopefully, be able to make the discovery service’s prototype available later in the year. For further information and inquiries don’t hesitate to send an email to [email protected].”
United Kingdom The Underwater Sound Forum held a Bioacoustics Conference on 17-18 April 2019.
USA The U.S. Quiet Ocean Project held a data “standards” workshop on 6-7 August 2018 in Washington, D.C. and has released a report from the workshop on Recommendations Related to Passive Ocean Acoustic Data Standards. The U.S. SanctSound project was endorsed by IQOE. The U.S. Office of Naval Research issued a Broad Agency Announcement in 2018 to respond to research areas of interest to Task Force Ocean. White papers were due on 31 January 2019. The funded research that will result is likely to stimulate ocean acoustics research and support for graduate students and post-doctoral fellows in the United States in the next several years. As a direct result of IQOE discussions, passive acoustic monitoring was added to the Stones Mooring in the Gulf of Mexico, funded by the funded by U.S. Gulf Research Program and Shell. The first results are being analyzed.
IQOE Email List: IQOE maintains an email list containing your first name, surname, and email address. We do not collect or store any additional information or share our email list with other organizations. If you wish to unsubscribe from the IQOE email list at any time, please click the “Unsubscribe” link at the bottom of this page.
Upcoming Meetings—New meetings have been added to the calendar of IQOE-relevant events.
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3.4 Integrated Marine Biosphere Research (IMBeR) project (joint with Future Earth) Claydon, Burkill
Terms of Reference To develop the IMBER Science Plan and Implementation Strategy, in accordance with guidance from the sponsoring organisations. To oversee the development of IMBER in accordance with its Science Plan and Implementation Strategy. To collaborate, as appropriate, with related projects of the sponsors IGBP and SCOR, and other related programmes and organisations (e.g., IHDP, DIVERSITAS, IOC and the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS), etc.) To establish appropriate data management policies to ensure access to, sharing of, and preservation of IMBER data, taking into account the policies of the sponsors. To report regularly to SCOR and IGBP on the state of planning and the accomplishments of IMBER.
The IMBER SSC, its subsidiary groups and International Project Office shall operate in accordance with the operating procedures for IGBP Projects and the requirements of the other co-sponsors.
Chair: Carol Robinson (UK)
Vice-Chairs: Marion Glaser (Germany), Eugene Murphy (UK), Cisco Werner (USA)
Other Members: Laurent Bopp (France), Dan Costa (USA), Chris Cvitanovic (Australia), Mark Dickey-Collas (Denmark), Rubén Escribano (Chile), Gerhard Herndl (Austria), Alistair Hobday (Australia), Oscar Iribarne (Argentina), Olav Sigurd Kjesbu (Norway), Frank Muller- Karger (USA), Alice Newton (Portugal), Suvaluck Satumanatpan (Thailand), David VanderZwaag (Canada), Ingrid van Putten (Australia), and Ying Wu (China-Beijing).
Executive Committee Reporter: Peter Burkill
Executive Officer: John Claydon
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Annual Report to SCOR 2018 - 2019
A. Introduction
The Integrated Marine Biosphere Research project (IMBeR) is a global environmental change research initiative co-sponsored by the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR) and Future Earth.
In 2016, IMBeR produced a science and implementation strategy for the next decade, underpinned by the vision, “Ocean sustainability under global change for the benefit of society”.
This vision recognises that the evolution of marine ecosystems (including biogeochemical cycles and human systems) is linked to natural and anthropogenic drivers and stressors, as articulated in the new IMBeR research goal to “Understand, quantify and compare historic and present structure and functioning of linked ocean and human systems to predict and project changes including developing scenarios and options for securing or transitioning towards ocean sustainability”.
To implement its vision and goal, IMBeR’s mission is to “Promote integrated marine research and enable capabilities for developing and implementing ocean sustainability options within and across the natural and social sciences, and communicate relevant information and knowledge needed by society to secure sustainable, productive and healthy oceans”.
IMBeR science aims to foster collaborative, interdisciplinary and integrated research that addresses important ocean and social science issues, and provides the understanding needed to propose innovative societal responses to changing marine systems. Implementation of the IMBeR Science Plan is underpinned by the International Project Office (IPO) in Bergen, Norway sponsored by the Institute of Marine Research (IMR) and the Norwegian Research Council, and the Regional Project Office (RPO) in Shanghai, China supported by the State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research (SKLEC) at the East China Normal University (ECNU). The IMBeR research goal is progressed through the activities of regional programmes, working groups and endorsed projects, and is facilitated through focussed workshops (IMBIZOs), conferences and symposia, and the training of early career researchers at biennial Climate- Ecosystem (ClimEco) summer schools. [Further details at http://www.imber.info.]
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B. IMBeR Science Plan and Implementation Strategy (2016-2025) http://www.imber.info/resources/images/prosjekter/imber/IMBeR-Science-Plan-and- Implementation-Strategy-2017.pdf
The Science Plan and Implementation Strategy (SPIS 2016-2025) is developed around three Grand Challenges (GC) focussing on climate variability, global change and drivers and stressors. The qualitative and quantitative understanding of historic and present ocean variability and change (Grand Challenge I) are the bases for scenarios, projections and predictions of the future (Grand Challenge II). These are linked in Grand Challenge III to understand how humans are causing the variability and changes, and how they in turn are impacted by these changes, including feedbacks between the human and ocean systems. Priority research areas with overarching and specific research questions are identified for each Grand Challenge. The Grand Challenges are supplemented with four Innovation Challenges (IC) that focus on new and emerging topics. Specific members of the scientific steering committee are designated as “Challenge Champions” to oversee progress towards the objectives of the Grand Challenges made by the Regional Programmes, Working Groups, Endorsed Projects, and IMBeR meetings and other activities (Figure 1).
Figure 1. Contribution of the Regional Programmes, Working Groups and Innovation Challenges to the objectives of the Grand Challenges
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C. Selected science highlights in 2018-2019
A list of publications is given in Section K, and activities which have specifically progressed the objectives of the Science Plan are given in Section G. Here we identify a selection of studies and activities where IMBeR has contributed to the progression of fundamental knowledge in marine interdisciplinary science.
[For details of the figures presented, please refer to the original publication referenced]
1. Cubaynes et al. (2019) [British Antarctic Survey / ICED (IMBeR regional programme ICED – Integrating Climate and Ecosystem Dynamics)] demonstrated that advances in the resolution of satellite imagery now allow baleen whales to be identified definitively from satellite imagery. They used imagery from the WorldView-3 satellite to manually identify and count four different mysticete species: fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus) in the Ligurian Sea, humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) off Hawaii, southern right whales (Eubalaena australis) off Península Valdés (Argentina), and gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus) in Laguna San Ignacio (Mexico). The study demonstrated that high resolution satellite imagery can be used to monitor great whales.
2. Atkinson et al. (2019) (IMBeR regional programme ICED – Integrating Climate and Ecosystem Dynamics) observed major shifts in the distribution of krill: over the last 90 years, krill (Euphausia superba) have moved and contracted southwards in response to warming seas. Along with changing their geographic distribution, there have also been major changes in the size of krill, their densities, and the levels of recruitment. As a keystone species in the Antarctic, these changes have major implications for the species that feed on krill, and therefore food web structure and biogeochemical cycling. These findings are invaluable for the management of both the globally important fisheries of the Antarctic and its iconic biodiversity.
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3. Orr et al (2018) (SOLAS-IMBeR Ocean Acidification Working Group - SIOA) developed new tools for estimating uncertainties for calculated ocean acidification variables. Previously, such uncertainties were seldom reported. These authors created software to propagate uncertainties and provided it as add-ons to four commonly used public packages that compute marine carbonate chemistry [CO2SYS- Excel (Visual Basic), CO2SYS- MATLAB (MATLAB), seacarb (R), and mocsy (Fortran)]. These tools, along with a new type of diagram to visualise the uncertainties, should allow propagating uncertainties to become standard practice for calculations of marine CO2 system variables.
4. In one of the first global studies of its kind, using stable isotopes Pethybridge et al (2018) identified previously unknown effects of warming oceans on marine top predators and their food webs. Through the network created by CLIOTOP (Climate Impacts on Oceanic Top Predators, IMBeR Regional Programme), they were able to collate samples of three species of tuna collected over a 16-year period by multiple research programmes. They found that the oxygen minimum zones – areas starved of oxygen – have a large effect on the food chain, and in the foraging behaviour of top predators, and that patterns were consistent across different regions. Because deoxygenation is a direct effect of climate change, these low oxygen zones are predicted to expand. The findings have broad implications and improve our ability to model the effects of climate change on ocean ecosystems.
5. Marine social-ecological systems are dynamic and involve many different groups of people, all with different understandings of the system, different priorities, and different visions about the future. While they all share a need to anticipate future changes, especially in the context of accelerated global change, it is difficult to combine these different actors effectively in the same process. To address this, and using the Barents Sea as a case study, Planque et al. (2019) developed a widely applicable ‘participatory scenario method’ where actors develop scenarios jointly and can effectively explore the future of marine social‐ecological systems.
6. In global change science, the term ‘regime shift’ is typically restricted in its use to refer to the dramatic changes in a system from one ecological state to another. However, Nayak and Armitage (2018) have shown that this concept needs to be broadened to include social processes. Thus, considering ‘social-ecological regime shifts’ helps to identify suitable management interventions and approaches to governance. The study is a further example of the growing importance of interdisciplinary research to address global change. 3-63
7. The IMBeR regional programme SIBER (Sustained Indian Ocean Biogeochemistry and Ecosystem Research) led the development of the first Special Issue on the Second International Indian Ocean Expedition (IIOE-2) for publication in Deep-Sea Research II – The 2nd International Indian Ocean Expedition (IIOE-2): Motivating New Exploration in a Poorly Understood Basin, Volume 1. This is the first compendium of scientific papers to emerge from IIOE-2 and three of the editors are/were SIBER SSC members. A second volume is in preparation and is scheduled to be published later in 2019, with contributions from SIBER SSC members.
8. The IMBeR Marine Data Hub was launched (https://ccdatahub.ipsl.fr/). The Marine Data Hub is a product arising from the IMBeR IMBIZO 5 Critical Constraints on Future Projections of Marine Systems workshop. The hub links ecological, physical, biogeochemical and societal data sets for global models. It raises awareness of high-quality data products, and encourages exchange.
9. Future Oceans2 – the 2nd IMBeR Open Science Conference (OSC) was held in Brest, France, on 17-21 June 2019. The meeting was attended by 553 delegates, with 27 sessions and 10 workshops, 549 oral presentations, 194 Posters, and an Early Career Researcher Day
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during which IMECaN (the IMBeR Interdisciplinary Marine Early Career Network) was launched.
10. The Fourth CLIOTOP Symposium – Oceanic biodiversity under climate change: shifts in natural and human systems – was successfully held in Keelung, Taiwan, on 15-19 October 2018. This was attended by most CLIOTOP SSC members and the IMBeR International Project Office staff and drew good attendance, particularly from across Asia, a regional area where CLIOTOP has been working on expanding its network of collaborators. The conference was especially well attended by early career researchers and students.
11. ClimEco6 (IMBeR Summer School) was held at the Gadja Mada University in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 1-8 August 2018. The theme of the summer school was “Interdisciplinary approaches for sustainable oceans” and participants were provided with practical ways to deal with the challenges arising from working across social and natural science disciplines. There were 59 participants from 19 countries.
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D. Regional Programmes Brief descriptions of the Regional Programmes and their major activities over the last year are presented below. Further details on their activities can be found in Section G. Implementation of the IMBeR Science Plan.
Ecosystem Studies of Subarctic and Arctic Seas (ESSAS) https://essas.arc.hokudai.ac.jp/
ESSAS objectives are to understand how climate variability and climate change affect the marine ecosystems of Subarctic and Arctic seas and their sustainability and, in turn, how changes in marine ecosystems affect humans (https://essas.arc.hokudai.ac.jp).
The Resilience and Adaptive Capacity of Marine Ecosystems in the Arctic (RACArctic) is an ESSAS initiative between Japan, the USA and Norway and is funded by the Belmont Forum. RACArctic held its 3rd stakeholder meeting in Tromsø, Norway, on 19 March 2019.
ESSAS was very involved in the IMBeR Future Oceans2 OSC (17-21 June 2019): ESSAS convened the session ‘Arctic marine ecosystems in a changing climate’ (28 oral presentations and 15 posters) to better understand recent variability and changes in the Arctic. ESSAS workshops: (1) The Bioenergetics working group (WG) organised a workshop on ‘Bioenergetics and survival trajectories of Arctic fish in response to environmental stressors’, and (2) the AnalogueART WG (Natural Analogues of an Arctic in Rapid Transition) convened a workshop on ‘Using natural analogues to investigate the effects of climate change and ocean acidification on northern ecosystems’.
Integrating Climate and Ecosystem Dynamics in the Southern Ocean (ICED) www.iced.ac.uk/index.htm
The ICED regional programme aims to better understand climate interactions in the Southern Ocean, the implications for ecosystem dynamics, the impacts on biogeochemical cycles, and the development of sustainable management procedures. ICED is co-sponsored by SCAR (Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research).
ICED scientists in the USA (including Eileen Hofmann and Walker Smith) convened a Town Hall meeting at the fall AGU meeting in Washington, DC, USA in December 2018 with the aim of leveraging funding for a multidisciplinary, multinational effort in the Ross Sea to study the entire food web (end-to-end analyses), as well as a winter study involving novel technologies, and a study to investigate the initiation of the spring phytoplankton bloom. National Science Foundation and international representatives were present. An additional meeting was held in early 2019 in order to facilitate additional community input to address these critical scientific issues at circumpolar scales.
ICED contributed to the IMBeR Future Oceans2 OSC, convening the session ‘Managing the effects of change on Southern Ocean ecosystems: Understanding, challenges, and solutions`. This was linked to ‘Southern Ocean ecosystems: a workshop on the Marine Ecosystem Assessment for the region (MEASO)’. The aim of the session was to reflect on the past decade of ICED science and apply insights to improve research on understanding and projecting changes in
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Southern Ocean ecosystems so that it is relevant to conservation and management decisions. The session focussed on: (i) Southern Ocean species and ecosystems; (ii) Modelling and projections of ecological change; (iii) Policy implications and decision-making (with a focus on integrated understanding of natural and human systems interactions). The workshop explored and discussed (i) the merits of different methods for assessing the status and trends of ecosystems, (ii) the respective utilities of the results for making management decisions on mitigating or adapting to prognoses of change, and (iii) how best to communicate the results to end users. The workshop was attended by natural and social scientists.
CLimate Impacts on Oceanic TOp Predators (CLIOTOP) http://imber.info/science/regional-programmes/cliotop
The CLIOTOP regional programme organises large-scale comparative studies to elucidate key processes involved in the interaction between climate variability and change, and human use of the ocean on the structure of pelagic ecosystems and large marine species.
The very successful Fourth CLIOTOP Symposium was held in Keelung, Taiwan, on 15-19 October 2018.
Karen Evans, co-chair of CLIOTOP, was nominated to the Executive Planning Group for the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development. In this role, Evans provides a direct link between IMBeR and planning for the UN Decade.
Sustained Indian Ocean Biogeochemistry and Ecosystem Research (SIBER) https://incois.gov.in/portal/siber/index.jsp)
The SIBER regional programme is co-sponsored by the Indian Ocean GOOS (IOGOOS) Programme, with close ties to CLIVAR’s Indian Ocean Panel (IOP). It focuses on understanding climate change and anthropogenic forcing on biogeochemical cycles and ecosystems in the Indian Ocean, to predict the impacts of climate change, eutrophication and harvesting. The 2nd International Indian Ocean Expedition (IIOE-2) was motivated by SCOR, SIBER, IOGOOS, and IOP and has become the main scientific focus of SIBER.
There have been multiple Indian Ocean research activities motivated by or directly associated with SIBER. Notable among these are activities of the Eastern Indian Ocean Upwelling Research Initiative (EIOURI), and the activities associated with the new SOLSTICE-WIO programme, which most recently included the Agulhas Bank Ecosystem Study cruise with the South African RV Ellen Khuzwayo (March 2019), and the May-June 2019 cruise with Australia’s new RV Investigator (May/June 2019). The track repeats that of a cruise that was part of the original IIOE, almost 60 years ago. Other significant SIBER-associated research has been conducted through the African Coelacanth Ecosystem Programme (ACEP), with a cruise in May 2019.
SIBER convened a session at Future Oceans2 ‘The Second International Indian Ocean Expedition (IIOE-2): Motivating New Exploration in a Poorly Understood Basin’. The session brought together observationalists and modellers to exchange information and understanding on 3-67
the current ‘state-of-knowledge’, gaps, challenges, and future directions in observing and modelling the complex physical, biogeochemical and ecological processes in the Indian Ocean in the context of anthropogenic influences and climate change.
E. Working Groups Brief descriptions of the Working Groups are presented below. Further details on their activities can be found in Section G. Implementation of the IMBeR Science Plan.
IMBeR-Future Earth Coasts Continental Margins Working Group (CMWG) http://www.imber.info/en/projects/imber/science/working-groups-1/cmwg
The CMWG aims to compare a sparsely populated northern Arctic shelf region with a shelf in a heavily populated Southeast Asian region. The CMWG is a collaboration between IMBeR and Future Earth Coasts. The CMWG convened a session at Future Oceans2 titled ‘Ecosystem-social interactions in marginal seas’. The session aimed to improve understanding of marginal social- ecological systems, guiding sustainable development of resources and advising governance regimes to facilitate sustainable governance, facilitating equitable sharing of margin resources, and evaluating alternative research approaches and partnerships that address major margin challenges.
Human Dimensions Working Group (HDWG) http://www.imber.info/en/projects/imber/science/working-groups-1/human-dimensions- working-group-hdwg
The HDWG has continued to develop systems understanding of the human dimensions of marine resource use and interactions with global oceans. In particular, work by members of the group is pivotal to guiding and informing IMBeR Grand Challenges II and III. Achieving sustainable ocean governance is a rapidly developing field of research potentially heightened by a global focus on blue growth/economy.
At the IMBeR Future Oceans2, the HDWG convened a workshop and three sessions. The workshop ‘Visioning Global Ocean Futures’ explored how the Nature Futures Framework of IPBES resonates for the ocean, contributing to iterative cycles of visioning, stakeholder co- creation, and modelling at global, regional and local scales that are supported by the IPBES Scenarios and Models Expert Group. The sessions – (i) ‘Modelling social-ecological systems: methods and tools for scenario development and prediction’, (ii) ‘Designing the quilt of sustainable ocean governance’, and (iii) ‘But why won’t they use my science? Improving the impact of marine science on policy; advances in theory and practice’ – explored and promoted the integration of human dimensions and governance into IMBeR-related science.
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IMBeR-CLIVAR Eastern Boundary Upwelling Systems Working Group (EBUS) http://www.imber.info/en/projects/imber/science/working-groups-1/eastern-boundary- upwelling-systems-ebus
EBUS focuses on the potential effects of climate change on the intensity, seasonality and geography of upwelling systems and their ecological and socio-economic consequences. The WG promotes understanding of biogeochemical, biological, fish and fisheries processes and trends on the four major coastal upwelling regions, i.e. California, Humboldt, Canary and Benguela, and their socio-economic impacts. In 2017, EBUS submitted a successful proposal to SCOR to form a SCOR working group co- chaired by IMBeR SSC member Ruben Escribano.
The EBUS SCOR WG met on 9 December 2018 in Washington DC. The group discussed issues relevant to modelling predictions and projections in EBUS and decided on the following actions: (1) Explore the opportunity to collaborate with the U.S. CLIVAR Working Group “Changing Width of the Tropical Belt”, (2) Form a task team specifically focussed on this cross-shore wind stress comparison, (3) Planning for a summer school will continue via conference calls in winter and spring, and (4) Review and register comments on the IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate (SROCC; specifically the box on upwelling systems). R Escribano provides the link between this WG and IMBeR.
Integrated Ocean Carbon Research IOC-R Collaboration between SOLAS, IMBeR, the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission - International Ocean Carbon Coordination Project (IOC-IOCCP), Global Carbon Project, World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) and CLIVAR
Following the disbandment of the SOLAS-IMBeR Carbon Working Group in 2017 (with the exception of SIOA), it was recognised that there was an important void to fill by the ocean carbon community. In July 2018, the IOC Secretariat agreed to the establishment of the Integrated Ocean Carbon Research working group (IOC-R). IOC-R is still in an early stage of development. The scientific committee includes IMBeR members Laurent Bopp, Niki Gruber and Carol Robinson and the first meeting will be held in October 2019.
SOLAS-IMBeR Ocean Acidification (SIOA) https://www.iaea.org/ocean-acidification
The SOLAS-IMBeR Ocean Acidification Working Group continues to make advances, through the Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre (OA-ICC), to its core activities of setting up a Global Observing Network, organising joint experiments and intercomparison exercises, providing advice on best practices and contributing to capacity building and outreach.
Selected highlights can be found in the quarterly releases from the OA-ICC available on their web page (above).
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F. Endorsed projects
Atlantic Meridional Transect (AMT) https://www.amt-uk.org/
AMT is a multidisciplinary programme which undertakes biological, chemical and physical oceanographic research during an annual voyage between the UK and destinations in the South Atlantic. The AMT provides a platform for scientists to collect and analyse data related to a range of oceanographic science areas. Over 256 scientists have participated in AMT cruises and many more have worked with the data, which are accessible through the British Oceanographic Data Centre (BODC). Over 300 scientific papers have been published, and the long-term nature of the data (>20 years) continues to be useful in analysing trends and forecasting future outcomes.
Gulf of Trieste Time series (GoTTs) http://nettuno.ogs.trieste.it/ilter/GoTTs/en_index.html
The Department of Biological Oceanography of the Italian National Institute of Oceanography and Experimental Geophysics is responsible for the Gulf of Trieste site as part of the Long Term Ecological Research network in the North Adriatic. The research activities, which have continued since 1970, range from marine biogeochemistry to ecology and are aimed at understanding the dynamics governing marine ecosystems and to evaluate the role of the ocean in the global energy balance.
Ocean acidification and Biogeochemistry: variability, trends and vulnerability (VOCAB) http://www.imber.info/en/projects/imber/science/endorsed-projects/vocab
This project aims to address some of the gaps in our current knowledge of the vulnerability of selected marine ecosystems in Irish waters to ocean acidification (OA), by exploring some of the complex biogeochemical processes occurring at fine scales, and by studying the larger scale biogeochemistry of ocean waters impinging on those ecosystems. Fine-scale sampling focuses on three areas, one of direct commercial interest (shellfish aquaculture) and two of wider importance (kelp beds and deep water coral ecosystems). NUI Galway and the Marine Institute led the GO-SHIP A02 survey in 2017 and the report has now been completed. Since then, several new systems have been installed on the RV Celtic Voyager that have enabled the collection of a variety of surface water and atmospheric samples. Surveys and fieldwork are continuing.
Processes and Approaches of Coastal Ecosystem Carbon Sequestration (PACECS) http://www.imber.info/en/projects/imber/science/endorsed-projects/pacecs
The aim of PACECS is to investigate the key processes and mechanisms of carbon sequestration in coastal ecosystems in order to propose ways in which to increase the ocean carbon sink. Most of this ‘Blue Carbon Sink’ resides in the biomass of phytoplankton, bacteria, archaea, and protozoa, so maximising the efficiency of this sink requires fundamental knowledge of the dynamics of marine microbes.
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The Study of Kuroshio Ecosystem Dynamics for Sustainable Fisheries (SKED) http://snf.fra.affrc.go.jp/html/english/index.html
This interdisciplinary study aims to investigate the paradox of high fisheries production in the low-nutrient Kuroshio western boundary Current of the North Pacific Ocean, in order to ensure sustainable use of this ecosystem.
Mechanisms of Marine Carbon Storage and Coupled Carbon, Nitrogen and Sulphur cycles in response to global change (MCS-CNS) http://www.imber.info/en/projects/imber/science/endorsed-projects/mcs-cns
The sensitivity of marine biogeochemical cycles to climate change remains unclear, especially for key processes that influence the long-term health of marine ecosystems. By understanding the interactions between the microbial carbon pump and the biological carbon pump, this project aims to decipher the mechanisms of marine carbon storage, and the response of biogeochemical processes to climate change and anthropogenic activities.
Marine Ecosystem Modelling and Forecasting System in the China Seas and Northwestern Pacific (MEMFiS) http://imber.info/en/science/endorsed-projects/memfis
Focusing on the ecology of the Bohai, Yellow, East and South China seas, and the Northwestern Pacific, the MEMFiS project aims to develop an integrated modelling and forecasting framework, using high-resolution physical-ecosystem models and data from multiple sources. By investigating ecosystem variability at different temporal and spatial scales, several key scientific questions are being tackled. Marine ecosystem variability is addressed at the interface of different systems, parameterizations optimised for biogeochemical processes in different regions, data assimilation and ecosystem forecasting using multiple observations, not only from moorings, buoys and ships, but also from bio-Argo, gliders and high-resolution satellite imagery.
Integrated Arctic Observation System (INTAROS) http://www.intaros.eu/
INTAROS is developing an integrated Arctic Observation System (iAOS) by extending, improving and unifying existing systems in the different regions of the Arctic. An integrated Arctic Observation System will enable better-informed decisions and better-documented processes within key sectors (e.g. local communities, shipping, tourism, fishing), to strengthen the societal and economic role of the Arctic region.
G. Implementation of the IMBeR Science Plan
IMBeR regional programmes and working groups are working towards the research goal outlined in the SPIS (2016-2025). Progress towards achieving the objectives of the SPIS Challenges during the 2018-2019 period is outlined below:
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Grand Challenge I: Understanding and quantifying the state and variability of marine ecosystems
The Challenge: To develop whole system-level understanding of ecosystems, including complex biogeochemical cycles and human interactions, together with understanding of the scales of spatial and temporal variability of their structure and functioning.
SIBER - Grand Challenge I SIBER was instrumental in fostering the development of both the 2nd International Indian Ocean Expedition (IIOE-2) and the Eastern Indian Ocean Upwelling Research Initiative (EIOURI), both of which are dedicated to understanding and quantifying the state and variability of marine ecosystems and also, importantly, the physical forcing that drives this variability. The IIOE-2 has become a major international research programme in the Indian Ocean with an active international steering committee and joint programme offices (located in Hyderabad, India and Perth, Australia). National IIOE-2 committees have also been established in India, Australia, Germany, France, South Africa, UK and USA. Current and former SIBER Scientific Steering Committee (SSC) members have been instrumental in establishing IIOE-2 National Committees in all of these countries. Most recently, SIBER SSC members Mike Roberts and Jenny Hugget launched the UK/South African SOLSTICE-WIO project (https://www.solstice-wio.org/). Francis Marsac initiated a French research programme in the Western Indian Ocean - an important new component of IIOE-2.
ICED - Grand Challenge I ICED has continued to develop whole ecosystem-level understanding of the structure and functioning of Southern Ocean ecosystems, their variability and response to change across a range of spatial and temporal scales. ICED conducted detailed work on key species from phytoplankton to higher predators (e.g., Costa et al. 2019; Cubaynes et al. 2018; Kaufman et al. 2018; Saunders et al. 2018; Thorpe et al. 2019; Young et al. 2018; Xavier et al. 2018), and the structure of food webs (e.g., Dimitrijević et al. 2018; Krüger et al. 2018; Sequeira et al. 2018). Work also continued on physical, chemical and biological interactions (e.g., Belcher et al. 2019; Manno et al., 2018; Peck et al. 2018) and the effects of past (e.g., Tarling et al. 2018) and recent variability and change, such as ocean acidification (e.g., Atkinson et al. 2018; Freer et al. 2018; Klein et al 2018; Kruger et al. 2018b; Trathan et al. 2018). Work in these areas is pivotal to guiding and informing ICED’s work under GC II and GC III.
ESSAS - Grand Challenge I Understanding variability in high-latitude marine ecosystems in response to climate variability and change is a central goal of ESSAS. A major initiative by ESSAS to further this goal was the Resilience and Adaptive Capacity of Arctic marine ecosystems (RACArctic) project. The project is nearing its end and a 3rd stakeholder meeting was held in Tromsø, Norway, on 19 March 2019 (following two earlier stakeholder meetings in Hakodate, Japan, and Juneau, Alaska, USA). Meeting participants included industry representatives and scientists. This project aims to synthesise expected effects of climate change on high-latitude marine ecosystems, including their consequences for fisheries and fisheries management.
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A number of national programmes endorsed by ESSAS monitor marine ecosystems and conduct research in both the Pacific Arctic and Atlantic Arctic, in particular the northern Bering Sea/Chukchi Sea (Japan, USA, Korea), the Barents Sea/Fram Strait (Norway, Russia), the waters around Iceland, and the Northwest Atlantic (Canada, Greenland).
To foster a better understanding of high-latitude changes within the IMBeR community, ESSAS organised a scientific session on ‘Arctic marine ecosystems in a changing climate’ (28 oral presentations and 15 posters) at the IMBeR Open Science Conference (OSC) to better understand recent variability and changes in the Arctic.
CLIOTOP - Grand Challenge I CLIOTOP Task Team 2016-04 participated in the FAO-led Fish Forum. This forum had the objective of “Bringing together the wider community of scientists and experts working on fisheries and the marine environment in the Mediterranean and Black Sea in order to build a lasting network, discuss advancements in research, integrate scientific knowledge in support of decision-making and identify research priorities for the coming decade”. The task team participated in a workshop on operational fisheries oceanography where it was agreed that such a network should focus on 5 specific goals or challenges:
1. Better identification and understanding of the environmental drivers affecting key species and ecological processes 2. Adequate parameterisation of the environmental drivers identified (by definition of appropriate indicators) 3. Development of best practices for integrating indicators into current assessment models 4. Fostering capacity building 5. Identifying successful case studies and promoting new ones
Task Team 2016-06 continued developing movement models for inferring behaviour- environment relationships in top predators, with a first case study of southern elephant seals.
A major focus has been the development of a model using Template Model Builder for the first time. This model is detailed in a publication in Ecology (Jonsen et al. 2018). The task team has also been developing movement models for the vertical dimension that enables inference at the scale of individual dives, as well as longer-term inference over many dives, at the scale of days and weeks. In situ and modelled oceanographic covariates are associated with seal dives to understand the relationship between environmental features and behavioural switches that manifest at biologically relevant time scales. An R package foieGras has also been developed by the team and has been published on CRAN (https://cran.r- project.org/web/packages/foieGras/vignettes/foiegras-basics.html). This focuses on Argos location filtering, a necessary step prior to analysis and simulation of movement behaviour in an environmental context.
Task Team 2017-01 attended a workshop on community-level metrics, mercury isotopes, and data-model linkages and has been wrapping up a number of publications that have either been published (Álvarez-Berastegui et al. 2018, Dhurmeea et al. 2018, Houssard et al. 2019, Pethybridge et al. 2018, and Regelo et al 2018), are currently in review or in the final stages of 3-73 preparation. These have focussed on improving understanding of the trophic pathways that underlie the production of tunas and other pelagic predators in the open ocean, the movements of these predators, and the natural variability forced by the environment.
Grand Challenge II: Improving scenarios, predictions and projections of future ocean- human systems at multiple scales.
The Challenge: To incorporate understanding of the drivers and consequences of global change on marine ecosystems and human societies at multiple scales into models to project and predict future states.
ESSAS - Grand Challenge II As part of the RACArctic project (see above), ESSAS has focused on developing plausible scenarios for anticipated changes in high-latitude marine ecosystems, and in particular the consequences for fish populations and fisheries, based on a review of available literature, including qualitative predictions and available projections. Three manuscripts are in preparation, as well as an information sheet for stakeholders. ESSAS focuses on comparative analyses among Arctic marine ecosystems and works to initiate and facilitate such comparisons by bringing scientists from around the circumpolar North together at workshops and scientific sessions such as the IMBeR OSC.
ICED - Grand Challenge II ICED has continued model development in support of creating a suite of models of physical dynamics (ocean circulation and climate), biogeochemical cycles, and biological dynamics (life histories, population dynamics, food web structure) within a hierarchical framework of models of different spatial, temporal and trophic resolution. The ultimate aim of these activities is to advance end-to-end ecosystem modelling approaches that integrate physical, chemical and biological processes and generate projections of Southern Ocean ecosystems. Recent work in this area includes Freer et al. 2018; Klein et al. 2018; Kruger et al. 2018b; and Murphy et al. 2018 - CCAMLR.
ICED has used its understanding of the drivers and impacts of climate change (under GC I) in the Southern Ocean to further work on developing scenarios of key drivers and projections of ecological change. For example, an ICED Projections workshop was held in April 2018, in collaboration with the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR), to further the scenarios and projections work (Murphy et al. 2018).
CLIOTOP - Grand Challenge II CLIOTOP Task Team 2016-06 has been working on movement models for humpback whale populations and extracting and compiling CMIP5 output into environmental fields suitable for such models. Current models being tested relate movement to sea ice, ocean temperature and phytoplankton and carbon for the last decade of the historical run using the NorESM1-ME earth system model (selected as it performs well in representing the seasonal sea ice cycle) and setting up a simulation framework using the equivalent fields for the last decade (2091-2100) of the RCP8.5 run.
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Grand Challenge III: Improving and achieving sustainable ocean governance
The Challenge: To improve communication and understanding between IMBeR science, policy and society to achieve better governance, adaptation to and mitigation of global change, and transition towards ocean sustainability.
SIBER - Grand Challenge III The SIBER activities that are most relevant to this IMBeR Challenge are related to IIOE- 2 and the governance structure that has been created to guide it. The IIOE-2 is overseen by an international steering committee that has developed full operational details to guide the Expedition. This steering committee is chaired by high-level representatives from the Indian Ocean GOOS (IOGOOS) program, the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR), and UNESCO’s Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC). A key aspiration of this committee is to leave a lasting legacy throughout the Indian Ocean region, as did the original IIOE. This is being accomplished by establishing the basis for improved scientific knowledge transfer to wider segments of society and regional governments, and through the creation of educational and capacity development opportunities that target regional and early career scientists. These efforts all contribute directly to IMBeR’s goal of improving and achieving sustainable ocean governance. As previously stated, SIBER has been instrumental in establishing IIOE-2 and its governance structure. Further, the Sustainable Oceans, Livelihoods and food Security Through Increased Capacity in Ecosystem research in the Western Indian Ocean (SOLSTICE-WIO) program (co-led by SIBER SCC member Mike Roberts), is focused on fisheries and food security in the western Indian Ocean, and combines environmental and socio- economic research with state-of-the art techniques and knowledge transfer, to develop policies for sustainable and resilient fisheries.
ICED - Grand Challenge III ICED continues to work with the Antarctic Treaty Commission via the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR, within which ICED is a ‘Co-Sponsored Programme’), and with a number of Antarctic Treaty agreements including the Committee for Environmental Protection (CEP) and the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR). ICED also continues to work with other international environmental treaties and organisations, conservation groups, and international committees, including the International Whaling Committee.
Antarctic Treaty System: ICED provides input to the Antarctic Treaty System via SCAR and builds on collaborations with a number of treaty agreements, particularly the CEP and CCAMLR. The Antarctic Treaty System recognises the role that ICED can play in providing external and valuable input on climate change impacts on Southern Ocean ecosystems to their work, that otherwise would not be available.
SCAR: SCAR is tasked with providing scientific advice to the Antarctic Treaty via reports and representation at the annual Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meetings (ATCMs). ICED contributes to SCAR’s annual scientific reports. This includes highlighting ICED science under GCs I, II and those that specifically address GC III. ICED provided input for SCAR’s Annual Report to the 3-75
Scientific Committee of CCAMLR (SC CCAMLR), summarising the 2018 work relating to fishery management and policy.
CEP: ICED scientists engage with CEP by providing information on climate change impacts on ecosystems to the Antarctic Treaty, e.g. ICED works with the CEP on their Climate Change Response Work Programme.
CCAMLR: ICED continues its work with CCAMLR to ensure that ICED science is relevant to CCAMLR and that scientific results are translated appropriately into messages that resonate with policy makers.
A working group paper on the preliminary results of the ICED-CCAMLR Projections workshop (June 2018, Cambridge, UK) was submitted (Murphy et al. 2018a), followed by a background paper detailing the full results of the workshop, including recommendations to CCAMLR (Murphy et al. 2018b). ICED scientists attended the CCAMLR Workshop on Spatial Management in June 2018, Cambridge, UK (WS-SM-18). The potential for ICED and CCAMLR to work together on spatial management issues was noted. This includes, but is not limited to, joint ICED-CCAMLR activities on projections of change, together with ICED research focussed on understanding the structure and functioning of Southern Ocean ecosystems and their variability and response to change across a range of spatial and temporal scales. Currently, this has particular relevance to the future research and monitoring plan for the “Domain 1” MPA proposal for the Antarctic Peninsula region. ICED will continue to develop activities to support the work of CCAMLR and ensure this links with CCAMLR’s ongoing work on spatial management. A number of publications have been submitted by ICED scientists to CCAMLR in support of fisheries management and development of future MPA’s.
Conservation Groups: ICED scientists continue to lead a science-policy initiative based in Cambridge, UK that relates to this objective (see IC 4 for details) and science-policy fora as part of the MEASO2018 Conference (see IC 4).
Other international organisations:
IPCC: ICED scientist, Jess Melbourne-Thomas (AAD and ACE CRC, Australia) was selected as lead author of the Polar Regions chapter of the IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate. This Report will build on the work of the IPCC’s Fifth Assessment Report (AR5). It is scheduled to be finalised in September 2019. Other ICED scientists (including Dan Costa, ICED SSC) have been involved as contributing authors to the Changing Ocean, Marine Ecosystems, and Dependent Communities chapter.
IPBES: ICED scientists have expressed concern over the exclusion of the Southern Ocean in its remit both directly to IPBES and through the external reviewer process of the IPBES global assessment of biodiversity.
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CLIOTOP - Grand Challenge III Members of Task Team 2016-04 are now contributing to the European Union-funded PANDORA project. This project aims to:
1. Create more realistic assessments and projections of changes in fisheries resources by utilising new biological knowledge including, for the first time, proprietary data sampled by pelagic fishers. 2. Advice on how to secure long-term sustainability of EU fish stocks and elucidate trade- offs between profitability and number of jobs in their fisheries fleets. Provide recommendations on how to stabilise the long-term profitability of European fisheries. 3. Develop a public, internet-based resource tool box, including assessment modelling and stock projections code, economic models, and region- and species-specific decision support tools; increase ownership and contribution opportunities of the industry to the fish stock assessment process through involvement in data sampling and training in data collection, processing and ecosystem-based fisheries management.
CLIOTOP Co-chair Karen Evans, as well as being a member of the Group of Experts coordinating the second World Ocean Assessment, is leading the writing of a chapter in the assessment on cumulative impacts and is contributing to chapters relating to management approaches. These chapters will provide an overview of current processes for the assessment of cumulative impacts and varying management approaches, including an assessment of pros and cons. She is also leading the writing of a manuscript for the special issue associated with OceanObs’19 discussing how the world ocean assessment provides links between ocean observations and policy across multiple scales.
Innovation Challenge 1 – To enhance understanding of the role of metabolic diversity and evolution in marine biogeochemical cycling and ocean ecosystem processes.
A recent publication in Trends in Ecology and Evolution by Baltar et al. (2019) entitled ‘Towards Integrating Evolution, Metabolism, and Climate Change Studies of Marine Ecosystems’ is a product from the working group from ‘Workshop 2: Metabolic diversity and evolution in marine biogeochemical cycling and ocean ecosystem processes’ of the IMBeR IMBIZO 5 meeting, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, October 2017.
Innovation Challenge 2 – To contribute to the development of a global ecosystem observational and modelling network that provides essential ocean variables (EOVs) and to improve marine data and information management.
SIBER – Innovation Challenge 2 This IMBeR Challenge represents one of the central goals of SIBER. SIBER emerged as a result of the potential opportunity to leverage the CLIVAR/GOOS Indian Ocean mooring array (RAMA/IndOOS) and associated measurements and cruises for doing biogeochemical and ecological research. SIBER provides the biogeochemical and ecosystem research focus and counterpart for IndOOS and the IORP. This opportunity is being realised through the deployment 3-77
of biogeochemical sensors on the RAMA mooring array and the deployment of bio-Argo floats in the northern and southwestern Indian Ocean. An Australia/India 4-year BioArgo collaboration (Nick Hardmann-Mountford [CSIRO], and former SIBER SSC members Wajih Naqvi [NIO] and Ravichandran [INCOIS]) was launched in 2014 and recently completed, generating a large amount of unprecedented and valuable data; http://biogeochemical-argo.org/key-areas-projects- io-bio-argo.php). Plans are being developed for the deployment of many more biogeochemical sensors in the Indian Ocean as part of IIOE-2 and the second phase of IndOOS. These efforts are all focussed on measuring biogeochemical EOVs that contribute to the development of a global ecosystem observational and modelling network.
ICED – Innovation Challenge 2 The ICED community has made strong links with relevant SCAR groups, the SCAR-SCOR Southern Ocean Observing System (SOOS), and the CCAMLR Ecosystem Monitoring Program to progress integrated ecosystem observing. These, together with ICED’s Marine Ecosystem Assessment of the Southern Ocean (MEASO) will (i) support assessments of current status and trends of Southern Ocean ecosystems and (ii) provide foundation data for assessing the likelihood of future states of the system. ICED scientists involved in SOOS have been involved in progressing its development of 5 regional working groups: West Antarctic Peninsula and Scotia Arc, the Weddell Sea and Dronning Maud Land, Southern Ocean Indian Sector, Ross Sea, and the Bellingshausen-Amundsen Sea working groups. It has also established a task team on ecosystem Essential Ocean Variables in support of the Marine Ecosystem Assessment for the Southern Ocean. These groups are directly aligned with activities in ICED and will contribute to sustained observations to support ICED modelling efforts. Also, there is consideration of circumpolar ecosystem field research activities that will support future activities of ICED in understanding key processes, such as in the sea ice zone. A further activity that will have synergies with ICED modelling activities is the Capability Working Group on designing the observing system.
ESSAS – Innovation Challenge 2 Many of the ESSAS-endorsed national projects provide observations of EOVs in high- latitude marine ecosystems. For example, the Arctic Marine Biological Observation Network (AMBON), an ESSAS-endorsed project, is developing a long-term observing programme in the Chukchi Sea to monitor EOVs and biodiversity at all trophic levels, from microbes to whales. Several Japanese programmes routinely contribute to sampling standard transect lines in the northern Bering Sea and Chukchi Sea that together form the ‘Distributed Biological Observatory’.
Former ESSAS co-chair and SSC member S.-I. Saitoh and current co-chair F. Mueter were involved in the development of an ‘Integrated Ecosystem Assessments (IEA)’ for the Central Arctic Ocean. F. Mueter is working with the PAME Ecosystem Approach to Management group to develop an IEA for the Chukchi Sea. Co-chair B. Planque is involved in IEAs for the Norwegian and Barents Seas.
ESSAS organised a workshop in 2018 on Integrated Ecosystem Assessments for the Subarctic and Arctic that helped inform the development of plans for a new Chukchi Sea IEA.
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CLIOTOP – Innovation Challenge 2 Task Team 2016-04 participated in the 2018 conference of the Mediterranean Operational Network for the Global Ocean Observing System (MONGOOS) to further the development of the MONGOOS science and strategy plan. The plan can be accessed at http://www.mongoos.eu/documents/11176/135008/MonGOOS+Science+and+Strategy+ Plan+Document+(Lower+Resolution).
Collaboration with GOOS – Innovation Challenge 2 IMBeR SSC members are involved in drafting the specification for an emerging GOOS EOV on microbial biomass and diversity.
Innovation Challenge 3 – To advance understanding of ecological feedbacks in the Earth System.
ICED – Innovation Challenge 3 An evaluation of regional ocean acidification from observations and CMIP5 models, species and functional group responses to OA and other stressors, ecological change and a review of marine biogeochemical feedbacks resulting from plankton community stoichiometry changes to ocean acidification and climate change has been undertaken as part of the SCAR Ocean Acidification review and led by ICED SSC member Richard Bellerby. In his IMBeR SSC role, Eugene Murphy, with Laurent Bopp, developed a session at Future Oceans2 on ecological feedbacks.
Innovation Challenge 4 – To advance and improve the use of social science data for ocean management, decision making and policy development
SIBER – Innovation Challenge 4 An example of emerging SIBER-driven projects that address this IMBeR challenge is the SOLSTICE-WIO project (co-led by SIBER SCC member Mike Roberts). It involves case studies of threatened, emerging and collapsed fisheries, in Tanzania, Kenya and South Africa, respectively, including socio-economic as well as environmental research through to outreach and briefs to stakeholders and policy makers (https://www.solstice-wio.org/).
ESSAS – Innovation Challenge 4 Alan Haynie (NOAA, USA), chair of the ESSAS working group on Human Dimensions, is active at national and international levels to develop better approaches to using economic data for supporting decision making in fishery management. ICED – Innovation Challenge 4 ICED scientists have been developing studies to expand analyses of ecosystems to consider human social and economic system interactions. Following a workshop convened by ICED scientists Eugene Murphy, Stuart Corney and Jess Melbourne-Thomas at IMBIZO IV (which emphasised that ecological models are now sufficiently advanced that they are useful for decision-making), ICED continues to develop activities aimed at integrating human dimensions into marine ecosystem models. Eugene Murphy presented a talk on this topic at the MEASO2018 meeting held in Hobart, Australia in April 2018, considering how modelling can be developed to help robust decision 3-79
making. ICED scientists have also been working on understanding stakeholder perspectives on ecosystem-based management of the Antarctic krill fishery. This has been well received within CCAMLR and discussions of follow-up work in this area are underway. Work has also continued on ecosystem services in the Southern Ocean. The use of social science data in decision-making is an area ICED is keen to develop with other relevant groups (e.g., IWC and Centre for Science and Policy, University of Cambridge, CSaP) and two workshops, held in Cambridge were led by ICED scientists Rachel Cavanagh and Susie Grant. The second of these was “Ocean Plastics: Challenges and Solutions” (Cambridge, Mar 2018). These form part of a series on Science-Policy Challenges in Polar Conservation and Management in collaboration with the Cambridge Conservation Initiative (a collaboration between the University of Cambridge and 9 leading international biodiversity conservation organisations).
H. Other IMBeR activities
Future Oceans2 http://imber.info/en/events/osc/2019 The 2nd IMBeR Open Science Conference – Future Oceans2 – was held in Brest, France, on 17- 21 June 2019 (workshops held 15-16 June 2019) 553 Attendees • 27 Sessions • 10 Workshops • 549 Oral Presentations • 194 Posters • Early Career Researcher Day
4th CLIOTOP Symposium http://imber.info/events/imber-working-groups-program-events/4th-cliotop-symposium The 4th CLIOTOP Symposium was held at the National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan, on 15-19 October 2019 >100 Attendees • 6 Sessions • 40 Oral Presentations • 15 Posters
Interdisciplinary Marine Early Career Network (IMECaN) http://www.imber.info/science/imecan--interdisciplinary-marine-early-career-network IMECaN was officially launched at Future Oceans2 on 16 June 2019. Stephanie Brodie will take over as Chair of IMECaN from Chris Cvitanovic on 1 January 2020.
IMECaN Early Career Researcher Day http://imber.info/en/events/osc/2019/early-career-day IMECaN held an Early Career Day (16 June 2019) prior to Future Oceans2. The workshop focused on career development paths for marine researchers, and using infographics in research outputs. Attended by >200 Early Career Researchers and students. ClimEco6 Summer School http://www.imber.info/en/events/climeco-imber-summer-schools/interdisciplinary- approaches-for-sustainable-oceans ClimEco6 was held at the Gadja Mada University in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, on 1-8 August 2018. The theme of the summer school was “Interdisciplinary approaches for sustainable oceans” and participants were provided with practical ways to deal with the challenges arising from working across social and natural science disciplines. About 60 participants attended.
8th IMBeR China/Japan/Korea Symposium
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http://imber.info/en/events/china-japan-korea-imber-symposia/cjk8 The 8th IMBeR China / Japan / Korea Symposium was held at the East China Normal University, Shanghai, China, on 17-19 September 2018 >100 Attendees • 3 Sessions • 1 Workshop • 47 Oral Presentations • 35 Posters
The next symposium in the series will be the first IMBeR West Pacific Symposium and will be held in Thailand in August 2020.
Inaugural Continental Margins Working Group Workshop The inaugural Continental Margins Working Group workshop was hosted by the State Key Laboratory for Estuarine and Coastal Research (SKLEC), East China Normal University (ECNU), Shanghai, China, on 20-21 September 2018.
I. IMBeR Project Offices
International Project Office (IPO, Norway) The current IPO hosting arrangement with the Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway, will come to an end in April 2020. The IPO is in the process of finalising its move to a new host institution and is in discussions with a consortium of institutions from Halifax, Canada, and with SKLEC, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China to grow the IMBeR Regional Project Office into an IPO. The possibility of having two IPOs is being discussed, with the current Bergen IPO Director and Deputy Director moving to Halifax.
Regional Project Office (RPO, China) Xiaona Wang was recruited as Project Assistant. Funding is available for the RPO from the State Key Laboratory for Estuarine and Coastal Research (SKLEC) at the East China Normal University (ECNU) until 2020. SKLEC is in discussions for the RPO to become an IPO led by Deputy Director Fang Zuo (see above).
J. Scientific Steering Committee (SSC)
An open call for nominations for four new SSC members was advertised in 2017. From 36 applications, four new 2018 SSC members were proposed and accepted by SCOR and Future Earth – Oscar Iribane (M, Argentina), Alice Newton (F, Portugal), Suvaluck Satumanatpan (F, Thailand) and David VanderZwaag (M, Canada). We also appointed ex officio members Olav Kjesbu (M, Norway; to act as an IMR liaison), Chris Cvitanovic (M, Australia; as the early career representative) and Frank Muller Karger (M, USA; as the liaison with GEO BON to contribute to Innovation Challenge 2). At the end of 2018, Daniel Costa (M, USA) and Cisco Werner (M, USA) rotated off the SSC as did ex officio member Ken Drinkwater (M, Norway), and Jeomshik Hwang (M, South Korea) was proposed and accepted as an SSC member in 2019.
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K. Collaborative partners
IMBeR science is strengthened and its impacts extended through on-going and new partnerships and collaborations with international and national organisations, including the International Science Council (ISC), the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR), Future Earth, the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP), and the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO (IOC-UNESCO) which sponsors the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS) and the International Ocean Carbon Coordination Project (IOCCP).
IMBeR continues to have long standing collaborations with the SCOR and Future Earth global research projects SOLAS, Future Earth Coasts, PAGES, Earth System Governance and bioDiscovery.
1. Too Big To Ignore (TBTI) IMBeR is a partner of the TBTI project which includes 15 partners, 62 scientists from 27 countries. TBTI is conducting a global analysis, based on information systems, to better understand small-scale fisheries and to develop research and governance capacity to address global fisheries challenges.
2. Ocean Carbon Biogeochemistry (OCB) OCB continues to actively support IMBeR by advertising its activities and events, and by providing financial support for activities.
3. World Climate Research Project (WCRP) CLIVAR, a core project of WCRP, and its Indian Ocean Panel works closely with SIBER. The IMBeR Eastern Boundary Upwelling working group is co-sponsored by CLIVAR. CLIVAR is also part of the newly established Integrated Ocean Carbon Research (IOC-R).
4. GOOS SIBER has strong connections with the Global Ocean Observing System in the Indian Ocean – IOGOOS.
5. ICES Collaboration with ICES continues through the membership of Mark Dickey-Collas (ICES) on the IMBeR Scientific Steering Committee.
6. PICES IMBeR and PICES continue to collaborate, with representatives from both communities attending and funding each other’s summer schools and science meetings. Carol Robinson was a member of the ICES/PICES working group on Climate Change and Biologically-driven Ocean Carbon Sequestration (WGCCBOCS) which ended in 2018 and represented IMBeR on the organising committee of the PICES International Symposium The Effects of Climate Change on the World’s Oceans (ECCWO) to be held in Washington in June 2018. PICES co-sponsored ClimEco5 in August 2018 and Future Oceans2 in June 2019.
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L. Selected IMBeR Publications
IMBeR has produced more than 2500 refereed research papers since 2005, with around 150 papers published in 2018-2019.
IMBeR General Baltar F, Bayer, B, Bednarsek N, Deppeler S, Escribano R, Gonzalez CE, Hansman RL, Mishra RK, Moran MA, Repeta DJ, Robinson R, Sintes E, Tamburini C, Valentin LE, Herndl GJ (2019) Towards Integrating Evolution, Metabolism, and Climate Change Studies of Marine Ecosystems. Trends in Ecology & Evolution. Available online https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2019.07.003
ICED Publications Management and Policy related reports and papers to CCAMLR, IWC, ACAP, etc
Atkinson, A., Hill, S.L., Pakhomov, E.A., Siegel, V., Reiss, C.S., Loeb, V., Steinberg, D.K., Schmidt, K., Tarling, G.A., Gerrish, L. & Sailley, S.F. 2019. Krill (Euphausia superba) distribution contracts southward during rapid regional warming. Nature Climate Change, 9:142-147 DOI: 10.1038/s41558-018-0370-z Cubaynes, Hannah C., Peter T. Fretwell, Connor Bamford, Laura Gerrish, Jennifer A. Jackson. 2018. Whales from space: four mysticete species described using new VHR satellite imagery. Marine Mammal Science 35 (466-491). https://doi.org/10.1111/mms.12544 Dinniman, M.S., Klinck, J.M., Hofmann, E.E. & Smith, W.O. 2018 Effects of Projected Changes in Wind, Atmospheric Temperature, and Freshwater Inflow on the Ross Sea. Journal of Climate, 31, 1619-1635. doi:10.1175/jcli-d-17-0351.1 Krüger, L., Ramos, J.A., Xavier, J.C., Grémillet, D., González-Solís, J., Petry, M.V., Phillips, R.A., Wanless, R.M. & Paiva, V.H. (2018). Projected distributions of Southern Ocean albatrosses, petrels and fisheries as a consequence of climatic change. Ecography 41: 195- 208 DOI: 10.1111/ecog.02590 Saunders, R.A., Collins, M.A., Shreeve, R., Ward, P., Stowasser, G., Hill, S.L., Tarling, G.A. 2018. Seasonal variation in the predatory impact of myctophids on zooplankton in the Scotia Sea (Southern Ocean). Progress in Oceanography, 168, 123-144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2018.09.017 Thorpe SE, Tarling GA, Murphy EJ (2019) Circumpolar patterns in Antarctic krill larval recruitment: an environmentally-driven model. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 613:77-96 doi: 10.3354/meps12887 Capurro A, Santos MM, Cavanagh RD, Grant SM. 2018. The identification of scientific reference areas in the wider context of Marine Protected Area planning. CCAMLR WS- SM-18/17 Murphy, E.J., Johnston, N.M., Corney, S. P., and Reid, K. (2018). Integrating Climate and Ecosystem Dynamics in the Southern Ocean (ICED) programme: Preliminary report of the ICED-CCAMLR Projections Workshop, 5-7 Apr 2018. WG-EMM-18-09. Murphy, E, Johnston, N, Corney, S and Reid, K including workshop participants and contributors Atkinson, A, Belchier, M, Bellerby, R, Bindoff, N, Cavanagh, R, Constable, A, Costa, D, Eddy, T, Emmerson, L, Grant, S, Groeneveld, J, Hill, S, Hobbs, W, Hofmann, 3-83
E, Jackson, J, Kawaguchi, S, Korczak-Abshire, M, Lenton, A, Meijers, A, Melbourne- Thomas, J, Newman, L, Nicol, S, Piñones, A, Reiss, C, Santos, M, Tarling, G, Trathan, P, Trebilco, R, Watters, G, Welsford, D, Zhu, G. (Submitted). Integrating Climate and Ecosystem Dynamics in the Southern Ocean (ICED) programme: Report of the ICED- CCAMLR Projections Workshop, 5-7 Apr 2018. SC-CAMLR XXXVII.
Other papers to CCAMLR Working Group on Ecosystem Monitoring and Management 2018 can be found at https://www.ccamlr.org/en/wg-emm-18
Scientific publications Atkinson, A., Hill, S.L., Pakhomov, E.A., Siegel, V., Reiss, C.S., Loeb, V., Steinberg, D.K., Schmidt, K., Tarling, G.A., Gerrish, L. & Sailley, S.F. 2019. Krill (Euphausia superba) distribution contracts southward during rapid regional warming. Nature Climate Change, 9:142-147 DOI: 10.1038/s41558-018-0370-z Bagchi, A., A. J. Batten, M. Levin, K. N. Allen, M. L. Fitzgerald, L. A. Huckstadt, D. P. Costa, E. S. Buys, and A. G. Hindle. 2018. Intrinsic anti-inflammatory properties in the serum of two species of deep-diving seal. Journal of Experimental Biology 221. Brault, E. K., P. L. Koch, D. P. Costa, M. D. McCarthy, L. A. Huckstadt, K. T. Goetz, K. W. McMahon, M. E. Goebel, O. Karlsson, J. Teilmann, T. Harkonen, and K. C. Harding. 2019. Trophic position and foraging ecology of Ross, Weddell, and crabeater seals revealed by compound-specific isotope analysis. Marine Ecology Progress Series 611:1-18. Constable, A.J. & Kawaguchi, S. 2018 Modelling growth and reproduction of Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba, based on temperature, food and resource allocation amongst life history functions. Ices Journal of Marine Science, 75, 738-750. (doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsx190). Costa, D. P., L. A. Huckstadt, L. Schwarz, A. Friedlaender, B. Mate, A. Zerbini, A. Kennedy, and N. J. Gales. 2018. Assessing the Potential Exposure of Migratory Animals to Disturbance. Integrative and Comparative Biology 58:E44-E44. Costa, D. P., S. S. Kienle, S. J. Trumble, S. Kanatous, M. E. Goebel, and D. Krause. 2019. Foraging Ecology of the Leopard Seal. Integrative and Comparative Biology 59:E43-E43. Dimitrijević D, Paiva VH, Ramos JA, Seco J, Ceia FR, Chipev N, Valente T, Barbosa A, Xavier JC (2018) Isotopic niches of sympatric Gentoo and Chinstrap Penguins: evidence of competition for Antarctic krill? Polar Biology 41: 1655-1669 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300- 018-2306-5 Dinniman, M.S., J.M. Klinck, E.E. Hofmann, and W.O. Smith, Jr. 2018. Effects of projected changes in wind, atmospheric temperature and freshwater inflow on the Ross Sea. J. Climate 31: 1619-1635. Frazer, E. K., P. J. Langhorne, M. J. M. Williams, K. T. Goetz, and D. P. Costa. 2018. A method for correcting seal-borne oceanographic data and application to the estimation of regional sea ice thickness. Journal of Marine Systems 187:250-259. Freer, Jennifer J.; Partridge, Julian C.; Tarling, Geraint A.; Collins, Martin A.; Genner, Martin J. 2018. Predicting ecological responses in a changing ocean: the effects of future climate uncertainty. Marine Biology, 165 (1), 7. 18, pp. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-017-3239-1 Gardner, J., Manno, C., Bakker, D.C.E. et al. Mar Biol (2018) 165: 8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-017-3261-3 Goedegebuure, M., Melbourne-Thomas, J., Corney, S.P., McMahon, C.R. & Hindell, M.A. 2018 Modelling southern elephant seals Mirounga leonina using an individual-based model
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SIBER Publications Al-Yamani, F, Naqvi, SWA (2019) Chemical oceanography of the Arabian Gulf, Deep- Research Part II, Topical Studies in Oceanography, 161, 72-80. Baer, SE Rauschenberg, S, Garcia, CA, Garcia, NS and Lomas, MW (2019) Carbon and nitrogen productivity during spring in the oligotrophic Indian Ocean along the GO-SHIP IO9N transect, Deep-Research Part II, Topical Studies in Oceanography, 161, 81-91. Beckley, L.E., Holliday, D., Sutton, A.L., Weller, E., Olivar, M.P., Thompson, P.A. 2019. Structuring of larval fish assemblages along a coastal-oceanic gradient in the macro-tidal, tropical Eastern Indian Ocean. Deep Sea Research Part II. 161:105-119.
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Beckley, LE, Holliday, D, A.L. Sutton, AL, Weller, E and Thompson, PA (2019) Structuring of larval fish assemblages along a coastal-oceanic gradient in the macro-tidal, tropical Eastern Indian Ocean, Deep-Research Part II, Topical Studies in Oceanography, 161, 105-119. Burdanowitz, N, Gaye, B, Hilbig, L, Lahajnar, N, Lückge, A, Rixen, T and Emeis, K-C (2019) Holocene monsoon and sea level-related changes of sedimentation in the northeastern Arabian Sea, Deep-Sea Research Part II, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2019.03.003. Chakraborty, K, Nimit, K, Akhand, A, Prakash, S, Paul, A, JayashreeGhosh, J, Udaya Bhaskar, TVS and Chanda, A (2018) Modeling the enhancement of sea surface chlorophyll concentration during the cyclonic events in the Arabian Sea, Journal of Sea Research, 40, 22-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seares.2018.07.003 de Lecea A, Coppin R, Noyon M, Huggett J (2018) Zooplankton adrift: Investigating transportation by cyclonic eddy. Marine Biology Research, 14: 436-477. DOI: 10.1080/17451000.2018.1426862. Dréo, R, Bouffaut, L, Leroy, E, Barruol, G and Samaran, F (2019) Baleen whale distribution and seasonal occurrence revealed by an ocean bottom seismometer network in the Western Indian Ocean, Deep-Research Part II, Topical Studies in Oceanography, 161, 132-144. Forke, S., Rixen, T., Burdanowitz, N., Luckge, A., Ramaswamy, V., Munz, P., Wilhelms-Dick, D., Vogt, C., Kasten, S., Gaye, B., 2019. Sources of laminated sediments in the northeastern Arabian Sea off Pakistan and implications for sediment transport mechanisms during the late Holocene. Holocene, 29, 130-144. Hood, R and Beckley, L (2019) The second international Indian Ocean Expedition (IIOE-2): Motivating new exploration in a poorly understood ocean basin (Volume 1); Deep- Research Part II, Topical Studies in Oceanography, 161, 2-4 Landry, M.R., Beckley, L.E. & Muhling, B.A. 2019. Climate sensitivities and uncertainties in food-web pathways supporting larval bluefin tuna in subtropical oligotrophic oceans. ICES Journal of Marine Science 76(2), 359–369. Mahajan, A. S., Tinel, L., Sarkar, A., Chance, R., Carpenter, L. J., Hulswar, S., Mali, P., Prakash, S. and Vinayachandran, P.N. (2019) Understanding Iodine Chemistry over the Northern and Equatorial Indian Ocean, Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmosphere, doi.org/10.1029/2018JD029063 Mao, H, Feng, M, Phillips, H and Lian, S (2019) Mesoscale eddy characteristics in the interior subtropical southeast Indian Ocean, tracked from the Leeuwin Current system, Deep- Research Part II, Topical Studies in Oceanography, 161, 52-62. Martin, P, Federico M. Lauro, FM, Sarkar, A, Goodkin, N, Prakash, S, Vinayachandran, PN (2018) Particulate polyphosphate and alkaline phosphatase activity across a latitudinal transect in the tropical Indian Ocean, Limnology and Oceanography, doi: 10.1002/lno.10780. Miller, MJ, Wouthuyzen, S, Feunteun, E, Aoyama, J, Tsukamoto, K (2019) Contrasting biodiversity of eel larvae across the central Indian Ocean subtropical gyre, Deep-Research Part II, Topical Studies in Oceanography, 161, 120-131. Noyon M, Morris T, Walker D, Huggett J (2018) Plankton distribution within a young cyclonic eddy off south-western Madagascar. Deep Sea Research Part II, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2018.11.001 Noyon M, Rasoloarijao Z, Huggett J, Roberts M, Ternon J-F (submitted) Comparison of mesozooplankton communities at three shallow seamounts in the South West Indian Ocean. Deep Sea Research Part II. 3-89
Prend, CJ, Seo, H, Weller, R and Farrar, J (2019) Impact of freshwater plumes on intraseasonal upper ocean variability in the Bay of Bengal, Deep-Research Part II, Topical Studies in Oceanography, 161, 63-71. Rixen, T, Gaye, B, Emeis, K-C and Ramaswamy, V (2019) The ballast effect of lithogenic matter and its influences on the carbon fluxes in the Indian Ocean, Biogeosciences, 16, 485–503. Rohith, B, Paul, A, Durand, F, Testut, L, S. Prerna, S, Afroosa, M, S.S.V.S. Ramakrishna, SSVS and Shenoi SSC (2019) Basin-wide sea level coherency in the tropical Indian Ocean driven by Madden–Julian Oscillation, Nature Communications, 10: 1257, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-09243-5. Saalim, SM, Saraswat, R, Suokhrie, T and Nigam, R (2019) Assessing the ecological preferences of agglutinated benthic foraminiferal morphogroups from the western Bay of Bengal, Deep-Research Part II, Topical Studies in Oceanography, 161, 38-51. Sarma, VVSS and Udaya Bhaskar, TVS (2018) Ventilation of oxygen to Oxygen Minimum Zone due to anticyclonic eddies in the Bay of Bengal, JGR Biogeosciences, 123, 2145- 2153, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JG004447. Singh, R, Sautya, S and Ingole B (2019) The community structure of the deep-sea nematode community associated with polymetallic nodules in the Central Indian Ocean Basin, Deep- Research Part II, Topical Studies in Oceanography, 161, 16-28. Smith, J.A., Miskiewicz, A.G., Beckley, L.E., Everett, J.D., Garcia, V., Gray, C.A., Holliday, D., Jordan, A.R., Keane, J., Lara-Lopez, A., Leis, J.M., Matis, P.A., Muhling, B.A., Neira, F.J., Richardson, A.J., Smith, K.A., Swadling, K.M., Syahailatua, A., Taylor, M.D., Van Ruth, P.D., Ward, T.M. & Suthers, I.M. 2018. A database of marine larval fish assemblages in Australian temperate and tropical waters. Scientific Data 5:180207. doi.10.1038/sdata.2018.207. Srichandan, S., Baliarsingh, S.K., Prakash, S., Lotliker, A.A., Parida, C., Sahu, K.C. (2019) Seasonal dynamics of phytoplankton in response to environmental variables in contrasting coastal ecosystems, Environ Sci Pollut Res, 26(12), 12025-12041, doi: 10.1007/s11356- 019-04569-5 Subrahmanyam, B, Trott, CB and Murty, VSN (2018) Detection of intraseasonal oscillations in SMAP salinity in the Bay of Bengal, Geophysical Research Letters, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL078662 Suntharalingam, P, Zamora, LM, Bange, HW, Bikkina, S, Buitenhuis, E, Kanakidou, M, Lamarque, JF, Resplandy, L, Sarin, MM, Seitzinger, S and Singh, A (2019, in press) Anthropogenic nitrogen inputs and impacts on oceanic N2O fluxes in the northern Indian Ocean: The need for an integrated observation and modelling approach, Deep-Sea Research Part II, Topical Studies in Oceanography, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2019.03.007. Van der Mheen, M., Pattiaratchi, C., and van Sebille, E. (2019) Role of Indian Ocean dynamics on accumulation of buoyant debris, Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 124, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JC014806 Vidya, PJ and Kurian S (2018) Impact of 2015–2016 ENSO on the winter bloom and associated phytoplankton community shift in the northeastern Arabian Sea, Journal of Marine Systems, 186, 96-104, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2018.06.005 Waite, A.M., Raes, E., Beckley, L.E, Thompson, P.A., Griffin, D., Saunders, M., Säwström, C., O´Rorke, R., Wang, M., Landrum, J.P. & Jeffs, A. 2019. Production and ecosystem
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structure in cold-core vs warm-core eddies: Implications for the zooplankton isoscape and rock lobster larvae. Limnology & Oceanography doi. 10.1002/lno.11192 White, C, Woulds, C, Cowie G, Stott, A and Kitazato, H (2019) Resilience of benthic ecosystem C-cycling to future changes in dissolved oxygen availability, Deep-Research Part II, Topical Studies in Oceanography, 161, 29-37. Wojtasiewicz, B, Trull, TW, Udaya Bhaskar, TVS, Gauns, M, Trull, T, Udaya Bhaskar, TVS, Prakash, S, Ravichandran, M, Shenoy, DM, Slawinski, D, Hardman-Mountford, NJ, (2018) Autonomous profiling float observations reveal the dynamics of deep biomass distributions in the denitrifying oxygen minimum zone of the Arabian Sea (2018) Journal of Marine Systems, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2018.07.002.
CLIOTOP Publications Álvarez-Berastegui D., Coll J., Rueda L., Stobart B., Morey G., Navarro O., Aparicio- González A., Grau A. M., Reñones O. 2018. Multiscale seascape habitat of necto-benthic littoral species, application to the study of the dusky grouper habitat shift throughout ontogeny, Marine Environmental Research https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2018.09.002 Álvarez-Berastegui D., Ingram Jr G.W., Reglero P., Ferrà C., Alemany F. 2018. Changes of bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) larvae fishing methods over time in the Western Mediterranean, calibration and larval indices updating. Collective Volume of Scientific Papers of the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT) 74(6): 2772-2783, www.iccat.int/Documents/CVSP/CV074_2017/colvol74.html. Álvarez-Berastegui D., Ingram Jr. G., Rueda L., Reglero P. 2018. A method for nonlinear standardization of zero-inflated CPUE to account for mesoscale oceanographic variability. Collective Volume of Scientific Papers of the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT) 75(2): 180-193 www.iccat.int/Documents/CVSP/CV075_2018/colvol75.html# Álvarez-Berastegui D., Saber S., Ingram W.G.Jr, Díaz-Barroso L., Reglero P., Macías D., García-Barcelona S., Ortiz de Urbina J., Tintoré J., Alemany F. 2018. Integrating reproductive ecology, early life dynamics and mesoscale oceanography to improve albacore tuna assessment in the Western Mediterranean. Fisheries Research, 208C (2018) pp. 329- 338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2018.08.014 Amengual J. & Álvarez-Berastegui D. 2018. Critical evaluation of Aïchi target 11 and the Mediterranean Marine Protected Area network, two years ahead of its deadline. Biological Conservation 225: 187–196. Dhurmeea, Z., Pethybridge, H., Chandani, C., Bodin, N. 2018 Lipid and fatty acid dynamics in mature female albacore tuna (Thunnus alalunga) in the western Indian Ocean. PlosOne PONE-D-17-33026R2 Houssard, P., Point, D., Tremblay-Boyer, L., Allain, V., Pethybridge, H., Masbou, J., Ferriss, B.E., Baya, P.A., Lagane, C., Menkes, C.E., Letourneur, Y., Lorrain, A., 2019. A Model of Mercury Distribution in Tuna from the Western and Central Pacific Ocean: Influence of Physiology, Ecology and Environmental Factors. Environmental science & technology 53(3):1422-1431. Jonsen ID, McMahon CR, Patterson TA, Auger-Méthé M, Harcourt R, Hindell MA & Bestley S (2018) Movement responses to environment: fast inference of variation among southern elephant seals with a mixed effects model. Ecology 100(1), e02566. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.2566. 3-91
Pethybridge, H., Choy, C.A., Logan, J.M., Allain, V., Lorrain, A., Bodin, N., Somes, C.J., Young, J., Ménard, F., Langlais, C. & Duffy, L., (2018) A global meta‐analysis of marine predator nitrogen stable isotopes: Relationships between trophic structure and environmental conditions. Global Ecology and Biogeography. 27(9):1043-1055 Pethybridge, H., Choy, C.A., Polovina, J., Fulton, E. 2018. Improving ecosystem models with biochemical tracers. Annual Reviews Marine Science, 10-1. Reglero P., Balbín R., Abascal F.J., Medina A., Álvarez-Berastegui D., Rasmuson L., Mourre B., Saber S., Ortega A., Blanco E., de la Gándara F., Alemany F., Ingram G.W.Jr., Hidalgo M. 2018. Pelagic habitat and offspring survival in the Eastern stock of Atlantic bluefin tuna. ICES Journal of Marine Science 2018. Doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsy135. Reglero P., Blanco E., Alemany F., Ferrá C., Álvarez-Berastegui D., Ortega A., de la Gándara F., Aparicio A., Folkvord A. 2018. Vertical distribution of Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) and bonito (Sarda sarda) larvae related to temperature preference, as revealed by field and laboratory experiments. Marine Ecology Progress Series 594: 231-243. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3354/meps12516. Reglero P., Ortega A., Balbín R., Abascal F. J., Medina A., Blanco E., de la Gándara F., Álvarez-Berastegui D., Hidalgo M., Rasmuson L., Alemany F., Fiksen Ø. 2018. Atlantic bluefin tuna spawn at suboptimal temperatures for their offspring. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 10, 285(1870). pii: 20171405. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2017.1405.
Human Dimensions Working Group Publications van Putten, I., Boschetti, F., Ling, S., Richards, S.A. 2019. Perceptions of system-identity and regime shift for marine ecosystems, ICES journal of Marine Science. fsz058 https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsz058 Berkes, F., Nayak, P. K. 2019. Role of communities in fisheries management: “one would first need to imagine it”. Maritime Studies 17:241–251. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40152-018- 0120-x Nayak, P. K. and Berkes, F. 2019. Interplay between Global and Local: Change Processes and Small-Scale Fisheries. In R. Chuenpagdee, S. Jentoft (eds.), Transdisciplinarity for Small- Scale Fisheries Governance, MARE Publication Series 21, pp. 203-220. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94938-3_11 Nayak, P. K., Armitage, D. 2018. Social-ecological regime shifts (SERS) in coastal systems. Ocean and Coastal Management 161 (2018) 84 -95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2018.04.020
M. Support from SCOR IMBeR greatly appreciates the ongoing support received from SCOR, and the additional support for specific IMBeR activities provided or managed by SCOR from other funding sources. IMBeR is especially grateful for the advice and assistance from the SCOR Executive Director, Ed Urban, and Financial Officer, Liz Gross.
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3.5 Second International Indian Ocean Expedition D’Adamo, Burkill
Terms of Reference:
Co-Chairs: Peter Burkill (SCOR), Vladimir Ryabinin (IOC), and Satheesh Shenoi (IO- GOOS)
Other Members of Core Group: Faiza Al-Yamani (Kuwait), Kentaro Ando (Japan), Zainal Arifin (Indonesia), M.A. Atmanand (India), Rezah M. Badal (Mauritius), Hermann Bange (Germany), Cynthia Chandler (USA), Nick D'Adamo (Australia), Jerome Dyment (France), Joaquim Goes (USA), Johnson Kazungu (Kenya), Somkiat Khokiattiwong (Thailand), Ben Milligan (UK), Yukio Masumoto (Japan), Adrian Matthews (UK), Shailesh Nayak (India), Harrison O. Ong'Anda (Kenya), Chari Pattiaratchi (Australia), Rajan Sivaramakrishnan (India), Amit Tandon (USA), Jerome Vialard (France), P.N. Vinayachandran (India), and Nasser H. Zaker (Iran)
Executive Officers: Nick D’Adamo (IOC) and Satya Prakash (INCOIS)
Executive Committee Reporter: Peter Burkill
4.0 INFRASTRUCTURAL PROJECTS
4.1 IOC/SCOR International Ocean Carbon Coordination Project, p. 4-1 Ishii, Halpern
4.2 GlobalHAB, p. 4-39 Berdalet, Yoo
4.3 IAPWS/SCOR/IAPSO Joint Committee on Seawater, p. 4-56 McDougall
4.4 Southern Ocean Observing System (SOOS), p. 4-61 Newman, Miloslavich
4.5 Changing Ocean Biological Systems (COBS), p. 4-91 Miloslavich 4-1
4.1 IOC/SCOR International Ocean Carbon Coordination Project Ishii, Halpern
International Ocean Carbon Coordination Project Progress Report for SCOR, May 2019
Understanding and quantifying the role of ocean biogeochemical cycles in the global climate system requires efficient coordination of multi-platform observations of carbon and carbon- related biogeochemical variables, carried out on a myriad of spatial and temporal scales.
To this end, the International Ocean Carbon Coordination Program promotes the development of a global network of ocean carbon and biogeochemistry observations as part of a multidisciplinary global ocean observing system that is fit-for-purpose, sustainable in the long term, and globally feasible. IOCCP coordinates the development of globally acceptable strategies and provides technical coordination developing methodologies, practices, and standards, homogenizing efforts of the research community and scientific advisory groups. IOCCP also provides communication services for the marine biogeochemistry community as well as advocacy and links to a multidisciplinary sustained global observing system.
This report highlights main activities of the IOCCP between June 2018 and May 2019 and outlines the actions planned for the near future.
Projects and Major Activities IOC-UNESCO Working Group on Integrated Ocean Carbon Research (IOCR) Over the past months, IOCCP has been actively participating in the development of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO (IOC-UNESCO) Working Group on Integrated Ocean Carbon Research (IOCR WG). The IOCR was formally recognized as an IOC-UNESCO Working Group at the 51st Session of the IOC Executive Council on 3-6 July 2018, in Paris, France. The creation of the IOCR WG marked a successful conclusion of the process initiated by a number of international organizations engaged in informal discussions of the Marine Carbon Think Tank. The Think Tank was a community response to an immediate need for an international coordination in ocean carbon research following the disbandment of two IMBER-SOLAS carbon working groups. Details of the process leading up to the creation of the IOCR WG, were described fully in IOCCP’s report to SCOR last year.
IOCCP tends to focus on ocean carbon observations, assisting in the development of new needed technology, and developing relevant capacity. However, we recognized a continuous need for an integrative platform on ocean carbon research.
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The global ocean carbon research community constitutes of several initiatives carried out by the Surface Ocean - Lower Atmosphere Study (SOLAS), the Integrated Marine Biosphere Research (IMBeR) project; the Global Carbon Project (GCP); WCRP’s core project on Climate and Ocean Variability, Predictability and Change (CLIVAR), and relevant activities of IOC. Relevant national efforts on carbon research, as exemplified by the U.S. Ocean Carbon & Biogeochemistry (OCB) program under the U.S. Carbon Cycle Science Program, contribute directly to such global efforts on ocean carbon research.
The current scope of the IOCR WG was consulted across all of these international projects and programs, and acknowledged IOCCP’s strong advocacy for this initiative to go beyond the inorganic component of the carbon cycle, and include other related biogeochemical properties such as nutrients, oxygen, and N2O, that is, consistently with the biogeochemical suite of Essential Ocean Variables (EOVs) developed through IOCCP as the GOOS Biogeochemistry Panel. The new focus on integrated ocean carbon research would deal with issues related to decadal variability, meso and sub-meso scale processes, scientific requirements for optimal observing system design, integrating ocean carbon biology considerations, and the interaction of the fluxes of heat and carbon fluxes and their storage.
Moreover, it was agreed that the WG would consider relevant new developments in ocean carbon research. For example, innovative work initiated in the context of SCOR Working Group 134 on the Microbial Pump in the Ocean in 2008, and leading to the publication of a number of established studies in 2011, have emphasized the importance of the microbial pump in the global carbon cycle and in related models; its relation with eutrophication levels in coastal areas; and the need to combine established knowledge and research on the biological pump with research on the microbial pump.
The decision to form the IOCR WG was also enabled by the increased policy demand for ocean carbon research. The need for ocean research and systematic observations, in particular with respect to the carbon cycle, was discussed by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and one of its two permanent subsidiary bodies: Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA).
Furthermore, the work of the IOCR WG will contribute to and benefit from the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development and the Agenda 2030. Details of the policy- enabling framework providing context for future IOCR WG activities can be found in the working document IOC/EC-LI/2 Annex 5, presented for approval to the IOC Executive Council: http://ioc- unesco.org/index.php?option=com_oe&task=viewDocumentRecord&docID=21841
With the approval of the IOCR WG by the IOC Executive Council, the following Terms of Reference were adopted. These were drafted with significant input from the IOCCP.
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Terms of Reference of the IOC Working Group on Integrated Ocean Carbon Research
1. The IOC Working Group on Integrated Ocean Carbon Research (hereinafter referred to as ‘the Working Group’) aims at filling knowledge gaps in relation to ocean carbon by designing and promoting the implementation of the new generation of integrated ocean carbon research 2. The Working Group, coordinated by IOC, will foster active collaboration and synergies amongst IOC, the International Ocean Carbon Coordination Project (IOCCP), the Surface- Ocean Lower Atmosphere Study (SOLAS), the Integrated Marine Biosphere Research (IMBeR), the Global Carbon Project (GCP), the core project on Climate and Ocean Variability, Predictability and Change (CLIVAR) of the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP), and relevant national efforts on carbon research. The Initiative is open to any other relevant international efforts on ocean carbon research with a demonstrated scientific record 3. The Working Group will be composed of approximately 20-25 experts. The core of the Group will be constituted by two experts designated by each partner (IOC, IOCCP, SOLAS, IMBeR, GCP, WCRP/CLIVAR), which will act as the Working Group’s Steering Committee (SC). The SC will identify additional experts for their inclusion in the Working Group. The SC will identify and appoint two members of the Working Group as Co-Chairs of the Group. Membership of the group will last two years; while members of the Working Group could be prolonged for a second two-year term, it is envisaged that at the end of the first term, one third to half of the group be renewed by appointing new members 4. The Working Group will have a geographic and gender balanced representation, reflecting inter alia the following disciplines and areas of ocean carbon research: ocean physics, chemistry, biochemistry, biology, ecology and technology 5. Depending on scientific needs, the Working Group may establish task teams around specific themes or crosscutting issues related to various aspects of ocean carbon research. These task teams would be co-chaired by two members of the Working Group, taking into due account geographic and gender balance 6. The Working Group will build upon the multiple relevant synthesis activities for ocean carbon and promote coordination across these efforts. These syntheses will inform the organization of research efforts on ocean carbon research at multiple levels – national, regional and global 7. The findings of the Working Group may contribute to the sixth assessment report of the IPCC (IPCC AR6) and other IPCC reports, as appropriate, and according to the IPCC rules of procedure (e.g. through the peer-review process of the AR6 and other IPCC reports). The Working Group, in coordination with the UNFCCC Secretariat, may also assist in facilitating informal consultations among science organizations invited to contribute to research dialogues convened by the UNFCCC 8. The Working Group will develop a yearly work plan, review it on a yearly basis, and report, through the IOC Secretariat, to the IOC Governing Bodies on progress made in the discharge of its functions 9. The Working Group will produce its findings in the form of meeting reports, scientific articles, science plans and implementation plans. It will also assist the IOC Secretariat in producing policy briefs and public awareness materials, as appropriate, including dedicated web pages as part of the IOC website 10. A Working Group secretariat will be provided by the Ocean Science Section of the IOC Secretariat. Collaborating organizations, programmes and initiatives may also provide staff or in kind contributions, including secondment of experts, to support the Working Group secretariat 11. The Working Group will operate on the basis of voluntary financial and in-kind contributions of IOC Member States, other governments, and international organizations
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IOCCP will advocate for a science strategy for future marine carbon research as a needed outcome of this WG. Such a strategy would become an important asset for the community, used for example to lay out long-term planning for bodies such as the Global Ocean Acidification Observing Network (GOA-ON). However, in order to produce a strategy that is relevant for these structures, the structures need to be involved in the strategy design itself. There is a clear need to take into account the perspective of the coastal ocean and not just the open ocean in a strategy for future ocean carbon research.
Currently, the IOCR WG Steering Committee includes two IOCCP members: Director Maciej Telszewski and SSG member Rik Wanninkhof. One of IOCCP’s roles will be to ensure that GOA-ON community is adequately represented in the process, though they are not formally part of the Steering Committee. IOCCP also nominated Prof. Christopher Sabine (former IOCCP Chair) to join the Steering Committee. Chris accepted this nomination. Maciej Telszewski will be replaced by an active scientist after the initial 2-year period.
Initial activities of the WG were foreseen to start in the last quarter of 2018 and were to entail:
An inception meeting of the Working Group in early 2019 Coordinated contributions to WCRP Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) activities as a follow-up to the CMIP6 workshop on ocean carbon uptake (AGU, 2018), in coordination with CMIP. Inputs to relevant ocean acidification activities in relation to the work plans of GOA- ON and the IAEA Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre (OA-ICC), in coordination with GOA-ON Inputs to the GCP’s 2nd REgional Carbon Cycle Assessment and Processes (RECCAP2) meeting (Japan, March 2019)
The tentatively planned first meeting of the group was cancelled and replaced by an idea to hold a larger scoping workshop. IOCCP was asked to suggest 5 names of experts to a larger workshop (40-50 participants) to represent areas we think should be taken up as the future carbon research directions of the WG. Based on the ensuing discussions, the IOCCP Executive (Co-Chairs and Office) came up with a list of five proposed themes for which expertise would be needed at the workshop. The proposed themes will be discussed and elaborated on in consultation with the IOCCP SSG. 1. Integrating surface and interior ocean carbon observations and products, i.e. SOCAT and GLODAP, accounting for the need to develop a better understanding of how surface fluxes are connected to interior carbon storage. 2. Inclusion of observing system review of carbon fluxes alongside the ongoing review of heat and freshwater fluxes carried out by the Ocean Observations Panel for Climate (OOPC). 3. Ocean acidification (OA), perhaps the development of an OA data synthesis product. 4. Terrestrial influences on coastal biogeochemistry. 5. Promoting time series activities towards data synthesis products.
As part of the IOCR activities, IOCCP participated in the community workshop on “Synthesis and intercomparison of ocean carbon uptake in CMIP6 models” organized by U.S. OCB on 8-9 December 2018, in Washington, DC. IOCCP was also invited to represent the ocean carbon community at the 1st All-RECCAP2 Workshop held on 18-21 March 2019, in 4-5
Gotemba, Japan. For details on the meeting proceedings, please see the reports under the Workshops and Meetings section below.
Further activity of the IOCR WG is expected in late 2019 and early 2020, parallel to the final preparations and kick-off of the UN Decade for Ocean Science for Sustainable Development starting in 2020.
Technical capacity development in marine biogeochemistry A significant amount of IOCCP human and financial resources were devoted to technical capacity building in 2018 and early 2019, in line with IOCCP SSG decision to strengthen our role in this domain (see more under the Future Directions section). All in all, IOCCP has been involved in organizing, co-sponsoring and running three training events, described in detail below. Based on our activities in the past 12 months, it is clear that IOCCP has also diversified its training offer to include a new workshop style specifically dedicated to promoting best practices in data management-related aspects, thus realizing not one but two of our Terms of Reference at the same time:
7) Develop and support training activities for users of observing technologies (instruments, sensors and platforms) for ocean carbon and biogeochemistry. 9) Promote the integration of ocean carbon and biogeochemistry information into research and assessments including the use of relevant data synthesis products (e.g., SOCAT, GLODAP).
IOCCP – BONUS INTEGRAL Training Course on a Suite of Biogeochemical Sensors Building on the success of the 2015 IOCCP International Summer School and in response to a large demand for a repeated offer of this course, IOCCP and EU BONUS INTEGRAL Project (Integrated carboN and TracE Gas monitoRing for the bALtic sea; https://www.io- warnemuende.de/integral-home.html) have organized a 10-day international course on "Instrumenting our ocean for better observation: A training course on a suite of biogeochemical sensors." The course has a total budget of ca. 110,000 USD and is funded by IOCCP and BONUS INTEGRAL with generous co-sponsorship from U.S. OCB, the Integrated Carbon Observation System–Ocean Thematic Centre (ICOS-OTC; https://www.icos-ri.eu/icos-central-facilities/icos-otc), EU H2020 RINGO project (Readiness of ICOS for Necessities of Integrated Global Observations; https://www.icos-ri.eu/ringo), and EU H2020 AtlantOS project (https://www.atlantos-h2020.eu/).
The course will be held on 10-19 June 2019 at the Sven Lovén Center for Marine Sciences, in Kristineberg, Sweden. This course responds to the growing demand of the global ocean observing system and the marine biogeochemistry community for expanding the correct usage and generation of information from a suite of autonomous biogeochemical sensors. The goal of the course is to train a new generation of marine biogeochemists in the use of a suite of commercially available biogeochemical sensors and to assure the best possible quality of the data produced. The suite of sensors will include those that measure pCO2, pH, dissolved oxygen and selected bio-optical parameters, related to four EOVs: Inorganic Carbon, Oxygen, Particulate Matter, and Ocean Colour.
This intensive training course will provide trainees with lectures and hands-on field and laboratory experience with sensors (deployment, interfacing, troubleshooting and calibration), will provide in-depth knowledge on data analysis, quality control, and further
4-6 processing. This course will also provide an overview on the use of remote sensing, modelling, and intelligent data extrapolation techniques. Complete information on the course, along with a draft agenda and list of course instructors, can be found at the course website: http://www.ioccp.org/2019-training-course.
The main outcome of the training course will be a group of 28 initially trained sensor users who will apply their new skills for the benefit of the Global Ocean Observing System. The non-trivial aspect of networking and community building will also be emphasized throughout the course so that the transfer of knowledge does not end on the last day of the course. The establishment of a fully integrated international network of biogeochemical sensor users, where colleagues can support each other, is highly desirable, and would further the establishment of a Global Ocean Observing System. The secondary goals will be to establish an online forum for the course participants to enable further networking, and transfer of knowledge through open and free access to recorded course materials.
Course applications were open from mid-December 2018 to 1 February 2019. Twenty-eight participants at a PhD/early postdoc level were selected from among more than 130 applicants from all over the world through a competitive process. The selection committee consisting of 7 reviewers (female and male, from Europe and North America) considered criteria such as personal motivation, academic excellence and potential, and ability to apply and distribute acquired knowledge for the benefit of expanding the ocean observing community. Gender and geographic balance were also considered. Ultimately, the Organizing Committee invited 18 females and 10 males, resulting in 64% female participation. Out of the 28 participants, 8 were invited from Europe, 7 from North America, 6 from South America, 3 from Asia, 3 from Africa and 1 from Australia – reflecting very well the geographic distribution of all eligible applications received.
IOCCP intends to video record most lectures and make them available to the wider community towards the end of 2019. There are also ongoing discussions between the Organizing Committee, the International Oceanographic Data and Information Exchange (IODE) Ocean Teacher Global Academy (OTGA) and the Ocean Best Practices (OBP) initiative regarding whether components of the training course could be used as a new pilot for a best practices video course available through the advanced e-learning platform of OTGA, popular especially among the countries of the developing world.
Global Ocean Oxygen Network International Summer School (GO2NE SS2019) Also in 2019, IOCCP is contributing to and co-sponsoring the GO2NE Summer School, to be held on 2-8 September in Xiamen, China. The IOC- GO2NE SS2019 will bring together 40 PhD students and early-career scientists with 16 world-leading international scientists. The school aims to connect young researchers with leading scientists from the academic and small & medium enterprise world who are working on oxygen. The information will be delivered not only in a theoretical framework, but also through practical sessions on laboratory experiments, field work, modelling and special sessions on communication, ethics, and engagement with stakeholders.
IOCCP SSG member Véronique Garçon is one of the 3 Directors of the School, as well as a member of the Organizing and the Scientific Committee. She will teach four lectures and/or practical sessions, and IOCCP Director Maciej Telszewski will also deliver two lectures on ocean observing system design in relation to the deoxygenation issue, and on data management covering local to global perspectives. 4-7
For more details please access the Summer School website: https://mel.xmu.edu.cn/summerschool/go2ne/index.asp.
Workshop on Underway and sensor CO2 data and metadata quality control procedures On 1-3 April 2019, IOCCP organized a small technical workshop on "Underway and sensor CO2 data and metadata quality control procedures" at the Institute of Oceanology of the Polish Academy of Science (IO PAN) in Sopot, Poland. The workshop was sponsored by the EU project AtlantOS and EU BONUS INTEGRAL project. The goal of this workshop was to update participants on the protocols enabling globally coherent quality control of surface ocean CO2 data, using a series of lectures and practicals given in the context of the most comprehensive surface ocean CO2 data set: the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT; www.socat.info).
The workshop gathered 10 participants from Ireland, UK, Sweden, Poland and Estonia. Siv Lauvset (IOCCP SSG member), Maciej Telszewski (IOCCP Director), and Bernd Schneider from the Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde (IOW) in Germany, designed and successfully carried out this new model of a workshop. The participants, representing a mixture of open ocean and coastal observationalists, expressed their appreciation of the mix of theoretical and hands-on training they received, indicating that IOCCP should strongly consider adapting this workshop model in a few other regions of the world where there is interest but gap in knowledge with respect to submitting quality controlled biogeochemistry data to SOCAT, GLODAP, or other emerging data synthesis products.
Having a small size group fostered interactions during the workshop, resulting in a number of useful recommendations to the SOCAT community. Responding to these will not only potentially increase the number of data providers, but also help increase the impact of SOCAT data for a growing number of applications.
Coordination of global ocean acidification observations IOCCP continues to play an active role in the activities of GOA-ON through participation of its three SSG members Kim Currie, Cristian Vargas and Benjamin Pfeil, and Director Maciej Telszewski on the GOA-ON Executive Council. GOA-ON is a network currently comprised of more than 600 members from 94 countries.
Over the past year, there were two major developments on which we would like to focus in this report. First, GOA-ON organized its 4th International Science Workshop in Hangzhou, China. Second, the indicator methodology for UN Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) Target 14.3 has been officially welcomed by the IOC Executive Council. In addition, we report on the GOA-ON Executive Council meeting in April 2019, in Hangzhou, China. Proceedings from the meeting are available under the Workshops and Meetings section of this report.
SDG Indicator 14.3.1 Methodology accepted by the IOC-UNESCO Executive Council IOC-UNESCO acts as a custodian agency for specific SDG 14 indicators, particularly under targets 14.3 and 14.a:
[SDG 14.3] Minimize and address the impacts of ocean acidification, including through enhanced scientific cooperation at all levels.
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[SDG 14.a] Increase scientific knowledge, develop research capacity and transfer marine technology, taking into account the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission Criteria and Guidelines on the Transfer of Marine Technology, in order to improve ocean health and to enhance the contribution of marine biodiversity to the development of developing countries, in particular Small Island Developing States and least developed countries.
This means that the IOC is responsible for the methodological development and measurement of these SDG indicators at global scale. The SDG Target Indicator 14.3.1 calls for "average marine acidity measured at an agreed suite of representative sampling stations." The process of developing suitable methodology has taken place with significant involvement of IOCCP, primarily through the expert meeting in Paris in January 2018, as reported in IOCCP’s report to SCOR last year.
The Methodology, along with the associated data and metadata files, are now available on the new GOA-ON Resources webpage: http://www.goa- on.org/resources/sdg_14.3.1_indicator.php. The documents provide guidance to scientists and countries about how to carry out measurements following the best practices established by experts in the ocean acidification community, including members of the GOA-ON and IOCCP, and explains how to report the collected information. It was officially welcomed by the Member States of the IOC during its 51st Executive Council Meeting in July 2018. You can view the accepted Methodology, available in English, French, Spanish and Russian from here.
A few months later, the SDG Target Indicator 14.3.1 was upgraded from Tier III to Tier II by the Inter-agency and Expert Group on SDG Indicators (IAEG-SDG) of the United Nations Statistical Commission following a presentation by the IOC-UNESCO. Tier II classification means that the “Indicator is conceptually clear, has an internationally established methodology and standards are available, but data are not regularly produced by countries.”
As part of the continued efforts to stimulate adequate data production to bring the SDG Target Indicator 14.3.1 to Tier I, GOA-ON and IOC-UNESCO also invited the community to take part in a survey on OA research and observation data. The survey responses, collected until 20 December 2018, will help trace where OA data are being collected, and where they are stored and served, to facilitate reporting on this Indicator.
4th GOA-ON International Workshop, Hangzhou, China, 14-17 April 2019 IOCCP was strongly engaged in the organization of the 4th GOA-ON International Workshop, held on 14-17 April 2019 in Hangzhou, China, and which brought together scientists from around the world to discuss emerging aspects from the coupled effects of ocean acidification with multi-stressors, review global ocean acidification status and forecast capabilities, and explore opportunities for capacity development.
The workshop was the fourth in a series that aims to build a sustained observing system for ocean acidification and the related biological responses that extends from local to global scales. These workshops bring together the international community and are important for developing collaborative networks and for building capacity to address the threat of OA to marine ecosystems. Previous workshops have been held in the USA (Seattle, 2012), United Kingdom (St. Andrews, 2013), and Australia (Hobart, 2016).
Goals of the 2019 workshop included (i) opening a dialogue towards a better understanding of ocean acidification’s impacts on industry, (ii) increasing coordination across nations and 4-9 stakeholders, and (iii) highlighting the widespread recognition of the threat of ocean acidification to the health and sustainability of marine ecosystems.
The workshop was organized by the State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics (SOED) in Hangzhou and by the Second Institute of Oceanography (SIO), Ministry of Natural Resources, China. Apart from being a co-sponsor of the event, IOCCP was represented by its Director and several SSG members, who contributed tremendously to shaping the agenda, reviewing applications, convening and moderating one of the sessions, and actively engaging in the discussions.
The organizers were impressed to receive 196 abstracts for the four thematic sessions. The agenda of the meeting was structured to maximize time for discussions whilst enabling selected participants to highlight research achievements, which stimulated the discussions during and after the workshop.
A detailed workshop report is being compiled and will be available from GOA-ON website and distributed by IOCCP and others. The main focus of this report will be recommendations from each thematic session, which will be incorporated as action items in the GOA-ON Implementation Strategy.
Release of the GOA-ON Implementation Strategy Taking the opportunity that many of GOA-ON members were present at the Science Workshop in Hangzhou, GOA-ON launched its new 2019 Implementation Strategy. This document outlines how to implement the GOA-ON Requirements and Governance Plan, including expanding OA observations, closing human and technology capacity gaps, connecting scientists regionally and globally, and informing about the impacts of OA. The aim was also to provide guidance that will allow for comparability across the Network, while considering the potentially different requirements and impediments within different regions. The Implementation Strategy also offers practical information prompting members to approach GOA-ON’s goals. The GOA-ON Executive Council is looking for feedback about this document until 1 July 2019. The Strategy will be also updated to incorporate action items stemming from the Science Workshop recommendations.
Global Ocean Observing System Biogeochemistry Expert Panel (GOOS BGC Panel) A significant accomplishment related to the implementation of the Framework for Ocean Observing (FOO) was the publication of the Ocean Colour EOV Specification Sheet, which is available for viewing and download from: http://www.ioccp.org/images/10FOO/BGC- EOV-Spec-Sheets_Aug-2017/EOV_Ocean-Colour_20180924.pdf. The document has been prepared as a joint effort by the International Ocean Colour Coordination Group (IOCCG) and GOOS Panels, under the coordination of IOCCP Project Office. The challenge of describing the multidisciplinary requirements and applications of ocean colour measurements was met by a task team of dedicated experts from the IOCCG Committee and GOOS Expert Panels: Emmanuel Boss (University of Maine, USA), Frank Muller-Karger (University of South Florida, USA), Rosalia Santoleri (Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Italy), Simon Bélanger (Université du Québec à Rimouski, Canada) and Taka Hirata (Hokkaido University, Japan). Extensive feedback was obtained through two rounds of review provided by the IOCCG Committee, which consists of members drawn from national space agencies and the ocean colour community.
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Although IOCCP as GOOS Biogeochemistry Panel is formally responsible for curation of the document, the Ocean Colour EOV should be seen as equally owned by and applicable to the work of all three Expert Panels of GOOS: Physics & Climate, Biogeochemistry, and Biology & Ecosystems. As in the case of other EOVs, GOOS (in consultation with IOCCG) will ensure that the document remains up to date in the future. The IOCCP Office developed a timeline and procedure for curation and regular update of all Biogeochemistry EOV Specification Sheets. The process will rely on timely input from SSG members as well as external experts, if needed. The next update is scheduled for August/September 2019.
During the past 12 months, IOCCP Co-Chairs and Office took part in two sessions of the GOOS Steering Committee: in Santa Marta, Colombia, in June 2018 and in Kiel, Germany, in May 2019. On both occasions, a comprehensive report of Biogeochemistry Panel activities and future plans was presented. As the GOOS Strategy is scheduled for public launch in mid- May, at the UN Decade Planning Meeting in Copenhagen, the efforts of GOOS are now shifting towards finalizing a new Implementation Plan. The document will outline planned activities in a 1-3-year time frame, and is intended to be updated regularly. IOCCP continues to advocate for more efficient collaboration among the GOOS structures (Expert Panels, JCOMM OCG, and GOOS Regional Alliances) and helps strengthen existing and build new partnerships for GOOS (e.g., GODAE OceanView modelling community, IODE, UN Environment), significantly contributing to the realization of the Strategic Objectives of GOOS.
Among the specific requests for our Panel was the recommendation to scope out the requirements for sustained ocean observations of marine plastics contamination. In the interim period between the 7th and 8th Session of GOOS SC, IOCCP together with the GOOS Office have engaged in dialogue with key organizations and expert working groups interested in pursuing coordinated action towards better mapping the status as well as impact of this growing human pressure. While IOCCP does not intend to lead this activity, it will continue to play the role of a conduit in the process to the extent made possible by currently available human and financial resources. Please see the Future Directions section for a detailed discussion of the notion.
Surface Ocean CO2 Reference Observing Network (SOCONET) The Surface Ocean CO2 Reference Observing NETwork (SOCONET) was established to combine high-quality and intercomparable Inorganic Carbon EOV data from moorings and ships to determine what assets are in the water and assure the quality of data delivered by these assets. Following the network kick-off meeting in February 2018, the network was formed under auspices of IOCCP through a global partnership of investigators involved in ongoing efforts, both on ships of opportunity (SOOP-CO2) and fixed platforms (OceanSITES). Goals of surface ocean CO2 observing network are to make sure that operators of CO2 measuring instruments on ships of opportunity and fixed platforms follow standard operating procedures (SOPs), strengthening the quality of data collection efforts of the wider SOCAT community.
A prospectus of SOCONET is available online at a skeleton webpage: http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/ocd/gcc/SOCONET/. Implementation of SOCONET is slower than anticipated in large part because the regional construct that consortia (EU, USA, Japan, Southern Ocean (Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa)) would comprise SOCONET was not embraced. Rather, individual participants wanted to be directly acknowledged and 4-11 engaged in the SOCONET effort. The readiness level of several participants to accomplish some of the goals (telemetry, near real-time distribution of data) was such that full implementation will likely take several years. The first steps of registering the different ships is well underway, with over 40 platforms that appear to meet SOCONET criteria. The next step will be establishing protocols for air CO2 measurements and QC. To this end, a community white paper (CWP) is being reviewed for the OceanObs’19 Conference that covers SOCONET and the associated Marine Boundary Layer CO2 ("air CO2") measurements. The paper presents the joint vision of the atmospheric and oceanographic community for taking full advantage of shared use of platforms through overcoming the existing hurdles over the next decade.
Coordination with WMO-IOC Joint Technical Commission for Oceanography and Marine Meteorology (JCOMM) As part of WMO-IOC Joint Technical Commission for Oceanography and Marine Meteorology-Ship Observations Team (JCOMM-SOT), key performance indicators and specification sheets have been developed for the CO2 part of the Ships of Opportunity Program (SOOP-CO2). Efforts are underway with the JCOMM in situ Observations Programme Support Centre (JCOMMOPS) to list all platforms in their appropriate program. Discussions took place on how to best integrate SOCONET, which is an EOV-based approach, to the platform-based structure of JCOMM. At the 10th Session of the JCOMM Observation Coordination Group (OCG) held in May 2019, the decision was made that all SOCONET pCO2 sensors will be listed in JCOMM under its relevant platform-based program (e.g., mooring under OceanSITES and the Data Buoy Cooperation Panel (DBCP); SOOP-CO2 under SOOP-SOT).
Publication of the pCO2 installation manual An important and long-awaited outcome of the SOCONET was the publication of the manual which helps guide the community on “Installation of autonomous underway pCO2 instruments onboard ships of opportunity.” The manual was produced by Dennis Pierrot (NOAA-AOML/Univ. Miami-CIMAS, USA) and Tobias Steinhoff (GEOMAR, Germany) and is full of good tips based on real experience from the authors and several other members of the community. The information contained in this technical document pertains specifically to the installation of the system built by General Oceanics, Inc. in Miami, Florida, USA. However, most of the instructions and issues discussed should apply to any type of autonomous system. Different sections of the manual describe the different phases of the installation process, from hardware requirements and necessary preparations to the installation and testing of the system.
The document can be accessed from the IOCCP site here: http://www.ioccp.org/images/D4standards/NOAA-Technical-Report_OAR-AOML-50.pdf, and it should be cited as:
Pierrot, D., and T. Steinhoff, 2019: Installation of autonomous underway pCO2 instruments onboard ships of opportunity. NOAA Technical Report, OAR-AOML-50 (doi:10.25923/ffz6- 0x48), 31 pp.
Global data synthesis activities Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT) In June 2018, on behalf of more than 100 contributing scientists worldwide, we proudly announced the release of Version 6 of SOCAT - a synthesis activity by international marine carbon scientists with annual public releases. SOCAT version 6 has 23.4 million quality-
4-12 controlled in situ surface ocean fCO2 (fugacity of carbon dioxide) measurements from 1957 to 2017 for the global ocean and coastal seas, as well as additional calibrated sensor fCO2 measurements. Early in 2019, data submission and quality control for SOCAT version 7 was also completed. The release of SOCATv7 is planned for June 2019.
SOCAT has also released an updated “cookbook” for secondary data quality control procedures. The updated cookbook, which applies from version 7 onward, was prepared by a team led by IOCCP SSG member Siv Lauvset. There is no intention to retrospectively implement the revised quality control criteria for data sets in SOCAT versions 1-6. The updated cookbook can be downloaded from the SOCAT site: https://www.socat.info/index.php/2010/09/01/socat-cookbook-revised/; and also from the IOCCP Standards and Methods page.
Global Ocean Data Assimilation Project (GLODAP) On 26 March 2019, IOCCP also informed the community that the GLODAPv2_2019 data product had been released during the First International AtlantOS Symposium in Paris (see details under Workshops and Meetings). The Global Ocean Data Analysis Project (GLODAP) is a data synthesis activity of carbon-relevant ocean interior data by a consortium of international marine scientists. The EU project AtlantOS supported the new release, together with the IOCCP and numerous national funding bodies, universities, and research institutes.
GLODAPv2_2019 is an incremental update of the GLODAPv2 data product released in 2016. Data from 116 new cruises have been added and small errors in the previous GLODAPv2 data product have been corrected. GLODAPv2_2019 contains data from 840 cruises with more than 1.1 million Niskin bottle sample analyses from all ocean basins, from 1972 through 2017. The original data, their documentation and doi codes are available at the Ocean Carbon Data System of NOAA/NCEI (https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/ocads/oceans/GLODAPv2_2019/). This site also provides access to the merged data product, which is provided as a single global file or as four regional ones – for the Arctic, Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific oceans – under the doi: https://doi.org/10.25921/xnme-wr20 (Olsen et al., 2019). The product files also include significant ancillary and approximated data. These were obtained by interpolation of, or calculation from, measured data.
There is currently work underway to publish a scientific paper documenting the GLODAPv2.2019 methods and providing a broad overview of the secondary quality control results. Several IOCCP SSG members and the Project Director are co-authors on the paper. Until the review is completed, the community may access the discussion version of the paper via this link: https://www.earth-syst-sci-data-discuss.net/essd-2019-66/.
Capturing the legacy of the EU H2020 AtlantOS project There are currently two large ongoing projects endorsed by GOOS and providing information on how to (re-)design basin-scale observing systems: TPOS2020 in the Equatorial Pacific and EU H2020 AtlantOS in the Atlantic. Through dedicated AtlantOS funding for the IOCCP project officer in 2016-2019, IOCCP has been providing significant input into a number of regional activities in the Atlantic related primarily to setting requirements for observations via the EOV process, but also for improved knowledge of the current status of coordinated marine biogeochemistry observations and data accessibility. These efforts have been 4-13 complementary to the strategic objectives of GOOS and helped progress the work of GOOS Biogeochemistry Panel.
From AtlantOS the project to AtlantOS the system From the onset of the EU AtlantOS project, efforts were put in place to avoid sharing the fate of many EU projects that failed to provide a clear legacy for the future. The vision for what AtlantOS the system would look like was outlined in the high-level strategy document put together through a process known as the Atlantic Ocean Observing BluePrint (http://atlanticblueprint.net/). Recognizing the importance of continuing the unprecedented basin-scale coordination actions instigated by AtlantOS the project, the BluePrint process has therefore been supported from the very beginning not only by the project by also by GOOS. The document “Vision for an All-Atlantic Ocean Observing System (AtlantOS)” provides a structural framework for guiding the development of the Atlantic Ocean Observing System in the North and South Atlantic. It outlines a baseline of core platforms, networks and systems that make up AtlantOS and a path from initial capability at the beginning of the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development in 2021, to full operating capability at the end of the decade in 2030. The AtlantOS BluePrint benefited from active engagement from all interested parties and partners.
On 25-28 March 2019 at the IOC headquarters in Paris, the 1st International AtlantOS Symposium was organized as a high-level event bringing together scientists, policy makers, users, funders and other stakeholders, to articulate and refine the joint All-Atlantic ambition for ocean observing. The four-day long symposium was not only an occasion to celebrate the success of the H2020 AtlantOS project, but more importantly marked the beginning of the international AtlantOS (All-Atlantic Ocean Observing System) programme, which benefits from the Galway and Belém Statements and is the Atlantic contribution to GOOS. More information on the Symposium proceedings can be found under the Workshops and Meetings section of this report.
The legacy of AtlantOS as a GOOS project GOOS has been considering how to capture the legacy of its two regional projects while considering their outcomes/advances in all steps of the FOO, as well as the approach taken to exercising the FOO process. In addition, GOOS looks to the projects for some guidance on notions not covered by the FOO, including governance, prioritisation and facilitating change.
The need and the best way to capture the legacy of these projects was discussed during the 8th Session of GOOS Steering Committee in May 2018. In a document prepared in advance of the meeting, IOCCP highlighted specific AtlantOS accomplishments, lessons learnt and recommendations that could be considered as legacy in the context of a future integrated Global Ocean Observing System.
With respect to setting requirements for observations, analysis of the societal requirements for Atlantic Ocean observations can be found in deliverable report 8.1, currently under revision. The project also analysed the adequacy of selected information products to meet user requirements (e.g., deliverable reports 8.9, 8.11 and 8.16). The European Strategy for All-Atlantic Ocean Observing System, produced by the AtlantOS project with IOCCP’s co- authorship, points at the need to map the requirements of European users “on a biannual basis via dedicated user meetings focussing specifically on delivering information for operational services, climate and marine ecosystem health applications.” This goal could be
4-14 realized through actions proposed by the European Ocean Observing System (EOOS) as specified in the 2018-2022 Strategy and Implementation Plan.
The AtlantOS workshop on setting phenomena-based targets for biogeochemical observations in the Atlantic Ocean provided a valuable trigger to discussing a phenomena- based approach to co-design of a multi-platform observing system. The full potential of exploring this approach on a basin to global scale remains to be explored. The full report from that workshop is available from here.
AtlantOS also contributed strongly to other aspects, such as technology development, data management, and ocean information product delivery. A ten-year roadmap for strategic development of sensor and instrument technology for Integrated Atlantic Ocean Observing Systems and GOOS was developed (AtlantOS Sensors and Instrumentation Roadmap) under the leadership of IOCCP SSG member Douglas Connelly. GOOS should ensure that a strategy for keeping the roadmap alive is in place. Assessment of networks and gap analysis that highlights opportunities for development over three- and ten-year timescales was included in the AtlantOS Emerging Networks Roadmap, which likewise requires regular updates to remain a useful resource for the ocean observing community.
An integrated data system that harmonizes work flows, data processing, and distribution across in-situ observing network systems, and integrates in-situ observations into existing European and international data infrastructures was presented by the project in the AtlantOS Data Services Report, to which IOCCP SSG member Benjamin Pfeil also contributed. The challenge will be to support further across-basin data integration efforts which could provide a backbone for a more efficient global ocean data management system. Such considerations are taking place in parallel with other partnerships built by GOOS, for example, with the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) as described in the report from a recent Technical Workshop on “Enhancing ocean observations and research, and the free exchange of data, to foster services for the safety of life and property.” IOCCP’s efforts to set up a Global Data Assembly Centre for Marine Biogeochemistry offer a pragmatic global solution at least for one of the ocean disciplines.
Delivery of essential ocean information products and downstream services relies on close partnership with the modelling and forecasting community. GOOS aims to enhance product delivery for applications related to weather and operational ocean forecasting, climate prediction and projection, as well as climate analysis and assessment, hazard response and early warning systems, sustainable fisheries and aquaculture management, marine spatial planning, biodiversity and environmental assessments, and other. By partnering with the modelling and forecasting community, GOOS can help transfer information product ideas and solutions to other regions; turn pilot projects into operational products; and engage with the private sector to advance the delivery of adequate ocean observations. In AtlantOS specifically, the following targeted products benefited from the use of forecasts and reanalyses made available by the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecast (ECMWF) and Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service (CMEMS), among other. North West European Shelf Seas Reanalysis and Forecasting Ship routing hazard mapping Harmful algal bloom warning bulletins Operational forecast system for Atlantic albacore tuna 4-15
POGO-AtlantOS collaboration on ocean products
Strengthening the partnership with the modelling community is also high on the IOCCP agenda. With marine biogeochemistry recognized as a new frontier in ocean forecasting and data assimilation, we see both a need and a benefit to engage stronger with GODAE OceanView, CMIP6, ECMWF, Copernicus and other intermediate data users.
Workshops and Meetings 8th Session of the GOOS Steering Committee (GOOS-SC-8), 1-3 May 2019, Kiel, Germany The 8th Session of the GOOS Steering Committee (GOOS-SC-8), guided by a new GOOS 2030 Strategy, focused on implementation planning related to major objectives. These include: developing partnerships for delivery; advocacy, visibility, and communications about the observing system; authoritative design guidance and the incorporation of results from projects; core observation coordination actions and the promotion of best practice; open data; capacity development; and governance of the observing system.
The meeting took place in Kiel, Germany, on 1-3 May 2019, and was hosted by SC co-Chair Toste Tanhua. There were 36 attendees, including SC members, sponsor representatives, GOOS staff members and invited experts. IOCCP was represented by Kim Currie and Artur Palacz, who also attended the GOOS Executive meeting on Saturday, 4 May 2019, also in Kiel, Germany.
The 3-day meeting had a strong focus on future developments of the global ocean observing system and GOOS, the program, in particular. Several forward-looking documents were prepared in advance of the meeting, with contributions from IOCCP. A restructuring of the GOOS SC was outlined in a proposal which will be further discussed and modified before presenting for approval at the IOC Executive Council meeting in 2020. A significant part of the meeting was devoted to debating the optimal governance models for the integrated ocean observing system, with due consideration to the right theoretical governance models (e.g., polycentric), their organizational scope and geographic scope (e.g., global vs basin scale). The debates benefited from a dedicated governance workshop held the day before the start of GOOS-SC-8.
Other areas of discussion included the strategy for observing system evaluations, capturing the legacy of GOOS projects, and strategies for effective partnerships in data management, societal benefit product delivery and capacity development, among others. The extent to which IOCCP as GOOS Biogeochemistry Panel will contribute to them will be determined by their overlap with IOCCP Terms of Reference and the successful partnership building over the course of coming years. Our proposed input will be reflected in the GOOS Implementation Plan, which is expected to be finalized by early 2020.
All the meeting documents and presentations from GOOS-SC-8 are available at goosocean.org/goos-sc-8. The full meeting report is expected to be published over the next several weeks. Global Ocean Acidification Observing Network Executive Council Annual Meeting, 13 & 18 April 2019, Hangzhou, China The GOA-ON held its 6th Annual Executive Council (EC) meeting in Hangzhou, China on the 13 and 18 April 2019 and 13 EC members attended. The objectives of this meeting were
4-16 for the group to provide updates on GOA-ON’s activities since the last in-person EC meeting held in Sopot, Poland, 28-30 May 2018, as well as to discuss upcoming activities, current needs for the global ocean acidification community, and future priorities. This meeting was held the day prior to, and the day following the 4th GOA-ON International Workshop, where more than 250 scientists and industry representatives from more than 60 countries attended, and therefore the GOA-ON EC meeting included discussions on the outcomes from this workshop. The Executive Council addressed several important issues, such as the SDG 14.3.1 data reporting process, advancements of regional hubs, newly announced GOA-ON Implementation Strategy, further development of the Data Portal, status of capacity-building activities, communication products, and the network’s participation at upcoming international meetings, including OceanObs’19, the Oceans in a High CO2 World 2020 meeting, and the UNFCCC COP25.
A detailed meeting report with all action items and major outcomes listed and described will be soon available from the GOA-ON website.
1st International AtlantOS Symposium, 25-28 March 2019, Paris, France IOCCP Project Office staff and several IOCCP SSG members attended the 1st International AtlantOS Symposium held on 25-28 March 2019 at the IOC Headquarters in Paris, France. The event celebrated the success of the EU Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Action AtlantOS and simultaneously marked the beginning of the international AtlantOS (All- Atlantic Ocean Observing System) programme, which benefits from the Galway and Belém Statements and is the Atlantic contribution to the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS).
There was broad participation with 29 countries and many pan-European initiatives. A major outcome was agreement for further Atlantic Basin integration, data aggregation and societal awareness of the ocean observations. The symposium showcased successes of four years of work involving 62 partners from 18 countries and the investment of 20 million Euros. It also articulated opportunities, needs, and benefits from the work of the EU-H2020 AtlantOS project feeding into the implementation of the AtlantOS system and its role of enabling a wide range of societal benefits. How will AtlantOS contribute to ocean policy processes? How does it connect to the wider ocean observing context? What are national and regional ocean observing ambitions and contributions? And how does AtlantOS respond to user needs, from the scientific, private sector, and civil society perspective?
The symposium concluded by articulating the path forward to sustain and grow the All- Atlantic Ocean Observing System (AtlantOS) during the next decade. Moreover, ocean experts assembled at the First International AtlantOS Symposium gave their support for an All-Atlantic Ocean Observing System by issuing the Paris Declaration on All-Atlantic Ocean Observing which called on all nations, scientists, ocean stakeholders and citizens to join together to:
Raise global awareness of the importance of the ocean and of fit-for-purpose ocean information for increased prosperity and sustainable management. Work to expand ocean observing, ocean forecasting, interdisciplinary research, innovative outreach, science ethics, early careers and ocean education training and capacity building. Ensure that this Atlantic Ocean observing system is sustainably and adequately resourced. Realize and foster ocean observing benefits through international collaboration, innovation, sharing of observing platforms, infrastructure and systems. 4-17
Share ocean data freely without restriction, grow interoperable data infrastructures. Ensure integration of ecological and biological observations with the physical and biogeochemical systems, for the coastal, seafloor and water column regimes. Promote the engagement of the ocean observing community with natural and social sciences, engineering, civil society, private sectors and citizens who rely on this information. Support adherence to global standards, best practices and joint ambitions articulated through GOOS, the Partnership for Observation of the Global Ocean, and GEO’s Blue Planet Initiative. Full text of the Declaration is available at: https://www.atlantos-h2020.eu/first-international- atlantos-symposium/paris-declaration-on-all-atlantic-ocean-observing/.
First All-RECCAP2 (2nd Regional Carbon Cycle Assessment and Processes) Workshop, 18-21 March 2019, Gotemba, Japan The second Regional Carbon Cycle Assessment and Processes (RECCAP2) is the second exercise to evaluate regional and global carbon budgets being organized by the GCP. Nicolas Gruber (ETH, Switzerland) and IOCCP Co-Chair Masao Ishii are currently responsible for leading the ocean component of RECCAP2. As first RECCAP had a very strong observational focus, IOCCP SSG members were heavily involved in the process of its development and publication of regional and global assessment papers.
The First All-RECCAP2 Workshop took place on 18-21 March 2019 in Gotemba, Japan. The event gathered scientists with expertise on regional and global budgets of greenhouse gases (GHG: CO2, CH4, N2O), including atmospheric inversions, vegetation, soils and ocean models, existing and emerging observations, data mining and synthesis, from different regions of the globe. The main goal was the planning to deliver (and explore the feasibility for regular updates) of regional assessment of GHG budgets based on scientific evidence, considering uncertainties, understanding of drivers, and retrospective analysis of recent trends. Additionally, key global assessments will be developed for their own value and in support to the regional GHG budgets. This meeting was partly supported by the National Institute for Environmental Studies, the European Space Agency (ESA), and the GCP.
Apart from IOCCP Co-Chair Masao Ishii, who is a member of the RECCAP2 Science Committee, IOCCP was represented by Rik Wanninkhof.
During the planning stages of RECCAP2, IOCCP has been keen to: Act as an efficient link to the ocean carbon community with the RECCAP2 effort, also via the IOCR WG of IOC-UNESCO. Ensure that RECCAP2 planning needs are consulted with the ocean carbon community – critical to obtain the support of the community, to collect ideas, and thus lead to a successful exercise. Suggest that core members engaged in RECCAP2-ocean include a group of participants of SOCOMv2 (Second Surface Ocean CO2 Mapping Intercomparison) led by Peter Landschützer (MPI-M, Germany) and Christian Rödenbeck (MPI-B, Germany).
For more details on RECCAP2 and the workshop, please see the site here: https://www.reccap2-gotemba2019.org/.
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Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) All Panels Meeting, 18-22 March 2019, Marrakesh, Morocco More than 80 experts from the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS), the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) and the CEOS-CGMS Joint Working Group on Climate (WGClimate) came together in a series of interlinked meetings from 18 to 22 March 2019 in Marrakech, Morocco. The overall aim was to achieve a common understanding of the needs of stakeholders for climate observations and of how GCOS and WCRP should achieve their strategic goals. IOCCP, represented at the meeting by Co-Chair Masao Ishii and Director Maciej Telszewski, contributes significantly to GCOS Implementation Plans making sure that climate-relevant observations in the ocean are appropriately highlighted and included in budgetary, management and political agendas benefiting from the GCOS IP recommendations.
From the perspective of IOCCP, there were some interesting developments in the carbon working group report. Global temperatures are steadily increasing, driven primarily by emissions of carbon dioxide, which are projected to increase by 2.8% between 2017 and 2018. The fossil fuel emissions overlie and interact with highly dynamic natural carbon cycle that itself is sensitive to climate. Carbon sinks have continued to grow with increasing emissions, but based on measurements and model results, there remains a large and unexplained variability in the global carbon balance caused by uncertainty; lack of understanding hinders independent verification of reported CO2 emissions of about 0.5 Gt/year. Errors in the land and ocean sinks are likely to be the main cause for this budget imbalance. Lateral transport between the land, ocean, and atmosphere likely has implications for estimates of the land budget.
Discussions in the Carbon breakout group identified two reasons to continue observing the carbon cycle at high temporal and spatial resolution: diagnostic –to monitor how well/badly we are doing and prognostic – to understand and predict how the cycle will likely change. Large gaps in ocean observations with poor spatial and temporal resolution of stocks and fluxes were acknowledged and the resulting recommendation will be to enhance the ocean monitoring efforts. Other (than carbon) parameters are deemed necessary to proxy- parameterize models such as surface properties and a good transport model to link fluxes and stocks. More regional understanding will also be advocated to better quantify regional variability.
All documents and presentations can be accessed from the meeting website: https://gcos.wmo.int/en/gcos-joint-panels-meeting.
A detailed meeting report will be published in June 2019.
Ocean Best Practices Workshop, 4-6 December 2018, Paris, France IOCCP continues its strong commitment to the development of the Ocean Best Practices (OBP) initiative, in line with our Terms of Reference:
4. Promote international agreements on measurement methodologies and best practices, primary and secondary data quality control and quality assurance procedures, data and metadata formats, and development and use of certified reference materials. The second annual Best Practices workshop was held at UNESCO-IOC in Paris on 4-6 December 2018. The focus of the workshop was the implementation of the OBP System operations and the future directions for technology insertion and community interactions. The 4-19 meeting was well attended with broad representation, including IOCCP SSG member Rik Wanninkhof and IOCCP Director Maciej Telszewski.
The group looked at current practices in observations and applications, then discussed the needs of the community. With that, the participants then mapped out a plan for the next two years. Of the many activities that were discussed, several were (i) inclusion of ocean observations from space in the OBP System; (ii) the need to address the full value chain from observation to information to policy; and (iii) increased interaction with ocean biology.
IOCCP as the GOOS Biogeochemistry Panel was also asked to provide input into the development of a process by which selected best practices documents from the OBP repository would be endorsed by GOOS. The issue was further discussed during GOOS-SC- 8. The process will likely be developed throughout late 2019 and early 2020, with some pilot cases already identified for each of the three ocean disciplines.
Synthesis and intercomparison of ocean carbon uptake in CMIP6 models, 8-9 December 2018, Washington, DC A CMIP6 (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6) community workshop was held 8-9 December 2018, in Washington, DC, USA just before the Fall 2018 American Geophysical Union (AGU) Meeting, organized by U.S. OCB. Following our commitment to strengthen our partnership with the modelling community, and as an early activity of the UNESCO-IOC IOCR WG, IOCCP contributed to achieving the meeting goals through active participation of IOCCP SSG members Rik Wanninkhof and Richard Feely.
The objectives of this workshop were as follows: Summarize high-profile CMIP5 Ocean Carbon Uptake analyses and challenges, as well as the planned suite of CMIP6 experiments Summarize new observational constraints, including GLODAPv2, SOCAT, SOCCOM, GO-SHIP, community observational synthesis efforts such as Obs4MIPs, ocean carbon inversions, and atmospheric observations of CO2and oxygen Modelling center reports on model formulation and preliminary analysis of simulated regional and global patterns in heat/carbon/tracer uptake in CMIP6 experiments Discuss mechanisms of heat/carbon/tracer uptake differences across models and observations towards linking physical and biogeochemical drivers and their impact Discuss tools and techniques that can lower barriers to analysis
Participants highlighted the availability of several new decadal-scale synthesis products on air-sea CO2 flux and ocean carbon storage and the urgent need within the OCB community for more comprehensive and efficient computational tools to make optimal use of ‘big data’ resources such as the CMIP6 model archive. Additionally, the group emphasized that the timeline of CMIP6 model analysis is extremely tight; modelling centers are planning to supply their data publicly in March-June 2019, and the manuscript submission deadline for contribution to the sixth assessment of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is 31 December 2019. Workshop participants made several recommendations to facilitate and coordinate community use of the CMIP6 model archive: Standardize tools for the estimation of ocean biomes
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Explicitly separate river/coastal factors from open-ocean syntheses for air-sea CO2 flux and ocean storage Incorporate pre-1850 carbon cycle changes Improve understanding of ocean carbon cycling under reversibility and sustainability scenarios
A full workshop report and information about community follow-on activities will be available in the next couple of months.
Variability in the Oxycline and Its ImpaCts on the Ecosystem (VOICE) 2nd Science Plan workshop, 8-9 September 2018, Kiel, Germany The 2nd VOICE (Variability of the Oxycline and its ImpaCt on the Ecosystem; http://www.ioccp.org/voice) Science Plan workshop took place on 8-9 September 2018 in Kiel, Germany, in conjunction with the International Conference on 'Ocean Deoxygenation: Drivers and Consequences – Past, Present and Future', held on 3-7 September 2018. The main objective of the meeting was to perform the readiness level assessment based on information collected from the various Oxygen Minimum Zone demonstration regions all over the world. During the meeting, members of the VOICE initiative reviewed the answers to spreadsheet questionnaires that were distributed among the VOICE regional champions in order to collect information on current status and gaps in requirement setting, observing capacity, and data and information product management.
The main outcome of this workshop was the submission of VOICE Community White Paper in response to an invitation from the OceanObs'19 Conference Program Committee. The core writing team consisting of VOICE Co-Chairs and IOCCP Project Office submitted the CWP on behalf of the VOICE initiative in November 2018. Below we provide the abstract as submitted. The paper is currently in revision.
OceanObs'19 CWP abstract on “Multidisciplinary Observing in the World Ocean’s Oxygen Minimum Zone regions: from climate to fish- the VOICE initiative”: Multidisciplinary ocean observing activities provide critical ocean information to satisfy ever-changing socio-economic needs, and require coordinated implementation. The upper oxycline (transition between high and low oxygenated waters) is fundamentally important for the ecosystem structure and can be a useful proxy for multiple observing objectives connected to Oxygen Minimum Zones (OMZs). The VOICE (Variability of the Oxycline and its ImpaCt on the Ecosystem) initiative demonstrates how societal benefits drive the need for integration and optimization of physical, biogeochemical and biological components of regional ocean observing. In liaison with the Global Ocean Oxygen Network, VOICE creates a roadmap towards observation-model syntheses for a comprehensive understanding of selected oxycline dependent objectives. Local to global effects, such as habitat compression or deoxygenation trends, prompt for comprehensive observing of the oxycline on various space and time scales, and for an increased awareness of its impact on ecosystem services. Building on the Framework for Ocean Observing (FOO), we initiated readiness level (RL) assessments for ocean observing of the oxycline in highly productive and economically important OMZ waters. VOICE determines ocean observing design based on scientific and monitoring activities in selected OMZs, namely the California Current System (US West Coast, the Southern California Current system off Mexico), the Equatorial Eastern Pacific off Ecuador, the Peru-Chile Current system, West Africa off Senegal and Cape Verde Islands, the northern Benguela off Namibia and in the Northern Indian Ocean (Bay of Bengal, 4-21
Arabian Sea). Regional champions aided in assessing FOO design elements for the respective OMZ, namely: requirements processes, coordination of observational elements, and data management and information products. The RL for FOO elements is derived for each region and points at system bottlenecks which prevent delivering information and products for end users with a goal of motivating consistency across regions. We found that fisheries and ecosystem management are a societal requirement for all regions, but maturity levels of observational elements and data management and information products differ. Identification of relevant stakeholders, developing strategies for RL improvements, and building and sustaining infrastructure capacity to implement these strategies are fundamental milestones for VOICE initiative over the next 2-5 years and beyond.
IOCCP SSG member Véronique Garçon is a Co-Chair of VOICE, and the IOCCP Project Office is providing support for this international initiative. Although IOCCP continues to provide its coordination and communication services for VOICE until the OceanObs’19 Conference, we anticipate that this activity will become a stand-alone effort with dedicated funding likely derived from several distributed sources, contributing to the realization of the CWP recommendations in form of pilot/demonstration projects, and/or regionally-focused efforts.
To learn more about VOICE, please see http://www.ioccp.org/voice.
Ocean Deoxygenation Conference, 3-7 September 2018, Kiel, Germany The International Ocean Deoxygenation Conference (https://conference.sfb754.de/event/1) was held on 3-7 September 2018 in Kiel, Germany. The conference was organised by the Collaborative Research Center (SFB 754) which addresses the threat of ocean deoxygenation, its possible impact on tropical oxygen minimum zones, and implications for the global climate-biogeochemistry system. The conference brought together the global scientific community working on ocean deoxygenation and aimed to identify drivers and consequences of ocean deoxygenation in the past, present, and future. IOCCP was represented by SSG member Véronique Garçon and Director Maciej Telszewski, who convened and contributed to sessions, respectively.
Following the appointment of Véronique Garçon as IOCCP SSG member responsible for the Oxygen Theme, IOCCP continues to support efforts leading to coordinated observations and data management in response to growing concerns over the problem of global deoxygenation in the ocean. Similar to our partnership with GOA-ON with respect to ocean acidification, we partner with the Global Ocean Oxygen Network (GO2NE) to set the requirements for, coordinate observations and deliver essential information adequate to monitor and predict the status, trends and impacts of ocean deoxygenation.
This Conference was a unique opportunity to gather the global community of observationalists, modellers, and stakeholders interested in sharing and advancing the state- of-the-art knowledge of the phenomenon and at the same time committed to further promoting societal awareness of this global issue. Accordingly, one outcome of the conference was the 'Kiel Declaration', in which the scientists call for more marine and climate protection and more international awareness of oxygen depletion. The declaration is available HERE.
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Global Ocean Oxygen NEtwork (GO2NE) annual workshop, 2 September 2018, Kiel, Germany IOCCP SSG member Véronique Garçon and IOCCP Director Maciej Telszewski are members of the Global Ocean Oxygen Network (GO2NE) Executive Council since its establishment in 2016 as an IOC-UNESCO Working Group. GO2NE is committed to providing a global and multidisciplinary view of deoxygenation, with a focus on understanding its multiple aspects and impacts. The Network offers scientific advice to policy makers to counter this concerning trend and to preserve marine resources in the presence of deoxygenation. Currently, the members of the core working group represent 21 institutions in 11 countries.
The GO2NE Executive Council held its annual meeting on 2 September 2018, in Kiel, Germany, just prior to the Ocean Deoxygenation International Conference. In 2018, GO2NE continued to issue high-impact publications with the policy brief “The ocean is losing its breath: Declining oxygen in the world’s ocean and coastal waters” released in July 2018. The document seeks to inform policy makers of the latest scientific data and conclusions, to ensure informed decision-making to counter this rising threat to ocean health.
A significant part of the 2018 Annual Workshop was devoted to the GO2NE Summer School planned for September 2019 in China. IOCCP is a co-sponsor of the activity, and is sending two instructors to the course. The details of the school are described under the Major Activities section of this report.
To learn more about the current and planned activities of GO2NE, please visit their website at: https://en.unesco.org/go2ne.
A European Vision for an Atlantic Ocean Observing System - AtlantOS workshop, 4-5 June 2018, Brussels, Belgium At the 3rd General Assembly of the H2020 AtlantOS project, in Las Palmas, Gran Canaria in November 2017, the community discussed ‘How can and will Europe contribute to an integrated Atlantic Ocean Observing System?’ Since the kick-off of AtlantOS in 2015, different initiatives have developed to strengthen regional coordination. These include the international BluePrint for Atlantic Ocean Observing, an international basin-scale initiative and the European Ocean Observing System (EOOS) which focuses on Europe’s capability in ocean observation worldwide.
To align these two initiatives and further strengthen European input, the AtlantOS community decided to initiate a process of drafting a European Strategy for Atlantic Ocean Observing – a forward-looking document that defines a vision for 2020 and 2030. The strategy serves as a European perspective to the BluePrint and as a basin-scale (Atlantic Ocean) contribution to EOOS. Regional examples demonstrate current European capabilities as well as the potential of ocean observing in the Atlantic Ocean.
A workshop with 25 ocean observing experts took place in Brussels from 4 to 5 June 2018. IOCCP Project Officer Artur Palacz was among the invited experts. During the workshop, three main subjects were discussed: Requirement setting to meet the user needs / Ocean Observation Networks Data Infrastructure and New Technologies Capacity Building / Resource Mobilization 4-23
Throughout the workshop, participants were also encouraged to consider existing and new innovative partnerships and coordination activities that could help achieve progress in these areas and drive greater sustainability in the future Atlantic Ocean Observing System.
Over the following months, the group was involved in drafting the strategy. The final version was completed in early 2019 and published ahead of the 1st International AtlantOS Symposium. Artur Palacz contributed as a lead co-author on two chapters of the European Strategy For All-Atlantic Ocean Observing System, which is available both as a brochure and a full document.
7th Session of the GOOS Steering Committee (GOOS-SC-7), 13-15 June 2018, Santa Marta, Colombia The 7th Session of the GOOS SC took place on 13-15 June 2018 at INVEMAR in Santa Marta, Colombia. A major theme of the meeting was the GOOS Strategy and how we move towards implementing it. During GOOS-SC-7, IOCCP outlined its current and near-future priorities with respect to the GOOS Strategic Objectives and Implementation Plan. These included but were not limited to: Expand IOCCP coordination and communication services for up to 3 additional biogeochemical EOVs: oxygen, nitrous oxide and dissolved organic carbon, currently beyond panel’s expertise and capacity. Develop new marine carbon research directions through the IOC-UNESCO Working Group on Integrated Ocean Carbon Research in partnership with SOLAS, IMBeR, IOCCP, GCP, U.S. OCB, CLIVAR, WCRP and IOC Continue to develop and promote the use of standards, reference materials, manuals, best practices, etc. among the marine biogeochemistry community Continue to support the existing data synthesis products (e.g., SOCAT and GLODAP) and lead the development of new data synthesis products based on community needs in particular ocean acidification and time series communities Promote and organize new training activities on biogeochemical instruments and sensors Strengthen the dialogue with UN Environment and other international bodies and initiatives engaged in monitoring marine plastics contamination as a potential emergent EOV
The GOOS Biogeochemistry Panel was congratulated for working across many GOOS Strategic Objectives and also cross-IOC (e.g., work with GOA-ON, GO2NE, IOCR WG). It was suggested that IOCCP continue to work actively with GOA-ON and that GOOS could look at GOA-ON as an example of development of successful, active regional networks. It was recognized that GOOS should be supportive of IOCCP in seeking sustained funding for the project officer.
Complete reports and presentations are available on the meeting website: goosocean.org/goos-sc-7.
The meeting was preceded by a Regional Workshop for Latin and South America on 12 June 2018, also at INVEMAR. The workshop was attended by around 50 participants, including INVEMAR Director, Captain Francisco Arias Isaza, Martha Arteaga from the Office of Marine and Coastal Affairs and Aquatic Resources (DAMCRA) of the Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development (MADS) of Colombia, Vladimir Ryabinin, the
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Executive Secretary of IOC, John Gunn and Toste Tanhua, the co-chairs of GOOS, other GOOS SC members, and a large group of regional stakeholders representing ocean observations, modelling and research. IOCCP was represented by Co-Chairs Kim Currie and Masao Ishii, and Office: Maciej Telszewski and Artur Palacz.
Goals of the workshop were to: To strengthen and build links across Latin American ocean observing stakeholders: scientific community, observing networks, industry, navies, and GOOS Regional Alliances (GRAs) To showcase examples of monitoring projects in the region and discuss the national strategies as drivers of coordinated observations To promote development of GOOS multidisciplinary projects in the region focused around Essential Ocean Variables (EOVs) and responding to national strategies
The regional workshop was acknowledged as an historic event that gathered key players and communities from across South America who share a common interest in realizing the vision and mission of GOOS, and whose plans are well aligned with the decadal strategy of GOOS. It was stated that workshops such as this should act as catalysts for engaging local and regional scientific communities in the work done by GOOS on a global level. Participants were encouraged to think across the disciplines and in terms of promoting regional networks capable of enhancing and optimizing sustained ocean observations that are fit for purpose. It is critical that such engagement on the scientific level occurs in parallel to messages delivered by IOC on a national representative level. However, a greater sense of urgency is needed to swiftly move across the science-policy-society interface and ensure that the South America region actively takes part and fully benefits from the upcoming UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development.
Regional workshop information is available at: goosocean.org/regional-workshop-2018.
Project Office Restructuring of the IOCCP SSG Prior to the 13th Session of the IOCCP SSG, each SSG member was requested to self-assess their skills with respect to a number of roles and responsibilities that IOCCP SSG members are asked to perform. The need for this exercise was driven primarily by the continued expansion of IOCCP onto the GOOS Biogeochemistry Panel, and the entailed need for larger in-house expertise and capacity for partnership building.
One of the applications of the analysis of our skill assessment exercise is to make better-informed decisions on SSG members’ rotations, so that in the future we will not only try to replace the key expertise of an outgoing member, but will make sure that new members have additional set of skills needed.
The results of this exercise were discussed in plenary and were instrumental in taking some of the key decisions regarding how IOCCP will approach the execution of action items in 2019 and prepare for achieving its goals on the longer, 5- to 10-year time frame. Below is a summary of key conclusions derived from the combined assessment of skills, role and responsibilities: 4-25
The information regarding the level of expertise relevant to individual EOVs and platform-specific observations, modelling, policy interaction and other dimensions will be used by the Office to call upon relevant SSG members when dealing with requests for IOCCP action. In its current composition, the IOCCP SSG has a strong expertise in all observing platforms. However, in many cases this strong expertise might be limited to carbon parameters, and be significantly weaker with respect to other Biogeochemistry EOVs. There are a few gaps in expertise that IOCCP SSG should be alerted to, considering our Terms of Reference and obligations towards GOOS. These include for example the interaction with GCOS, and implementation of Transient Tracer and Nitrous Oxide EOVs. It was noted that when appointing a new member onto the Panel, the person should have interest and some expertise in most aspects of IOCCP’s portfolio, especially various observing platforms. There are strong programmatic connections to national agencies leading the global sustained observing efforts, with the exception of China which is expected to play a growing role in the system, particularly in the development of the Biogeochemical Argo network. These connections should be maintained and expanded. The SSG is well positioned to act at the science-policy interface, but only within the countries we are residents of. All SSG members indicated a similar level of time commitment to IOCCP activities, with several looking forward to invest more time in 2019 compared to the 2017-2018 period. It was noted that any changes to the SSG should additionally consider the recommendation from SCOR to further increase the ratio of female members, and to maintain a wide geographical coverage among the members.
The above points have been considered when creating the open call for new IOCCP SSG membership (to be released by Fall 2019), and evaluation of the applications received.
Regarding restructuring of the Panel Themes, IOCCP has decided to appoint only 1 member responsible for both synthesis activities: surface ocean and interior ocean. It was noted that this SSG member would be responsible not only for SOCAT and GLODAP but also for future synthesis products. Siv Lauvset agreed to be responsible for this merged Synthesis Products theme. Regarding collaboration with SOCAT and GLODAP, IOCCP will maintain close interaction with Dorothee Bakker (University of East Anglia, UK) and the GLODAP Reference Group, respectively.
IOCCP also decided not to combine the newly merged Synthesis Activities Theme with the Data Access and Information Services Theme. This decision was dictated by recognition that specific expertise is needed to understand the complex realm of oceanographic data flow, which is different from knowledge of quality control procedures and synthesis production.
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While the other Themes will not be affected by restructuring, IOCCP would like to avoid individual SSG members being responsible for only a single IOCCP Theme, but rather, be able to share responsibility for a number of cross-cutting activities. This transition will likely occur over a few years’ time span, and depend on the ability to attract new SSG members with an appropriate set of skills.
It is noteworthy that the positive outcome of IOCCP’s skills and roles analysis has triggered similar exercises to be undertaken by the other two expert panels of GOOS, as well as the GOOS Steering Committee.
Communication services Internal communication At the 13th Session of IOCCP SSG it was decided that new measures will be undertaken to strengthen internal communication between IOCCP Office and the SSG. The most important measure is to introduce regular, quarterly updates on the status of Action Items by SSG member assigned as lead responsible for a given action. Also, all action items with their current status will be maintained as a living document shared and updated by the IOCCP SSG.
With respect to the monthly IOCCP Executive meetings, which started in 2017, they have proved extremely helpful for boosting internal communication and decision making. The SSG recommended that the Executive group consider inviting one of the SSG members on the call if and when this would be relevant for making progress on a given action item.
The SSG was also asked to set a fixed time in the year in which the annual in-person SSG meeting could take place on a regular basis in order to help anticipate the yearly event scheduling. After a quick poll, it was decided that in general the 2nd and 3rd week of November would be a suitable time to meet.
External communication The Conveyor Considering the workload that goes into each issue and the fact that the community is overloaded with frequent newsletters, the SSG decided to change the Conveyor status from a quarterly to a biannual newsletter. The newsletter was perceived as a useful archive of most important news in a given time period, being complementary to the more rapid communication service provided by the near-daily email news and website updates.
The website usage statistics Our Jobs page remains the most popular, with more than 1,200 unique page views a year (i.e., not counting repeated visit of same user during a single session) giving an average of ca. 100 per month. The most popular theme sites were those dedicated to: Instruments and Sensors, Nutrients, Framework for Ocean Observing, Ocean Acidification and Surface CO2 Measurements - each with more than 300 unique page views per year.
The number of subscribers to IOCCP email newsletter has been growing slowly but steadily since 2016. As of mid-May 2019, there are 574 confirmed subscribers. Regular email news distribution was picked up in early 2016, and since then, we have been distributing between 60 and 80 announcements per year.
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We estimate that our website receives on average around 150 unique page views per week, with a minimum of ca. 80 in the boreal summer months and up to 800 in response to particularly important announcements. It is difficult to assess the value of these results as we do not have a long data record, nor can we compare our data with other coordinating programs. Still, we would like to attract more visitors, and more frequent updates to the thematic pages is one action that the Office and the responsible SSG members will undertake.
Social media IOCCP decided to open a Twitter account to reach out to an even greater pool of users and provide a very rapid news communication service. The activity is likely to start in the second half of 2019.
Funding for Project Officer Over the past year, IOCCP Office has engaged in several fundraising activities to ensure continued support for the second staff member in the IOCCP Office. Current funding from the EU AtlantOS project terminates in June 2019. Considering the substantial amount of new requests and responsibilities passed onto IOCCP from GOOS, it is expected that GOOS takes the responsibility for continued funding of the project officer beyond June 2019. Currently, GOOS has secured salary for project officer until the end of 2019.
With IO PAN acting as a sub-contractor in an ECMWF tender C3S_511 (Quality assessment of ECV products), partial funds are likely to be available for the IOCCP Project Officer to continue for another 2-year term. However, due to changes in the timeline for contractual obligations and delivery, no funds are expected before June-August 2020. This presents a gap of 6-8 months which is currently being addressed via alternative fundraising options (i.e., two EU H2020 proposals under evaluation).
Publications (IOCCP SSG and Staff in bold) Buch E, Ketelhake S, Larkin K, Ott M (Eds.), 2019. European Strategy for All-Atlantic Ocean Observing System. EU H2020 AtlantOS Report. https://www.atlantos- h2020.eu/download/Full-document-European-Strategy-for-All-Atlantic-Ocean- Observing-System.pdf Garçon V et al., 2019, Oxygen. In Volume 1 Marine Biogeochemistry, Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences, 3rd Edition, Eds. in chiefs J. Kirk Cochran, Henry Bokuniewicz, Patricia Yager, Academic Press, pp 168-173, Book ISBN: 9780128130810, and eBook ISBN: 9780128130827 Lauvset S, Currie K, et al. (2018). SOCAT Quality Control Cookbook for SOCAT version 7. https://www.socat.info/wp- content/uploads/2019/01/2018_SOCAT_QC_Cookbook_for_SOCAT_Version_7.pdf Miloslavich P, Palacz AP, Lorenzoni L, Sierra-Correa P, Arias-Isaza F, Nolan G (2018). Report of the GOOS South American Regional Workshop - Regional projects and national strategies on marine monitoring. Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS) Report No. 229. UNESCO, Paris, France; http://www.goosocean.org/index.php?option=com_oe&task=viewDocumentRecord& docID=22369 Olsen, A., Lange, N., Key, R. M., Tanhua, T., Álvarez, M., Becker, S., Bittig, H. C., Carter, B. R., Cotrim da Cunha, L., Feely, R. A., van Heuven, S., Hoppema, M., Ishii, M.,
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Jeansson, E., Jones, S. D., Jutterström, S., Karlsen, M. K., Kozyr, A., Lauvset, S. K., Lo Monaco, C., Murata, A., Pérez, F. F., Pfeil, B., Schirnick, C., Steinfeldt, R., Suzuki, T., Telszewski, M., Tilbrook, B., Velo, A., and Wanninkhof, R.: GLODAPv2.2019 – an update of GLODAPv2, Earth System Science Data Discussions, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2019-66, in review, 2019. Telszewski M, Palacz AP, Fischer A (2018). Biogeochemical in situ observations – Motivation, status, and new frontiers. In "New Frontiers in Operational Oceanography", E. Chassignet, A. Pascual, J. Tintoré, and J. Verron, Eds., GODAE OceanView, 131-160, doi:10.17125/gov2018.ch06. Telszewski M, Palacz AP (2019). A report from the XIIIth Session of the International Ocean Carbon Coordination Project Scientific Steering Group and the Global Ocean Observing System Biogeochemistry Expert Panel. IOCCP Report No. 1/2019, GOOS Report No. 233; http://www.ioccp.org/images/D3meetingReports/XIII-IOCCP- SSG_report_FINALv2.pdf
Future Directions In the past, IOCCP has reported on its future directions and planned activities primarily according to its individual themes. However, several actions over the past months have provided a strong incentive to look at our strategic and tactical plans with respect to several broader notions that very often cut across several IOCCP themes, and which require close collaboration between several SSG members to deliver the desired outcomes. The overarching future directions were first determined and described in IOCCP’s report to its sponsors who commissioned an official review of the IOCCP in 2018. Furthermore, future directions on both short and long-term perspectives were discussed at length at the 13th Session of IOCCP SSG in October 2018. It was recognized that along with the adoption of new Terms of Reference in 2017 and the new mandate of IOCCP to act as the GOOS Biogeochemistry Panel, structural changes are necessary to match the requirements for new and extended functionality of the IOCCP.
IOCCP has been exposed to and provided significant contributions to a 2030 vision for integrated ocean observing through its numerous contributions to OceanObs’19 Community White Papers. Our role will be to galvanize several ocean observing communities to improve coordination of regional and national efforts to better observe the global ocean, to better respond to the joint scientific and societal needs of a fit-for-purpose ocean observing system, and to maximize the overall benefit of more integrated observing. IOCCP will strongly influence the Conference proceedings as a co-organizer of a series of 3 breakout sessions on the future of integrated global ocean observations, distributed over three days of the Conference.
The long-term, 5-10-year strategic thinking that has driven the OceanObs’19 Community White Paper writing process, combined with IOCCP’s internal review of its function and structure, has also determined much of IOCCP’s short-term agenda. Therefore, below we present IOCCP’s future directions for the next 1-2 years in the context of the broader, overarching themes employing IOCCP as a whole, as well as a few other themes still led primarily by individual SSG members assigned specifically to them.
New coordination activities as part of the GOOS Biogeochemistry Panel As the GOOS Biogeochemistry Panel, the IOCCP will gradually expand its coordination and communication activities in order to help the ocean observing community implement 4-29 individual EOVs. Over the past 6 years we led the community to establish a set of biogeochemistry EOVs and provided coordination support for three out of nine EOVs (inorganic carbon, nutrients, and oxygen). We now work to develop a careful strategy and conservative time plan to further expand our portfolio and perhaps add another three EOVs over the next 5-10 years.
IOCCP Executive selected three candidate EOVs to choose from for the implementation into the Panel’s activities: nitrous oxide, dissolved organic carbon and particulate matter. Prior to the SSG discussion on priorities and strategies for these EOVs, it was noted that the Oxygen Theme was only added to the IOCCP portfolio in 2018 and that the coordination and communication efforts related to oxygen observations have likely not yet reached their full capacity. With respect to the Ocean Colour EOV, any implementation activities will continue to be a joint venture of IOCCG, IOCCP, and the GOOS Biology & Ecosystems Panel. IOCCP’s main role is to curate the Ocean Colour EOV Specification Sheet, not to lead all coordination and communication efforts related to this EOV.
Several criteria were put forward to judge the impact and feasibility of taking up new responsibilities with respect to EOVs: size and leadership in the observing community (if any), connection to observing networks (and satellite agencies), technological advancement, use of standards and best practices, data availability and quality, societal drivers and value for data users (scientific and non-scientific), and importance for constraining mass balance of biogeochemical cycles. Please see the 13th Session IOCCP SSG report for a summary of the arguments for all three EOVs.
Estimates of personnel costs and volunteer hours will be made to verify feasibility of taking up the three EOVs. The IOCCP Executive will determine the exact order and timing of adding new EOVs to IOCCP’s portfolio of activities. It should be noted that these activities will not be initiated until the project officer position is secured beyond December 2019. An open call for nominations for new SSG members will then be released to seek the right level of expertise to carry out new coordination activities.
Technical capacity development During the 13th Session of the IOCCP SSG, there was a clear agreement to retain a strong focus on IOCCP’s involvement in technical capacity development initiatives. In order to best match the evolving requirements for training services with the ongoing rapid technology development, the IOCCP SSG decided to combine the responsibility for technical capacity development with that held for the Instruments and Sensors Theme. At the same time, broader involvement of other SSG members will be considered for future training events, depending on their individual expertize and availability. Strong support will continue to be provided by the IOCCP Office.
The decision to re-focus the activities under this theme was based on the analysis of the past several years of IOCCP’s services performed under the Instruments and Sensors theme. Doug Connelly pointed at the futile efforts of addressing marine sensor developers as a community. The developers tend to interact loosely through short-term research and development projects, and have little incentive to form a strong community. In the offshore domain, the market is small and competition is the only force for further development.
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In the coastal domain, however, the observer community has a strong interest in the services offered by IOCCP. While well aware of the requirements for measurements (i.e., what to measure and why), they lack the capacity and knowledge on how to perform measurements. And that is especially true outside of academia, where most of coastal measurements for management purposes are taken. They thus appreciate having a central repository with a sensors and instruments hardware directory, Alliance for Coastal Technologies (ACT) evaluation reports, technical workshop reports, or standards and best practices documents. Therefore, complementing these existing services with comprehensive training courses was deemed as the most efficient use of IOCCP’s resources with regard to this theme.
It was clear that IOCCP’s role is in international development, which is critical in enabling specific capacity building efforts to be tied in with existing regional and national projects. The goal is then for IOCCP’s services to be relevant for large observing systems in the United States and in the European Union (e.g., to support the implementation of Marine Strategy Framework Directive monitoring), but also for observations in developing countries keen on continuing technical capacity development. The IOCCP SSG recommended that a partnership model be developed, akin to the one successfully used in ocean acidification research where joint capacity building efforts by GOA-ON, IOCCP, IAEA and others led to the rapid expansion of OA-related observing capacity.
Quality control of sensor measurements was suggested as a key aspect of capacity development that IOCCP could provide. This is important not only because of the growing use of sensors, but also in the context of generating data that is of sufficient quality to support the development of thematic synthesis products, such as on ocean acidification and its impacts. IOCCP recognized this need and during the 2019 training course will devote 1.5 days to quality control issues. In addition, as part of the AtlantOS project, the IOCCP Office organized a dedicated workshop on quality control of pCO2 sensors in April 2019. Such a new workshop model could be implemented in other regions with potential for new data providers to SOCAT and/or GLODAP.
Perhaps the most effective means of improving quality of data is through follow-up activities, such as providing access to reference materials, after introducing new technology in a given environment. The issue of maintaining technology and its proper application is widespread among countries that do not have local manufacturers.
Supporting data synthesis products through the Global Data Assembly Centre for marine biogeochemistry While the two flagship synthesis products supported by IOCCP: SOCAT, and GLODAP have become standalone activities with significant accomplishments, it is important to note that both activities will continue to rely on and benefit from the support of IOCCP for funding and coordination of their activities (i.e., 1 meeting each year for SOCAT and 1 for GLODAP). IOCCP will continue to advocate for stable support to secure core funding for both the SOCAT and GLODAP communities’ efforts. IOCCP financial support would be focused on supporting specific activities.
A parallel goal for IOCCP is to determine what are the requirements for future synthesis products, and to anticipate how to advance their development, using a pragmatic approach to designing and developing these products. In order to best respond to the community’s requests for new synthesis products, IOCCP has decided to restructure the current themes of 4-31 the panel by merging the ‘Surface synthesis products’ with ‘Ocean interior synthesis products’ themes (see also under the Project Office section of this report).
Central to these considerations was a discussion on the current status and future prospects of the Global Data Assembly Centre (GDAC) for Marine Biogeochemistry, as envisioned in the IOCCP position paper on Global Ocean Biogeochemistry Data Management. The first important conclusion was that the community already has the capacity to have a GDAC functional for high-quality Inorganic Carbon EOV measurements, thus sustaining data management for SOCAT and GLODAP products. However, more efforts and resources were needed in order for the GDAC to account for all biogeochemistry EOV data, regardless of the quality and intended applications. If the BGC GDAC was to support the development of new synthesis products based on time-series observations, there is a lot improvement necessary to bring management of these data onto the level of a GDAC.
Significant funds were collected so far to complete the implementation of the BGC GDAC. However, it was not reasonable to expect that central funding will be available to sponsor this activity entirely. Instead, it was recommended that IOCCP joins efforts with ICOS, the NOAA Ocean Acidification Program and Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, IODE and Copernicus in order to fully develop the GDAC. IOCCP will support the efforts to seek dedicated funding for the final implementation of the BGC GDAC which is aimed for 2020- 2021.
An important step in this direction was the meeting between Benjamin Pfeil (IOCCP SSG) and Peter Pissierssens (Head of IOC Project Office for IODE) related to the requirements of IODE Associate Data Units (ADUs) – contributing to the objectives of National Oceanographic Data Centres (NODCs), and about adding visibility to the contribution of ADUs into the GDAC. With respect to supporting time series-based synthesis products, it would be beneficial to establish a stronger connection with OceanSITES which already has two GDACs in place (in France and in the United States). This connection would not only highlight the outstanding issues preventing time-series data synthesis, but also likely help secure additional funding for the BGC GDAC.
While the intention is not to interfere with how countries deal with original data management as part of their NODCs, it was recognized that many countries do not have national data management centers and researchers submit data to regional and international databases in an often uncoordinated manner, or oftentimes, receive no clear guidelines on what to do with the data at all. Therefore, it cannot be expected that IODE’s network of NODCs accounts for the integration of all oceanographic data. In order to respond to the needs of users, actions need to be taken on a larger scale, integrating data from across the NODCs. IOCCP is in position to play such a role through the development of the BGC GDAC.
Towards new data synthesis products for marine biogeochemistry The process of developing new data synthesis products ought to start with identifying end- users and opening a two-way dialog to identify specific needs for such products. Equally critical is the identification of who will provide the actual product, what the specifications and limitations will be, and what is the long-term (10-year) goal for any given product. A specific example could be that of a synthesis product on ocean acidification and its impacts developed from time-series observing efforts, including ship-based and moored observatories. Anthropogenic CO2 in the ocean could be a product if provided on decadal
4-32 time scales, but not on monthly. The community has also expressed interest in developing oxygen-related synthesis products. It was apparent that any development of a product must start with organizing a workshop which would bring together expert observationalists and anticipated users. As new requirements for these products come up, IOCCP will need to have a strategy for engaging the right group of experts to join the effort to support various activities, such as data quality control, web-based GUI, etc.
Time-series observations support new biogeochemistry data products In order to initiate the development of a biogeochemistry time-series data product, two main challenges need to be overcome: (i) establishing a community-based working group that defines requirements and steers the process and (ii) raising funds to enable work on a pilot data product.
To achieve the first objective, an international scoping workshop for a biogeochemistry time- series data synthesis product is envisioned that would involve representatives of shipboard time-series sites, other programs like IGMETS, GOA-ON, etc. and experts with a background in GLODAP. The workshop would formulate a roadmap for the development of a pilot data product that should form the basis for a more sustained product in the end. The workshop could be co-sponsored by IOCCP and OCB as a follow-up initiative of the 2012 time-series workshop in Bermuda. Funds will be sought through OCB’s open call for workshop proposals to be released in late 2019. Tentative plans are made to organize the workshop in 2020.
The second objective could be implemented by incorporating this topic into a national or international research proposal to acquire funds for a dedicated postdoctoral researcher who would work on the implementation of a first pilot product. In January 2019, an EU H2020 proposal was submitted under the call “BG-07-2019-2020: The Future of Seas and Oceans Flagship Initiative”, which included a dedicated task to develop a pilot biogeochemistry time series data product.
Development of OA data-synthesis products IOCCP recognizes need for OA-related data-synthesis products in the context of SDG14.3 and the new WMO OA indicator, among others. A wide community consultation in partnership with GOA-ON and other interested coordinating bodies was suggested to identify the most pressing needs for such products and to assess the current and needed capabilities in the community.
A global map of OA with temporal variability, visualized over various relevant timescales, was considered as the most effective tool for “upward” communication with local and regional governmental managers and policy makers. Biologists and ecosystem scientists rely on the availability of such information to examine and project future impacts of OA on ecosystems. For instance, if you know what the carbonate system thresholds for oyster larvae are, and know how often this threshold was/is/will be crossed depending on the current atmospheric CO2 levels and related marine levels, then you could design an interactive decision support tool for stakeholders interested in assessing risks related to oyster farming.
As mentioned above, better coordination of time-series observations and data management is a critical step towards developing OA-related products. This includes developing standards and operating procedures for better quality and inter-comparability of data. ICOS OTC has been working towards those goals for fixed ocean stations. ICOS and GOA-ON are learning 4-33 from each other’s experiences and are natural partners in the process. Moreover, there is a need for agreed procedures for discerning anthropogenic signal from the data – a task that is challenging recognizing the difficulty in de-seasonalizing the signal in coastal time-series stations.
IOCCP is looking for wider community consultation on these issues as part of the preparation and organization of the time series workshop planned for 2020.
Oxygen data platform and synthesis product on deoxygenation Following the discussions at the joint VOICE & GO2NE meeting in Monterey, CA, USA, in September 2017, IOCCP (through its SSG member Véronique Garçon) has gradually been working towards enabling the development of an oxygen-related data platform and synthesis product. Such a product would be a very valuable addition to the World Ocean Atlas oxygen climatology – currently the only global oxygen data product. The overarching goal is to obtain more reliable climate and ecosystem models and gaining a better understanding of the ecology of the marine systems. Model evaluations and IPCC-type assessments provide just two types of examples motivating improved global oxygen data availability, quality, and comparability. The importance of pointing at the societal benefits of submitting and quality controlling data in general is critical in regions where data is not being submitted anywhere, or is inaccessible beyond a single institution.
An initial 2-day scoping workshop was proposed to develop a roadmap among the community interested in the issue of ocean deoxygenation towards an open-access oxygen data platform for the world ocean. By this, it is meant a quality-controlled (data quality flags assigned based on consensus reached by data contributors and users) data-synthesis product, with underlying raw data available in one place or, if impossible, then distributed but available, with metadata clearly defined and available for each data and with a DOI assigned to each data set.
The proposed workshop would gather ca. 35 participants, including representatives of different observing networks performing O2 measurements, both Eulerian and Lagrangian style, that is, Winkler titrations measurements, sensors data on CTDs and on fixed moorings/time series, sensors on Biogeochemical Argo floats and on gliders/wavegliders and on any remote vehicle/platform. The initial proposed strategy is to first focus on Eulerian sensor (on CTDs) measurements and then tackle Lagrangian oxygen data. The process will strongly benefit from the lessons learned by SOCAT, as a community-driven effort to generate information for many user groups.
Apart from IOCCP’s sponsorship, tentative funding support is being sought from Future Earth – Belmont Forum Collaborative Research Action – Oceans, and the U.S. NOAA. The workshop will likely take place in Sopot, Poland, around mid-November 2019.
Standards and best practices With the onset of the idea to develop the Ocean Best Practices (OBP) repository (https://www.oceanbestpractices.net/), there has been a proliferation of activities related to promotion, availability, and standardization of standards and best practices in all ocean domains. The GOOS BGC Panel was asked to make sure that marine biogeochemistry best practices are (i) visible, (ii) well documented, and (iii) searchable. For the benefit of our community, our work should take place via the OBP. The goal for IOCCP is to achieve
4-34 standards and best practices for all EOVs, all platforms and stages of the data cycle, from data acquisition to processing. To this end, IOCCP will continue to actively participate in relevant international meetings, the first of which took place in December 2018 in Paris.
It was noted that, so far, all the activities related to requests related to best practices come through the IOCCP Office and through individual requests to IOCCP SSG members as experts in their fields. At the 13th Session of IOCCP SSG, an idea was discussed to establish Standards and Best Practices as a separate theme in the Panel’s portfolio, with a dedicated SSG member responsible for related coordination and communication activities.
In response, the group argued that the theme of standards and best practices is intrinsic to the work of the entire Panel, and that the responsibility for it should span across all SSG members. Thus, the SSG decided that it will not create a new theme dedicated to standards and best practices. The SSG also recommended that it does not take on an overwhelming amount of tasks related to the work of the OBP. Instead, we should offer our support to activities otherwise led and executed by the very capable OBP working group, members of which are also on the IOCCP SSG.
Ocean acidification IOCCP’s future work in the domain of ocean acidification observations will continue to be catalysed by a close collaboration with the GOA-ON. IOCCP’s role will continue to be related to specific issues regarding chemical and biological EOVs, to developing and updating relevant best practice documents and also providing a connection between the scientific community and high-level agendas such as UN SDG 14, WMO Indicators, and GCOS Implementation Plan. Parallel to this, there is an ongoing interaction with the GOOS Biology & Ecosystems Panel through GOA-ON’s panel on biological observations of OA.
Support for global and regional activities IOCCP was asked to support GOA-ON with leadership and vision on future carbon science, which would help steer the long-term strategy for ocean acidification observation and research. Continued IOCCP support for ongoing and planned GOA-ON activities will be important as the network continues to grow. These include the further development of the data portal and web site, capacity building, Pier2Peer mentoring program, and ongoing support to developing countries. IOCCP will also ensure that GOA-ON is adequately represented in the IOCR WG, both in terms of experts present in the meeting rooms and thematically on the agenda.
Access to affordable certified reference material for researchers in countries setting up OA monitoring and research continues to be a challenge and IOCCP will assist the process to the extent possible. A couple of recently discussed partial solutions include exploring the development of IAEA-produced reference material and centralizing shipments, which account for a very significant portion of the overall cost. Another ongoing issue, which could benefit from a more centralized solution backed by IOCCP is related to safety issues with mercuric chloride.
Through Cristian Vargas and the Latin American Ocean Acidification Network (LAOCA), IOCCP is determining the needs and activities of the Latin American marine biogeochemical community. IOCCP recognized the need for developing best practices (for data collection and data management), and including Latin American colleagues in any intercalibration efforts in 4-35 the future. Best practices would help the community evaluate whether the sensor calibration was performed accurately, and would allow the regional and global data analyses, which would further assess whether the given data uncertainty is within an acceptable range.
Acknowledging numerous complementary activities of IAEA in the region, IOCCP will support the organization of a regional meeting on data quality control and management for OA research in Latin America and beyond. The proposed workshop would aim to produce a strategy for adequate quality control and help connect regional observationalists to global synthesis products. IOCCP will consult and collaborate with the Ocean Teacher Global Academy (OTGA), GOA-ON, and IAEA.
Surface ocean CO2 observations Protocols for marine boundary layer air CO2 measurements and quality control Establishing protocols for marine boundary layer air CO2 measurements and quality control is high on the agenda of SOCONET. IOCCP has endorsed the need to further develop the collaboration with the atmospheric community.
To determine air-sea fluxes. the NOAA Boulder product GlobalView is currently being used. A quasi-assimilation product CarbonTracker CT2017 is also available. As air measurements of CO2 are becoming increasingly important, details of how to develop a high-quality product without regional bias needs to be worked out. It was recommended to carry out an investigation into the feasibility and the need for comparison/validation of products.
IOCCP is keen to strengthen the collaboration with the atmospheric observationalists, who as a community are also gathered in Global Atmospheric Watch (GAW). GAW requirements cannot be currently met with our ship-borne measurements. However, these ship-based measurements could be of value if the uncertainty is better constrained. Otherwise a special sensor for atmospheric CO2 measurements would be needed. A useful application could be the validation of satellite retrievals of column CO2.
Apart from the contribution to the OceanObs’19 Community White Paper on the topic of marine boundary layer air CO2 measurements, IOCCP will make sure that its representative attends the Biennial WMO/IAEA Meeting on Carbon Dioxide, Other Greenhouse Gases and Related Tracer Measurement Techniques (GGMT), with the next one taking place in Korea, Jeju Island, on 1-6 September 2019.
Investigating utility of SOCONET data for surface water and profiling float pH measurements Autonomous pH sensors are reaching a maturity level where they are low maintenance, precise, and have minimal drift. There is strong interest to use these sensors to determine surface water pH. As the accuracy of the sensors and conversion of pH to pCO2 is not well known, the SOCONET quality data will be of great utility to validate or calibrate these units. If successful, this will greatly augment the current surface pCO2 dataset. IOCCP is planning to support and organize a technical workshop to explore this utility in detail. The workshop has tentatively been scheduled for the second part of 2019, potentially as a side event to a larger SOCAT community event. Ocean interior observations IOCCP will continue contributing to the development of all ocean interior observations in many aspects, such as dissemination, preparation of best practices, capacity building and
4-36 negotiation with intergovernmental organizations through our work with GO-SHIP Committee, Biogeochemical Argo Steering Committee, JCOMM OCG, GOOS Steering Committee and others.
GO-SHIP For the years 2019-2022, ten GO-SHIP cruises have been planned (nine funded) for reference sections. Among these, five cruises have been funded for the sections in the Indian Ocean and Indian sector of the Southern Ocean.
A review of the U.S. GO-SHIP (significant conclusions for international GO-SHIP) is planned for 2019. Topics discussed include expanding onto more biogeochemistry and biology; and relationship between GO-SHIP and Biogeochemical Argo. IOCCP’s advice in the process will be instrumental. GO-SHIP is also keen on obtaining advice from IOCCP on which EOVs should be included in the expansion of the network’s capacity.
Coordination among Biogeochemical Argo, GO-SHIP, and IOCCP Calibration/validation of data collected by Biogeochemical Argo sensors is fundamental in order for these very large sets of data to be used in the context of long-term trends quantification as required when discussing climate variability. This argument is specifically highlighted in the OceanObs’19 CWPs submitted by both GO-SHIP and Argo. This argument is as valid for calibration/validation of data from other autonomous ocean observing networks such as that of gliders equipped with biogeochemical sensors.
During the 13th Session of IOCCP SSG, discussions revolved around the growing importance of Biogeochemical Argo in ocean interior observations and the extent to which IOCCP should support it alongside the current support given to GO-SHIP. The SSG exchanged information on the prospects for future funding of the ongoing components of the Biogeochemical Argo float array and for the expansion of the fleet towards the goal of 1,000 floats with all six biogeochemical sensors as detailed in the Biogeochemical Argo implementation plan (http://biogeochemical-argo.org/). The group agreed on the importance of supporting the program on the international level, recognizing the fact that current support is mostly national and project-based, with a growing number of countries committing to create national operational Biogeochemical Argo programs (China, Canada, Japan, Norway).
The SSG remarked on a number of open issues regarding the strategy and implementation of Biogeochemical Argo from an international perspective. One such issue is the possibility and cost-benefit analysis of having additional oxygen sensor measurements on core Argo floats, implemented on top of the Biogeochemical Argo float array with a full-blown suite of sensors.
While the 6th Argo Workshop held just prior to the 13th Session of IOCCP SSG was intended to approach some of these issues, it did so only to a very limited extent. Hence, there was a suggestion to organize an international workshop on Biogeochemical Argo but with IOCCP’s role as facilitators and with a clear strategy and implementation plan published. Further progress was made at the Argo Science Team meeting in China in March 2019, in particular, regarding the establishment of Argo Mission 2020 (Argo-2020). Dick Feely has been responsible for scoping the need and possibility for pursuing this activity further.
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Sustained observations of marine plastics contamination During the 7th Session of the GOOS Steering Committee (June 2018), it was recommended that GOOS Biogeochemistry Panel takes charge of scoping the community needs for international coordination of sustained ocean observations of marine plastic contaminants.
The IOCCP SSG agreed that the issues of marine plastic monitoring are vital from the societal perspective, as recognized by the regional and global conventions (e.g., EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive, UN Agenda 2030) and as reflected in the GOOS Strategic Objectives. The SSG also recognized the challenges related to even identifying what part of this highly complex variable should and could be measured. Aspects such as monitoring various species of plastic, various fractions (micro vs macro), and whether in situ or space- borne observations are more feasible and why, are just a few examples of fundamental questions that need addressing as soon as possible. Recognizing these challenges, the group suggested that it is likely premature to establish standard operating procedures for monitoring marine microplastics. However, developing common methodology would be a priority for the global community involved in plastics monitoring efforts. It was also mentioned that IOCCP, in its form, could not comfortably advise on data management issues related to marine plastics. The Biogeochemistry Global Data Assembly Centre could potentially be considered, but it is premature to make any recommendations, as data management practices in marine plastics community have very low maturity level. It was recognized that GESAMP, UN Environment and lately also SCOR have expert working groups dedicated to this topic and they would be more suited to herding the relevant members of the community.
Ultimately, IOCCP decided in the short-term to be involved in collecting information on the status and needs of marine plastic monitoring, acting as a conduit for some other organizations on behalf of GOOS and not assuming any leadership role in the process.
At the GOOS-SC-8 meeting (May 2019) IOCCP recommended as a long-term solution to create a dedicated expert panel of GOOS, or a development program aiming towards calling such a panel, which would in partnership with the relevant organizations (e.g., UN Environment, GESAMP WG 40, EU EuroSea project, if funded) and expert working groups take up the challenge of coordinating ocean observations of marine plastics. This Panel need not be limited to marine plastics, but would account for all “Human Pressure Variables”, as per original idea put forward by GOOS in 2016.
At GOOS-SC-8, it was decided that currently there are insufficient resources available to establish a new GOOS Expert Panel dealing with so-called human pressure variables. However, the SC recognized the need for treating such variables separately from other EOVs using the current Framework for Ocean Observing approach. The SC also noted that the process would require expertise beyond the scope of existing panels of GOOS. It was agreed that IOCCP will continue the scoping activities to a limited extent, pending additional dedicated funds are acquired, e.g., via the EU proposal EuroSea. Coordination of marine plastics observations in the EU proposal EuroSea Participation in the EU proposal EuroSea is one of the options which IOCCP is pursuing to secure funding for the Project Officer beyond 2019. One of the proposed tasks in EuroSea deals with “Developing capacity and coordination for a sustained ocean observations of marine plastic contaminants.” If funded, this task would be led by IOCCP Project Office at IO PAN, and it would bring together technical experts leading individual global observing networks with leading authorities focused on marine plastic contamination (e.g., GESAMP,
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UN Environment and initiatives involved monitoring, sensor development, and ecosystem impact assessments in marine plastics) with the long-term aim to establish global coordination of sustained observations of marine plastic contaminants as a “Human Pressure” EOV. A subtask will aim to establish a common sampling protocol, support implementation among European observing network partners, and establish the capacity to map out marine plastic contaminant monitoring.
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4.2 GlobalHAB Berdalet
Dr Ed Urban, SCOR Executive Director
May, 27th 2019
Dear Dr Urban,
The GlobalHAB Scientific Steering Committee is glad to present the Report to SCOR. It is a good opportunity to acknowledge the SCOR support to the program. As you know, this program, launched in 2016, was born from the need to coordinate research on harmful algal blooms (HABs). It was established on the legacy of the previous IOC/UNESCO and SCOR program GEOHAB, as a bottom up initiative from the research community working on HABs in an open science meeting held in Paris, April 2013 at the sunset of GEOHAB. The ultimate goal of GlobalHAB is to improve understanding and prediction of HABs in aquatic ecosystems, and management and mitigation of their impacts.
Since its launch in 2016, the GlobalHAB SSC worked on the elaboration of the Science and Implementation Plan, the webpage structure, some activities and end products of GEOHAB and new GlobalHAB initiatives. Without an international program office, GlobalHAB is being implemented by the SSC working on line, three scientific meetings with the support of IOC UNESCO and SCOR (including funding from the U.S. National Science Foundation) and by in-kind contributions from ICES and PICES, and with the invaluable support of Ed Urban (SCOR) and Henrik Enevoldsen (IOC UNESCO). Additional funds have been received from other institutions when hosting the SSC meetings and for the implementation of the specific activities indicated in this and previous Reports to SCOR.
As it is shown in this 2019 Report (section 4) some new scientific activities are planned and scheduled for the 2019-2021 period, whose implementation depends on obtaining the necessary funds. At present, the SSC members are in contact with interested researchers and institutions to co-organize and co-fund these activities, and some support is already secured. In all cases, scientific outcomes in form of papers, new knowledge, training and coordination will result.
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Furthermore, GlobalHAB has been present in relevant international scientific and stakeholder fora where the challenges posed by HABs have been visualized and incorporated in key documents defining the road map of international agencies. The work of GlobalHAB is becoming increasingly relevant as climate change begins to have worldwide discernible effects on coastal marine ecosystems along with major HAB impacts on resources (e.g., HAB induced salmon mass mortalities in Chile and Norway in the last three years). Nowadays, research on HABs goes beyond the traditional HAB arena and is entering into a new era of coordination initiatives. In all these initiatives SCOR has always been visible and acknowledged.
For all the exposed, it is extremely necessary that the utilization of the US NSF earmarked contribution to SCOR allocated to GlobalHAB is extended beyond August 31st, 2019, specifically for 18 months, until February 28th, 2021.
The GlobalHAB SSC requests that SCOR investigates with NSF all options to extend this deadline. This extension will allow conducting the planned activities and produce the scientific outcomes that implement GlobalHAB goals. As stated in the GlobalHAB webpage, "In the broader picture GlobalHAB contributes to improved management of HABs as an ocean hazard through improved preparedness and early warning systems contributing to UN Sustainable Development Goal 11, target 11.5 and Priority 4 and Global target 7 of the Sendai Framework on Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR) 2015- 2030." And the GlobalHAB SSC is committed to it.
When closing this Report, I am asking, respectfully, for this consideration to the SCOR President, Executive Director and Committee, on behalf of the GlobalHAB SSC and the international community working on HABs.
Elisa Berdalet, Chair of the GlobalHAB SSC
GlobalHAB Scientific Steering Committee members Elisa Berdalet, Institute of Marine Sciences, CSIC, Spain, Chair Raphael Kudela, University of California, Santa Cruz, USA, Vice-chair
Neil S. Banas, University of Strathclyde, United Kingdom Michele Burford, Griffith University, Australia Christopher J. Gobler, Stony Brook University, USA Bengt Karlson, Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, Sweden Po Teen Lim, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Lincoln Mackenzie, Cawthron Institute, New Zealand Marina Montresor, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Italy Kedong Yin, Sun Yat-Sen (Zhongshan) University, China 4-41
Eileen Bresnan, Marine Scotland Science, United Kingdom, ICES representative Keith Davidson, The Scottish Association for Marine Science, United Kingdom, Ex-officio Vera L. Trainer, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, USA, ISSHA and PICES representative Joe Silke, Marine Institute, Ireland, IPHAB representative
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GlobalHAB - the International SCOR-IOC Science Program on Harmful Algal Blooms
Program Activities 2018-2019 and Plans for the 2019-2021 period
GlobalHAB Scientific Steering Committee members Elisa Berdalet, Institute of Marine Sciences, CSIC, Spain, Chair Raphael Kudela, University of California, Santa Cruz, USA, Vice-chair
Neil S. Banas, University of Strathclyde, United Kingdom Michele Burford, Griffith University, Australia Christopher J. Gobler, Stony Brook University, USA Bengt Karlson, Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, Sweden Po Teen Lim, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Lincoln Mackenzie, Cawthron Institute, New Zealand Marina Montresor, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Italy Kedong Yin, Sun Yat-Sen (Zhongshan) University, China Eileen Bresnan, Marine Scotland Science, United Kingdom, ICES representative Keith Davidson, The Scottish Association for Marine Science, United Kingdom, Ex- officio Vera L. Trainer, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, USA, ISSHA and PICES representative Gires Usup, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia, IPHAB representative (2015-2019) Joe Silke, Marine Institute, Ireland, IPHAB representative (2019-2023)
Henrik Enevoldsen, IOC UNESCO/ IOC Science and Communication Centre on Harmful Algae at the University of Copenhagen, Denmark Ed Urban, Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research, USA
The GlobalHAB Scientific Steering Committee (SSC) acknowledges the financial and logistic support received from SCOR and IOC during the 2015-2019 period. The funds made possible the development of the GlobalHAB Science and Implementation Plan, representation of the program at international meetings and publications completing the work of the GEOHAB program. SCOR funds are also contributing to the implementation of some short-term initiatives prioritized by GlobalHAB. GlobalHAB activities are described next. 4-43
1. Meetings of the GlobalHAB SSC members
Since the last meeting at the Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche (LOV) in Villefranche-sur-mer (France) on 10-11 April 2018, GlobalHAB SSC members have worked on implementation of the GlobalHAB by communication through email and virtual meetings of small groups. In addition, most SSC members (including representatives of ISSHA, IPHAB, ICES, PICES) had an opportunistic meeting during the 18th International Conference on Harmful Algae (ICHA) held in Nantes, France, 21-26 October 2018. Among other items, the SSC reviewed the status of ongoing activities and prioritized new ones. Given that many activities are in progress, the SSC decided not to meet in 2019 and to continue coordination remotely. This will save funds to be used for specific activities and products.
2. Science highlights in the 2018-2019 period
2.1. Communications about the GlobalHAB program, from GlobalHAB-endorsed projects and other programmes related to GlobalHAB in international scientific events:
. Regional Workshop on Monitoring and Management Strategies for Benthic HABs, Monaco, April 2018 - E. Berdalet, H. Enevoldsen and the GlobalHAB SSC. The IOC- UNESCO and SCOR programme GlobalHAB: International coordination to advance in the understanding and management of benthic harmful algal blooms impacts. . The Effects of Climate Change on the World's Oceans, 4th International Symposium, Washington, DC, USA, June 2018 - Raphael Kudela, E. Berdalet, C. Gobler, B. Karlson, N. Banas, E. Bresnan, M. Burford, K. Davidson, Po Teen Lim, L. Mackenzie, M. Montresor, V. Trainer, G. Usup, K. Yin, H. Enevoldsen and Ed Urban. GlobalHAB: International coordination to ascertain the effects of Climate Change on the occurrence of Harmful Algal Blooms. . ICHA 2018, Nantes, October 2018 - E. Berdalet, N. Banas, E. Bresnan, M. Burford, K. Davidson, C. Gobler, B. Karlson, R. Kudela, P. T. Lim, L. Mackenzie, M. Montresor, V. Trainer, G. Usup, K. Yin, H. Enevoldsen, E. Urban. GlobalHAB (IOC-UNESCO and SCOR): International coordination for sound knowledge of HABs to manage their impacts. . ICHA 2018, Nantes, October 2018 - L. Mackenzie, J. Banks, K. Smith. Application of gel-formatted qPCR assays for rapid diagnosis of shellfish toxin producing and fish- killing micro-algae in seawater. Communication of the GlobalHAB endorsed projects of the authors. Global Ocean Observing System Bio/Eco Panel Meeting. St Peter’s Beach, FL, USA, October 2018 - R.M. Kudela. An update on development and implementation of the Phytoplankton EOV. . PICES 2018, Yokohama, Japan October 2018 - V.L. Trainer Progress of GlobalHAB including Best Practices Manual. PICES Annual Meeting, HAB Section report, https://meetings.pices.int/publications/annual-reports/2018/2018-S-HAB.pdf . UN DOALAS, Multi-Stakeholder Dialogue and Capacity-Building Partnership Event, New York, January 24-25, 2019. Kedong Yin was invited to give the presentation
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Science-Driven Management Decision Making in Formulating Sewage Treatment Strategy. . UN DOALAS, Regular Process for The Global Reporting and Assessment of the State of the Marine Environment, Including Socioeconomic Aspects. Kedong Yin also participates in writing Chapter 10. Changes in inputs to the marine environment of nutrients. . International Conference on Toxic Cyanobacteria, Krakow, Poland, 2019, Poster presentation on GlobalHAB program and activities associated with cyanobacteria research. Presenter Michele Burford.
2.2. Sessions chaired by GlobalHAB in international meetings:
International Conference on Harmful Algae, Nantes (France), October 2018. Session "Networking activities around HABs: GlobalHAB, Global HAB Status report, ICES- WGs and other initiatives" chaired by E. Berdalet, A. Zingone and P. Hess.
2.3. GlobalHAB endorsed Workshop funded by EukRef of UniEuk, Roscoff, (France), 5-9 Nov 2018 (http://eukref.org/roscoff-workshop/). EukRef is a standardized, open-source bioinformatics pipeline that allows taxonomic curation of publicly available phylogenetic marker sequences (starting with 18S rDNA), generating homogeneous sets of curated, aligned sequences and phylogenetic trees. EukRef is one of the modules of UniEuk (www.unieuk.org), an open, community-based and expert- driven international initiative to build a flexible, adaptive universal taxonomic framework for eukaryotes, focused primarily on protists. E. Berdalet and M. Montresor participated in the organization of the workshop and M. Montresor attended it as an advisor, with UniEuk financial support.
The workshop focused on diatoms, dinoflagellates, and green algae. The working group integrated the curation efforts on individual eukaryotic groups into a biological data warehouse consisting of curated sequences, flexible taxonomy, and phylogenetic trees and their underlying sequence alignment. EukRef will integrate with PR2, a reference database for protists, with plans to push forward and expand ongoing curation efforts that are crucial for the interpretation of metabarcoding datasets (http://eukref.org/eukref-pr2-integration/).
2.4. GlobalHAB endorsed project "International Collaborative Study for the Validation of a HILIC-MS/MS Method for Analysis of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins and Tetrodotoxin in Live Bivalve Molluscs", jointly led by Dr Andrew Turner (Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science-CEFAS, Weymouth, United Kingdom) and Dr Tim Harwood (Cawthron Institute, Nelson, New Zealand). Twenty-four labs were involved in the inter-laboratory validation study, with support of a private company and participation of independent advisors: Dr Paul McNabb (NZ), Dr Ana Gago Martínez (EURLMB Spain) and Dr Jim Hungerford (FDA USA).
The project is in the final stages of report preparation and publication, and will mark a very important milestone in the global adoption of instrumental method of analysis of marine biotoxins. The validation study will be published in the Journal of Official Analytical 4-45
Chemists (JAOAC), after which it can be formally accepted as the official standard method for the analysis of paralytic shellfish toxins and tetrodotoxins in New Zealand and other jurisdictions that may wish to adopt this method.
2.5. Workshops of GlobalHAB endorsed project “Assessment of the risk of benthic life stages of toxic dinoflagellates to the Seafood Sector of New Zealand and France”, led by Dr Kirsty Smith (Cawthron Institute, Nelson New Zealand) and Dr Kenneth Mertens Ifremer, Concarneau, France). The specific aim of this project was to identify benthic life stages of three high-priority toxic dinoflagellate groups, Alexandrium, Azadinium and Vulcanodinium. Two workshops, held in New Zealand (12-14 February 2018) and France (coinciding with ICHA 2018 in Nantes, 21-26 October 2018) demonstrated morphological and novel molecular methods for cyst identification and provided international training for monitoring programmes.
2.6. GlobalHAB endorsed project “Innovative technologies for the early detection of Harmful Algal Bloom threats”, led by Dr Lincoln MacKenzie (Cawthron Institute, New Zealand) with participation of Drs Kirsty Smith and Jonathan Banks (Cawthron, NZ), Dr Raphael Kudela (University of California Santa Cruz, USA), Mr Mark Vanasten (Diagnostic Technologies, Australia), and Dr Jason Acker (Diagnostic Systems Inc. Edmonton, Canada).
The project aims to apply innovative technologies for detecting harmful phytoplankton species in near real time, thereby enabling rapid response of the aquaculture industry and other stakeholders to the onset of HABs and, where possible, mitigate their impacts.
Drone footage of a ‘red-tide’ of Alexandrium pacificum in the Marlborough Sounds, New Zealand.
Specifically, the project involves field and laboratory trials of three complementary technologies: the HydrogelTM qPCR assay, the DinoDTec Saxitoxin gene qPCR assay and the Imaging FlowCytoBot (IFCB) instrument for the detection and monitoring of harmful planktonic micro-algae. This project is applied research aimed at improving the effectiveness, and lowering the cost, of current harmful algae monitoring methods for aquaculture. The HydrogelTM assay is a field-deployable qPCR assay developed by Aquila Diagnostic Systems that can provide a fast and effective screening tool competitive with the current microscopy methods for detecting problem algae species. The assay is sensitive, simple, and robust and able to be carried out in a basic laboratory at sea or in an on-shore
4-46 seafood processing facility. The research involves the transfer of developed qPCR assays to the HydrogelTM format targeting HAB species most important to the aquaculture industry in New Zealand. The assays specifically target DNA sequences unique to the ichthyotoxic species Pseudochattonella verruculosa, Heterosigma akashiwo and Karenia brevisulcata, and the paralytic shellfish toxin producers Alexandrium pacificum and A. minutum. Parallel trials of the commercially available DinoTec STX gene assay are being carried out alongside the HydrogelTM assay when screening for toxic Alexandrium spp.
Portable equipment required for DNA extraction and the Hydrogel qPCR assay of seawater samples.
IFCB in situ imaging of phytoplankton showing two chain-forming Alexandrium species (A. pacificum and A. fraterculus) in the assemblage.
The Imaging FlowCytobot (IFCB) is an-autonomous submersible, in situ imaging flow cytometer, manufactured by McLane Labs, USA (http://mclanelabs.com/imaging- flowcytobot/). It combines flow cytometry and video technology to capture images of individual cells. After training the software, the images can be automatically classified to provide identification, abundance and bio-volume estimates. Through collaboration with Dr Raphael Kudela, the instrument is being evaluated for the detection and quantification of HAB species in aquaculture regions in New Zealand. The IFCB is currently being deployed 4-47 from various aquaculture installations (e.g., salmon farms) and on monitoring vessels and its capabilities demonstrated the aquaculture industry.
2.7. Intercomparison of methods to detect harmful species and toxins. Raphe Kudela participated in the Alliance for Coastal Technologies workshop in Jan. 2017 on detection of HABs (see report). A second workshop and technology demonstration on toxin detection will be conducted soon. This organization is supported by U.S. companies, but is open to any vendor. There are a series of field sites, including Monterey, Lake Erie, and Long Island.
2.8. Paper on HAB Observing System: Scaling Up From Regional Case Studies to a Global Harmful Algal Bloom Observing System. Clarissa R. Anderson, Elisa Berdalet, Raphael Kudela, Caroline Cusack, Joe Silke, Eleanor O’Rourke, Darcy Dugan, Molly McCammon, Jan Newton, Stephanie K. Moore, Kelli Paige, Steve Ruberg, John R. Morrison, Barbara Kirkpatrick, Katherine Hubbard and Julio Morell. Frontiers in Marine Science May 2019, doi: 10.3389/fmars.2019.00250, https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2019.00250/full
2.9. Inclusion of data on cyanobacterial blooms and toxins in HAEDAT database which presents reporting of HAB blooms globally (http://haedat.iode.org/index.php).
3. Implementation activities in the 2018-2019 period
In addition to the Science Highlights in the previous Section 2, other activities have been conducted by GlobalHAB:
A brochure was produced on October 2018 and distributed at the ICHA2018 and at the Marine Environmental Science Symposium (XMAS IV) 6-9 Jan. 2019, in the HABs session convened by Po Teen Lim and colleagues from Xiamen, China.
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Coordination between GlobalHAB and TrendsPO (IOC) to analyse occurrence of HABs in response to climate change and global change, TrendsPO meeting (12-16 November 2018, UCSC, USA). Efforts are underway to conduct a comparative analysis across multiple ecosystems of trends in HAB organisms. Following from this analysis would be exploration of the underlying drivers (i.e., if a trend exists, is it clearly linked to climate change?). Comparative work on different environments and harmful events is also conducted by PICES and NOAA. As part of this effort a manuscript describing the link between climate change and HAB events has been submitted to Harmful Algae (Trainer et al., 2018). A workshop was organized by IOC WESTPAC-HAB at Chulalongkorn University (Thailand) on 25-27 February 2019 to review the status of fish-killing Raphidophytes species in Western Pacific region. A review paper on Raphidophyte species and its impacts in the region is expected from this activity. A session on HABs will be conducted within the 7th European Phycological Conference (http://epcseven.biol.pmf.hr/) to be held in Zagreb (Croatia) on 25-30 August 2019. The session is by S. Accoroni and P.M. Visser, and M. Montresor is member of the Organizing Committee.
4. New implementation activities in the 2019-2021 period 4.1. Ongoing and confirmed activities
June 5-7, 2019. AZTI-SOPHIE project Summer School: "Does human health and Wellbeing depend on a healthy Ocean?" Aquarium of San Sebastian (Spain). This is a GlobalHAB-endorsed project. Elisa Berdalet will give a lecture, representing GlobalHAB (https://www.azti.es/eventos/azti-sophie-project-summer-school-2019- does- human-health-and-wellbeing-depend-on-a-healthy-ocean/). The activity is linked to the World Oceans Day (http://www.worldoceansday.org/Default.aspx?CCID=31759&FID=343862&ExcludeBo olFalse=True&PageID=17466397). June 10-11, 2019. As already initiated within GEOHAB (lead by Grant Pitcher and Raphe Kudela) GlobalHAB included fostering research on the potential links between ocean deoxygenation and HABs through interaction with IOC GO2NE (Global Ocean Oxygen Network, http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/ioc- oceans/sections-and- programmes/ocean-sciences/global-ocean-oxygen-network/). A joint GO2NE - GlobalHAB workshop is being organized to identify potential research on this topic in 2019, to be held in Paris immediately prior to the next GO2NE workshop (http://hab.ioc- unesco.org/index.php?option=com_oe&task=viewEventRecord&eventID=2469). October 17-19, 2019. An international workshop, “Evaluating, reducing and mitigating the cost of harmful algal blooms: a compendium of case studies”, which will be held in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada as part of the Annual Meeting of the North Pacific Marine Science Organization (PICES). The workshop co-convenors are Drs Vera Trainer (USA), Keith Davidson (UK) and Kazumi Wakita (Japan) and it is jointly sponsored by GlobalHAB (SCOR and IOC), PICES, NOWPAP, ISSHA, NOAA, FAO and private companies. The goal of the 2.5-day workshop is to bring together international experts in
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economics, social sciences, and the study of harmful algal blooms (HABs) to develop a compendium of case studies to guide future research on the economic and social costs of HABs. The intent is that this compendium will identify priorities and unify methods for future collaborative assessments of HAB impacts. More information can be found at https://meetings.pices.int/meetings/annual/2019/PICES/Program. October 2019. A fish-killing HABs workshop is planned, co-funded by GlobalHAB, IOC UNESCO and the government of Chile. The activity is coordinated by Leonardo Guzmán and the IOC/IPHAB Task Team on Fish-killing algae. The workshop will include a) plenary lectures by invited experts to provide a synthesis of current state-of-knowledge and to point the way forward in furthering our understanding of fish-killing HABs; b) presentation of case studies of particularly dramatic crises in Chile and other areas; c) participation of Chilean national scientists, monitoring and regulatory agencies and the local industry viewpoints; d) laboratory demonstrations (if feasible). The outcomes of the workshop will be published as an ebook. Note: the date has not been confirmed yet, and due to agenda issues it could be delayed for a few weeks. Fall 2019. Manual for water managers on mitigation of cyanobacterial HABs elaborated by Michele Burford and Chris Gobler. The goal is an aesthetically appealing, easy to understand document for drinking and recreational water managers on managing cyanobacterial HABs available in print and on web. The first draft already finished. GlobalHAB is co-funding this product. March 2018 to October 2019. E. Berdalet is participating, in representation of GlobalHAB at the CLEFSA project activities "Emerging threats on human health in Europe due to climate change". CLEFSA is a project of the European Food Safety Agency (EFSA) that explores the risks of food intoxication in future climate change scenarios. CLEFSA included aquatic biotoxins in the European landscape. E. Berdalet is collaborating in the development of reports and documents through online communication and particular meetings (funded by GlobalHAB). Fall 2019. Special issue of the journal Harmful Algae focused on "Climate Change and HABs". The editors of the special issue, Chris Gobler and Mark Wells, have solicited 14 articles. Papers were submitted in summer 2018; some are under revision and others will be in press as of April 2019:
o The Future of HAB Science: Directions and Challenges. HAB-Climate Change Symposium Organizers and Breakout Discussion Leads. o Projected Latitudinal Changes in Environmental Conditions Influencing HABs. Fei Chai, Enrique Curchitser, Phil Boyd et al. o Modelling HABs in a changing climate. Kevin Flynn, Inga Hense, Neil Banas, Dennis McGillicuddy, Stephanie Dutkiewicz. o Dynamic CO2 and pH levels in coastal, estuarine, and inland waters: theoretical and observed effects on harmful algal blooms. John Raven, Chris Gobler, Per Juel Hansen. o Progress and promise of omics for predicting the impacts of climate change on harmful algal blooms. Gwenn Hennon, Sonya Dhyrman. 4-51
o Advancing the research agenda for improving understanding of cyanobacteria in a future of global change. M.A. Burford, C.C. Carey, D.P. Hamilton, J. Huisman, H.W. Paerl, S.A. Wood, A. Wulff. o Pelagic harmful algal blooms and climate change: lessons from nature experiments with extremes. Vera L. Trainer, Stephanie K. Moore, Gustaaf Hallegraeff, Raphael M. Kudela, Alejandro Clement, Jorge Mardones. o Climate change and benthic harmful algae. Pat Tester, Elisa Berdalet, Wayne Litaker. o Fish-killing HAB and Climate change. Charles Trick, Gustaaf Hallegraeff, Alan Cembella. o High biomass HAB and Climate change. Bill Sunda, Grant Pitcher, Chris Gobler. o Future observing systems. Bengt Karlson, Raphe Kudela, Stewart Bernard o HABs: a climate change co-stressor in marine and freshwater ecosystems. Andrew Griffith, Chris Gobler o Zooplankton grazing and HABs. Hans Dam, Susan Menden-Deuer, Diane Stoeker, Matt Johnson. o Harmful algae at the complex nexus of eutrophication and climate change. Pat Glibert.
GlobalHAB will support some open access. The main key messages from the special issue will be used to elaborate a Scientific Summary for Policy Makers (SSPM) on HABs and Climate Change. The SSPM could be linked to the two IPCC 1.5C special reports that are coming out this year and next year. May 2020. Planning is underway for a workshop on “Modelling and prediction of harmful algal blooms, from event response to multi-decadal projections” to be held in Glasgow, UK. The organising committee consists of Neil Banas, David McKee, Bingzhang Chen, Paul Udom (University of Strathclyde), Bengt Karlson (Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute), Keith Davidson, Dmitri Aleynik (Scottish Association of Marine Science), Clarissa Anderson (Scripps / SCCOOS), Dennis McGillicuddy (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), Beatrix Siemering (Marine Institute, Galway), and is also coordinating with Katja Fennel and Marion Gehlen, chairs of the Marine Ecosystem Analysis and Prediction Task Team (MEAP-TT) of the GODAE OceanView programme. The organizers hope to secure enough funds from different institutions, including co- funding from GlobalHAB, to invite a substantial number of early-career and developing- world scientists. A programme of summer school-like tutorials will be woven into conference-style presentations and discussions. The draft programme is organised into four parts:
o Exploring the diversity of HAB modelling approaches o Emerging technologies and platforms to support HAB monitoring o Linking models, observations, and stakeholder needs o Scaling up: the global impact of global change on HABs
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Summer 2020. Symposium on automated in situ observations of plankton. In recent years, novel in situ instrumentation has been developed for automated high-frequency HAB detection in near real time. Also instruments for observing grazers, e.g. microzooplankton and multicellular zooplankton are becoming available commercially. These instruments are now being adopted in research and also in monitoring programmes. The aim of the mini- symposium is to bring together experts on, and users of, in automated in situ imaging systems, novel sampling equipment etc. to present methods, recent results and to share experiences. Another aim is to carry out a comparison of results when analysing plankton communities quantitatively. Young scientists is one target group of the symposium. After the main symposium a young scientist’s data workshop for data processing and report/article writing is planned. The symposium is planned for summer 2020, pending the results of several applications for funds (e.g., recently sent to the European network EuroMarine www.euromarinenetwork.eu), besides some potential support from GlobalHAB. - 2020. A "Best Practice Guidelines for the Study of HABs and Climate Change", editorial team constituted by Mark Wells (chair), Michele Burford, Anke Kremp, Marina Montresor, Grant Pitcher and Gires Usup started on March 2018 with a tentative deadline for the submission of the draft chapters was the month of May 2019.
The Manual includes the following chapters: Overview
(Editorial Board) Chapter 1 - Rationale and Introduction (Editorial Board) Chapter 2 - Observing changes in HABs over time — Long Term Observations (Richardson AJ, Eriksen R, Hallegraeff GM, Rochester W, Pitcher G, Burford M) Chapter 3 - Understanding Responses of HAB Species to climate change through experimentation A) General Recommendations (Burford M) B) Culture Experiments (van der Waal D, Kremp A) C) Acclimation and Adaptation (Dyhrman S, Godhe A, Hennon G, Sefbom J) D) Toxin Measurements (McCarron P, Deeds J) Chapter 4 - Databases (Zingone A, O'Brien T, Enevoldsen H, Provoost P, Lorenzoni L, Yin K, Bresnan E, Richardson A, Kruck A, Hallegraeff G) Chapter 5 - HAB modelling and forecasting chapter (Hense I)
Funds for the first working meeting of the editorial team were provided by GlobalHAB. The initiative of the Best Practices Manual for HAB and Climate Change is in line with the activities of SCOR WG149 that is focusing on Changing Ocean Biological Systems (COBS) and particularly on "How will biota respond to a changing ocean?" (https://scor149- ocean.com/). A second writing - editorial meeting could be necessary to finish the Manual.
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4.2. Other potential activities ongoing and under exploration by the GlobalHAB SSC members and other collaborators:
Global Harmful Algal Bloom Status Report The first Global HAB Status Report is an initiative of IOC UNESCO with the support of IAEA, ICES, PICES and ISSHA. The GlobalHAB SSC is following and supporting the initiative where it can. In order to develop and launch the first Global HAB Status Report a network of data providers for OBIS-HAB and HAEDAT has been established and an Editorial Team for the First Global HAB Status Report was established together with a data flow structure. A data compilation template for HAB data in OBIS has been developed and reviewed and is in use (https://github.com/iobis/habtemplate/blob/master/habtemplate_a_v4.xlsx). This will allow submitting scientists to complement, and add value to, data already in OBIS with baseline observations recorded in the literature. Focus continues to be on data compilation and upgrades, and adjustments to the data systems (HAEDAT as well as the OBIS-HAB data-entry template). Additionally, the Editorial Team for the GHSR has developed the outline of the GHSR and chapters are drafted. Regional summaries on HAB based on OBIS, HAEDAT and the literature will constitute a special issue of the Elsevier Journal Harmful Algae in late 2019. The planned online tools to create information products have yet to be developed and will focus on creating the products for the GHSR. Currently, a new data portal for HAEDAT is in development (http://dev.iobis.org/haedat/). The GHSR is foreseen to be completed by end 2019/early 2020. New GlobalHAB Theme: Sargassum Blooms. The GlobalHAB Science and Implementation Plan identifies that new emerging HAB-related issues can be incorporated into the program after its launch. This is the case of the blooms of green macroalgae and Sargassum. Elisa Berdalet and Henrik Enevoldsen have been in touch with several researchers about this topic since 2016. The SSC have, with Brian Lapointe (USA), developed a short overview paper and the GESAMP Group of Experts have prepared a longer scoping paper on the Sargassum issue. The SSC proposed to GESAMP at its 2018 session to organize a joint open science meeting to identify the main research questions to understand the population dynamics of Sargassum. Several of the GESAMP sponsoring agencies have shown interests in the topic. The GlobalHAB SSC will work during the coming months to progress in the organization of this theme jointly with GESAMP, herein included to identify and engage additional experts with experience on Sargassum. Workshop and a Summer school on analysis and interpretation of genetic data on HABs. The activity is followed by Po Teen Lim who hosted regional workshops/training courses on HABs species and detection using molecular techniques for Southeast Asia in 2017 and 2018. More details of these activities are available in Harmful Algae News 58 and 61 (http://hab.ioc- unesco.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=22&Itemid=0). National and regional workshop will be planned in collaboration with other international and regional agencies interested in HABs.
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Workshop and Summer school on analysis and interpretation of genetic data relevant to HAB toxicity.
The activity is followed by Po Teen Lim, who is hosting a regional workshop on toxins for Southeast Asia, as well as the Xiamen Marine Environment Meeting.
A PCR/qPCR Gambierdiscus identification workshop. A 2nd International Conference on Ostreopsis Development, including ecology, toxicology, health and economy issues. A harmful species (Gambierdiscus, Ostreopsis, Prorocentrum, cyanobacteria) sampling workshop is under exploration with different Spanish institutions in the Canary Islands in 2020 - early 2021.
5. Representation of GlobalHAB at the Fourteenth Session of the IOC Intergovernmental Panel on Harmful Algal Blooms (IPHAB)
The session was conducted in Paris, UNESCO Headquarters, Paris, 24-26 April 2019. SSC Chair, Elisa Berdalet, presented the Report on the activities contributing to the GlobalHAB Implementation Plan between May 2017 (XII IPHAB session) and April 2019. The IPHAB is the IOC governing body to which the SSC reports for IOC. The IPHAB welcomed the developments and had a discussion on how to ensure broader engagement geographically in as many of the GlobalHAB activities as possible. The Panel also discussed strategies and means for announcing GlobalHAB events, for engaging younger scientists and to strengthen the perception of ownership to GlobalHAB in the scientific HAB community. IPHAB recommended broader, wider, and earlier communication of all events and developments, even in cases where there may be few seats available, as it is a way to make visible what GlobalHAB does and how it contributes to advance science. The IPHAB recognized that IPHAB members can serve an important role in doing so.
6. Funding considerations and future funding plans
The scientific meetings of the GlobalHAB SSC have been supported by IOC UNESCO and SCOR (with funding from the U.S. National Science Foundation), and by in-kind contributions from ICES, PICES and SAMS. Additional funds have been received from other institutions to conduct the specific activities indicated previously.
As it is shown in this 2019 Report (section 4) some new scientific activities are planned and scheduled for the 2019 - 2021 period. In all cases, scientific outcomes in form of papers, new knowledge, training and coordination will result. The implementation of these activities depends on obtaining the necessary funds. At present, the SSC members are in contact with interested researchers and institutions to co-organize and co-fund these activities.
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It is also important to note that GlobalHAB has been present in relevant international scientific and stakeholder fora where the challenges posed by HABs have been visualized and incorporated in key documents defining the road map of international agencies. The work of GlobalHAB is becoming increasingly relevant as climate change begins to have worldwide discernible effects on coastal marine ecosystems along with major HAB impacts on resources (e.g., HAB induced salmon mass mortalities in Chile and Norway in the last three years). Nowadays, research on HABs goes beyond the traditional HAB arena and is entering into a new era of coordination initiatives. In all these initiatives SCOR has always been visible and acknowledged.
For all the exposed, both SCOR and IOC members (states) are encouraged to contribute to the operation of the GlobalHAB SSC as well as to the implementation of the specific activities. This is particularly needed as the US NSF earmarked contribution to SCOR will be exhausted on August 31st, 2019. The GlobalHAB SSC requests that SCOR investigates with NSF all options to extend this deadline specifically for 18 months, until February 28th, 2021. This extension will allow conducting the planned activities and produce the scientific outcomes that implement GlobalHAB goal. As stated in the GlobalHAB webpage, "In the broader picture GlobalHAB contributes to improved management of HABs as an ocean hazard through improved preparedness and early warning systems contributing to UN Sustainable Development Goal 11, target 11.5 and Priority 4 and Global target 7 of the Sendai Framework on Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR) 2015-2030." And the GlobalHAB SSC is committed to it.
When closing this Report, I am asking, respectfully, for this consideration to the SCOR President, Executive Director and Committee, on behalf of the GlobalHAB SSC and the international community working on HABs.
Elisa Berdalet, Chair of the GlobalHAB SSC
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4.3 IAPWS/SCOR/IAPSO Joint Committee on Seawater McDougall
Joint SCOR/IAPWS/IAPSO Committee on the Properties of Seawater (JCS) Report to SCOR on JCS Activities June 2017- Jun 2019
JCS Executive Rich Pawlowicz (Chair) Canada Rainer Feistel (Vice-chair) Germany Steffen Seitz (Vice-chair) Germany Salinity/Density Taskgroup (Rich Pawlowicz) (Chair) Frank J. Millero USA (Steffen Seitz) Hiroshi Uchida Japan Stefan Weinreben Germany Youngchao Pang China Ryan Woosley USA Yohei Kayukawa Japan pH Taskgroup Andrew Dickson (Chair) USA Maria Filomena Camoes Portugal Daniela Stoica France Simon Clegg UK Frank Bastkowski Germany Relative Humidity Taskgroup Olaf Hellmuth Germany Jeremy Lovell-Smith New Zealand (Rainer Feistel) Stephanie Bell UK Export subgroup: Thermodynamics (Rainer Feistel) Expert subgroup: Numerical Modelling and Applications Trevor J. McDougall Australia Expert subgroup: Software Paul Barker Australia 4-57
Industry Representatives Richard Williams (OSIL) UK Barbara Laky (Anton Paar) Austria
Background The Joint SCOR/IAPWS/IAPSO Committee on the Properties of Seawater (JCS) is a permanent group with limited membership whose purpose is to act as an international “point of contact” for seawater questions. It is jointly sponsored by organizations directly concerned with the properties of seawater: the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research, the International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam, and the International Association for the Physical Sciences of the Ocean. JCS acts as a permanent source of expertise to its parent organizations, maintains a repository of knowledge and software for the scientific community (via a web-site, www.teos-10.org), and is also a conduit for any desired communications between its parents, and out to other international organizations like the BIPM (Bureau International des Poids et Mesures), the WMO (World Meteorological Organization), and IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry). In addition, JCS may from time to time summarize progress in seawater- related issues to the community at large, and suggest areas where gaps exist in the available knowledge.
Meetings JCS does not meet annually as a full group. However, individual members represent the group at other meetings. For example, in 2017-2019, 6 JCS members attended the 2017 IAPWS Annual Meeting in Kyoto, Japan (Sept 2-7, 2017), and 3 members attended the 2018 Ocean Sciences meeting (Portland, Feb 1, 2018). However, at a five-year interval from the time of a full set of workshops that initially formed the committee, JCS held a second series of workshops at the 17th International Conference on the Properties of Water and Steam (Sept., 2018, Prague, Czech Republic). These included a workshop on the aims and purpose of JCS, as well as meetings of a) the Salinity/Density taskgroup, b) the pH Taskgroup, and c) the RH Taskgroup, with an attendance of 14-19 scientists for each. As a result of these discussions, JCS recommended to SCOR, IAPWSO, and IAPWS that JCS continue as an organization sponsored by these organizations, that the JCS Terms of reference remain unchanged for the next cycle, and that the membership of the various JCS taskgroups, which are largely independent of one another, be increased slightly to assist them in their work, by including a number of scientists who are currently contributing to the tasks of JCS Taskgroup chairs were also appointed. These recommendations were accepted and the current membership is listed above. In addition, a series of goals was developed to guide taskgroup activities over the next few years.
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Web site JCS maintains a web site at www.teos-10.org. This site gets 1,600-2,300 visitors per month (8,574 in the past year, with 64,304 “unique views”1 since Oct. 2010). Annual downloads are stable.
Web site Item Unique Unique Unique Unique Unique Unique Unique downloads downloads downloads downloads downloads downloads downloads June June 2013- June 2014- June 2015- June 2016- June 2017- June 2018- 2011- June 2014 June 2015 June 2016 June 2017 June 2018 Apr 2019 June 2013 Manual 920 360 535 552 418 427 349
Getting Started 879 362 558 547 427 475 349
Slides 704 284 374 318 219 248 204 Primer 584 197 289 297 222 217 187
GSW 1920 1102 1485 1814 1235 1552 1233 MATLAB_v3_ 0 GSW 366 222 171 162 127 116 82 FORTRAN_v3 GSW_C_v3_0 202 84 133 151 85 96 59
GSW_PHP - 55 61 43 29 60 28
SIA_VB 72 100 46 45 45 48 43
SIA_FORTRAN 59 118 58 44 36 42 37
Other Progress 1) A new “European metrology network” (EMN) on Climate and Ocean has been formed, with several JCS members involved (however, the network is open to all to participate). The first AGM will be held on 20-21 June 2019 at the National Physical Laboratory (UK). In essence, this is a network for creating and disseminating knowledge, and building coordinated infrastructure. It has Sections dedicated to atmosphere observation, ocean observation, and land and earth observation, and will have activities in these areas. 2) Progress in the pH taskgroup is being carried out under the auspices of SCOR WG 145. An effort is being made to identify the limitations of Harned cell measurements through an intercomparison exercise between AD’s laboratory and the national standards laboratories in France, Germany, Japan, and the USA; a new postdoctoral researcher is involved in making these measurements. 3) SC has almost completed coding of a speciation model that will allow for the estimation of uncertainties in pH.
1The method of computing “unique views” changed in 2019.
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4) TEOS-10 is now the equation of state in the two main community climate ocean models (MOM6 and NEMO). It is also optional in two other widely used models (MITgcm and ROMS).
5) HU has carried out density anomaly measurements in the Bering Sea and Gulf of Alaska (2017), HU/FJM are carrying out an interlaboratory comparison with measurements in the Arabian Sea (May/June 2018). 6) FJM/RP continue analysis of East Pacific Rise density anomaly data. 7) RP is working on understanding the diffusion of seawater and possible fractionations that result from this (MSc thesis scheduled for completion fall/2019) 8) SS is working towards making high-pressure measurements of conductivity traceable to the SI system. 9) RF and JLS continue working towards procedures for making systematic error estimates. 10) RW is continuing with development of the ‘best practices in density measurements’ document. 11) The 2016 Metrologia papers have now been downloaded 15,422 times (Overview 4,587, Salinity 2,371, pH 2,387, RH 6,067) 12) OH has written 2 book chapters to appear in a textbook on meterological measurements, and is working on a long paper: Real-Gas Effects in Humid Air: Possible Implications of the Advanced Seawater Standard TEOS-10 for Hygrometry at Atmospheric Pressure (authors OH, RF, JLS and 3 others).
Papers published 1) H. Schmidt, S. Seitz, E. Hassel, H. Wolf, The density-salinity relation of standard seawater, Ocean Sci., 14, 15-40, (2018), doi: 10.5194/os-14-15-2018 2) Y. Li, Y. Kang, H. Yu, Y. Pang, Linearity corrections for laboratory salinometer measurements: IAPSO Standard Seawater linarity pack vs. weight diluted samples, Deep Sea Res I, 137, 13-19 (2018) doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.011 3) R. Feistel, Thermodynamic properties of seawater, ice and humid airL TEOS-10, before and beyond, Ocean Sci., 14, 471-502 (2018) doi.org/10.5194/os-14-471-2018 [Invited paper by winner of EGU Fridtjof Nansen Medal 2018] 4) Bárbara Anes, Ricardo J.N. Bettencourt da Silva, Cristina Oliveira, M. Filomena Camões, Uncertainty evaluation of alkalinity measurements on seawater samples, Measurement, Volume 129, (2018), 395-404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2018.07.042 5) R. Feistel, (2019), Defining relative humidity in terms of water activity. Part 2: Relations to osmotic pressures. Metrologia, Volume 56, Number 1, 10.1088/1681-7575/aaf446 6) W. Ebeling, R. Feistel, H. Krienke (2019), On statistical calculations of individual ionic activity coefficients of electrolytes and seawater. I. Basics (researchgate preprint) 10.13140/RG.2.2.18591.20640 7) S. Seitz, P. Tonnes Jakobsen, M. Mariassy (2019), Metrological advances in reference measurement procedures for electrolytic conductivity. Metrologia 56, 1pp., 10.1088/1681- 7575/ab1527 8) Müller, J.D., Bastkowski, F., Sander, B., Seitz, S., Turner, D.R., Dickson, A.G., Rehder, G., Metrology for pH measurements in brackish waters – part 1: Extending
electrochemical pHT measurements of TRIS buffers to salinities 5 – 20, Front. Mar.
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Sci. 5:176. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2018.00176 9) Vancoppenolle, M., Madec, G., Thomas, M., & McDougall, T. J. (2019). Thermodynamics of sea ice phase composition revisited. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 124, 615– 634. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JC014611 10) Hellmuth, O., Shchekin, A.K., Feistel, R., Schmelzer, J.W.P., A.S. Abyzov, (2018), Physical interpretation of ice contact angles, fitted to experimental data on immersion freezing of kaolinite particles, Interfacial Phenomena and Heat Transfer, 6(1):37–74. 11) Anes, B., da Silva, R.J.N.B., Oliviera, C., Cameos, M.F. (2019) Seawater pH measurements with a combination glass electrode and high ionic strength TRIS-TRIS HCl reference buffers - An uncertainty evaluation approach, TALANTA, 193 (2019) 118-122, 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.09.075
R. Pawlowicz JCS chair, Jun 8, 2019
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4.4 Southern Ocean Observing System (SOOS) Miloslavich
The Southern Ocean Observing System
2018 Annual Report
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Summary
The Southern Ocean Observing System (SOOS) is a joint initiative of the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR); and is endorsed by the Partnership for Observations of the Global Ocean (POGO), and the Climate Variability and Predictability (CLIVAR) and Climate and Cryosphere (CliC) projects of the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP).
SOOS was launched in 2011 with the mission to facilitate the collection and delivery of essential observations on dynamics and change of Southern Ocean systems to all international stakeholders, through design, advocacy, and implementation of cost-effective observing and data delivery systems.
The SOOS International Project Office 2018 core sponsorship
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2018 in review
2018 was a strong year for SOOS. Particularly exciting was recognition of the impact of SOOS in the broader community; evident through strong engagement at key meetings. Measured success was also possible. More than 41,000 individuals used SOOSmap in 2018, with six new data layers added and more than 300 direct downloads of data. Furthermore, DueSouth, a first point-of-access for information on upcoming Southern Ocean voyages and projects, has initiated automated data feeds to deliver an up-to-date directory.
Advocacy for Southern Ocean observations was also central in 2018. In collaboration with the CLIVAR-CliC-SCAR Southern Ocean Regional Panel, SOOS led a review paper to be published in Frontiers in Marine Science for OceanObs’19. This had broad community input and revealed eight future priorities for Southern Ocean observations. SOOS made contributions to other OceanObs’19 review papers, and also contributed the Southern Ocean chapter of the Bulletin of the American Meteorology Society State of the Climate for 2017.
All 10 SOOS working groups were active in 2018, and the detailed achievements of these groups can be viewed in this report. Importantly, two new regional working groups were developed and first workshops organised for early 2019. This fulfils requirements to deliver a fully circumpolar observing system for the Southern Ocean. The development of cooperation with other programs was also front and centre in 2018, with enhanced collaboration and data-sharing efforts between SOOS and CCAMLR, as well as strengthened connection to the Southern Ocean modelling community, through the SOOS Modelling workshop and the Marine Ecosystem Assessment for the Southern Ocean (MEASO).
In 2019, core efforts will focus on consolidating sustained funding for the SOOS Project Office, the first review and update of the SOOS Science Plan, and activities aimed at finalising the current 5-Year Implementation Plan and drafting of the next 5-year plan. Importantly, through SCAR, SOOS will also strengthen its engagement with the Antarctic Treaty and Committee on Environmental Protection.
Thank you for your continued support and interest in SOOS. We encourage you to engage with our on-line platforms by submitting field plans to DueSouth and discovering data through SOOSmap, and to collaborate through our working groups. We look forward to engaging with you at upcoming events.
Signed: Signed:
Dr. Andrew Constable; Biological Sciences Co‐Chair Dr. Sebastiaan Swart; Physical Sciences Co‐Chair Australian Antarctic Division, Australia University of Gothenburg, Sweden
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Performance Report
SOOS published its 5-Year Implementation Plan in 2016, which articulated the key problems driving SOOS, and resulted in the identification of 4 Objectives and specific Key Result Areas (KRAs) that will address the causes of these challenges. The annual report for SOOS is the mechanism through which we review progress against the KRAs, to ensure the Objectives are being met. The 5-Year Implementation Plan is available at http://soos.aq/activities/implementation
Progress report against Objectives and Key Result Areas
Objective One: Facilitate the design of a comprehensive and multi-disciplinary observing system for the Southern Ocean
Objective 1 will support delivery of a coordinated, integrated and efficient program that provides sustained observations of Southern Ocean systems, following the Framework for Ocean Observing (FOO, 2010) and the identification of Essential Ocean Variables (EOVs). Activity towards achieving Objective 1 will be carried out by the Regional Working Groups (RWGs) and Capability Working Groups (CWGs).
There are four KRAs that will focus work towards achieving this objective, and all four were identified for action in 2018. Details of the progress are shown in the tables below.
During 2018, a concerted effort was made to address KRA 1.1 and 1.2; however, there are significant discrepancies in how EOVs and their criteria are documented, and how they are used by the community. The KRAs are not necessarily priorities for the implementors of the observing system, and thus pushing for significant community effort on these is not a practical priority. Instead, SOOS will be working through CWGs, RWGs, and specific Task Teams, to identify, prioritise, and document EOV coverage and requirements (KRA 1.3), which will result in a more “organic” delivery of KRA 1.1 and 1.2.
Key Result Area 1.1: Establish Criteria for adopting EOVs and communicate them
2018 Intended Actions Progress Made (Y/X) Comment
Published table of status of EOVs Y EOVs were published on the website: http://soos.aq/activities/system‐ design
Published, internationally defined X No progress was achieved in 2018, predominantly criteria for EOVs due to a lack of a well‐defined community to drive this initiative
Key Result Area 1.2: Southern Ocean EOVs are identified and the manner in which they satisfy the criteria are communicated
2018 Intended Actions Progress Made (Y/X) Comment
Compiled EOV descriptions and Y Concerted efforts were made to address this Action supporting documentation in 2018. As a result, it was identified that this Action will be a more organic outcome of the RWGs rather than a separate, focussed effort. 4-65
Key Result Area 1.3: Spatio‐temporal, system‐level EOV sampling requirements are identified, documented and agreed, and strategies for implementation developed if needed
2018 Intended Actions Progress Made (Y/X) Comment
Development of 5 international networks Y All 5 Regional Working Groups (RWGs) have been for regional coordination of SOOS developed: implementation ‐ West Antarctic Peninsula + Scotia Arc ‐ Weddell Sea/Dronning Maud Land ‐ Southern Ocean Indian Sector ‐ Ross Sea ‐ Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea Reviews of current status of EOV Y EOV Heatmaps have been developed by the Indian coverage, key gaps and requirements Sector RWG and will be delivered by all RWGs in 2019/2020. These identify existing coverage of EOVs, gaps and requirements, as well as support discussions on standards and data management. The Co‐Chairs of all RWGs together form a consortium that meets semi‐regularly to ensure alignment between RWGs where appropriate
International strategic plan for observing Y APOGOFactSheethas been drafted andwillbe the ocean beneath Antarctic sea ice and made available on the SOOS website. The strategy ice shelves (OASIIS Working Group) document is planned and will be delivered in 2020. Issues – Products from this group are delayed but will be delivered by end‐2020
Key Result Area 1.4: A strategy for the uptake of EOVs within the RWGs is developed
2018 Intended Actions Progress Made (Y/X) Comment
Regional Implementation Strategies Y RWGs have developed an overview of developed observational coverage. This information will be standardised into EOV Heat‐maps, and each RWG will identify strategies for implementation – to be delivered 2020. 2018 products contributing to this action include: Indian Sector Workshop report West Antarctic Peninsula/Scotia Arc publication Ross Sea Workshop Report
Objective Two: Unify and enhance current observation efforts and leverage further resources across disciplines, and between nations and programs
Delivering Objective 2 will ensure regional implementation of long-term, sustained observations to achieve circumpolar coverage of Southern Ocean systems, built by integrating across internationally coordinated observation programs and existing efforts by national programs.
Three KRAs will focus work towards achieving this objective, and all were identified for action in 2018. Progress for 2018 shown in the tables below.
In 2018, Objective 2 activities focused on consolidation and communication of key products and networks. In this process, issues with integration and alignment across regional networks were identified and structures put in place to enable better communication and
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Key Result Area 2.1: Working Groups and Task Teams that coordinate efforts across disciplines and programs, and between nations are developed to fill priority gaps
2018 Intended Actions Progress Made (Y/X) Comment
Continuation of active Working Groups Y SOOS has 10 Working Groups and all were active in 2018. against WG‐specific TORs
Development of new WGs (as required) Y The Observing System Design Task Team was approved as a new Capability Working Group. The POLDER Task Team is a joint working group between SOOS, SCADM and the Arctic Data Committee established in 2017 and fully developed in 2018. Issues – inability of IPO to provide required website, communication and coordination support for existing groups. This puts into question the continued growth in WG numbers.
Key Result Area 2.2: Key products for the Southern Ocean that aid in information transfer and facilitate collaborative efforts are identified and produced
2018 Intended Actions Progress Made (Y/X) Comment
Database of Upcoming Expeditions to the Y Product was consolidated and a final version almost Southern Ocean completed; Expeditions were populated manually; Automated transfer of expedition information from JCOMMOPS; the CCAMLR Science Committee approved the inclusion of new, exploratory, and krill fishing expeditions; COMNAP provided Regional Information Exchange reports for manual entry into DueSouth; and negotiations with IAATO for tourist vessel movements were begun. Negotiations also began with Geoscience Australia to use DueSouth for Australian bathymetric survey planning. Issues – Specific observational projects remain unpopulated; Inability to obtain user statistics; limited input of plans by community; Low level of control over timing and delivery of enhancements and modifications due to in‐kind delivery of product.
SOOSmap Y Significant progress in delivering product; improvements to core functionality; new data layers added; future data layers identified; modifications to user interface initiated. Issues – Low level of control over timing and delivery of enhancements and modifications to functionality due to in‐kind delivery of product
Community annual calendar Y Product was maintained and updated as required
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Key Result Area 2.3: Collaborative, multidisciplinary and multinational workshops and meetings are undertaken, resulting in the SOOS mission being achieved
2018 Intended Actions Progress Made (Y/X) Comment
Capability and Regional Working Group Y SOFLUX Workshop; CAPS Annual Workshop; Regional workshops Working Group Consortium workshop; Data Management Sub‐Committee meeting; POLDER meeting
Capacity‐ or Community‐building Y Southern Ocean Data Hack; Southern Ocean Modelling workshops workshop; CCAMLR‐SOOS Synergies workshop; OceanObs’19 Community White Paper preparatory workshop;
International conference sessions, town‐ Y Polar2018 Data Townhall, Polar 2018 conference session halls, side meetings, information sessions “Big data, small data, your data: What does good data management look like to you?”
Objective Three: Facilitate linking of sustained long-term observations to provide a system of enhanced data discovery and delivery, utilising existing data centres and programmatic efforts combined with, as needed, purpose-built data management and storage systems
Achieving Objective 3 will enhance access to multidisciplinary, quality-controlled observational data from the Southern Ocean. Currently, such data are difficult and time consuming to access as there are many fragmented, mono-disciplinary or mono-platform data centres; a general lack of focused effort towards data sharing and platform interoperability; large variations in national/institutional data policies and data-sharing cultures; and a lack of general knowledge on the data that are being collected.
There are four KRAs that will focus work towards achieving this objective, and all were identified for action in 2018. Progress is shown in the tables below.
In 2018, progress towards this objective was considerable, based on strategic community consultation in recent years. These connections are vital to maintain in the coming years. In the past two years, as the SOOS data vision has developed, the focus of activity shifted away from a few KRAs and this is reflected by a lower intensity of effort on these fronts. In particular, KRA 3.4 “Community-developed data synthesis tools and products for the Southern Ocean are accessible through the SOOS website”, was identified as being beyond the capability of the IPO to make appropriately comprehensive and useful at this point in time.
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Key Result Area 3.1: A multidisciplinary metadata portal is developed and populated and continuously updated with records. Efforts include archiving of orphan datasets and advocating for direct links to data in metadata records
2018 Intended Actions Progress Made (Y/X) Comment
Maintenance of the SOOS NASA GCMD Y The portal was rebuilt to maintain functionality with the metadata portal GCMD’s new Common Metadata Repository. Between the two portals, there were 1,720 unique visits, with 11,916 page‐views. Due to differences in the portal query, it does not make sense to compare the number of records in the portal (3,675) with previous years. Issue: The GCMD is no longer delivering what the community requires. Development of the Federated Data Search Tool (POLDER) will shift SOOS efforts away from the GCMD.
SOOS mooring network Y The original actions identified in the Implementation Plan have been modified following community consultation. The major activity in 2018 was to enrich the metadata for moorings published through SOOSmap to include links to the thousands of datasets at BODC that are linked to Southern Ocean moorings. Minor additions and corrections from other nations were added as well.
Chinese CTD data sharing Y DMSC members, Chinese researchers and data managers, and CCHDO staff have begun exploring ways to calibrate historic Chinese CTD observations and negotiating a path to incorporating these datasets in international aggregations of CTD data.
Southern Ocean glider network Y Funding was obtained to improve the management of Swedish glider data and a project to aggregate glider data from EGO, IOOS, and IMOS through the SOOSmap portal was scoped out.
Key Result Area 3.2: Up‐to‐date information on key Southern Ocean data programmes, centres and repositories is provided
2018 Intended Actions Progress Made (Y/X) Comment
Catalogue of Southern Ocean data Y The online catalogue was updated and maintained on providers the SOOS website
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Key Result Area 3.3: Web‐based tools will be explored and, as needed, developed to aid data discovery and delivery; the wider community is encouraged to adopt and enhance tools that already exist
2018 Intended Actions Progress Made (Y/X) Comment
Federated metadata search tool Y Adopted by the polar community as a high priority, on the basis of SOOS’ proposal
Brokering data discovery and Y Initial metadata harvest from PANGAEA into EMODnet, interoperability with discussions advanced on integrating CTD data harvests. SOOS mooring network updated to provide full links to all BODC mooring datasets
General data management advocacy and Y Support for development of Swiss Polar Institute data advice management Support for development of Antarctica New Zealand’s data management Establishment of a simple data sharing mechanism for the SCAR Plastic in Polar Environments Action Group for publishing in SOOSmap. Delivery of Australian Research Council’s Antarctic Gateway Partnership data policy, including data management advice to staff, implementation of data policy for new observing platforms (AUV), and facilitation of model output publishing guidelines and workshop
Key Result Area 3.4: Data synthesis tools and products are made accessible
2018 Intended Actions Progress Made (Y/X) Comment
Online catalogue of data products X This KRA involves considerable resources to develop and maintain. Following several efforts to scope a useful product that is sustainable, SOOS has put this KRA aside until more resources are found and/or higher priority is given
Objective Four: Provide services to communicate, coordinate, advocate and facilitate SOOS objectives and activities
Objective 4 provides the foundation for the work program of the International Project Office (IPO). It outlines the activities required to support the sustained implementation of SOOS, delivery of SOOS tools and products, and facilitate activities of the SOOS network.
Six KRAs will focus work towards achieving this objective, and all were scheduled for action in 2018. Progress is shown in the tables below.
Although progress was made against all the KRAs of Objective 4 in 2018, required actions were limited in depth and quality of progress due to limited capability of the IPO
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staff to implement all required actions, in addition to supporting the SOOS network in actions against the other objectives.
Key Result Area 4.1: The need for sustained Southern Ocean observations is strongly articulated
2018 Intended Actions Progress Made (Y/X) Comment
Endorsement of observational Y Review and endorsement of international research projects observational research projects as requested
High‐level advocacy actions Y Report to Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting Presentation to International Arctic Science Committee on SOOS data sharing activities
Key Result Area 4.2: Engagement with international stakeholders, across all disciplines and nations, is maintained
2018 Intended Actions Progress Made (Y/X) Comment
Reporting Y In 2018, annual reports were prepared for SCAR, SCOR, CCAMLR, COMNAP, ATCM‐CEP, Australian Research Council’s Antarctic Gateway Partnership, POGO, SCADM, and the SOOS SSC Issue: Reporting requirements are a significant overhead for the IPO, particularly given the lack of consistency between required information.
Development of SOOS Engagement Y This is a significant undertaking and has been an action Strategy for the IPO for several years. In 2018, the IPO identified a way forward using AirTable and began the process of developing the strategy. It will be delivered in 2019.
Community Engagement and conference Y Direct engagement included (but not limited to): IICWG, presentations COMNAP, CCAMLR, SORP, IAATO, WDS, GEOSS, GOOS, APECS, POGO, OOPC, SCAR Programs, RDA, SCADM, ICED, IASC, IPAB, IEEE, IMBER, IMOS, IAPSO, YOPP, SCOR, Ocean Sciences 2018, OceanSITES, EGU, ADC All engagement/presentations were carried out directly by IPO staff or by a community member facilitated by IPO
Engagement with core IPO sponsors and Y Regular engagement was maintained through in‐person stakeholders meetings and email correspondence Engagement included: IMAS, UTAS, AAD, ACE CRC, CSIRO, AGP, IMOS, TPN, Tas. State Government, Antarctic NZ, University of Gothenburg, SOA‐China
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Key Result Area 4.3: A SOOS community bibliography is developed
2018 Intended Actions Progress Made (Y/X) Comment
Scoping of requirements and delivery of Y The need for this product has changed and a product bibliography will no longer be developed. The IPO will continue to track all published references to SOOS using AirTable, which was initiated in 2018.
Key Result Area 4.4: The SOOS Communication Strategy is implemented
2018 Intended Actions Progress Made (Y/X) Comment
Sourcing of new website domain host; Y The IPO sought external advice on the best way forward. contact management system; transfer to A plan was developed in 2018 for implementation in standardised Joomla template; 2019. Issue: This is a high priority but the IPO does not have the capacity to implement in appropriate timeframes
Online database of presentations, posters, Y Key products, such as publications, were updated to the publications and other products products database. Other, less important products (e.g., posters, presentations) have yet to be updated to the website Issue: Lack of IPO resources to update website as required
Content of website is kept up‐to‐date Y Some aspects of the website were updated Issue: Website updates were done only when immediately required, rather than when they became out of date or when new information was available (e.g., reactive rather than pro‐active). This is due to the growth in the SOOS network and activities, and lack of growth in IPO capacity and resources
Delivery of the SOOS Newsletter Y One issue was produced in April 2018 Issue: The newsletter has historically been produced quarterly, however requires significant IPO effort, which has reduced its delivery
SOOS Publications (not including WG‐ Y Southern Ocean OceanObs’19 community paper; Fair specific publications) Data OceanObs’19 Community Paper; Southern Ocean chapter of BAMS State of the Climate in 2017
Other communication activities Y SOOS products were highlighted in the SCOR and SCAR newsletters and listed as SCAR Data Products
Merchandise Y New in‐kind sponsorship by the Turkish Polar Institute and the ACE CRC supported the delivery of updated fliers and SOOS stickers
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Social Media Y Basic‐level updates to SOOS Facebook and Twitter accounts was maintained and automated where possible Issue: Social media is not used strategically and is ad‐hoc at best. Facebook posts are automatically delivered to Twitter irrespective of the different type of engagement that Twitter facilitates
Key Result Area 4.5: Support for SOOS International Project Office is maintained and enhanced
2018 Intended Actions Progress Made (Y/X) Comment
5‐Year Business Plan and funding strategy Y The Business Plan was developed and provided to all stakeholders and sponsors as required
Development of future IPO hosting Y Significant IPO effort was directed towards this action in Partnership Agreement 2018
Maintenance of existing IPO and SOOS Y Regular engagement with existing sponsors sponsorship Oversight of finance and budget Development of annual sponsorship agreements and project schedules Management of in‐kind services and agreements Issue: Most direct sponsorship is agreed on an annual basis, requiring ongoing management of agreements, increased budget risk and inability to forward‐plan Most in‐kind services are agreed verbally without the ability to develop a Service Level Agreement on delivery of product/service
Actions on new sponsorship opportunities Y Significant effort was made to formalise new sponsorship with CSIRO, Tasmanian Government DoSG New in‐kind sponsorship was provided by the Turkish Polar Institute and the ACE CRC
Key Result Area 4.6: SOOS Administration, facilitation of Strategic Plan activities and delivery of support services is maintained
2018 Intended Actions Progress Made (Y/X) Comment
Maintenance and support of SOOS Y Engagement with governing bodies SCAR and SCOR Governance Management of Executive Committee (meetings, membership, activities, TORs) Management of Scientific Steering Committee (meetings, membership, activities, TORs) Management of Data Management Sub‐Committee (meetings, membership, activities, TORs) 4-73
Management of Implementation Plan Y Weekly IPO review and recording of activities against all monitoring and progress review KRAs Development of 2018 budget Management Administrative finance Y of income and expenditure
Sponsorship of 6 international SOOS events
Office administration and staff Y Management of staff Professional Development updates development/support and strategies Involvement of Executive Officer on International Scientific Advisory Board of the Swedish Marine Robotics Centre Weekly IPO workplan meetings Annual review of staff performance Executive Officer completion of Australian Institute of Company Directors professional development course on “Company Directors”
SOOS Key Products
Southern Ocean community review publication In 2018, SOOS led the development of a large community review paper2 as a contribution to the decadal OceanObs’19 Conference. This paper presented a community statement on the major scientific and observational progress of the last decade, since the 2009 OceanObs conference that was integral in scoping and shaping the development of SOOS. The paper also provides an assessment of key priorities for the coming decade, towards achieving the SOOS vision and delivering essential data to all end users. These issues were identified as major data bottlenecks in addressing the six SOOS Science Themes. The issues identified include the following:
Observing Antarctic Bottom Water production processes Reducing uncertainties in air-sea and air-sea-ice fluxes of heat, momentum, freshwater and carbon Understanding the contribution of oceanic heat to ice-shelf basal melt Towards a better understanding of processes controlling Antarctic sea-ice variability and change Observing sea-ice thickness and volume Constraining the seasonal carbon cycle Constraining biological energy pathways Assessing status and trends of key Southern Ocean taxa
Additionally, the above disciplinary priorities share common needs for observation system- level priorities:
2Newman L., et al., 2019 (in press): Delivering sustained, coordinated and integrated observations of the Southern Ocean for global impact. Frontiers in Marine Science.
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Observations from all seasons, as well as focused autumn/winter observational programs A strong relationship between implementation of new technologies and development of internationally agreed standards for the collection, QC and management of the data Standardisation and aggregation of similar observations Development and use of robust observing system design efforts that can be used to quantify observational needs of all end-users Incorporation of models into the observing system design and evaluation process Better community-wide coordinated articulation and advocacy of remote-sensing data requirements to Space Agencies
The community paper underwent review in 2018, and will be published in Frontiers in Marine Science in 2019.
Database of Upcoming Expeditions to the Southern Ocean
DueSouth is a community-populated database for sharing information on upcoming field campaigns and expeditions. It enhances opportunities for collaboration and sharing of field resources.
Key Sponsors/People:
DueSouth coding and hosting is provided to SOOS by James Cusick of the Australian Antarctic Data Centre and DueSouth has been added to the project schedule between SOOS and AAD to provide long-term security. Antarctic Sea Ice Processes and Climate (ASPeCt) has provided funding to complete the coding.
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DueSouth is available at https://data.aad.gov.au/duesouth/.
2018 Milestones:
The prototype portal underwent significant redevelopment in 2018 to create a stable platform that
Can be easily maintained by staff at the AADC Allows many-to-many mappings of projects and expeditions so that multi-year projects could easily be mapped to all relevant expeditions and Antarctic research stations Provides a polar-projected map for better visualisation of expedition plans Enables automated data transfers from partner organisations Enables bulk uploads from tables of planned expeditions Allows users to edit their contributions Gives the SOOS Data Officer greater administrative powers to edit submitted expeditions and projects
The renewed portal is not yet complete but considerable work was undertaken during this year. In 2018, the portal was largely manually populated by the SOOS Data Officer, with a small number of submissions from community members.
Major developments in DueSouth community collaboration in 2018 are the following:
Agreement from Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs (COMNAP) to share Regional Information Exchange documents with SOOS for manual upload into DueSouth Agreement from COMNAP to share the COMNAP ships database and research stations database with DueSouth as master lists for ships and research stations available for Southern Ocean research In-principle agreement from COMNAP to share outputs from their Asset Tracking System of real-time ship movements with the SOOS community, through DueSouth and/or SOOSmap Negotiations with the International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators (IAATO) project office to develop a potential method for sharing planned movements of tourist vessels, while concealing commercially sensitive information. Agreement from the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) Scientific Committee to share information on planned krill fishing, and new and exploratory toothfish fishing expeditions. In-principle agreement with the AAD to automatically share planned Australian research expeditions with DueSouth Negotiations with Geoscience Australia for them to develop a separate front-end access point to DueSouth for use by Australia’s bathymetric survey community to plan upcoming surveys
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2019 Plans:
Finalise the refactoring of the DueSouth code, including full administration rights for the SOOS Data Officer, allowing many-to-many relationships between projects and expeditions, and allowing record-authors to edit their records Seek approval from the CCAMLR Scientific Committee for publication of the bulk-uploaded planned expeditions from their krill and new and exploratory notification systems Continue negotiations with the IAATO community to allow automatic ingestion of their planned vessel movements Present DueSouth to the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting (ATCM) and request high-level support from National Antarctic Programs in sharing their research expedition plans in a more directly useful format Ask the SOOS community to comprehensively populate DueSouth with expedition plans for 2019/20 and beyond. Implement site analytics to enable user statistics to be collected
SOOSmap
SOOSmap is an interactive web map that allows users to explore circumpolar datasets before downloading the data they need.
SOOSmap was developed for SOOS by coders at the European Marine Observations and Data Network (EMODnet) Physics group, using the infrastructure they have created for aggregating and sharing data from disparate European and global oceanographic programs.
Key Sponsors/People:
All development and hosting are provided by Antonio Novellino and Marco Alba at EMODnet Physics as part of their mandate to support regional ocean observing systems. The relationship between SOOS and EMODnet was negotiated by Patrick Gorringe from the EuroGOOS secretariat.
2018 Milestones:
During 2018, 6 new data layers were added to SOOSmap, displaying data and metadata on CCAMLR Ecosystem Monitoring Program sites, CCAMLR Statistical Areas, CCAMLR research blocks, marine protected areas, CPR tows, micro- and macro- plastics observations, KrillBase, and penguin colony count data from the Mapping Application for Penguin Populations and Projected Dynamics (MAPPPD) database, sea- ice cores with chlorophyll observations, sea-ice concentration, sea-surface temperature, bathymetric survey effort, and high-resolution bathymetric data. Additionally, the SOOS Regional Working Group layer and the SOOS mooring network layer were updated and 4-77 improved. There was considerable development on SOOSmap background components to improve processing speed, and a landing page for SOOS-specific datasets, to enable those datasets to be visualised in the web browser, was partially developed.
2019 Plans:
In 2019, we plan to
Finalise a tool to allow high-resolution map printing for reporting purposes Move SOOSmap to a new web domain that will enable the sharing of specific map views Finalise development of a landing page for SOOS-specific observations so that these can be plotted and explored similarly to the global data feeds that were already being served through EMODnet Work with PANGAEA to publish CTD data from PANGAEA in SOOSmap, as a pilot for publishing other data types from PANGAEA and other data centres with large holdings of Southern Ocean data Add data from the Agreement on the Conservation of Albatrosses and Petrels, MESOPP and SONA, as well as Southern Ocean frontal locations and geographic names
All data layers available in SOOSmap as at January 2019
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SOOS Sponsorship
SOOS Sponsorship in 2018
In 2018, SOOS maintained its broad sponsorship base. Core sponsors remained the Australian Research Council’s Antarctic Gateway Partnership (AGP); the University of Tasmania, Australia; the State Oceanic Administration of China; and the University of Gothenburg, Sweden. Operational sponsors were the Australian Antarctic Division, Antarctica New Zealand, and the AGP.
In-kind Service Providers are important and enable SOOS to achieve outputs and outcomes that would not be possible if they had to be funded directly by SOOS. The figure below shows the Service Providers for SOOS in 2018, and includes the new sponsorship by the Istanbul Technical University Polar Research Centre, which provided SOOS with support of communication products.
SOOS is grateful to all sponsors for the contribution they make to ensuring the efficient and sustained delivery of SOOS for the community.
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Sustained support for the IPO
A significant effort for the IPO in 2018, was to secure sustained hosting for the SOOS office beyond the agreed end-2019 contract with AGP. Many discussions took place with existing Australian host sponsors, as well as international institutes. The SOOS Business Plan was developed and circulated within the community. As a result, the University of Tasmania, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation and the Tasmanian State Government Department of State Growth, will form a partnership to secure funding to support the IPO to remain in Hobart for 2020-2022. Additionally, the State Oceanic Administration of China will continue its support of the SOOS Project Officer in Hobart, currently agreed until mid-2020.
Sponsorship of SOOS Activities
Sponsors of SOOS events provide a vital service in enabling the delivery of SOOS activities. In 2018, the following institutes sponsored SOOS events, and we thank them for their important support.
Event SponsoringInstitute/Organisation
SOOS‐CCAMLR Synergies Workshop Australian Research Council’s Antarctic Gateway Partnership, UTAS (Hobart, Australia; April 2018) /soos.aq/resources/reports?view=product&pid=60
Marine Ecosystem Assessment for the Southern The PEW Charitable Trusts Ocean World Wildlife Fund (Hobart, Australia; April 2018) Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre, Australia Australian Antarctic Division Integrating Climate and Ecosystem Dynamics Information on other sponsors here http://www.measo2018.aq/
SOOS Scientific Steering Committee Meeting SCAR (Hangzhou, China; May 2018) SCOR State Oceanic Administration, China http://soos.aq/about‐us/ssc/meeting‐minutes State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, China Second Institute of Oceanography, SOA, China College of Oceanography Hohai University, China Institute of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
SOOS Data Management Sub‐Committee Meeting State Oceanic Administration, China (Hangzhou, China; May 2018) State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, China Second Institute of Oceanography, SOA, China http://soos.aq/data/dmsc/dmsc‐minutes College of Oceanography Hohai University, China Institute of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China Southern Ocean Modelling Workshop State Oceanic Administration, China (Hangzhou, China; May 2018) State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, China Report: Second Institute of Oceanography, SOA, China http://soos.aq/resources/reports?view=product&pid=57 College of Oceanography Hohai University, China Institute of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
SOOS Executive Committee Meeting State Oceanic Administration, China (Hangzhou, China; May 2018) State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, China Second Institute of Oceanography, SOA, China College of Oceanography Hohai University, China Institute of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
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POLDER Annual Meeting SCAR (Davos, Switzerland; June 2018) SCAR Data Management Committee
Data Town Hall SCAR (Davos, Switzerland; June 2018) Arctic Data Committee
Governance
Executive Committee
In 2018, the SOOS Executive Committee (EXCOM) held one in-person meeting, and several virtual meetings. Andrew Constable (Australia) and Sebastiaan Swart (Sweden) continued as Co-Chairs, and Mike Williams (New Zealand) continued as Vice Chair. After 7 years, inaugural SSC member Oscar Schofield (USA) rotated off EXCOM and the Scientific Steering Committee (SSC)—we thank Oscar for his significant contribution to SOOS in this time, and are glad that he will continue to be involved through as co-chair of the West Antarctic Peninsula/Scotia Arc RWG!
At the same time, we welcomed Eileen Hofmann (USA) to the EXCOM as Vice Chair.
Scientific Steering Committee
Five inaugural members rotated off the SSC in 2018: Mauricio Mata (Brazil), Dan Costa (USA), Parli Bhaskar (India), Mike Meredith (UK) and Oscar Schofield (USA). We thank these members for their contribution to SOOS! At the same time, we welcomed four new members: Sarah Fawcett (South Africa), Eileen Hofmann, Irene Schloss (Argentina) and Andrew Meijers (UK). 2018 was also the first year that RWG chairs had ex-officio status on the SSC. This status was initiated to ensure strong communication between the groups and the SSC. The composition of the SSC in 2018 is shown below:
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Annual Scientific Steering Committee Meeting
The annual meetings of the SSC and Executive Committee took place in Hangzhou, China (May 2018), hosted by the Second Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration. These meetings took place alongside the SOOS Data Management Sub- Committee meeting, and a workshop focused on Southern Ocean Modelling.
In addition to reviewing progress, a focus of the 2018 SSC meeting was “maintaining momentum”. This was in acknowledgement of the significant advances achieved in 2017, and in support of ensuring that efforts are maintained, where required. This meeting also focused on the need to ensure an integrated, circumpolar system by drawing together the separate efforts of working groups and communities.
The minutes from the SSC meeting are available on the SOOS website. SOOS thanks the many Chinese sponsors, and our host Prof. Dake Chen for the significant organisation and financial support provided in hosting these meetings. SOOS also thanks SCOR and SCAR for their continued support of these annual meetings.
Participants of the 2018 SOOS SSC Meeting in Hangzhou, China.
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SOOS Implementation Groups
Data Management Sub-Committee
The SOOS Data Management Sub-Committee (DMSC) has been engaged on a wide range of data activities, in addition to the development of DueSouth and SOOSmap (documented in other sections of this report).
Southern Ocean data rescue efforts
In 2018, the SOOS Mooring Network grew by an additional 198 datasets, which we expect to be published in 2019. Further, SOOS Project Officer, Yuhua Pei, worked with the DMSC to substantially improve the metadata held in the Network, by developing links to the thousands of relevant datasets at BODC. Additionally, 1,300 sea-ice chlorophyll measurements collected by the ASPeCt community, collated by Klaus Meiners, and aggregated by SOOS intern, David Pasquale in 2017, were published through SOOSmap.
The DMSC facilitated a collaboration between the Chinese National Arctic and Antarctic Data Centre, CLIVAR and Carbon Hydrographic Data Office, and the Ocean University China, to calibrate historic Chinese CTD data against other co-located observations. This collaboration also intends to publish these datasets alongside other international CTD observations, to improve access and use. Initial calibration trials were successful and negotiations on re-publication of the data through CCHDO or other CTD data aggregators is now underway.
Data Management Advocacy
In 2018, the DMSC advocated for stronger data management policies and activities in the Southern Ocean. In particular, the SOOS Data Officer provided advice on establishing data centres to the Swiss Polar Institute and Antarctica New Zealand. Further, the SOOS Data Officer and DMSC established a data-sharing system for the SCAR Plastics in Polar Environments Action Group, enabling micro- and macro-plastics observations in SOOSmap. To date, more than 100 observations from 13 sources have been published through SOOSmap.
Federated Search Tool
The Polar Federated Data Search Working Group that was formed in 2017 was renamed POLDER (Polar Data Discovery Enhancement Research) and continued its work in 2018. Details of this working group are highlighted in Task Teams section below. 4-83
Task Teams
SOOS Task Teams are developed to produce specific products, or solve a particular problem. Each Task Team is made up of a small group of experts and aims to complete its work within weeks or months.
POLDER
Name Institution Affiliation
Pip Bricher Southern Ocean Observing System SOOS, SCADM Taco de Bruin NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research SOOS, SCADM, ADC Alexander Smirnov Arctic Portal ADC Anton Van de Putte Biodiversity.aq, SCADM SOOS, SCADM Brendan Billingsley Billingsley Custom Software
Halldór Jóhansson Arctic Portal ADC
Marten Tacoma NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research SCADM, ADC Peter Pulsifer Nat. Snow & Ice Data Centre, Arctic Data Committee Stein Tronstad Norwegian Polar Institute SCADM, ADC Thomas Vandenberghe Belgian Marine Data Centre William Manley Institute of Arctic and Antarctic Research ADC Lynn Yarmey Research Data Alliance Matthew Jones Arctic Data Centre, DataONE ADC Gabrielle Alix Polar Data Catalogue SCADM Stefanie Schumacher PANGAEA SOOS, SCADM, ADC Jenny Thomas Swiss Polar Institute Kathryn Meyer Arctic Data Centre Yubao Qiu Big Earth Data for the Three Poles, GEOCRI Adam Leadbetter The Marine Institute of Ireland Cindy Chandler Woods Hole Oceanography Institution
Mission statement
The Polar Federated Search Working Group (POLDER) is a collaboration between the Arctic Data Committee (ADC), Standing Committee on Antarctic Data Management (SCADM) and SOOS, to develop tools and resources to support metadata aggregation, and federated search tools to improve the discoverability of polar science data.
Progress
POLDER has made considerable progress and also evolved its focus during 2018. POLDER helped organise and convene polar data management meetings in Boulder, Davos, and Geneva in 2018. It led development of a survey of metadata standards and
4-84 software tools in use in the polar data community, as well as a survey of metadata harvesting relationships in this community. These results are being developed into a research paper.
The unveiling of Google’s Data Search Tool in late 2018 resulted in a change of focus for POLDER. This tool searches the web for schema.org formatted header text on individual webpages to find metadata records that describe scientific datasets. While schema.org is comparatively basic compared to richer metadata standards, the presence of Google in this space is encouraging many organisations to adopt it in addition to their own metadata standards. If the schema.org standards are implemented in a uniform way across polar metadata centres, this will simplify the effort required to develop federated search by an order of magnitude. In late 2018, POLDER halted work on seeking funding and scoping the needs of a federated data search tool until it becomes apparent whether the initial interest in schema.org will translate into widespread implementation. In the meantime, POLDER is encouraging polar data centres to adopt the recommendations of the Science on schema.org community on best practices in implementing schema.org.
POLDER members also contributed to the OceanObs Community White Paper on FAIR data principles in oceanographic data management. For further details on POLDER activities, please visit https://polder.info.
2019 Plans
To finalise and publish the research paper associated with the survey of metadata repositories To publish the results of the survey of metadata repositories as a dataset for the broader community To advocate for the adoption of the Science On Schema.org best practices by the polar data community To review whether schema.org will be adopted sufficiently widely in the polar community to make a basis for federated search.
Regional Working Groups
SOOS Regional Working Groups will develop, coordinate, and implement the observing system in their defined region. The regions align with the natural areas of focus of nations involved in Southern Ocean activities (although some activities will be coordinated at a circumpolar scale e.g., Argo). Given the long-term requirements for coordination and implementation, the SOOS Regional Working Groups are viewed as ongoing efforts, whilst still undergoing annual reviews by SOOS governance.
Building on the significant developments of 2017, the final two regional groups— Weddell Sea/Dronning Maud Land (WSDML) and the Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea (ABS) (see map below)—were developed in 2018. The network now provides circumpolar coverage of the Southern Ocean.
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The above map shows the extent of the five Regional Working Groups, as w ell as the Partner Observing Are a
In addition to development of the final two groups, the SSC agreed that the approach taken by the Southern Ocean Indian Sector (SIOS) group (highlighted in their workshop report) was one that should be implemented across all groups to enable a semi-quantified understanding of regional observational coverage and key gaps. In addition to this, a number of the boundaries between groups were shifted. The Scotia Arc region was moved from the WSDML group to the West Antarctic Peninsula group—henceforth called the West Antarctic Peninsula/Scotia Arc RWG (WAPSA); and the Balleny Islands region was moved from the SOIS to the Ross Sea group. Additionally, the Ross and ABS groups reduced their northerly boundary to 60°S, leaving the South Pacific region uncovered by the network. This large region is generally not covered by national programs, and observational efforts include predominantly Argo floats, remote sensing and decadal GO-SHIP Reference Sections (Partner Observing Area in map above). SOOS will support these international efforts where required, to ensure that adequate observational coverage of the South Pacific is maintained.
With development of the network complete, communication and alignment between the groups is imperative to ensure an integrated circumpolar system, rather than 5 disparate communities. In support of this, the chairs of each group will meet regularly through a Regional Working Group “Consortium”. Sian Henley (WAPSA) and Sebastien Moreau (WSDML) will lead this consortium for 2019.
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West Antarctic Peninsula and Scotia Arc (WAPSA) WG
Leadership:
K. Hendry (Co-Chair, UK); O. Schofield (Co-Chair, USA); S. Henley (Co-Chair, UK); I. Schloss (Argentina); M. Mata (Brazil); J. Arata (Chile); D. Abele (Germany); In-Young Ahn (Korea); A. Buma (Netherlands); A. Meijers (UK); E. Hofmann (USA); B. Ozsoy (Turkey); J. Hofer (APECS, Chile); P. Trathan (CCAMLR, UK)
2018 Milestones:
o Special issue of the Proceedings of the Royal Society was published, titled “The marine system of the West Antarctic Peninsula: status and strategy for process in a region of rapid change”. o A WAPSA-led scientific review and horizon scan manuscript was submitted to Progress in Oceanography (published in 2019) o WAPSA held a small meeting at Polar2018 (Davos, Switzerland) o A representative from the Association of Polar Early Career Scientists (APECS) was selected from an open call, and now serves in the leadership group
Ross Sea WG
Leadership:
M. Williams (Co-Chair, NZ); W. Smith (Co-Chair; USA); M. Zhu (China); G. Budillon (Italy)
2018 Milestones:
Continued oversight of field activities in the region (e.g., mooring deployments (NZ, Italy), Chinese time-series assessments, Australian MPA cruise)
Indian Sector WG
Leadership:
T. Odate (Co-Chair, Japan); A. Constable (Co-Chair; Aus); P. Koubbi (France)
2018 Milestones:
Completion of the report from the 2017 Indian Sector workshop Support for other Regional Working Groups in the development of regional heatmaps for observational activities and coverage
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Weddell Sea and Dronning Maud Land (WSDML) WG
Leadership:
J. Gutt (Co-Chair, Germany); L. de Steur (Co-Chair; Norway); S. Moreau (Co-Chair, Norway); M. Janout (Co- Chair, Germany); JB Sallee (France); A. Meijers (UK); L. Biddle (Sweden); S. Fawcett (S. Africa); M. Wege (APECS, S. Africa); U. Nixdorf (COMNAP, Germany); OA Bergsad (Norway)
2018 Milestones:
The WSDML WG was developed in early 2018. Activities for the year focused on:
Development of leadership group Development of Terms of Reference for the WG Overview of upcoming field campaigns to the region Planning and detailed organisation for 1st WSDML workshop (held Jan. 2019, hosted by NPI Norway) Participation in the SOOS Regional Working Group consortium meeting at Polar2018 (Davos, Switzerland) Selection of a representative from APECS Identification of key national contacts (Argentina, Belgium, Brazil, France, Germany, India, Norway, Poland, S. Africa, Sweden, UK, USA)
Amundsen-Bellingshausen Sea (ABS) WG
Leadership:
B. Queste (Chair, UK); A. Wåhlin (Sweden); T-W Kim (Korea); T. Yager (USA); P. Abrahamson (UK); Y. Nakayama (APECS, Japan)
2018 Milestones:
The ABS WG was developed in mid-2018. Activities for the year focused on:
o Development of leadership group o Selection of a representative from APECS o Planning and detailed organisation for 1st ABS workshop (held May 2019, hosted by KOPRI, Korea)
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Capability Working Groups
SOOS Capability Working Groups enhance observational capabilities for SOOS, such as:
o Developing and implementing technologies o Improving observational design, efficiency, and coverage o Developing associated methods for managing and disseminating information.
The enhanced knowledge, technology, and observing capabilities from these groups are intended to feed directly into the implementation plans of the Regional Working Groups. Capability Working Groups are, generally speaking, limited to multi-year efforts, with annual review of progress provided by SOOS governance.
Censusing Animal Populations from Space (CAPS) WG
Leadership:
M. Hindell (Co-Chair, Aus); P. Fretwell (Co-Chair, UK); H. Lynch (USA); D. Costa (USA); K. Kovacs (Norway); A. Lowther (Norway); C. Southwell (Aus); B. de la Mare (Aus); M. LaRue (USA); C. McMahon (Aus); H. Bornemann (Germany)
2018 Milestones:
Ground truthing field campaign (AWI, Germany) Launch of Tomnod crowdsourcing platform “counting seals in Antarctica” Initial release of SealNet framework for automating detection of pack-ice seals in imagery Model development and improving – manuscript in development Data Study Group challenge (supported by BAS and Alan Turing Institute) to automate sea-ice type classifications and link to seal distribution 3rd CAPS meeting (Davos, Switzerland) Several conference presentations Two new PhDs (funded by NERC) Honours student (funded by UTAS) Post-doc (funded by Uni Pretoria)
Acoustic Trends in Antarctic Blue and Fin whales in the Southern Ocean (ATWG) WG
Leadership:
F. Samaran (Co-Chair, France); K. Stafford (Co-Chair, USA); S. Buchan (Chile); K. Findlay (S. Africa); D. Harris (UK); B. Miller (Aus); I. van Opzeeland (Germany); A. Sirovic (USA)
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2018 Milestones:
No annual report provided at this stage
Southern Ocean Fluxes (SOFLUX) WG
Leadership:
S. Gille (Co-Chair, USA); S. Swart (Co-Chair, Sweden); B. Delille (Belgium); M. Bourassa (USA); C-A. Clayson (USA); S. Josey (UK); A. Lenton (Aus); I. Smith (NZ) E. Schulz (Aus); B. Ward (UK); M. du Plessis (APECS, S. Africa)
2018 Milestones:
2018 was the 3rd year of action for SOFLUX, and included:
Growth in membership (from 51 to 65) Selection of a representative from APECS Overview and communication of flux observational field and modelling activities in the Southern Ocean Support for SOOS post-doc researcher (Dr. Yanzhou Wei), funded by the State Oceanic Administration of China, and delivering a research project jointly with the Observing System Design WG, on determination of priority locations for flux moorings in the Southern Ocean SOFLUX side meeting at Polar2018 (Davos, Switzerland) Endorsement of 3 flux research proposals Development and submission of Southern Ocean fluxes OceanObs19 publication, and input into other flux-related manuscripts (including the SOOS OceanObs19 community paper) Regular communication to all members through newsletters (every 1-3 months) to update on key events, papers, field activities etc.)
Observing and Understanding the Ocean beneath Antarctic sea ice and ice shelves (OASIIS) WG
Leadership:
E. van Wijk (Co-Chair, Aus); R. Coleman (Co-Chair, Aus); A. Breierly (UK); L. Herraiz-Borreguero (Aus); P. Dutrieux (USA)
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2018 Milestones:
This is a joint WG of SOOS and POGO. 2018 milestones include:
A short info-sheet prepared for POGO Contribution to the SOOS OceanObs’19 Community White Paper
Delivery of other key outputs for this WG have been delayed due to extenuating circumstances. Efforts are being revived and the “Under-Ice Observations strategy” will be delivered by mid- 2020.
Observing System Design (OSD) WG
Leadership:
M. Mazloff (USA); N. Hill (Aus); A. Waite (Canada)
2018 Milestones:
This working group was proposed in mid-2018, builds on the priorities identified in the Observing System Design Task Team (2017):
Development of leadership group Support for SOOS post-doc researcher (Yanzhou Wei), funded by the State Oceanic Administration of China, and delivering a research project jointly with the Observing System Design WG, on determination of priority locations for flux moorings in the Southern Ocean Contribution to the SOOS OceanObs’19 Community Paper Organisation and running of the 2018 Southern Ocean Modelling workshop (Hangzhou, China; May 2018) and production of workshop report
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4.5 Changing Ocean Biological Systems (COBS) Miloslavich
Annual report from COBS
Accomplishments from the past year (in the context of our terms of reference)
In the last 12 months, we have made substantial progress in achieving the goals and objectives set out in our Terms of Reference (ToR, see Appendix). The major achievement in 2018/2019 was the development and launch of a www-based multi-driver Best-Practice Guide (BPG) – (ToR #4). This BGP is available at https://meddle-scor149.org/ and comprises three components – decision support for design, MEDDLE (Multiple Environmental Driver Design Lab for Experiments) experimental simulator, and a library of video tutorials. A handbook is available to step the reader through the BPG (https://doi.org/10.25959/5c92fdf0d3c7a).
The BPG was publicised via a News and Views article in Nature Climate Change (see https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-019-0475-z) in April 2019, and also on sites such as Ocean Carbon Biogeochemistry in the United States and by the OA-ICC in Monaco (Lina Hanssen). The BGP has been popular, based on data from both Google Analytics (400 visits in 30 days) and You-Tube (>1000 visits to the video tutorials since its release).
We have mentored early-career scientists in the design process for complex multiple-driver manipulation experiments (including the BPG, ToR 5) at a course run in Monaco through the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in May 2019 by three members of COBS (Sam Dupont, Christina McGraw and Marcello Vichi) for more details see https://news- oceanacidification-icc.org/2019/06/27/training-course-on-best-practices-for-ocean-acidification- experiments-in-multi-stressor-
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scenarios/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+wordpress %2FlRgb+%28Ocean+acidification%29 ).
In 2018/2019 we have also made advances in completing other ToRs such as #6 (short articles on multiple drivers) and #7 (guide for policy-makers). COBS member Sinead Collins has a Perspective in review at Nature Climate Change entitled “Novel experimental frameworks are essential to reveal the rules shaping ocean global change biology”. This Perspective (ToR #6) was written with both other COBS members (Hutchins, Boyd, Havenhand) and with other scientists from a range of disciplines such as Francis Chan (coastal ecology), Naomi Levine (biogeochemical modelling), and Tatiana Rynerson (molecular biology) and so helps us attain ToR 2 (Raise awareness across different scientific communities). We have been working with the IOC (Salvatore Arico and Kirsten Isensee) to develop a Guide for Policy-makers on multiple drivers (ToR #7), that will form part of the UN Decade on Ocean Science of which multiple drivers will be a key theme ( see “About” on https://en.unesco.org/ocean-decade/).
In addition to advancing ToRs #4-7 towards completion, we continue to develop ToRs #2 and #3 as evidenced by the following achievements in 2018/2019:
Outreach to other groups working in the field of multiple drivers such as GOA-ON, GO2NE, and IMBER (see https://scor149-ocean.com/partners ). Outreach has included invitations to present (by video-conference) at our annual COBS meetings (2018, Denise Breitburg (GO2NE), Salvatore Arico (IOC)); (2019, Carol Robinson (IMBER), Denise Breitburg (GO2NE), Salvatore Arico (IOC)). We have also reciprocated by attending their events (Kiel GO2NE conference, Ulf Riebesell lab; IMBER SSC, Philip Boyd). We also ran a 1-day workshop and hosted a session at the IMBER Ocean Science Conference in Brest in June 2019 (convened by Marion Gehlen, Sinead Collins, Christian McGraw). Bridge-building with disparate disciplines including eco-toxicology, epi-genetics, and paleo-oceanography continues through a number of fora, including the Ocean Global Change Biology Gordon Research Conference (https://www.grc.org/ocean-global- change-biology-conference/2020/) and Early Career event (Gordon Research Seminar) that will be chaired by COBS member Sinead Collins. COBS is also forging close links with the proposed IOC WG on Multiple Stressors, with Boyd and others having regular video-conferences with Salvatore Arico.
We also maintain and regularly update our website (https://scor149-ocean.com/) by adding new research papers and partners every 3-4 months to provide a useful repository of information on multiple drivers.
Plans for the coming year
Plans for the coming year were made at the annual COBS meeting that took place just before the IMBER Open Science Conference in Brest:
A change in the composition of COBS, with several members rotating off to allow us to inject some new ideas and energy for the next 2 years (NSF funding means that we can 4-93
continue at least until August 2021). We hope to contact three new members in the coming month. Revision of our original terms of reference, with several of the original goals such as #4 (www BPG now complete) to be replaced with new activities and other more generic ToRs such as #2, #3 and #6 to be continued. The new suite of ToRs are currently being reviewed by COBS members. Major efforts in 2019/2020 include raising awareness of the availability of the www- based BPG through a suite of national, regional and international presentations and 1-day workshops. In particular, we are pleased to have secured a 30-minute tutorial session at the 2020 Ocean Sciences meeting (attended by ~5000 researchers in 2018) in San Diego. The tutorial on the www-based BPG will be led by COBS member Dave Hutchins. Resources for tutorials (such as the talk given by Christina McGraw at IMBER) will be made available to both the COBS members and other interested parties. The view from our annual meeting was that the www-based guide can also serve as a valuable educational resource and this will also be developed in the next 12 months. We also will continue to work closely with the IOC as they develop multiple drivers as a key strand of their UN Decade of Ocean Science. Additional video tutorials will be uploaded onto our You-Tube site that is linked into the www-based BPG. We will also seek constructive criticism through a portal in the www- based BPG site (managed by Sinead Collin’s lab).
Thanks to Ed Urban for continued support and advice, to NSF for ongoing support, to Axel Durand (IMAS) for maintaining the www site, and to the members of COBS who have been so generous with their time and energy in 2018 and 2019.
Philip Boyd
Appendix
Terms of Reference of the current working group
1. Assess the current status of emerging research themes by reviewing the literature to assess the dominant research foci, their relative coverage, and identify any major gaps and/or limitations. Publish this review in an open-access peer-reviewed journal. (Completed in 2017/18, Boyd et al., Global Change Biology Review paper) 2. Raise awareness across different scientific communities (evolutionary experimental biologists, ecologists, physiologists, chemists, modelers) to initiate better alignment and integration of research efforts. 3. Co-ordinate thematic transdisciplinary sessions to attract and assemble experts from other fields such as paleoceanography and marine ecotoxicology to learn from the successful approaches their fields have developed to address multiple drivers. 4. Develop a multi-driver Best-Practice Guide (BPG, or other tools) as one potentially valuable way to help this research field move forward in a cohesive manner.
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5. Mentor early-career scientists in the design process for complex multiple driver manipulation experiments, familiarize them with BPG, and teach them practical methodologies for the analysis of their experimental findings. 6. Publish a series of short articles in both the scientific media and with scientific journalists to disseminate the challenges and opportunities surrounding multiple drivers and ecosystems. 7. Engage with policy-makers and science communication experts to produce a glossary of terms and an implementation guide for policy-makers to better understand the role of multiple drivers in altering marine living resources and ecosystem services.
5.0 CAPACITY-BUILDING ACTIVITIES
5.1 SCOR Committee on Capacity Building, p. 5-1 Urban
5.2 SCOR Visiting Scholars, p. 5-2 Urban
5.3 POGO-SCOR Visiting Fellowships for Oceanographic Observations, p. 5-5 Urban
5.4 NSF Travel Support for Developing Country Scientists, p. 5-14 Urban
5.5 Research Camps at University of Namibia, p. 5-16 Urban
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CAPACITY-BUILDING ACTIVITIES
5.1 SCOR Committee on Capacity Building Urban
Terms of Reference The primary purpose of the SCOR Committee on Capacity Building is to oversee all of SCOR’s capacity-building activities and to help the SCOR Secretariat manage these activities, specifically to
Provide direction for all of SCOR’s existing capacity-building activities: participation of scientists from developing countries and countries with economies in transition in SCOR activities, POGO-SCOR Fellowship Program, travel grants, and provision of reports to libraries in developing countries. Guide and assist SCOR Executive Director in development of new capacity-building activities, particularly the Regional Graduate Schools of Oceanography activity. Assist SCOR-sponsored projects in developing their capacity-building activities. Help SCOR arrange funding for existing and new capacity-building activities. Assist SCOR in interacting with regional and international groups related to capacity building in ocean sciences, such as the ICSU regional centers, START, IOC regional programs, etc.
Chair: Claudia Benitez‐Nelson (USA)
Other Members: Mary (Missy) Feeley (UK), Vanessa Hatje (Brazil), Venu Ittekkot (Germany), Prasanna Kumar (India), Margareth Kyewalyanga (Tanzania), Sun Song (China-Beijing), Jennifer Verduin (Australia)
Liaisons: Hal Batchelder (PICES), Jim Costopulos (Global Oceans), Julius Francis (WIOMSA), Peter Pissierssens/Claudia Delgado (IODE/IOC), Eric Raes (IIOE-2 Early Career Scientists Network), and Sophie Seeyave (POGO)
In the past year, the committee reviewed two sets of requests for travel support to scientific meetings and also reviewed the 2019 SCOR Visiting Scholar applications. The committee helped compile information on examples of capacity-building activities carried out by SCOR working groups (see https://scor-int.org/work/groups/capacity-dev-examples/).
The committee is also discussing potential new sources of funding for SCOR capacity-building activities.
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5.2 SCOR Visiting Scholars Urban SCOR began a program in 2009 to enlist the services of ocean scientists from the SCOR community, from both developed countries and developing countries, both recently retired and active, to teach short courses and to provide more extended on-site education and mentorship at developing country institutions. Some countries and/or individual institutions have requirements for their scientists to retire at a given age, sometimes as early as 60 years of age. Many retired ocean scientists are still interested in teaching and mentoring, and are supported by pensions after their retirement, so do not need salary support. Some active scientists can also use some of their already-supported work time to work in a developing country.
Hosting visiting scientists, whether retired or active, can have many benefits to host institutions also, such as inspiring, motivating, and informing students and faculty, and leading to future collaborations between the visiting scientist and the host institution.
The program is a partnership, with the host institution providing local accommodation and SCOR finding resources to pay for airfares and other local expenses, as necessary. The participating scientists donate their time. SCOR Visiting Scholars might be onsite for as little as two weeks to as long as visa requirements would allow. Applicants may already have selected a host institution or SCOR will help identify hosts. Information about the program is available at https://scor-int.org/work/capacity/visiting-scholars/.
The number of Visiting Scholars approved each year has increased from 1 in 2009 to 6 in 2019. The SCOR Visiting Scholars who were approved in 2019 are shown below.
SCOR Visiting Scholars Approved in 2019
Scholar Name Host Country Dates of Visit Topic of Training Country
Anthropogenic stressors on Brian Helmuth USA Argentina Sept.-Dec. 2019 marine ecosystems
Applications of isotopes in Earth Adina Paytan USA Brazil Fall 2019 and environmental science
Applications of radioisotopes in Pere Masque Australia Brazil Aug.-Sept. 2019 marine sciences
Teresa Cerveira 29 May - 27 Portugal Angola Marine resources Borges June 2019
Jorma Kuparinen Finland Ecuador Oct.-Nov. 2019 Marine planktonic systems
Mridula March-Dec. USA Mauritius Marine ecology Srinivasan 2019 5-3
The 6 SCOR Visiting Scholars approved in 2019 will be supported by US$7,500 from the U.S. National Science Foundation, $5,000 from the main SCOR budget, $1,975 from the Committee on Capacity Building’s budget, and $525 from crowdfunding. This is the first year that SCOR Visiting Scholars were sent to Angola and Mauritius.
Country of Origin of SCOR Visiting Scholars (2009‐2019) n=39 Sweden Tanzania Russia Spain Japan Chile Peru France USA Finland UK
Switzerland
Portugal India Australia Denmark Norway
Host Country of SCOR Visiting Scholars (2009‐2019), n=39 Mauritius PeruThailand Mozambique Brazil India Guatemala Ghana Croatia Costa Rica Namibia Colombia Angola Morocco Bangladesh
Iran Argentina
Indonesia South Africa Ecuador
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The call for applications for 2020 Visiting Scholars will be made after the SCOR Annual Meeting in Toyama. We will attempt to increase the crowdfunding portion in 2020. Ed Urban and Sophie Seeyave (POGO Executive Director) are preparing an article on the SCOR Visiting Scholar Program and POGO Visiting Professor Program for submission to Oceanography magazine.
Starting in 2018, Visiting Scholars were asked to distribute online surveys to their trainees, to help evaluate the program. The survey is available in English and French. So far, 37 responses have been received in English and 12 in French. To summarize the results:
55% of the trainees were female, 43% of the trainees were male, and 2% preferred not to answer 59% of the trainees were students, 26% were researchers, and the other 15% were research assistants, technicians, or professors The most common age was the 21-25 year range Most trainees were at the master’s degree level 58% of the trainees felt that their training was the right length, 37% felt that the training was too short, and 5% thought it was too long 64% of the trainees thought that the training was at the appropriate technical level, 23% of trainees thought that the training was too advanced, and 14% thought their training was too simple. 82% of the trainees felt that their expectations had been met and 18% felt that their expectation were not met. 95% of the trainees felt that the trainers knew their subject matter and enthusiastic 82% of the trainees felt that the Visiting Scholar was easy to understand and the same percentage felt that the trainee was easy to understand.
Continued efforts will be made to get surveys from trainees who have not yet responded. 5-5
5.3 POGO-SCOR Visiting Fellowships for Oceanographic Observations Urban
www.ocean-partners.org
Report on the 2018 POGO-SCOR Fellowship Programme and summary of selected candidates for the 2019 POGO-SCOR Fellowship Programme
2019 Program This year the nineteenth fellowship programme has been launched, jointly supported by POGO and SCOR. As the POGO Members had to be consulted on this year’s budget expenditure at POGO’s annual meeting at the end of January 2019, the announcement was posted on the 6 March 2019, with a closing date of 30 April 2019.
A total of 29 valid applications were received this year (exactly the same number was received in 2018). Applications were received from 18 countries (15 countries in 2018). The highest number of applications (5) was received from India.
With the combined available budget from POGO and SCOR, 5 candidates were selected from: Cameroon, Cote d’Ivoire, India, Iran and South Africa.
The applications were screened independently by a committee of four, with representation from SCOR, POGO and partners of POGO (including host supervisors of fellows from 2018). In making their selection, the committee considered the following factors:
quality of the application; relevance of the application to the priority areas identified in the fellowship announcement; evidence that the training will lead to improved sustained observations in the region, or improved applications of such data; evidence that the training would lead to capacity-building with potential lasting impact on regional observations; and the need to maximise regional distribution of the awards.
POGO and SCOR commend the efforts from all the supervisors and colleagues at the various host institutions who agreed to devote time and energy required for the training. The programme would not have been viable without such efforts from prominent scientists and their teams.
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Demography of Fellowships for 2019
Parent Institutions:
Cameroon The University of Yaoundé Cote d’Ivoire Centre Universitaire de Recherche et d'Application en Teledetection (CURAT) / Universite Felix Houphouet-Boigny India National Centre for Coast Research (Ministry of Earth Sciences) Iran Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences South Africa Nelson Mandela University
Host Institutions:
France Laboratoire d’Etudes en Géophysique et Océanographie Spatiales Canada Université du Québec à Rimouski UK Scottish Association for Marine Science France Université de Bretagne Occidentale (UBO) UK National Oceanography Centre
Gender distribution Male: 3 Female: 2
2018 Program All the people involved in each fellowship for the 2018 cohort (the fellowship holder, the supervisor at the parent institute and the supervisor at the host institute) have been requested to submit short reports at the end of the training period. The reports that here follow are from the 2018 fellowships. Both host and parents supervisors, as well as the fellows themselves, have indicated that these exchanges lead to effective capacity building at the host institute and facilitate longer term collaborations between the institutes concerned. All have concluded that the programme serves a useful purpose.
There is tremendous interest in the fellowship programme at all levels, both in the oceanographic institutions of the developing nations, as well as among leading scientists who are eager to contribute to this initiative. It is seen to be filling a niche in capacity building through specialised training that is not filled by intensive courses or by participation in scientific meetings. It helps improve the esprit de corps among oceanographic institutions around the world, and serves as a stepping stone to building collaborations.
Furthermore, the POGO-SCOR fellowship scheme is increasingly seen by other organisations as a model in capacity building, and similar schemes have been set up by other programmes based on the success of the POGO-SCOR model (e.g., EU projects, the Europe-Africa Marine Network, EAMNet; and the EUROMARINE consortium of European Networks of Excellence). The POGO Secretariat is often approached for help/advice on setting up similar fellowship schemes, or proposals to partner up with other organisations.
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Demography of Fellowships from 2018
During 2018, four candidates were selected and they came from Turkey, India, Colombia and Indonesia. The host institutions included:
Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Institute for Coastal Research, Germany Plymouth Marine Laboratory, UK Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies (IMEDEA), Spain Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, USA
Reports from 2018 Fellows and their Host Supervisors
Sevil Deniz Yakan Dündar - Turkey Parent supervisor and institution: Prof. Dr. Oya Okay, Istanbul Technical University. Host supervisor and institution: Dr. Rüdiger Röttgers – Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Institute for Coastal Research, Germany. Fellowship period: 4 October - 31 December 2018 Topic: The effect of local currents and eddies in the Istanbul Strait by means of the bio-optical parameters of phytoplankton collected from the coastal waters.
Report from Fellowship holder, Sevil Deniz Yakan Dündar:
A brief description of activities during the training period: SNAP (Sentinel Application Platform) software is used to evaluate the images of OLCI sensor installed on Sentinel 3A satellite. Bio-optical parameters of the region of interest were examined. Absorption measurements, an important parameter of inherent optical parameters, were followed at the laboratory. General preparation for the ship campaigns, equipments used on board and experiments performed afterwards were investigated.
What applications of the training received do you envision at your parent institution? To mention about the SNAP software at the under-graduate level oceanography lectures; to prepare homeworks about remote sensing and its applications like evaluation of the general characteristics of the marine environment by using the satellite images; to propose collaboration projects with the researchers in other institutes of my university (e.g., Euroasia Earth Sciences Institute), with the researchers in other universities (e.g., Middle East Technical University, Marine Sciences Institute), and with the researchers of the host institute (Helmholtz Zentrum Geesthacht).
Your comments on the Fellowship Programme: I have benefited from many advantages of the fellowship. I got familiar with observational aspects of marine sciences; I have seen different research environments and working styles. I have contacted with many researches, and that gave me the opportunity to have future collaborations. I have gained lots of information about the subject I have trained, and I would like to transfer this knowledge to the younger generation. Thus, I believe that the number of the 5-8
projects and interested people related with the observational oceanography will increase each year.
Report from host supervisor, Dr. Rüdiger Röttgers, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht Institute for Coastal Research Remote Sensing, Germany.
A brief description of the activities during the training period: In the first weeks, the trainee learned to use a common software tool (BEAM/SNAP) to process, view and work with optical satellite data. In the second period she learned to access the different satellite data from a number of independent sources (NASA, ESA, Eumetsat) and collected and downloaded data for her area of interest (Maramara Sea, Black Sea, Strait of Istanbul). Here the focus was on Sentinel-2 and Sentinel-3 Level 1 and Level 2 data. Further on she processed data for different, common parameters like chlorophyll, suspended matter and CDOM and checked plausibility of obtained concentrations and possible local oceanographic structures and patterns. She also looked for and compared with level-3 and level-4 ocean colour data from the GlobColour project and Ocean-Colour CCI with regard to climatological annual cycles in her regions of interest. In a second phase she went through most of our laboratory methods, measuring optical and radiometric properties and familiarized herself with common optical in situ instrumentation, with a focus of future applicability at the home institution.
Is this exchange likely to lead to future collaboration with the trainee’s parent institution? Yes, I think there is a very good chance for future collaboration, and exchange of students.
Please provide your comments on the Fellowship Programme: It was a nice experience with the trainee and a rather easy way to take part on the Fellowship programme from our side. I will be happy to do it again.
Dr. Martin G.D – India Parent supervisor and institution: Dr. Anu Gopinath – Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, India. Host supervisor and institution: Dr. Andy Rees, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, UK. Fellowship period: 24-09-2018 – 21-12-2018. Topic: Regulation of Greenhouse gases (N2O and CH4) at a coastal time series station (Western Channel Observatory, UK): Stable Isotopic approach.
Report from Fellowship holder, Dr. Martin G.D – India:
A brief description of activities during the training period: The main objective of the training was sample preparation and analysis of stable isotopes 15N 18 and O in N2O in sea water using Stable Isotope Mass Spectrometry (SI-MS) and N2O & CH4 by Gas Chromatography. We conducted different experiments in sea water and in air samples (outside atmospheric air) for standardizing the method. Analytical hardware and software were used for data processing. During the training period we visited Rothamstead Research at North Wyke, an agricultural research centre, which too is working on similar measurements and 5-9
calibrations. We developed a reliable system of work and collected samples of sea surface water, weekly from the Western Channel Observatory. We also conducted a study in different estuarine regions like Millbrook, River Lynher, Cargreen, Tauy, Davis Point and Plym from the Western Channel.
What applications of the training received do you envision at your parent institution? I got training to use SI-MS and gas chromatography for greenhouse gas measurements. I also gained knowledge on, how to process and interpret data from these instruments. These instruments and methodologies are entirely new for my institution and me. I will share this experience and knowledge to the researchers in my university. In the near future, I will try to develop new studies in the university.
Your comments on the Fellowship Programme. POGO-SCOR visiting fellowship is an excellent programme that gives opportunity to visit and acquire knowledge from the leading oceanographic and marine sciences institutes from around the world. It is a very useful programme for the early career researcher to gain knowledge from leading scientists in the oceanographic research. I was very glad to work with Dr. Andy Rees, who was my host supervisor. Working under him was enjoyable as he was an extremely helpful and patient supervisor with profound subject knowledge. I also thank Ian Brown, Lisa Al- Moosawi and Dr. Rachael Beale, our team members for all their help. I would also like to thank the Pogo Secretariat, particularly Dr. Sophie Seeyave, and Ms. Laura Ruffoni for giving me this wonderful opportunity and for their help during my stay in PML.
Report from host supervisor, Dr. Andy Rees, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, UK:
A brief description of the activities during the training period: The training was organised into 3 components:
a) Familiarisation with stable isotope mass spectrometry (SI-MS) and gas chromatography and sample preparation. During which time Martin was instructed in or shadowed PML colleagues in the use of these instruments with respect to analytical hardware and the software used to control them and for data processing. During this time we visited Rothamstead Research at North Wyke, an agricultural research centre where colleagues were working on similar measurements and introduced myself and Martin to their procedures and calibration regime. b) Method development. The SI-MS system is designed to provide analyses of N2O in gaseous samples. Martin spent a good part of his time at PML in refining our existing methodology in order to develop a protocol that provides high precision analyses of 15N 18 and O in N2O dissolved in seawater. c) Sample analysis. Once a reliable system of work was developed Martin then spent time in the collection and analysis of samples from the local River Tamar and Plym estuaries and coastal waters forming the Western Channel Observatory. For the time that he was here Martin found that the isotopic signature of coastal waters was very much in equilibrium with the overlying atmosphere, though samples collected in local estuaries showed great peculiarity in terms of river and position sampled. 5-10
2) Is this exchange likely to lead to future collaboration with the trainee’s parent institution?
I would like to think that Martins visit has provided a great opportunity for the two institutes to collaborate in the future. Certainly the research arenas of both have overlapping concerns and there should be great potential for shared expertise to be used in addressing future research projects. On a personal basis I wholeheartedly offer my mentorship and support to Martin whenever this may be required.
3) Please provide your comments on the Fellowship Programme. This experience proved what a great opportunity the fellowship programme offers. Not only to the fellow who I believe learned and experienced a great deal but hopefully to the capacity building potential that he might now offer to his university and greater geographic region. There is also considerable benefit to myself and host institute who learned and grew from this shared experience.
Juan David Osorio-Cano – Colombia Parent supervisor and institution:– Dr. Andrés F. Osorio, Universidad Nacional de Colombia at Medellín, Colombia. Host supervisor and institution: Dr Alejandro Orfila Förster - Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies (MEDEA), Spain. Fellowship period: 08/09/2019 to 18/11/2019 Topic: Observation and Modeling of hydrodynamic processes along Balearic Islands.
A brief description of activities during the training period: In order to deal with different observing approaches to understand the main physical processes at different scales from the nearshore to the shelf, the main activities during the training period were focused on field activities as follows:
- Maintenance of tidal sensor at Pollensa port: Cleaning and re-installing of the tidal sensor to allow on-line data of tidal level and water temperature. Communication system was also checked to verify data transmission.
- Assistance in a mooring line recovery using the vessel from SOCIB. The activity was complemented with the measurement of several CTD profiles close to Cabrera Island to allow the calibration of the data provided by the sensors attached to the mooring line.
- Maintenance of the wave buoy at Palma Bay: Assistant as a scuba diver during the wave- buoy revision as part of the protocol to confirm that all the components from the structure (buoy, CTD sensor, ADCP sensor, weather station, mooring line) were working properly.
- Field campaign at Cala Millor as part of the Beach Risk project where different activities were carried out: bathymetry using a Multihaz ecosounder, sediment sampling and 5-11
habitat mapping to determine areas where Posidonia is located, HF-radar measurements and recovery and deployment of a new ADCP sensor to measure waves and currents.
Cruise SOCIB-Canales: Assistance during CTD measurements across the Ibiza and the Mallorca Channel. The purpose of those profiles was seasonal calibration points for the near continuous Glider monitoring of the Ibiza Channel. Measurements were made with the SeaBird SBE9 + instrument and the oceanographic Niskin bottle rosette for water samples at different depths. The collected water was used to: salinity analysis with a PORTASAL salinometer, analysis of dissolved oxygen using the Winkler titration method (on board), Nutrient analysis, determination of chlorophyll concentration and study of the phytoplankton community. The cruise also included the deployment of a glider and a drifter as a support of a Lagrangian experiment.
What applications of the training received do you envision at your parent institution? After the training programme, new methodologies and innovative measuring techniques were identified in order to improve the amount and quality of marine data at my parent institution and country. The ones I envision the most are related with:
- Glider measurements including web based glider command-control and a real time data delivery system.
- Real-time monitoring platforms including HF-radar systems, wave buoys and weather stations. All this sensors must be measuring in real time bringing data to all the community, which is missing so far at my parent institution and even my country since not all the information taken by DIMAR (Maritime General Division from the Army) is available.
- The acquisition and use of a Multihaz Eco sounder to get more accuracy and useful information of the sea bottom surface to help understand the role of the coastal ecosystems (e.g., coral reefs, sea beds) and the ecosystems services provided by them.
It is clear that this envision will require a very big investment from the government and to look for external resources, but also the transfer of knowledge to our students and colleagues in order to have more people in Colombia prepared to face future challenges in combination with marine technologies.
Your comments on the Fellowship Programme. I’m very satisfied with the Fellowship programme since the terms and conditions were very clear from the beginning and the financial support was good enough for traveling and maintenance. The communication by email was also very fluid and all the doubts were clarified in a timely manner. In conclusion, I’m very happy to have had the opportunity to be part of the Fellowship Programme and all the experience within IMEDEA/SOCIB which definitely helped me to gain more knowledge about ocean observations system, opening the possibility to stablish cooperation with other colleagues from Spain. At the moment I’m still in contact with Professor Alejandro Orfila from IMEDEA and the idea is to keep this collaboration in future, looking for new opportunities of researching/working together. 5-12
Report from host supervisor, Dr Alejandro Orfila Förster, Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies (MEDEA), Spain:
A brief description of the activities during the training period:
The main activities performed by the Trainee have been:
- Development of software for bottom type-classification. Data from a multi-beam echo sounder. - Introduction to the use of gliders. - Maintenance of in-situ tidal sensors. - Assistance in a mooring line recovery in a NSF Project. - Maintenance of the wave buoy at Palma Bay: Assistant as a scuba diver during the wave- buoy revision as part of the protocol to confirm that all the components from the structure (buoy, CTD sensor, ADCP sensor, weather station, mooring line) were working properly. - Risk Beach experiment in Cala Millor. Multisensory implementation using video cameras, microwave radar, ADCP, ADV and echo-sounding. Processing of data and data filtering. - SOCIB-Canales experiment. CTD measurements and water sample analysis. - Introduction to Lagrangian techniques: drifting buoys and Finite Size Lyapunov exponents.
Is this exchange likely to lead to future collaboration with the trainee’s parent institution? Yes.
4) Please provide your comments on the Fellowship Programme. This is the first time that we hosted a Trainee from this Programme and the results are better than expected. We will host in the future Fellows from POGO-SCOR since this is a unique opportunity to teach foreign pre and post-doctoral researchers for short term periods in a different environment. The economic conditions for the trainee were good for the period of his stage. I would like to have more information for future calls.
Arief Wibowo Suryo – Indonesia Parent supervisor and institution: Nelly Florida Riama, M.Si (Center of Meteorology Maritime of Indonesian Agency for Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysics/BMKG), Indonesia. Host supervisor and institution: Prof. Arnold L. Gordon (Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University). Fellowship period: 05/11/2018 - 06/01/18- 6/12/2018 Topic: “Investigate the relationship of the eastern tropical Indian Ocean surface mixed layer to MJO events in February – April, 2015, 2017 and 2018”.
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Report from Fellowship holder, Arief Wibowo Suryo:
A brief description of activities during the training period: I received several phase of training during my stay in Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory. First phase was familiarizing with the CTD data of INAPRIMA cruise that I brought. The raw data need to be processed and changed to format that readable in MATLAB and ODV. With guidance from Arnold and his PhD student, I created the script in MATLAB to make the files imported to MATLAB and ODV.
After all the data successfully imported, then I check the quality of each cruise using TS diagram. Because it spikes showed different shape than the previous years, it appears that 2018 data was fault due to the error in CTD equipment. So I only focused on the 2015 and 2017 CTD data.
The next phase was looking into the ARGO float data near the area and the time of INAPRIMA cruise. Also from Arnold suggestion, I looked into the GO-SHIP data from CLIVAR program and found the IO9N ship was collecting CTD data near the INAPRIMA cruise in 2016. Then in the last place I discussed with Arnold what to do with the data I’ve collected. We conclude that I will look into the water mass analysis during cruises of 2015 to 2017. Soon this will lead to paper publication in Indonesia.
What applications of the training received do you envision at your parent institution? The skill I gathered during the training will be really useful for myself and my colleagues at work. I intend to do small training to my colleagues on how to use MATLAB and ODV. The training I will conduct in a week to all my colleagues. Besides that, in 2-3 months I will look more into the water mass analysis in eastern tropical Indian Ocean and write paper about it. For the next projects, I will look into the relationship between ITF and MJO or IOD. As these phenomena affecting weather and climate in Indonesia, I’m hoping we can enhance our Ocean Forecast System that was in initial development in BMKG.
Please provide your comments on the Fellowship Programme: I’m very grateful to POGO-SCOR to give me opportunity to train with some of the best minds in oceanography fields in Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory. It was the best experience learning from Arnold and his team. The insights I got from them was invaluable as I was in early stage learning about oceanography. I intend to pursue higher degree in oceanography field, and this training is perfect opportunity for me to experience first-hand studying with a professor and experts in oceanography. The program that Arnold and his team laid out for me to follow during the training was easy to follow. I was able to finish my training in time with their guidance.
Report from host supervisor, Prof Arnold L. Gordon, Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory, USA:
A brief description of the activities during the training period. The primary activity was to quality control the CTD oceanic data set obtained by BMKG within the period 2017-2018 in the eastern tropical Indian Ocean. This included comparison of those data with historical archived data sets, mainly the data collected as part of the WOCE and 5-14
CLIVAR programs. We began the task of comparing the BMKG data to the Makassar Strait throughflow time series. Arief Suryo plans to expand on that task upon his return to BMKG.
Is this exchange likely to lead to future collaboration with the trainee’s parent institution? Yes, the plan is to relate the BMKG data in the eastern tropical Indian Ocean to ITF variability
Please provide your comments on the Fellowship Programme: I really think the POGO-SCOR model is very effective, not just during the period of the visit, but in building longer term collaborative activities.
5.4 NSF Travel Support for Developing Country Scientists Urban SCOR has received support from the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) since 1984 to provide funding for SCOR capacity building activities. Most of the funds are used for travel grants for scientific meetings, although a portion are used for SCOR’s contribution to the POGO- SCOR Fellowship Program and the SCOR Visiting Scholars program. Travel grants are awarded to ocean scientists from developing countries and the former Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, and other countries with economies in transition, to enable them to attend international scientific meetings. A new three-year grant was approved in July 2017, running from 1 August 1 2017 to 31 July 2020. The amount of the award from NSF is $75,000 per year. A proposal for renewal of the grant will be submitted to NSF in early 2020.
About 77% of the grant funds are devoted to supporting the travel of scientists from developing countries and countries with economies in transition to ocean science meetings. The SCOR Committee on Capacity Building evaluates requests from meeting organizers for such support several times each year. After a meeting is approved, the organizers run a selection process and propose individual recipients for support. The PI checks the names of proposed recipients to ensure they are from eligible countries and have not received similar support from SCOR for the past two years. Priority is given to applicants who are presenting a paper or poster at the meeting or to those who have some special expertise or regional knowledge to bring to a workshop or working group. Preference is also given to younger scientists. In general, care is taken to ensure that the recipients of SCOR/NSF funds are active scientists, and that they have not received similar support from SCOR in the previous two years. All travel grant recipients are informed that their support comes from SCOR and that it is made possible through NSF funding.
Requests come in throughout the year and the SCOR Committee on Capacity Building considers new requests between meetings. Forty-three students and scientists from 13 countries were supported during the reporting period to attend 12 scientific meetings and summer schools.
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The following requests were approved since the 2018 SCOR Annual Meeting:
Name of Event Dates Location Approv ed Amount SCOR Visiting Scholars Various Various $7,500 POGO-SCOR Fellowships on Operational Various Various $10000 Oceanography International Ocean Institute 22 May-19 Halifax, $3,000 July 2019 Canada IMBeR Open Science Conference 17-21 June Brest, France $7,500 2019 1-6 July 11th WIOMSA Scientific Symposium Mauritius $3,000 2019 BIARRITZ – Bridging International Activity and 22-26 July Southampton, $2,000 Related Research Into the Twilight Zone 2019 UK 18-23 Aug. Barcelona, Goldschmidt 2019 $3,000 2019 Spain International Conference on 2-6 Sept. Sydney, $3,000 Paleoceanography 2019 Australia Global Ocean Oxygen Network International 2-7 Sept. Xiamen, China $3,000 Summer School 2019 WG 157 Associate Member from the 13-14 Sept. Gothenburg, $2,500 Philippines to attend WG 157 meeting 2019 Sweden InterRidge Working on Seamounts and Islands 19-21 Sept. Lisbon, $5,000 Near Mid-Ocean Ridges 2019 Portugal 23-27 Sept. GEOTRACES Summer School Cadiz, Spain $7,500 2019 16-27 Oct. Victoria, BC, PICES-2019 $5,000 2019 Canada 21-25 Oct. IOCCG Training Hangzhou, China $3,000 2019
The next review of requests will be conducted by the SCOR Committee on Capacity Building after the SCOR Annual Meeting.
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5.5 Research Camps at University of Namibia Urban SCOR has supported “Research Camps” at the University of Namibia Henties Bay campus for the past 6 years, through funding from the Agouron Institute and more recently through funding from the Simons Foundation. The 6th Camp was held on 28 April-24 May 2019. These camps have brought together graduate students, post-doctoral fellows, and instructors from Namibia, other African countries, and other countries of the world to learn ocean science through doing research together. The camps bring together resources from the University of Namibia, the national fisheries agency, participants, and the Agouron Institute and Simons Foundation.
Report from 2019 Camp
Biogeochemical Oceanography in Upwelling Ecosystems: An African Ocean Discovery Camp Do you know that the largest bacterium known to man was discovered in Namibia? Do you ever wonder why Namibia’s ocean water is generally dark green-brown and murky instead of clear and blue like the Indian Ocean? Have you ever wondered how Namibia acquired high enough phosphate deposits to contemplate commercial marine mining? Have you ever wanted to spend a month at the coast and a fun group of people that have a passion for marine science?
Figure 1: RGNO class 2019 visiting the Walvis Bay salt works Oyster farm during an excursion.
The annual discovery camp was hosted during 22 April-23 May 2019 by the Sam Nujoma Campus (SNC) and covers these questions and so much more. It forms part of the Regional Graduate Network in Oceanography (RGNO) and is geared towards Ocean Discovery in the 5-17
Benguela Upwelling System (BUS). Local and international trainers aid in providing research- based training on the Sustainable Use and Scientific Management of Marine Ecosystem. This is done in conjunction with our local collaborators from the Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources (MFMR). This year’s course consisted of the following activities:
1. BUS Introductory symposium
This year’s course consisted of a diverse group of international Post-graduate students from various institutions. In order to give students an overview of the BUS, an introductory symposium was held with both regional and international experts. Their presentations were based on nine key areas identified to give an understanding of the BUS from the water column right down to the sediment (summarized in Figure 2 and Table 1).
Students then identified the thematic areas their projects would feed into, in consultation with project leaders. Furthermore, developing sampling strategies that include the equipment and consumable requirements and sampling stations were drawn up.
Figure 2: The edited Biological Pump, taken from Chisolm et al., 2000 (Nature) with number notations corresponding to the various RGNO projects.
5-18 Table 1: Corresponding titles of RGNO projects highlighted in Figure 2. Project Project title number
1 The roles of phytoplankton blooms in organic carbon cycling and changes in acid neutralizing capacity 2 Trophic ecology in Northern Benguela Upwelling regions: The role of dominant, small copepods in carbon (mostly lipid) transfer 3 Regulators of microbial community changes during degradation in sedimenting marine micro-aggregates across geochemical redox gradients 4 Trace metal interactions with organic ligands and their incorporation into organic carbon in sedimenting aggregates and in sediments. 5 The role of carbon-mineral-interactions in degradation and deposition processes of land-derived and autochthonous organic matter 6 Bacterial interactions with larger bacteria: The Thiomargarita case 7 The trace element pump between the water column and sediments in the Benguela Upwelling Ecosystem 8 Responses of benthic fauna-microbe symbioses in fluctuating and disturbed sediment habitats in the Benguela Upwelling Ecosystem 9 Dynamic responses of pelagic and benthic ecosystems to physical forcing: Continuous observations from local mooring stations
2. Research cruise on the RV Mirabilis
Students and instructors embarked on one of two legs of research cruises on the RV Mirabilis (i.e., either the 20o or 23o line transects). Samples were collect from the water column or sediment (i.e., depending on which project they were working on). This ranged from the deployment of the speed boat to collect Jelly fish, CTD casts (to collect water samples at specific depths), plankton net (to collect both phytoplankton and zooplankton samples) and the multicorer (to collect discrete sediment samples to facilitate depth profiles of the top 40cm) (Figure 3).
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a b c
d e f
g h
Figure 3: a) Surface area of a sediment core with a microbial film. b) sampling for Ni in the water column to reduce contamination c) a bioluminescent bloom of Noctiluca scintilans d) observing benthic species from sediment samples e) filtering water samples to determine the microbial composition at different depths f) preparing a sediment core for sectioning g) concentrating a surface water sample for phytoplankton species identification h) deploying the multicorer for sediment collection.
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3. Lab work and experimental set up
After the cruise, students would process their samples at the SNC laboratories. This was in addition to morning lectures. Students were trained on activities ranging from analysing seawater for dissolved nutrients, collecting samples of Thiomargarita endobionts for characterization (Figure 4), designing growth media for specialized marine microbes, characterizing the benthic community from sediment cores to setting up experiments to determine the effects of zooplankton (sampled from the vessel) migration on the mixing of two water bodies of varying salinity and jelly fish-microbe interactions (Figure 4).
a b
c d
Figure 4: a) experimental set up to determine the effects of mixing by zooplankton from the cruise on two water bodies with varying salinity b) DNA extracted from Thiomaragrita endobionts c) collected jelly fish that will be used in a series of experiments d) benthic organisms from an offshore station
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4. One-day symposium
This year, another outreach activity was included. This one-day symposium hosted by the SNC highlighted ocean research and looked at new and exciting developments in the field of oceanography. Thus invited speakers were sourced from the region and beyond (Figure 5).
a b c
d e f
g
Figure 5: Guest speakers- a) John Compton (UCT) b) Sandy Thomalla (CSIR) c) Volker Morholtz (IOW) d) Jake Bailey (UoM) e) Bronwen Currie (MFMR) f) Johannes Iitembu (SNC) g) Kurt Hanselmann (ETH)
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5. Final student symposium
The work done by the students culminated into a final symposium (22 May 2019) hosted by MFMR. Students were able to showcase all their hard work (detailed in Table 2) and answer a range of questions from the audience.
Table 2: Presentations from the final RGNO symposium with respective speakers as well as the country of their host institutions. Speaker / Affiliation Presentation title
Ndamononghenda Mateus (Namibia) Responses of benthic fauna‐microbe symbioses in and Katherine Amorim (Germany) fluctuating and disturbed sediment habitats in the Benguela Upwelling System Nathan Hubot (England) The impact of jellyfish associated nitrifiers on nutrient cycling in the Benguela Upwelling System Mohamed Reda Benallal (Morocco) Effects of zooplankton diurnal vertical migration in the northern Benguela. Andrés Sanchez Quinto (Mexico) Identification of Bacteria and Archea using 16S RNA in seawater and sediments along two transects offshore Namibia Dalton Leprich (USA) Steps toward determining endosymbionts associated with Thiomargarita Euphemia Kaunongwa (Namibia) Isolation of Thiomargarita namibiensis endobionts Lebogang Matlakala and Tebatso The roles of phytoplankton blooms in organic carbon Martin Moloto (South Africa) cycling and changes in acid neutralizing capacity
Bayoumy Mohamed (Egypt) Distribution of current and hydrographic parameters in the Benguela upwelling system, Namibia Tzu‐Hao Wang (David) (England) Behavior of Ni between water column and sediments: the example of the northern Benguela off Namibia Sümeyya Eroglu (Germany) Changing molybdenum and sulfur cycling under different depositional and redox conditions on the Namibian shelf
This work was made possible by the following sponsors:
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6.0 RELATIONS WITH INTERGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS
6.1 Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC), p. 6-1 Arico, Sicre
6.2 Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection (GESAMP), p. 6-10 Duce
6.3 North Pacific Marine Science Organization (PICES), p. 6-15 Batchelder, Yoo
6-1 6.0 RELATIONS WITH INTERGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS
6.1 Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) Arico, Sicre
SCOR 2019 ANNUAL MEETING
REPORT OF THE INTERGOVERNMENTAL OCEANOGRAPHIC COMMISSION (IOC) of UNESCO
I. Introduction: The UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development
In December 2017, the United Nations General Assembly proclaimed the United Nations Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development from 2021 to 2030 (hereafter, the Decade), building on the efforts of IOC Member States and the IOC Secretariat. The Decade is a once in a life-time opportunity to deliver a step-change in ocean science and to influence how countries invest, utilize, and participate in science and innovation to embrace societal goals and align research investment to contribute to common goals. The period from 2018 to 2020 is focusing on the preparation of the Decade Implementation Plan that will be submitted to the UN General Assembly for its consideration in 2020. This work is led by IOC, in consultation with Member States and all relevant stakeholders.
In July 2018, the IOC Executive Council decided to establish an Executive Planning Group (EPG) acting as an advisory body to the IOC on the preparation for the Decade. Its main tasks are to: (i) provide advice on the form and structure of the Decade including governance arrangements; (ii) support the drafting of the Implementation Plan for the Decade (to be finalized by 2020 for consideration by the UN General Assembly); and (iii) engage and consult relevant communities. Following a selection process led by the IOC Officers representing all five IOC regional groups, with due consideration to expertise, gender and geographical balance, 19 experts were invited to be a member of EPG. These experts met for the first time from 17 to 19 December 2018 at UNESCO Headquarters in Paris. The EPG provided guidance on the Decade’s Implementation Plan formulation process including its structural and programmatic elements, as well as the consultations, engagement and communication strategies to unroll in 2019 and 2020.
A number of tasks have been assigned amongst EPG members including: the provision of inputs to the Roadmap (which serves as the basis for the Decade’s Implementation Plan), the development of guidelines for the regional consultation workshops, the guidance for the organization of the Global Planning Meeting, the process for the development of a high level 6-2 science plan, the definition of criteria for endorsement of Decade activities, the development of a business case for investing in ocean science, and the development of a model for the governance of the Decade implementation phase. Most of these works are in progress and are envisaged to be finalized by the end of the year.
Ocean scientists (interdisciplinary and specialized scientists) and the Innovation and Technology community (ocean science support infrastructures) are critical to engage as early as possible in the process. They will connect oceans science to societal needs. They will bring ocean science perspectives to the Decade and provide scientific technologies and services to the Decade (leading technological developments).
Several consultations and participation at the ocean science meetings have taken place. SCOR, IAPSO (International Association for the Physical Sciences of the Ocean), AGU (American Geophysical Union), PICES (North Pacific Marine Science Organization), ICES (International Council for the Exploration of the Sea), POGO (Partnership for Observation of the Global Oceans), IMBeR (Integrated Marine Biogeochemistry and Ecosystem Research Project), AMS (American Meteorological Society), EGU (European Geosciences Union), EMB (European Marine Board), Future Earth, AtlantOs and ICS (International Centre for Science and High Technology) and many other science networks active globally and regionally have been approached to communicate the aims and benefits of the Decade, but also to gather ideas and possible contributions, and to engage young scientists.
The engagement of the science community is also critical to the development of the Decade Science Plan. At its first meeting, the EPG deliberated that the Science Plan should be designed on the basis of a bottom-up process complementing the top-down guidance on the scoping of the Decade. A task team of the EPG was constituted to guide this exercise, and the IOC Secretariat was asked to elaborate a process for the collection of inputs from the active scientific community that will inform the Science Plan. Under the guidance of the dedicated EPG task team, the IOC Secretariat developed a questionnaire and invited relevant expert groups and scientific networks to fill it. As per EPG guidance, the questionnaire focused on the first three Strategic Objectives of the Decade, which pertain directly to the science aspects of the Decade. The initial results of the survey were presented at the Global Planning Meeting in Copenhagen (13–15 May 2019). While the approach followed with the questionnaire could be expanded to further expert groups, scientific networks and organizations, within a timeline coherent with the development of the overall Decade Implementation Plan, the EPG is currently reflecting on the main dimensions of a possible ‘science action plan’, taking into account the outputs of the 1st Global Planning Meeting on the Decade (see below).
The IOC convened such 1st Global Planning Meeting in Copenhagen from 13 to 15 May 2019, hosted by the National Museum of Denmark. This foundational meeting brought together 246 institutional representatives (including IOC Secretariat) working at the science-policy interface, as well as ocean businesses and philanthropic organizations committed to ocean sustainability, to start crafting science-based solutions and partnerships that the Decade will deliver. The aim of the meeting was to engage stakeholders and provide inputs to the development of the Implementation Plan of the Decade. The Global Planning Meeting was conceived as an integral part of the Decade design process, providing the first forum for international, interdisciplinary 6-3 and multi-stakeholder dialogues that will work in preparing and eventually implement the Decade.
The same framework will be replicated for the organization of the regional consultation workshops to facilitate the integration of regional outputs into the global planning process. Regional consultation workshops are an integral part of the Decade design process to achieve the engagement of various communities through a multi-stakeholder dialogue. These will build on the structure of the Global Planning Meeting with a focus on regional requirements and priorities as well as contributions to global activities. Working groups will be organized around the six societal outcomes that have been defined in the Decade Roadmap document (IOC/EC-LI/2 Annex 3 and Corr.) in order to ensure that science delivered under the Decade is policy relevant. The first two regional workshops will focus on the Pacific Ocean and will be hosted by the Pacific Community (23–25 July 2019) and the Government of Japan (31 July–2 August 2019), respectively. Other workshops are foreseen in 2019 and early 2020, namely for the Indian Ocean, the Caribbean Sea, the North Atlantic (including Arctic) and South Atlantic, the Mediterranean, and South East Pacific region. Further consultations about the hosting of such meetings are underway with the Governments of France, Mexico, Canada, Brazil and Italy, as well as with the Permanent Commission for the South Pacific and the European Community.
It is anticipated that the draft Decade Implementation Plan will be finalized after the second global planning meeting in 2020, and will be circulated widely for comments prior to its finalization and transmission to the UN General Assembly. The 2nd UN Ocean Conference, co- hosted by Portugal and Kenya in Lisbon from 2 to 6 June 2020, with a focus on the progress from science to actions, will also provide a strategic opportunity to present the draft Decade Implementation Plan and forge partnerships around programmes and initiatives of relevance to the Decade.
II. Activities involving close cooperation and coordination between IOC and SCOR
Harmful Algal Blooms The long-term focus of the IOC Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB) programme is on improved understanding of the factors controlling HAB events and thereby improving management and mitigation options. The scientific key questions have for more than a decade been addressed jointly with SCOR through research programmes. The current decadal IOC-SCOR research programme to meet societal needs in a changing world, entitled GlobalHAB, launched its science and implementation plan in 2017 (www.globalhab.info). GlobalHAB is reported on in detail directly by the GlobalHAB SSC.
The IOC is coordinating and developing its work on HAB through the IOC Intergovernmental Panel on HABs (IPHAB). A number of Task Teams, working groups and activities are operating and reporting to the IPHAB. A core activity is the development of a ‘Global HAB Status Report’ with the aims of compiling an overview of HAB events and their societal impacts; providing a worldwide appraisal of the occurrence of toxin-producing microalgae; and assessing the status and probability of change in HAB frequencies, intensities, and range resulting from environmental changes at the local and global scale. The development of this report is intimately linked with the systematic compilation of HAB data in OBIS and the IOC Harmful Algal Event 6-4 Data base HAEDAT and is funded by Flanders and cosponsored by the IAEA.
A key activity under IPHAB is on Ciguatera Fish Poisoning (CFP), which is the most extensive human illness caused by harmful algae. The IPHAB has initiated the development of a UN Coordinated Ciguatera Strategy involving the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), and the World Health Organization (WHO).
Time Series Since 2013 the establishment of an interdisciplinary IOC working group, the International Group for Marine Ecological Time Series (IGMETS), has offered the possibility to improve model projections and forecasts needed to understand open ocean and coastal changes. The collected information addresses new scientific questions and serves a well-established community of practice related to ship-based time series. The interdisciplinary character of IGMETS provides new scientific insights to improve model projections and forecasts needed to understand open ocean and coastal changes. IGMETS met on 7-9 November 2018 at IOC HQ to develop the scope its second report (read the first IGMETS report at https://igmets.net/report).
As from 2016, an affiliated group has worked specifically to investigate Climate Change and Global Trends of Phytoplankton in the ocean, in particular the coastal ocean (TrendsPO). The Group continues the comparative analysis and synthesis of long time series data sets compiled by SCOR WG137, and expands the focus not only to the continental shelf and open oceans, but also to estuarine and upstream freshwater ecosystems where perturbations from terrestrial, atmospheric, oceanic sources and human activities converge to cause changes that ramify across local and global scales.
De-oxygenation De-oxygenation is a global problem in coastal and open regions of the ocean, which has led to expanding areas of oxygen minimum zones and coastal hypoxia. In the coastal ocean, the number of reported dead zones has increased exponentially since the 1960s, with more than 600 systems catalogued now. The recent expansion of hypoxia in coastal ecosystems has been primarily attributed to global warming and enhanced nutrient input from land and atmosphere. The global extent and threat of ocean deoxygenation to human health and marine ecosystem services are just beginning to be appreciated; the related social and economic consequences have yet to be determined but are likely to be significant.
In order to raise awareness on the impacts of deoxygenation to marine life, in 2018 the IOC Global Ocean Oxygen Network (GO2NE) working group published a technical brief entitled ‘The ocean is losing its breath’. IOC organized the annual meeting of the group on 1–2 September 2018 back to back with the international conference ‘Ocean Deoxygenation: Drivers and Consequences: Past, present, future’, in Kiel, Germany, 3–7 September 2018. The Conference concluded with the Kiel Declaration, which was signed by 502 experts as of 18 December 2018. The Secretariat also organized a joint GlobalHab/GO2NE workshop on 11–12 June 2019, who discussed the interaction of deoxygenation and harmful algae blooms. This workshop was followed by the 2019 GO2NE meeting, which focused on the workplan for the upcoming two years, including the GO2NE summer school in September 2019, which is 6-5 supported by SCOR, and the development of the Ocean Oxygen Data Portal. The IOC Secretariat further coordinated the input to the WMO Climate Change bulleting (published in February 2019) addressing deoxygenation in the ocean.
Multiple Stressors The IOC Executive Council at its 51st session in 2018 agreed to establish a new IOC working group focusing on multiple stressors. A draft policy brief introducing the issue of multiple stressors on marine ecosystems prepared in collaboration with members of SCOR WG149, the working title of which was ‘Ocean under Stress: A changing ocean at all locations’ was presented to the 30th Session of the IOC Assembly in June 2019. The final publication will be available during the fourth quarter of 2019.
Enhancing oceanography capacities in CCLME Western Africa countries (Eastern Boundary Upwelling Systems – EBUS) Climate change is increasing ocean temperature and is furthermore causing modifications in the dynamics of marine ecosystems at multiple scales and levels of organization. Eastern Boundary Upwelling Systems (EBUS), which are the most productive ecosystems in the world in terms of fisheries production, are likely to be affected. The overall aim of Phase III of this project is to improve the existing knowledge on the possible effects of climate change on the Canary Current Large Marine Ecosystem (CCLME) and to continue building regional science capacity in this regard. Changes in the productivity of this LME would have a direct impact on the national economies in the area, which are largely depending on fisheries resources.
This projects builds on previous results and scientific investments made in the CCLME, also taking advantage of relevant previous research and monitoring results gathered in the context of IOC- UNESCO regional (IOCAFRICA) and global programmes in relation to climate research, observations and data collection and exchange, namely the Global Ocean Observing Systems (GOOS) and International Oceanographic Data and Information Exchange/Ocean Biogeographic Information System (IODE/OBIS), as well as other relevant activities of IOC-UNESCO, in particular, ocean acidification, deoxygenation, and the effects of climate change on the oceans.
The foreseen Workshop I in the current phase of the project, focusing on “The effects of climate change on the productivity in the CCLME”, was held at the Centro Oceanográfico de Canarias of the IEO on 18-20 September 2018. This workshop was attended by 20 participants, including regional experts, from Cabo Verde, Guinea, Morocco, Senegal, Peru, France, Spain and Sweden, as well as by the IOC Secretariat from Paris and IOCAFRICA. Participants included experts from WCRP/CLIVAR Research focus on EBUS, SCOR WG155 on “EBUS: Diversity, coupled dynamics and sensitivity to climate change”, and relevant IOC networks – Global Ocean Oxygen Network (GO2NE), Global Ocean Acidification Observing Network (GOA-ON), IOC Working Group to Investigate Climate Change and Global Trends of Phytoplankton in the Oceans (TrendsPO), and the GlobalHAB Programme.
According to the discussions held during the workshop, a Research Agenda and Capacity Development Plan were elaborated, which will guide the further implementation of the project. The main goal of the Research Agenda is to address fundamental scientific knowledge gaps in the CCLME through regional cooperation in research activities, with a focus on total primary 6-6 productivity and functional diversity, and on physical forcing; while the Capacity Development Plan aims to develop a common science capacity development agenda and related implementation strategy for the coastal nations in the CCLME region.
The project is linked with similar efforts on improving the scientific knowledge in the dynamics of the EBUS and to build the necessary scientific capacity to understand them further. One of such efforts is the WCRP CLIVAR “Research Focus EBUS”, which also encompasses the Canary Current system. IOC co-sponsored the ICTP-CLIVAR Summer School on Oceanic Eastern Boundary Upwelling Systems, held in Trieste on 15-19 July 2019. IOC has also partnered with SCOR WG155 on EBUS in the preparation of an ambitious Open Science Conference on EBUS to be held in Peru in 2021.
III. Other activities of actual or potential interest to SCOR Ocean acidification
In view of the growing urgency and recognition of ocean acidification as one of the major stressors for the marine environment, improved observation and research are needed to help scientists and governments in implementing related mitigation and adaption measures. IOC-UNESCO actively provided technical support to Member States to report towards the Sustainable Development Goal indicator 14.3.1, focusing on ocean acidification in the framework of sustainable development. The Commission provides the methodology guiding scientists and countries in terms of how to carry out measurements following the best practices established by the ocean acidification community. In this way, IOC and its networks, including the Global Ocean Acidification Observing Network (GOA-ON), directly contribute to the achievement of SDG Target 14.3.
During its 51st session, the IOC Executive Council welcomed the Methodology for the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) Target Indicator 14.3.1 and recommended to the IOC secretary as the custodian agency for this indicator to propose its upgrade from Tier III to Tier II. In November 2018, this application was brought forward and the IAEG-SDG agreed on the upgrade from Tier III to Tier II. During an expert workshop organized by the Commission in October 2018, experts agreed on the outline and timeline for the production of an IOC manual focusing on the 14.3.1 methodology, to be published in the third quarter of 2019.
GOA-ON has now more than 632 members from 96 countries (in 2015 these were 150 scientists from 31 countries) and is constantly growing; currently 17 SIDS and 23 African countries are represented in GOA-ON. This is also thanks to IOC engagement and involvement in Ocean Acidification projects in the Caribbean, the Middle East and East Africa.
Work to develop a 14.3.1 data portal continued. A beta version of this portal is expected to be available in August 2019, facilitating ocean acidification collection and quality control. The IOC was further invited to submit a contribution on ocean acidification to the WMO annual Statement on the State of the Global Climate. This is only the second year that ocean acidification is included in the Statement. The IOC Secretariat also contributed to a Community White Paper for the upcoming OceanObs’19 conference, highlighting the 14.3.1 methodology. IOC co-organized the annual GOA-ON Executive Council meetings in 2018 (Sopot, Poland) and 2019 (Hangzhou, China), and further actively supported and participated in the 4th international 6-7 GOA- ON Workshop (14-17 April 2019, Hangzhou, China).
Nutrient’s coastal Impacts research Nutrient over-enrichment of coastal ecosystems is a major environmental problem globally, contributing to problems such as harmful algal blooms, dead zone formation, and fishery decline. Yet, quantitative relationships between nutrient loading and ecosystem effects are not well defined. The IOC Nutrients and Coastal Impacts Research Programme (N-CIRP) is focussing on integrated coastal research and coastal eutrophication, and linking nutrient sources to coastal ecosystem effects and management in particular. As part of the implementation strategy for N- CIRP, IOC actively participates in a UN Environment led ´Global Partnership on Nutrient Management’ (GPNM) with intergovernmental organizations, non-governmental organizations and governments. GPNM has an online information portal to enable GPNM partners to monitor progress on implementing activities related to the sustainable use of nutrients. IOC-UNESCO supports the development of the indicators for SDG 14.1, for which UN Environment is the custodian agency. A task force, which includes experts from IOC-UNESCO and GESAMP, the UN Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection, supported by the Group on Earth Observation (GEO) Blue Planet, was established to provide the technical expertise during the course of the development of the methodology for the indicator. The core focus of IOC-UNESCO is to contribute to the development of the Index of Coastal Eutrophication (ICEP). Currently, IOC UNESCO together with UN Environment is soliciting for funding to finalize the Silica component of the model and for testing it.
Microplastics Plastics form a large proportion of marine litter, and the widespread occurrence of macroscopic plastic debris and the direct impact this can have both on marine fauna and legitimate uses of the environment, sometimes remote from industrial or urban sources, has grown rapidly. Lately the existence of micro-plastics and their potential impact has received increasing attention. The extent of the impact of plastic litter in the oceans is uncertain, despite the considerable scientific effort that has been expended in recent years. GESAMP Working Group 40 on ‘Sources, Fate and Effects of plastics and micro-plastics in the marine environment’, led by IOC and UNEP, was initiated in 2012. The Working Group has recently published guidelines on how to monitor plastics in the ocean, This new set of publicly- available guidelines for monitoring plastics and microplastics in the oceans will help harmonize how scientists and others assess the scale of the marine plastic litter problem (read more at http://www.gesamp.org/publications/guidelines-for-the-monitoring-and-assessment-of-plastic- litter-in-the-ocean). The focus in 2019–2021 is on an overview of risks associated with marine plastic litter; environmental risk from nano- and microplastics; and human health risks associated with nano- and microplastics.
Blue Carbon The Blue Carbon Initiative, established in 2011 by the IOC, the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and Conservation International (CI), works to synthesize, scientific and technical knowledge, including policy mechanisms, for ensuring the conservation, restoration and sustainable use of coastal blue carbon ecosystems. The IOC is highly involved in the Blue Carbon Scientific Working Group, which provides the scientific foundation for the Blue Carbon Initiative by synthesizing current and emerging science on blue carbon assessment, 6-8 conservation and management. Priority research activities coordinated by the Scientific Working Group are conducted in close partnership with the Initiative’s Policy Working Group. IOC is further a coordinating member of the International Blue Carbon Partnership, a body that brings together governments, NGOs, IGOs and UN-Agencies.
IOC co-organized and co-sponsored the International Blue Carbon Initiative (BCI) annual meeting in China in August 2018. Furthermore, IOC supported three side events during the UNFCCC COP24, highlighting the potential of Blue Carbon Ecosystems as a Nature Based Solution to be applied in the NDCs to mitigate climate change, and also provided the coordinated input on blue carbon ecosystems to the WMO Climate Change Bulletin 2018. In collaboration with the Blue Carbon Partnership, these events gave the opportunity to connect high-level representatives and scientists to raise awareness for the central role of these ecosystems for carbon sequestration.
Integrated Ocean Carbon Research In 2018, the IOC Executive Council considered a note prepared by the IOC Secretariat on recent developments related to ocean carbon research and the landscape of ocean carbon research activities. Scientific considerations included the need for generating new knowledge on the role of ocean carbon in climate regulation and on the effects of climate change on ocean carbon, including carbon biology, thus responding to growing needs for such knowledge from relevant initiatives and processes, namely the IPCC (also taking into account the findings and knowledge gaps in the IPCC Special Report on Ocean and the Cryosphere, in due course) and scientific and technical work related to requests formulated by the UNFCCC and its Subsidiary Body on Scientific and Technical Advice (SBSTA).
The global ocean carbon research community is constituted by several initiatives carried out in the context of: the International Ocean Carbon Coordination Project (IOCCP); the Surface- Ocean Lower Atmosphere Study (SOLAS), the Integrated Marine Biosphere Research (IMBeR); the Global Carbon Project (GCP); WCRP’s core project on Climate and Ocean Variability, Predictability and Change (CLIVAR), and numerous other relevant activities of IOC itself. Relevant national efforts on carbon research, as exemplified by the Ocean Carbon and Biogeochemistry programme under the US Carbon Cycle Science Program, contribute directly to such global efforts on ocean carbon research.
Historically IOC played a central role in federating the global ocean carbon research community through the SOCOVV workshop held in April 2007 at IOC’s headquarters and follow-up meetings. IOC had supported the creation of IOCCP in the early 2000s, building on joint efforts of IOC during the previous two decades with SCOR and ICSU, including the CO2 Advisory Panel of the Committee on Climate Change and the Ocean and the subsequent Joint SCOR- JGOFS-CCCO Advisory Panel on Ocean CO2. IOCCP was hosted at, and its secretariat supported by, IOC until 2012. IOCCP is co-sponsored by IOC and SCOR.
The IOC Executive Council concluded that these developments indicated the need to strengthen the IOC Ocean Science portfolio’s focus related to ocean carbon, responding to the demand for such coordinating role by the scientific community. The IOC Executive Council noted that while 6-9 IOCCP tends to focus on ocean carbon observations, assisting in the development of new needed technology, and developing relevant capacity, there is a continuous need for an integrative platform on ocean carbon research, and a clear role for IOC therein.
The discontinuation in 2017 of the IMBeR and SOLAS carbon working groups that, based on the Joint SOLAS/IMBeR Carbon Implementation Plan, were charged with coordination and synthesis of ocean carbon research related to both ocean surface and ocean interior, had created the need for such a new federating initiative on ocean carbon research. This would contribute to inter alia better-coordinated ocean carbon cycle simulations in the context of CMIP6 and of the Global Carbon Project's efforts to establish annual global carbon budgets with reduced uncertainty for each iteration.
On the question of scope, a significant fraction of the individuals and programmes consulted was of the opinion that any new initiative would have to go beyond the inorganic component of the carbon cycle, and include other related biogeochemical properties such as nutrients, oxygen, and N2O, that is, consistently with the biogeochemical suite of Essential Ocean Variables developed through the GOOS Biogeochemistry Panel (provided by IOCCP). A smaller fraction of the individuals and programmes consulted was in favour of a more focused approach, mostly focused on inorganic carbon, that is, within the scope of the past SOLAS/IMBeR working groups.
The new focus on integrated ocean carbon research would deal with issues related to decadal variability, meso and sub-meso scale processes, scientific requirements for optimal observing system design, integrating ocean carbon biology considerations, and the interaction of the fluxes of heat and carbon fluxes and their storage. Such new initiative should also look into relevant new developments in ocean carbon research. For example, innovative work initiated in the context of SCOR Working Group 134 on the Microbial Pump in the Ocean in 2008 and leading to the publication of a number of established studies in 2011 have emphasized the importance of the microbial pump in the global carbon cycle and in related models; its relation with eutrophication levels in coastal areas; and the need to combine established knowledge and research on the biological pump with research on the microbial pump.
The Executive Council therefore decided to establish the IOC Working Group on Integrated Ocean Carbon Research, which will operate in in cooperation with IOCCP, IMBeR, SOLAS, WCRP/CLIVAR and GCP. The first step of this initiative will be to convene an expert workshop under the auspices of IOC, involving 40 to 50 experts from different IOC regions, sub-disciplines (fluxes vs storage, for example), research types (observations vs models), as well as end-users (assessments, status reports). A first output of the initiative would be a synthesis report on ocean carbon: current knowledge, gaps, and related research and observation requirements. Following the successful launch of the initiative, individual programmes or specifically created task-teams would then concentrate on specific actions, depending on the alignment of certain actions with their respective terms of reference. The workshop will be held at the headquarters of IOC in Paris, France, on 28 to 30 October 2019.
6-10 IV. Potential future IOC and SCOR cooperation
The IOC and SCOR have long successfully cooperated and thereby strengthened research and scientific programmes. The 20109 SCOR Working Group Proposals represent a wide-ranging array of relevant research projects, and the IOC Secretariat would like to share with SCOR its views on those proposals that more closely reflect the current priorities of IOC in the area of ocean science (provided to SCOR proposal monitors).
6.2 Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection (GESAMP) Duce
GESAMP WORKING GROUP 38
THE ATMOSPHERIC INPUT OF CHEMICALS TO THE OCEANS
Annual Report to SCOR by the Co-Chairs of Working Group 38, August, 2019
Robert Duce and Timothy Jickells
History, early meetings and their results
1 Working Group 38 was first formed in 2008 because of growing concern about the impact of atmospheric deposition of both natural and anthropogenic substances on ocean chemistry, biology, and biogeochemistry, as well as climate. It has held meetings at the University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona in 2008; at IMO in London in 2010; in Malta in 2011; and at the University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK in 2013 and 2017. The 2013 workshop focused on nitrogen inputs from the atmosphere to the ocean and their impacts. Sponsors of those WG 38 efforts have included WMO, IMO, SCOR, SIDA, the European Commission Joint Research Centre, the University of Arizona, the International Environment Institute at the University of Malta, the University of East Anglia, and the U.S. National Science Foundation. Following the initial terms of reference and the meetings through 2013, twelve scientific papers have been published in the peer-reviewed scientific literature. These were as follows:
[1] Okin, G., A.R. Baker, I. Tegen, N.M. Mahowald, F.J. Dentener, RA. Duce, et al., “Impacts of atmospheric nutrient deposition on marine productivity: roles of nitrogen, phosphorus, and iron, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 25, GB2022, doi:10.1029/2010GB003858, (2011).
[2] Hunter, K.A., P.S. Liss, V. Surapipith, F. Dentener, R.A. Duce, M. Kanakidou, et al., “Impacts of anthropogenic SOx, NOx and NH3 on acidification of coastal waters and shipping lanes”, Geophysical Research Letters, 38, L13602, doi:10.1029/2011GL047720 (2011). 6-11
[3] Kanakidou, M., Kanakidou, M., R. Duce, J. Prospero, A. Baker, et al., “Atmospheric fluxes of organic N and P to the ocean”, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, GB3026, doi:10.1029/2011GB004277 (2012).
[4] Schulz, M., J.M. Prospero, A.R. Baker, F. Dentener, L. Ickes, P.S. Liss et al., “The atmospheric transport and deposition of mineral dust to the ocean - Implications for research needs”, Environmental Science and Technology, 46, doi:10.1021/es30073ul, 10,390-10,404 (2012).
[5] Hagens, M., K.A. Hunter, Peter S. Liss, and Jack J. Middelburg, “Biogeochemical context impacts seawater pH changes resulting from atmospheric sulfur and nitrogen deposition”, Geophysical Research Letters, 41, doi:10.1002/2013GL058796 (2014).
[6] Kim, T.-W., K. Lee, R.A. Duce and P.S. Liss, “Impact of atmospheric nitrogen deposition on phytoplankton productivity in the South China Sea”, Geophysical Research Letters, 41, 3156-3162, doi: 10.1002/2014GL059665 (2014).
[7] Somes, C., A. Landolfi1, W. Koeve1, and A. Oschlies, “Limited impact of atmospheric nitrogen deposition on marine productivity due to biogeochemical feedbacks in a global ocean model, Geophysical Research Letters, 43, 4500–4509, doi:10.1002/2016GL068335 (2016).
[8] Kanakidou, M., S. Myriokefalitakis, N. Daskalakas, G. Fanourgakis, A. Nenes, A.R. Baker, K. Tsigaridis, and N. Mihalopoulos, “Past, Present, and Future Atmospheric Nitrogen Deposition”, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 73, 2039-2047, doi:10.1175/JAS-D-15- 0278.1. (2016).
[9] Sharples, J., J.J. Middelburg, K. Fennel, and T.D. Jickells, “What proportion of riverine nutrients reaches the open ocean”, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 31, 39–58, doi:10.1002/2016GB005483. (2017).
[10] Jickells, T.D., E. Buitenhuis, K. Altieri, A.R. Baker, et al., “A re-evaluation of the magnitude and impacts of anthropogenic atmospheric nitrogen inputs on the ocean”, Biogeochemical Cycles, 31, 289–305, doi:10.1002/2016GB005586. (2017).
[11] Baker, A.R., M. Kanakidou, K. E. Altieri, et al., “Observation- and model-based estimates of particulate dry nitrogen deposition to the oceans”, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 17, 8189-8210, (2017).
[12] Suntharalingam, P., L.M. Zamora, H.W. Bange, S. Bikkina, E. Buitenhuis, M. Kanakidou, J.-F. Lamarque, A. Landolfi, L. Resplandy, M.M. Sarin, S. Seitzinger and A. Singh, “Anthropogenic nitrogen inputs and impacts on oceanic N2O fluxes in the northern Indian Ocean: The need for an integrated observation and modelling approach, Deep Sea Research II, In press (2019).
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2 Following the completion of the publication of the papers resulting from the 2013 workshop on the impacts of atmospheric nitrogen deposition to the ocean, WG 38 prepared a synthesis of the results from the scientific papers derived from that workshop. That report was reviewed by GESAMP and published by WMO in 2018 as GESAMP Reports and Studies No. 97, The Magnitude and Impacts of Anthropogenic Atmospheric Nitrogen Inputs to the Ocean. The primary conclusions of that report were presented in the 2018 WG 38 report to SCOR and will not be repeated here.
Current Activities of Working Group 38
3 For the sixth year in a row WG 38 organized a session on atmospheric input of chemicals to the ocean for the 2019 European Geosciences Union meeting, held in Vienna, Austria in April – “Air-sea Exchanges: Impacts on Biogeochemistry and Climate”. A number of oral and poster papers at this session were presented by a combination of WG 38 members and other scientists.
4 Tim Jickells attended the International Nitrogen Management System (INMS) annual meeting in Edinburgh UK on 16-19 April 2018 to represent WG38 and supported by INMS. At the meeting he informally presented the work of WG 38 to relevant leaders of the INMS activity, particularly those leading initiatives in SE Asia, and he presented them with details of our synthesis report. He made clear the enthusiasm of WG38 to work with the INMS initiatives if they felt that would be useful, and we await their responses.
Tim Jickells then attended and participated in the 2nd East Asia Nitrogen Conference in Tsukuba, Japan from 19 to 22 November 2018, where he gave a keynote talk on the atmosphere/ocean aspects of the nitrogen cycle on behalf of WG 38. He also participated in a subsequent workshop in Tsukuba. We hope that this effort will increase our interactions with the INMS activity, and we hope to contribute to an INMS initiative on methods to quantify nitrogen deposition
5 WG38 proposed the following activity to be considered for the OceanObs’19 ocean observing community conference: “Ocean observations to estimate atmospheric nutrient and trace metal inputs to the oceans”. This has been adopted and is incorporated as part of a whitepaper that is in press in a special issue of Frontiers in Marine Science. Alex Baker is taking the lead on this effort by WG 38.
[13] Smith, S.R., G. Alory, A. Andersson, W. Asher, A. Baker, D. I. Berry, K. Drushka, D. Figurskey, E. Freeman, P. Holthus, T. Jickells, H. Kleta, E. C. Kent, N. Kolodziejczyk, M. Kramp, Z. Loh, P. Poli, U. Schuster, E. Steventon, S. Swart, O. Tarasova, L.P. De La Villéon, N. Vinogradova Shiffer, “Ship-based contributions to global ocean, weather, and climate observing systems, In press, Frontiers in Marine Science, Ocean Observation section (2019).
6 On behalf of WG 38 Alex Baker participated in the Workshop on Measurement-Model Fusion for Global Total Atmospheric Deposition held in Geneva, Switzerland in February 2019. He presented results from the GESAMP-supported paper recently published in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, “Observation- and model-based estimates of particulate dry nitrogen
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deposition to the oceans”, publication [11] above.
7 At the meeting of GESAMP 42 at IOC in Paris in September, 2015, GESAMP approved two new workshops for WG 38. These two simultaneous workshops were related to the changing acid/base character of the global atmosphere and ocean and the impact of these changes on certain air/sea chemical exchange processes. Funding was obtained for these workshops from SCOR through the U.S. National Science Foundation, from WMO, and from IMO. SOLAS also sponsored these workshops. The workshops took place at the University of East Anglia (UEA) in Norwich, United Kingdom from February 27 through March 2, 2017. The topics of the two workshops were as follows:
Impact of Ocean Acidification on Fluxes of Atmospheric non-CO2 Climate-Active Species
Changing Atmospheric Nutrient Oceanic Solubility
8 The workshops took the form of rather informal presentations from experts followed by very lengthy discussion sessions exploring multiple issues and feedbacks evident in these complex air-sea interaction issues. The invited scientists were selected for their expertise and interest in these areas, and also to provide a wide spectrum of expertise from modellers to experimentalists. 34 scientists from 16 countries and also from a wide range of career stages, from senior scientists through to graduate students, participated in the workshops. At the present time the following papers have been published, will shortly be submitted, or are still in preparation from the workshop discussions:
Published:
[14] Kim, J.-M, K. Lee, Y.-S. Suh, and I.S. Han, “Phytoplankton do not produce carbon-rich organic matter in high CO2 oceans”, Geophysical Research Letters, 45, 4189–4197. https://doi.org/10.1029/ 2017GL075865 (2018).
[15] Kanakidou, M., S. Myriokefalitakis, and K. Tsigaridis, “Aerosols in atmospheric chemistry and biogeochemical cycles of nutrients, In press, Environmental Research Letters, 13. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aabcdb (2018).
[16] Myriokefalitakis, S., A. Ito, M. Kanakidou, A. Nenes, M.C. Krol, N.M. Mahowald, R.A. Scanza, D.S. Hamilton, M.S. Johnson, N. Meskhidze, J.F. Kok, C. Guieu, A.R. Baker, T.D. Jickells, M. Sarin, R. Shelley, A. Bowie, M.M.G. Perron, and R.A. Duce, “The GESAMP atmospheric iron deposition model intercomparison study”, Biogeosciences, 15, 6659-6684. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-6659-2018 (2018).
[17] Ito, A., S. Myriokefalitakis, M. Kanakidou, N.M. Mahowald, R.S. Scanza, D.S. Hamilton, A.R. Baker, T.D. Jickells, M. Sarin, S. Bikkina, Y. Gao, R.U. Shelley, C.S. Buck, W.M. Landing, A.R. Bowie, M.M.G. Perron, C. Guieu, N. Meskhidze, M.S. Johnson, Y. Feng, J.F. Kok, A. Nenes, and R.A. Duce, “Pyrogenic iron: The missing link to high iron solubility in aerosols”, Science Advances, 5:eeau7671 (2019).
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To be submitted by early fall, 2019:
[18] Hopkins, F.E., P. Suntharalingam, M. Gehlen, O. Andrews, S.D. Archer, L. Bopp, E. Buitenhuis, I. Dadou, R.A. Duce, N. Goris, T.D. Jickells, M. Johnson, F. Keng, C.S. Law, K. Lee, P.S. Liss, M. Lizott, G. Malin, C. Murrell, H. Naik, A. Rees, J. Schwinger, and P. Williamson, “Changing ocean acidity as a modulator of atmospheric biogeochemistry and climate”, To be submitted to Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2019).
[19] Baker, A.R., M. Sarin, R.A. Duce, T.D. Jickells, M. Kanakidou, A. Nenes, S. Myriokefalitakis, A. Ito, D. Turner, N.M. Mahowald, R. Middag, C. Guieu, Y. Gao, P. Croot, R. Shelley, and M.M.G. Perron, "Changing Atmospheric Acidity and the Oceanic Solubility of Nutrients", To be submitted to Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2019).
In preparation, for submission later in 2019:
[20] Peter Croot, lead author, “Controls and impacts of atmospheric nutrient solubility in the ocean”.
[21] Peter Croot, lead author, “Impacts of the episodic atmospheric deposition on ocean biogeochemistry”.
[22] Steve Archer, lead author, “A synthesis of the DMS response to ocean acidification observed in mesocosm experiments”. Dr. Archer also presented a paper on this topic at the AGU/TOS Ocean Sciences meeting in 2018.
9 On June 28, 2019 a preliminary planning meeting was held for a possible WG 38 workshop in 2020 entitled “The Atmospheric Input of Chemicals to the Ocean – Management and Policy Implications”. This workshop would bring together appropriate players to discuss the management and policy implications of current knowledge about atmospheric inputs of nutrients and possibly other substances to the ocean and their interactions and impacts within the marine environment. The planning meeting was held in Norwich, United Kingdom, at the University of East Anglia, and it included Tim Jickells, Alex Baker, Peter Liss, Peter Kershaw, David Vousden, Michael Roberts, and Robert Duce. A tentative decision was made to hold such a workshop in the spring, 2020, assuming that the workshop is approved by GESAMP. The location is still to be determined. A more detailed description of the outcomes of this planning meeting and a formal proposal for this workshop is now being prepared and will be discussed with GESAMP at GESAMP 46 at the United Nations in New York in early September and with SCOR at the SCOR annual meeting in Toyama, Japan later in September.
Future Activities of Working Group 38
10 One goal of WG 38 for the next year is to complete the submission and publication of all papers resulting from the two 2017 workshops at the University of East Anglia:
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Impact of Ocean Acidification on Fluxes of Atmospheric non-CO2 Climate-Active Species and Changing Atmospheric Nutrient Oceanic Solubility
11 A second goal for the next year will be to carry out the workshop described briefly in paragraph 9 above, assuming that this is approved by GESAMP and that appropriate funding can be obtained.
6.3 North Pacific Marine Science Organization (PICES) Batchelder, Yoo
SCOR and PICES Collaborative Activities
Report from PICES for the 2019 SCOR Annual Meeting September 22-25, 2019, Toyama, Japan Prepared by Hal Batchelder
The North Pacific Marine Science Organization (PICES) is an intergovernmental scientific organization established by an international convention in 1992, in order to promote and coordinate marine scientific research in the North Pacific and adjacent seas. Our current member countries are Canada, Japan, People’s Republic of China, Republic of Korea, Russian Federation and the United States of America. PICES’ goals are to (1) advance scientific knowledge and capacity available for the member countries, including information on human activities affecting, and affected by marine ecosystems, and (2) provide a mechanism for collaboration among scientists in addressing timely and critical scientific questions about the North Pacific. In the 28 years since its establishment, PICES has become a major forum for the discussion and sharing of marine science in the North Pacific. Information on the Organization and its activities is available on the PICES website at http://www.pices.int. SCOR and PICES have developed cooperative methods that have made it possible for an international non-governmental organization and a regional intergovernmental organization to share their strengths. Continuing and expanding collaboration between PICES and SCOR is based on the recognition that PICES can play an important role in bringing a North Pacific perspective to the global activities of SCOR, and that by participating in and implementing these activities in the region, PICES can advance its own scientific agenda. PICES contributes scientific expertise to SCOR-sponsored international large-scale ocean research projects (HABS [GlobalHAB], IMBeR, SOLAS, GACS [Global Alliance of Continuous Plankton Recorder Surveys]), to ocean carbon activities (IOCCP [International Ocean Carbon Coordination Project]) supported by SCOR, and to several SCOR Working Groups. SCOR working groups supported by PICES have included WG 125 (Global Comparisons of Zooplankton Time Series), WG 134 (The Microbial Carbon Pump in the Ocean), WG 137 (Patterns of Phytoplankton Dynamics in Coastal Ecosystems: Comparative Analysis of Time Series Observation), WG 146 (Radioactivity in the Ocean, 5 decades later), WG 149 (Changing Ocean Biological Systems (COBS): how will biota respond to a changing Ocean), WG 154 (Integration of Plankton- Observing Sensor Systems to Existing Global Sampling Programs (P-OBS), and WG 155 (Eastern boundary upwelling systems (EBUS): diversity, coupled dynamics and sensitivity to
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climate change). In addition to the above, PICES and SCOR are both strong proponents of capacity building. To discuss on-going and future collaborations, SCOR and PICES continue to irregularly exchange observers to the others annual/executive meetings. In recent years, SCOR was represented by Dr. Sinjae Yoo (Korea) at the PICES-2014 annual meeting in Yeosu, Korea, Dr. Sun Song, Vice- president of SCOR at the PICES-2015 annual meeting in Qingdao, China, and Edward Urban at the PICES-2016 meeting in San Diego, USA. Dr. Harold Batchelder (PICES Deputy Executive Secretary, liaison member of SCOR Capacity Building Committee) attended the 2013 SCOR Executive Committee Meeting (Wellington, New Zealand), the 2014 SCOR meeting (Bremen, Germany), the 2015 meeting in Goa, India, the 2016 meeting in Sopot, Poland, and the 2018 meeting in Plymouth, UK. A written report and PowerPoint file of PICES activities in 2017 was prepared by PICES and presented by Song Sun (China) on behalf of PICES at the 2017 SCOR meeting in Cape Town, South Africa. According to our records, SCOR was not represented at PICES-2017 in Vladivostok nor PICES-2018 in Yokohama, Japan. Sinjae Yoo will officially represent SCOR at the PICES-2019 annual meeting in Victoria, BC, Canada (16-27 Oct 2019). This report provides an update on PICES-SCOR collaborations since the 2018 SCOR Meeting in Plymouth—a period that includes the PICES 27th Annual Meeting, which was held in Yokohama, Japan (Oct 24 – Nov 4 2018) as well as activities at the SOLAS Open Science Conference (21-25 April 2019, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan) and the Future Oceans2 IMBER Open Science Conference (17-21 June 2019 in Brest, France). For the SOLAS Open Science Conference, PICES partially supported the travel costs of two Chinese participants, Lingyan Wang and Xue Ding. Our normal practice is to offer partial support to Early Career Scientists (ECS) that can enable them to leverage additional funds from local institutions or other sources. This has worked well for us historically and allows more students to participate than would otherwise if we funded the full expenses of individual ECS. For SOLAS, an Early-Career Scientists Day (ECSD) was organized on 21 April. This event brought together 25 doctoral students and postdoctoral researchers from 15 countries to network, discuss and share their respective research. After two opening lectures on “Making science cool” and “Writing about your research for a non-academic audience”, each ECS presented their research during 3-min talks followed by 2-min Q&A sessions, and EC peer evaluations. The best 3 talks were given awards during the conference banquet. The activities during the ECSD were made possible through funding provided by PICES. Feedback from the group suggests that the event was a terrific success. In total, PICES provided $4,500 USD for two partial travel supports and the ECSD was considered well spent. The IMBER Open Science Conference was extremely well attended with 750 participants from many research fields, 367 of which were ECS. Four young investigators (shown below in the photo) received travel support from PICES to attend IMBER—two from Canada, one from China and one from Japan. PICES provided $4,500 USD to this event. Both the IMBER and SOLAS Conferences were written up in the Summer 2019 PICES Press Newsletter.
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PICES is greatly appreciative of SCOR’s long standing financial support, since it is difficult for PICES to fund participants from non-PICES countries to our annual meetings and sponsored international activities. Examples of such sponsored international activities in the recent past are: (1) SCOR provided $5,000 USD for travel support of country-in-transition participants to the PICES-ICES 6th Zooplankton Production Symposium “New Challenges in a Changing Ocean” that was held in May 2016 in Bergen, Norway. (2) travel support for the May 2017 3rd Early Career Scientist (ECS3) Conference “Climate, Oceans and Society: Challenges and Opportunities”, in Busan, Korea. SCOR also provided $2,500 USD to PICES to support travel of SCOR eligible developing nation early career scientists to attend the 3rd Early Career Scientist Conference. (3) SCOR provided $5,000 USD for an international symposium “Drivers of Dynamics of Small Pelagic Fish Resources (SPF)” that was held March 6-11, 2017 in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.
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(4) SCOR provided $2,500 USD for the PICES-2017 Annual Meeting that was held from 22 September – 1 October 2017 in Vladivostok, Russia. Plus, Ed Urban approved transfer of $283 USD residual from the PICES/ICES ECS3 to PICES-2017. (5) SCOR provided $3,000 USD to PICES to support international travel of early career scientists to attend the International Symposium on Understanding Changes in Transitional Areas of the Pacific, which was held in La Paz, Mexico, from 24-26 April 2018. (6) SCOR provided $3,000 USD to PICES to support international travel of scientists from developing countries to attend the 4th Effects of Climate Change on the World’s Oceans Symposium in Washington, DC, 2-9 June 2018. (7) SCOR provided $5,200 USD to PICES on behalf of SOLAS to support international travel of scientists from developing countries to attend the 4th Effects of Climate Change on the World’s Oceans Symposium (ECCWO-4) in Washington, DC, 2-9 June 2018. (1) Travelers and home countries supported to each of these events were detailed in the report presented by PICES at the SCOR meeting in Plymouth, UK. For the PICES 2019 Annual Meeting in Victoria, BC in October, SCOR is providing substantial funding ($10,000 USD) from the GlobalHAB program budget to support a 2.5- day Workshop (17-19 October 2019) titled “GlobalHAB: Evaluating, Reducing and Mitigating the Cost of Harmful Algal Blooms: a Compendium of Case Studies”, which is cosponsored by SCOR, ISSHA, NOWPAP, Greig Seafood Ltd., IOC UNESCO, GlobalHAB, and AXA XL Insurance).
Workshop (W18) Description: Over the last 2 decades, several reports have compiled what is known about the economic effects of harmful algal blooms. Most coastal regions have neither conducted economic analyses of HABs nor collected data that can be used to generate reliable quantitative estimates of net economic losses and economic impacts. Better estimates of the economic impacts of HABs will require coordination among HAB scientists and economists.
This is a 2.5-day international workshop to bring together expertise in the science of HABs and economics to review and analyze case studies for the study of economic impacts of HABs on fisheries and aquaculture. The workshop structure is:
Day 1 (1/2 day): Overview of Economics and HABs, Analysis of U.S. west coast impacts. The discussion will be focused on types of economic assessment that will guide our discussions of case studies on workshop day 2.
Day 2 (full day): Case studies: examples of HAB impacts to wild fisheries, recreational fisheries and aquaculture worldwide. The discussions will be focused on what economic studies can be done in the future and where the data gaps are.
Day 3 (full day): Mitigation strategies, Value of Information. The discussions will be focused on the value of HAB forecasts. Wrap up and writing assignments.
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The output of this workshop will be a compendium of examples describing economic approaches used to estimate the costs of HABs and their mitigation, focusing on establishing connections between HAB scientists and economists. A shorter version of the compendium may be prepared for submission to a journal. In addition, the workshop will (1) propose priorities for research and effective management in the future, (2) develop partnerships between economists and HAB researchers to develop transdisciplinary projects, and (3) attract resources to the field.
LARGE-SCALE OCEAN RESEARCH PROJECTS CO-SPONSORED BY SCOR PICES contributes to SCOR-sponsored international large-scale ocean research projects, particularly IMBeR and SOLAS, by: (1) convening joint sessions/workshops with the projects at PICES Annual Meetings, (2) co-sponsoring symposia/workshops/summer schools, (3) assisting projects having North Pacific activities with meeting logistics, and (4) contributing to participation of early-career scientists from the North Pacific region in project activities.
Integrated Marine Biosphere Research (IMBeR)
. Joint sessions/workshops at PICES Annual Meetings Co-sponsorship of topic sessions and/or workshops by IMBeR has declined during the past few years, as IMBeR focused on redefining their strategic and implementation plan for the transition from IGBP to Future Earth (FE). In May 2016, PICES Science Board Chairman Thomas Therriault and Hal Batchelder of the PICES Secretariat met with Eileen Hofmann (former chair of IMBeR SSC), Einar Svendsen (Executive Officer, IMBeR), and Lisa Maddison (Deputy Executive Officer, IMBeR) in Bergen, Norway to discuss how to enhance collaborations between PICES and IMBeR.
. The PICES-2016 Annual Meeting held November 2-13, 2016, in San Diego, CA, USA had a theme of “25 Years of PICES: Celebrating the Past, Imagining the Future”. Gro van der Meeren (IMBeR Executive Officer) and Cisco Werner (IMBeR SSC Vice-Chair) represented the IMBeR International Project Office at PICES-2016, and both made presentations to PICES Science Board. They highlighted some of the areas of overlap and common interest including the ESSAS Regional Program, the Carbon Working Group, and the connections between the IMBeR Human Dimensions Working Group and the PICES FUTURE integrative science program. Co-sponsorship of symposia/conferences/workshops IMBeR co-sponsored (providing $3,000 USD) the 4th Effects of Climate Change on the World’s Oceans Symposium, held from 2-9 June 2018 in Washington, DC. About 550 scientists participated and benefited from the information provided within 18 topic sessions spread across five days, and 11 workshops on the first weekend. Capacity building activities PICES approved financial support of $7,000 CAD to IMBeR for cosponsorship of the IMBeR IMBIZO 5 that was held in Woods Hole, MA, USA from 2-6 October 2017. Support for IMBIZO 5 was provided to two scientists from Canada and one from China.
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IMBeR Regional Programs IMBER has four long-standing regional programs, several of which migrated from SCOR/IGBP programs to IMBER when IGBP was disbanded. The four programs are CLIOTOP (Climate Impacts on Oceanic Top Predators), ESSAS (Ecosystem Studies of Sub-arctic and Arctic Seas), ICED (Integrating Climate and Ecosystem Dynamics), and SIBER (Sustained Indian Ocean Biogeochemistry and Ecosystem Research). Of these four, ESSAS has been the one with the greatest geographic overlap and involvement of scientists from the North Pacific Region (PICES).
. IMBeR Regional Program on Ecosystem Studies of Sub-Arctic Seas (ESSAS) o PICES and ESSAS share the goal of using a comparative approach in developing predictions of how climate variability and change affect, and will affect, the sustainability of goods and services obtained from Sub-Arctic seas. o A PICES/ESSAS special issue of Progress in Oceanography on “Modeling and observational approaches to understanding marine ecosystem dynamics” (Guest Editors: E. Curchitser, S.I. Ito, M. Kishi, M. Peck and K. Rose) was published electronically in late 2015 and in hard copy in early 2016. o ESSAS requested financial support from PICES to cosponsor the ESSAS Open Science Meeting (OSM) in Tromso, Norway in June 2017. PICES Science Board approved expenditure of $14,000 CAD for early career scientist travel to the OSM. The ten supported ECS were reported to SCOR previously.
Surface Ocean-Lower Atmosphere Study (SOLAS) Joint sessions/workshops at PICES Annual Meetings . We had no significant joint PICES-SOLAS activities in 2016 or 2017. This may be because of similar reasons as the IMBeR hiatus, as SOLAS was also proposing new initiatives to be associated with Future Earth (FE). Capacity building activities In 2018, SOLAS organized a Summer School from 23 July to 4 August in Cargese, France. This was the 7th International SOLAS Summer School, and the first since 2013. Objective of the 7th SOLAS Summer School was to expose graduate students and young scientists to recent developments and methods in the study of biogeochemical and physical feedbacks between the ocean and atmosphere in a changing environment. PICES committed $7,000 CAD to support travel and/or local costs for 2-3 students. The SOLAS International Project Office in Kiel, Germany identified two young scientists from Canada to be supported with PICES funding. Typically, for summer schools PICES prefers to distribute funding more broadly among the 6 PICES member nations, but the PICES funding was the only extramural funding available that could support scientists from Canada. PICES contributions to the SOLAS Open Science Conference (21-25 April 2019, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan) were described earlier in this
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HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOM ACTIVITIES SUPPORTED BY SCOR Co-sponsored symposia/conferences/workshops PICES partnered with GEOHAB (with ICES and NOAA as other sponsors) in organizing and funding the workshop on “Harmful algal blooms in a changing world” (March 18–22, 2013, Friday Harbor, WA, U.S.A.) to assess the state of knowledge on HABs and climate change, and to identify the most critical research needs that can realistically be addressed over the next 5–10 years. The findings were published in the peer-reviewed journal:
Harmful Algae. Wells, M.L., V. L. Trainer, T. J. Smayda, B.S.O. Karlson, C.G. Trick, R.M. Kudela, A. Ishikawa, S. Bernard, A. Wulff, D. M. Anderson, W.P. Cochlan. 2015, Harmful algal blooms and climate change: Learning from the past and present to forecast the future. Harmful Algae, 49 (2015), 68–9.
SCOR generously provided $10,000 USD to support a 2.5-day Workshop at PICES-2019 (17-19 October 2019) titled “GlobalHAB: Evaluating, Reducing and Mitigating the Cost of Harmful Algal Blooms: a Compendium of Case Studies”. More details about this workshop and SCOR’s participation is in earlier text of this document.
Recent HAB updates from Vera Trainer (Member and former co-chair of PICES Section on HABs)
Under GlobalHAB Theme 12. Climate Change
Economic Impacts of HABs workshop – proposed for October 2019 in conjunction with the PICES Annual Meeting in Victoria, BC. Special issue in Harmful Algae (information from Chris Gobler). The submission deadline of 1 July 2018. Ca. 14 titles have been submitted. It is not clear how many papers will be submitted to the SI Best-practices Manual (information from Marina) – The first meeting was held in Napoli on 26 Feb.-1 March 2018. They discussed interactions with SCOR WG 149 (COBS). The idea is not to build a manual for all possible scenarios. This item has not been updated since last year’s annual meeting, so may be dated.
Climate Change and HABs: Special Issue of Harmful Algae (Draft – authors are in flux) 1) The Future of HAB Science: Directions and Challenges (Authorship: HAB-Climate Change Symposium Organizers and Breakout Discussion Leads) Mark Wells 2) Projected Latitudinal Changes in Environmental Conditions influencing HABs (Potential Authorship: (Fei Chai, Enrique Curchitser (Temperate latitude), Phil Boyd (High latitude), Low latitude 3) Modelling HABs in a changing climate (Potential Authorship: Kevin Flynn, Lead). 4) Cyanobacterial HABs and Climate Change in Freshwater, Brackish and Marine Waters (Potential Authorship: Angela Wulff, Petra Visser, Michele Burford, Hans Pearl)
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5) Fish-killing HABs and Climate change (Potential Authorship: Charles Trick, Gustaaf Hallegraeff, Allan Cembella) 6) Future observing systems (Potential Authorship: Raphe Kudela, Bengt Karlson, Stewart Bernard). 7) Macroalgae and Climate Change (Potential Authorship: Adriana Zingone, D. Liu). 8) Pelagic HABs and climate change (Vera Trainer, Stephanie Moore, Gustaaf Hallegraeff, William Cochlan 9) Dinoflagellate cysts and climate change (Don Anderson et al.)
OCEAN CARBON ACTIVITIES SUPPORTED BY SCOR Communication/coordination . PICES, through its Working Groups on CO2 in the North Pacific (WG 13; 1998–2001) and Biogeo-chemical Data Integration and Synthesis (WG 17; 2002–2005), and now through the Section on Carbon and Climate (S-CC), has provided coordination for synthesis of ocean carbon research and the development of a network of ocean carbon observations in the North Pacific. The importance of ensuring effective two-way communication with other international scientific groups that have a responsibility for the coordination of ocean carbon research, such as the SCOR/IOC International Ocean Carbon Coordinated Project (IOCCP) and the SOLAS/IMBeR Carbon (SIC) Research Working Group, has been explicitly included in the terms of reference for S-CC. There are S-CC members on SIC’s subgroups: Dr. Masao Ishii (Japan) is on the subgroup on Interior Ocean Observations, and Dr. Richard Feely is the lead of the subgroup on Ocean Acidification-Global Context. [NOTE: this paragraph not updated since 2017 report.]
Scientific Activities
. Ocean acidification has been proceeding for a century, at an accelerating rate, and its impacts are beginning to be felt in many corners of the North Pacific. A workshop on “Acidification of the North Pacific Ocean: a basin-wide assessment” was held on November 3, 2016 at the PICES Annual Meeting in San Diego, CA. It was well attended, and brought together scientists from all of the PICES countries to synthesize observations and projections of acidification processes and impacts in our respective countries’ waters and adjacent international waters. The workshop was the culmination of a two-year long process of collation of relevant information, and synthesis of data collected in each of the countries of the North Pacific basin. The workshop proceedings will form the basis for subsequent assessments, with improved understanding of which ocean regions are most vulnerable to acidification impacts, and how additional resources might best be deployed to predict or detect changes likely to produce significant impacts. There were several topical presentations, as well as individual national updates and extensive discussion of the contents of the proposed assessment and strategies for completing it.
. During the past two years a group led by the co-chairs (James Christian (Canada) & Tsuneo Ono (Japan)) of the PICES Section on Carbon and Climate (S-CC), worked with other contributing authors to complete the document (it is being finalized for publication before the PICES Annual Meeting in October 2019). It will be PICES Special Publication No. 5,
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and titled “Ocean Acidification and Deoxygenation in the North Pacific Ocean”. The first few pages of the contents of this special report can be found below in Appendix 1.
SCOR WORKING GROUPS PICES regularly provides comments on SCOR Working Group proposals and often recommends and funds an Associate Member for PICES-relevant groups. The support from PICES extends the expertise available within the group, increases the geographic coverage of the groups, and helps individual scientists from the North Pacific become more involved in SCOR activities, which benefits both organizations. . PICES currently supports Associated Members for three SCOR Working Group: o WG 149 on Changing Ocean Biological Systems: how will biota respond to a changing ocean? (COBS) (Dr. Uta Passow, USA, Assoc. Member) – This WG was approved in late 2015, so should be completing its tasks in 2019. o WG 154 on Integration of Plankton-Observing Sensor Systems to Existing Global Sampling Programs (P-OBS) (Dr. Sonia Batten, Canada, Assoc. Member)—This WG was approved in late 2017, and is holding its third meeting in September 2019. o WG 155 on Eastern Boundary Upwelling Systems: Diversity, Coupled Dynamics and Sensitivity to Climate Change (EBUS) (Dr. Ryan Rykaczewski (USA); Note also that Dr. Enrique Curchitser (USA) is a full member of EBUS and the Vice Chair of PICES.— This WG was also approved in late 2017, and met for the first time in Washington DC immediately prior to the ECCWO-4 Symposium. I am unsure if there has been a second meeting, as there is not information about other meetings on the website. . The SCOR Working Group proposals for 2019 are being reviewed by PICES’ Standing Committees from the view point of their scientific interests and relevance to the PICES integrative science program, FUTURE. Results of the review by PICES and any recommendation regarding PICES sponsorship of an Associate Member will be provided at the SCOR Annual Meeting in Toyama. . PICES provided partial support to Sonia Batten to participate in the first P-OBS meeting immediately prior to the AGU Ocean Sciences meeting in Portland, OR in February 2018, and partial support to Ryan Rykaczewski to participate in a 2-day meeting of EBUS immediately prior to the 4th Symposium on the Effects of Climate Change on the World’s Oceans, held in Washington, DC in early June 2018.
CAPACITY BUILDING SCOR and PICES have a history of cooperating in capacity building. . SCOR provides travel support for scientists from countries with “economies in transition” to participate in SCOR-relevant sessions/workshops at PICES Annual Meetings, international symposia and capacity building events led/co-organized by PICES. For this reporting period, funding from the SCOR/NSF fund was provided/committed for the following event, and there is one other request pending with SCOR (see below): . $5,000 USD (~6,650 CAD) for the PICES-2019 Annual Meeting “Connecting Science and Communities in a Changing North Pacific”, which will occur from 16-27 October 2019 in Victoria, BC, Canada. The scientists to be offered partial travel support from
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SCOR are Samuel Akande (Nigeria; 1200 CAD), Basheer Ahamedd KK (India; 1000 CAD), Pengbin Wang (China; 1000 CAD), Maria Shulgina (Russia; 1000 CAD), Jianchao Li (China; 1000 CAD), Gloria S. Duran (Peru; 1000 CAD), and Baolan Wu (China; 450 CAD).
. SCOR and PICES share ideas on capacity building, and a PICES representative has participated on the SCOR Committee on Capacity Building. Dr. Harold Batchelder has served in this capacity since September 2012; beginning in 2017 he is one of several named liaisons to the SCOR Committee on Capacity Building.
Request PENDING for Consideration by SCOR
(PENDING WITH SCOR): Travel support in the amount of $5000 USD has been requested from SCOR for scientists from countries with “economies in transition” to attend sessions and workshops at the MSEAS-2020 Symposium that will be held 24-28 May 2020 in Yokohama, Japan.
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APPENDIX 1: PICES Special Publication 5 – brief preview of contents and authorship. See NEXT PAGES.
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7.0 RELATIONS WITH NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS
7.1 International Council for Science Sicre 7.1.1 Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR), p. 7-1 Myers
7.2 Affiliated Organizations 7.2.1 International Association for Biological Oceanography (IABO), p. 7-4 Miloslavich 7.2.2 International Association for Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences (IAMAS), p. 7-10 Penner 7.2.3 International Association for the Physical Sciences of the Oceans (IAPSO), p. 7- 10 McDougall
7.3 Affiliated Programs, p. 7-11 7.3.1 InterRidge - International, Interdisciplinary Ridge Studies, p. 7-13 Dyment, Zhang 7.3.2 International Ocean Colour Coordinating Group (IOCCG), p. 7-23 Yoo 7.3.3 Global Alliance of CPR Surveys (GACS), p. 7-30 Burkill
7.4 Other Organizations 7.4.1 Partnership for Observation of the Global Oceans (POGO), p. 7-31 Halpern
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7.1 International Council for Science (ICSU) Sicre
7.1.1 Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) Myers
Report of the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research to the SCOR 2019 Meeting
Summary This paper presents the annual report of the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) to the 2019 meeting of the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research. SCAR is in the process of developing a new suite of Scientific Research Programs, currently being planned and to be formally approved in 2020 at the XXXVI SCAR Delegates meeting in Hobart, Australia. SCAR invites dialogue with all interested parties, especially in light of the importance of ensuring close coordination across those working on Southern Ocean and Antarctic questions.
Background The mission of SCAR is to advance research in, from and about Antarctica and the Southern Ocean, and to promote scientific knowledge, understanding and education on any aspect of the Antarctic and Southern Ocean regions. To this end, SCAR is charged with the initiation and international coordination of Antarctic and Southern Ocean research beneficial to global society. SCAR provides independent and objective scientific advice and information to the Antarctic Treaty System and other bodies, and acts as the main international exchange of Antarctic information within the scientific community.
Descriptions of SCAR’s activities, and the scientific outputs and outcomes facilitated by SCAR are available at: http://www.scar.org/.
SCAR 2018 Highlights Among the many highlights of 2018 were SCAR’s 60th birthday celebrations. SCAR was first established at the end of the International Geophysical Year of 1957-58 (a year before the Antarctic Treaty was signed) as a means of continuing the international Antarctic collaboration that the IGY had helped to build. To mark the occasion SCAR published a revised edition of its landmark book “Science in the Snow”, which details the History of SCAR since from its inception up to its 60th birthday year. The actual date of anniversary – February 5th was marked during the International Conference for Southern Hemisphere Meteorology and Oceanography (ICSHMO) conference in Sydney which hosted the The Tinker-Muse Prize Award Ceremony for the 2017 recipient, Professor Matthew England, of the University of New South Wales. His 7-2
acceptance lecture was entitled “Antarctic Water-Mass changes over the Last Four Decades” as one of the Keynote Lectures for the meeting.
2018 SCAR Delegates Meeting and Open Science Conference (OSC) The 2018 SCAR Open Science Conference was held in Davos, Switzerland from 15 – 26 June. These conferences are the largest gathering of Antarctic scientists globally, and are a central part of SCAR’s mission to facilitate international collaboration in Antarctic research. The theme of the 2018 meeting (which was a joint event with the International Arctic Science Committee) was ‘Where the Poles Come Together’. The conference was attended by over two thousand researchers and attracted over 2500 abstracts. Over 60 sessions took place during the conference, with poster presentations, side meetings, and exhibitions. Relevant sessions covered topics ranging from ocean circulation and sea level rise through to marine protected areas.
A number of high profile events and lectures throughout the Polar2018 had very strong oceanic themes. There were 4 days of the Southern Ocean Observing System (SOOS) business meetings prior to the OSC. There was also a mini-symposium dedicated to the Antarctic Circumnavigation Expedition (ACE) during the OSC.
Of the eight keynote plenary lectures at the meeting four were based primarily on oceanic research:
The recipient of the 2018 Tinker-Muse Prize was Prof Mike Meredith and his acceptance lecture was titled “Changes in Southern Ocean circulation and properties: causes and consequences”. Prof Jan Strugnell explained the novel use of marine animal migration in “Dating West Antarctic ice sheet collapse using genomic data”. Dr Dake Chen gave his keynote on “China’s potential contributions to SOOS and MOSAiC”. Prof Anna Wahlin delivered the Antarctic Science lecture - “The Southern Ocean – globally important, surprisingly unknown”.
Science Priorities A key opportunity currently exists for discussions between SCAR and other organisations, such as SCOR, to ensure that science identified as critical by SCAR, and implemented to various degrees by its Members, can be further enhanced through appropriate collaborations.
SCAR’s current Scientific Research Programs, which are the main vehicles through which SCAR facilitates and coordinates science in, from and about Antarctica and the Southern Ocean, will draw to a close in 2020. Plans for a new suite of Scientific Research Programs are now being developed for consideration by the SCAR Delegates at the XXXVI SCAR Delegates meeting in Hobart, Australia, July 2020.
Following the XXXV SCAR Delegates meeting in Davos, Switzerland, June 2018, three Programme Planning Groups were proposed and approved, all of which are strongly dependent on oceanic issues:
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Integrated Science to Support Antarctic and Southern Ocean Conservation (Ant-ICON) The Ant-ICON SRP will answer fundamental science questions (as identified by the SCAR Horizon Scan), relating to the conservation and management of Antarctica and the Southern Ocean and focus on research to drive and inform international decision-making and policy change.
Antarctic Ice Sheet Dynamics and Global Sea Level (AISSL) The AISSL SRP will address a first-order question about Antarctica’s contribution to sea level. It encompasses geoscience, physical sciences and biological sciences, of the way in which interactions between the ocean, atmosphere and cryosphere have influenced ice-sheets in the past, and what expectations will be in the future with a special focus on quantifying the contributions to global sea level change. They aim to quantify the Antarctic ice sheet's contribution to past and future global sea-level change.
Near-term Variability and Prediction of the Antarctic Climate System (AntClimnow) AntClimnow will investigate the prediction of near-term conditions in the Antarctic climate system on timescales of years to multiple decades. They will take an integrated approach, looking beyond climate projections of the physical system to consider the Antarctic environment as a whole.
Opportunity exists through 2019 and 2020 to interact with these groups to understand likely logistic needs for the Scientific Research Programs. The SCAR Secretariat can put interested parties in touch with those developing ideas for new proposals
Recent Developments SCAR notes the excellent relationship with SCOR in delivery of SOOS and the value of its continuing work in, for instance, the Workshop on the development of the SOOS regional group Wedell Sea – Dronning Maud Land held in Tromso in January 2019. Following the appointment of Dr Chandrika Nath as Executive Director in June 2018, SCAR appointed its first Communications and Information Officer in December 2018. SCAR will hold its XXXVI Delegates meeting and Open Science Conference in Hobart, Australia in 2020 alongside the annual meeting of COMNAP. SCAR recognises the significance of holding the meeting in a location that is host to the CCAMLR and ACAP Secretariats. SCAR will seek to have a broad discussion of science, science priorities and evidence for policy as it highlights the achievements of its current Scientific Research Programs and makes formal decisions on the new suite of programs. SCAR looks forward in particular to the opportunity for close and productive interactions with COMNAP at this coming meeting, and in particular the ready opportunity for COMNAP Delegates to participate in the Open Science Conference and its associated activities. SCAR presented a poster entitled “Why the Southern Ocean Matters” to the UNFCCC Research Dialogue on June 20, 2019 in Bonn as part of Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice 50 and at the invitation of the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). One of the themes of the dialogue was the “Role of the ocean in the climate system”. SCAR is in discussions with IPCC, WMO and the International Science Council (ISC) to investigate ways SCAR could help promote the release of the IPCC Special Report on 7-4
Oceans and Cryosphere (SROCC) in September 2019. Many SCAR scientists have led chapters, edited and contributed to the Report. As the major international platform for climate related diplomacy, the UNFCCC Conference of the Parties 25 in Santiago, Chile, December 2019, will also be an important opportunity to reflect on SROCC and more generally the critical impact of Antarctica and the Southern Ocean on the issue of climate change.
7.2 Affiliated Organizations
7.2.1 International Association for Biological Oceanography (IABO) Miloslavich
International Association for Biological Oceanography (IABO) http://www.iabo.org/
To celebrate the 55th anniversary of the establishment of the International Association for Biological Oceanography, we have renewed the association's logo. Consistent with the original emblem, the new logo design and colors are inspired in the "Fresco of the Dolphins", a mural in the Knossos Palace in Crete which is estimated to have been created between 1800-1400 BC to represent the natural underwater world. The goal of IABO is to promote the advancement of knowledge of life in the ocean through the study of marine biology, biological oceanography, and other related sciences. Logo by The Turquoise Well
IABO message to the International Union of Biological Sciences (IUBS) in its 100 anniversary The International Association for Biological Oceanography (IABO) was founded in 1964 and is one of the scientific members of the International Union of Biological Sciences (IUBS) under the umbrella of the International Science Council (ISC). IABO also serves the Executive Committee of the Scientific Committee for Oceanic Research (SCOR).
The goal of IABO is to promote and advance knowledge of life in the ocean through the study of marine biology, biological oceanography and other related sciences. IABO also promotes interdisciplinary 7-5
communication between marine biologists and other ocean stakeholders by organizing and supporting international forums such as the World Conference on Marine Biodiversity.
To celebrate the 55th anniversary of the establishment of IABO, we have renewed the association's logo. Consistent with the original emblem, the new logo design and colours are inspired in the "Fresco of the Dolphins", a mural in the Knossos Palace in Crete which is estimated to have been created between 1800‐1400 BC to represent the natural underwater world.
IABO congratulates its parent organization, IUBS on its centenary year and wishes the organization success in continuing to achieve its mission of facilitating interdisciplinary cooperation among biological scientists under the principle of unifying biology through diversity.
Summary of IABO activities 2018‐2019 (1) Organization and structure IABO has updated its terms of reference and the organizational structure to adapt it to the present times and needs. These have been reviewed and approved by the Committee.
International Association for Biological Oceanography (IABO) Terms of Reference and organizational structure
Background and goals The International Association for Biological Oceanography (IABO) was founded in 1964 and is one of the scientific members of the International Union of Biological Sciences (IUBS: http://iubs.org/) under the umbrella of the International Science Council (ISC: https://council.science/). IABO also works with the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR: http://www.scor-int.org) serving as a reporter for SCOR-related programs and as a liaison between SCOR’s working groups and the SCOR Executive. In accordance with the objectives of IUBS of promoting the study of biological sciences and of facilitating interdisciplinary scientific research, the goal of IABO is to promote the advancement of knowledge of life in the ocean.
To address this goal, the main objectives of IABO are to:
Promote the study of marine biology, biological oceanography and other related sciences Promote interdisciplinary communication between marine biologists and other ocean stakeholders by organizing and supporting international forums Encourage international networking and collaboration between organizations and individuals with similar aims and interests around the world Recognize and award outstanding accomplishments in marine biodiversity science
Organizational structure (as for April 2019) IABO is composed by an Executive Committee, three Task Groups and a Community of Practice. The Executive Committee is formed by the President, Past-president, Secretary and the chairs/co- chairs of each of the three Task Groups.
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The Task Groups are:
Task Group 1 – Science: responsible for reviewing the annual Working Group proposals submitted to SCOR and approved during SCOR’s annual meeting. Task Group 2 – Recognition: responsible for seeking nominations for the annual Carlo Heip International Award for outstanding accomplishments in marine biodiversity science and of examining, discussing and evaluating the nominations. Task Group 3 – Communication: responsible for (1) linking to collaborating networks such as the GOOS Biology and Ecosystem Panel and its partners in biological observations, the Marine Biodiversity Observation Network of GEO BON, the Ocean Biogeographic Information System (OBIS), etc., (2) to keep the website (http://www.iabo.org/) updated and post relevant news, (3) to manage the MARINE-B list, and (4) to manage social media (Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, etc.)
The IABO community of practice is represented by the MArine Research Information NEtwork on Biodiversity (MARINE-B), which communicates through an email list. The MARINE-B email list shares information on career opportunities (studies, scholarships, jobs, internships, etc.) related to marine biology and biological oceanography. The community of practice also shares news through the IABO Facebook page.
Members of the three task groups with the Executive will be responsible for the planning and organization of the World Conferences on Marine Biodiversity (WCMB) which are held every 3-4 years. The first WCMB was held in Valencia, Spain (2008), the second in Aberdeen, Scotland (2011), the third in Qingdao, China (2014), the fourth in Montreal, Canada (2018) and the fifth will take place in Auckland, New Zealand (13-16 December 2020).
The WCMB will be the official meeting venue of the IABO community. During this conference, an open assembly of the community of practice will be held to elect the Executive and Task Group members.
The executive will be elected taking account of the recommendations of a nominating Committee of three, consisting of the Past-President and two members of the executive. The terms of office of the President is the period between consecutive WCMB (~3-4 years) and is not eligible for re-election for a consecutive term. The terms of office of the Secretary and Task Group members are also 3-4 years (time between two consecutive WCMB) and they are eligible for re-election, providing that not more than two terms of office in the same category are served consecutively. After two consecutive periods in one category, members may be elected to serve on a different category. The organizing Chair and the immediate Past-Chair of the WCMB will be members of Task Group #3 on Communication.
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Note: Originally, national IABO representatives were nominated by their national science academies. IABO does not have a process to alternatively select national representatives, either by election or nomination, therefore, in this IABO re-structuring, the figure of “National representatives” disappears because the individuals are not nominated by any national academy nor official government organization, but supporting IABO on their own behalf without championing any institution or country. IABO aims to have a diverse composition of its Executive Committee so it broadly represents the international community in terms of nationality, ethnicity, gender, and culture. To broaden participation as much as possible, any person or individual scientist can be part of the community of practice and/or of the executive and task groups.
Financial support IABO has no funding base or sources of revenue; therefore, the work of the executive and the task groups is entirely voluntary. This is a severe constraint on embarking on and supporting new initiatives. It is envisioned that funds will be raised through the organization of the WCMB that will allow to support at least basal activities of the Executive and Task Groups. IABO receives in-kind contribution from the Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ) in providing the commemorative medal for the International Carlo Heip Award. SCOR also provides funding (around US$ 3-5K in total) to co-support students from developing countries to attend the WCMB.
Benefits of being involved in IABO As mentioned before, IABO has no funding and all work by its members is voluntary. However, some of the benefits of being involved in IABO are: 7-8
Increased opportunities for networking and scientific collaboration with international peers and groups, which may facilitate scientific and technological exchanges, capacity- building opportunities, and help access new sources of funding Increased opportunities to engage in SCOR working groups and research projects and participation in the selection process for new SCOR working groups Increased opportunities to engage in the organization of the WCMB and participation in the conference Increased opportunities to engage in the UN Decade for Ocean Science and Sustainability It can support and endorse (sponsor in-kind) scientific meetings and proposals as contributing to the IABO goals and as of scientific merit
(2) Collaboration IABO continues to encourage international networking and collaboration between organizations and individuals with similar aims and interests. Some of these are the GOOS Biology and Ecosystems Panel, the Marine Biodiversity Observation Network (MBON), the Ocean Biogeographic Information System (OBIS) and the World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS). Some of the goals shared by IABO with these organizations are to: build a unified and globally consistent ocean observing system that includes biological measurements encourage open access and data sharing enhance existing observation capacity use the best available resources implement best practices and international standards enhance global capacity ensure continuity and sustainability of global marine biological and ecosystem observations
(3) Communication
The IABO email list, MARINE-B, has over 1,350 subscribers. A Facebook page was launched in May 2018 and currently has 253 members and growing. MARINE-B provides news and relevant information related to biological oceanography, marine biology and biodiversity, including funding, job and studies opportunities, relevant papers and reports, conferences, etc. MARINE-B is administered by Mark Costello and Patricia Miloslavich; the Facebook page is administered by Suchana Chavanich and Patricia Miloslavich.
A version of the new logo was also posted in the Fb page:
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(4) ‘Recruiting’ new members - Expression of interest to join IABO An online survey carried out in August 2018 was completed by ~70 people interested in being more involved with IABO. The survey collected information on institutional affiliation, career level and professional skills.
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From this list of people who expressed interest in participating in IABO, additional members to contribute to the Task Groups will be identified along with a Chair or Co-chairs for each of the groups and they will be invited to join IABO. Additionally, efforts are being made to expand subscription to the MARINE-B list in Africa through the West Indian Ocean Marine Science Association (WIOMSA), in the Indian Ocean through the International Indian Ocean Expedition-2 (IIOE-2) newsletter (The Indian Ocean Bubble), and in South America through the MBON Pole to Pole project.
(5) Current composition of IABO President, Patricia Miloslavich – University of Tasmania (Australia) and Universidad Simón Bolívar (Venezuela) Past-President, Mark J. Costello – University of Auckland (New Zealand) (Past President, Past Secretary): Member of the Communication team as organizer and chair of the 2020 WCMB. Secretary, Suchana Chavanich - Chulalongkorn University (Thailand)
Other members and their Task Groups:
Siew Moi Phang – University of Malaya (Malaysia): member of the Science team Matt Frost – Marine Biological Association (UK): member of the Communications team, linking with the European Network of Marine Stations (MARS) of the World Association of Marine Stations (WAMS). Tina Molodtsova – Shirshov Institute of Oceanology (Russia): member of the Science team Daniel Lauretta– Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales (Argentina): member of the Recognition team Isabel Sousa-Pinto – CIMAR, University of Porto (Portugal): member of the Communication team, linking with the Marine Biodiversity Observation Network (MBON) and Euromarine Sun Xiaoxia - Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (China): member of the Science team Philippe Archambault – Université Laval (Canada) (Past Chair of the 4th WCMB). Member of the Communication team as past chair of the WCMB.
7.2.2 International Association for Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences Penner (IAMAS) Report will be posted on the meeting Website before the meeting.
7.2.3 International Association for the Physical Sciences of the Ocean (IAPSO) McDougall Report will be posted on the meeting Website before the meeting.
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7.3 Affiliated Programs
SCOR-Affiliated Projects and Programs
SCOR sponsors many, but not all, of the major international ocean research projects and programs. Some projects not co-sponsored by SCOR can gain benefits from association with SCOR, such as (1) increased visibility; (2) participation in SCOR activities, such as project coordination meetings and annual SCOR meetings; (3) opportunities to provide comments on working group proposals and membership; (4) access to national SCOR contacts; and (5) opportunities to apply for SCOR funding for travel of scientists from developing countries and countries with economies in transition to their workshops and symposia. In 1995, SCOR developed the option of formal affiliation of relevant projects/programs with SCOR. Unlike projects sponsored by SCOR, affiliated projects and programs receive funding from organizations besides SCOR and do not need staff support from SCOR.
SCOR's role in relation to affiliated projects and programs is one of advice and regular review. SCOR gives advice about appropriate balances on the projects’ steering committees and adequate rotations of these committees to renew the committees’ memberships regularly. SCOR's national contacts can be used to find new members in regions where there is a need, or to entrain new countries into projects. SCOR can also provide an independent mechanism for the review of planning documents such as science or implementation plans.
Application for SCOR Affiliation Application to SCOR for program affiliation should be initiated with a proposal of 2 to 5 pages, sent to SCOR at least three months before an annual SCOR meeting. The proposal should include an outline of the program's science plan, the terms of reference, current membership of the steering committee, and rotation procedures and schedule. The proposal for SCOR affiliation should also address the following criteria, accepted at the 1995 SCOR Executive Committee meeting (see 1995 SCOR Proceedings). The Executive Committee agreed that in order to become a SCOR-affiliated project/program, an activity must
be truly international, with a committee membership that rotates on a regular basis; show evidence of existing financial and/or organizational support; demonstrate a benefit from SCOR affiliation; have a scientifically well-integrated theme; show that it is in SCOR's interests to establish this affiliation; be of broad scale and global importance; show, as appropriate, that any scheme of membership dues includes some nominal level so as to encourage the widest possible international participation by all countries; and be willing to adhere to the SCOR Publication Policy.
After a program is affiliated with SCOR, annual reports are required, and scientific presentations may be requested at any annual SCOR meeting, as a basis for the decision on continuing the relationship between SCOR and each project/program. The Chair of each affiliated project/program serves as an ex-officio member of SCOR as a Scientific Rapporteur (see SCOR 7-12
Constitution, paragraph 4). Continued affiliation with SCOR depends on the project meeting the guidelines specified above, and maintaining high scientific quality and adequate rotations of committee members and chairs.
Reports to SCOR Annual reports to SCOR should answer the following questions and present any additional information that the project/program would like to transmit to SCOR:
What scientific accomplishments have been achieved by the project/program in the past year? How has the project’s steering committee membership changed in the past year? What is the financial status of the project? What is the status of the project’s secretariat? What are the plans for the scientific development and implementation of the project over the next two to three years? How is the project interacting with and contributing to other SCOR activities?
In addition, projects/programs should communicate regularly with their SCOR Executive Committee Reporter regarding their activities and progress.
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7.3.1 InterRidge - International Ridge Studies Dyment, Zhang (affiliated in 1996)
2019 InterRidge Update for SCOR I. InterRidge – International Cooperation in Ridge-Crest Studies Since its creation in early 1990s, InterRidge has been an international forum for ocean ridge (MOR) scientists, expanded to other oceanic spreading centers and related processes. InterRidge promotes interdisciplinary studies by creating a global research community, planning and coordinating new science programs that no single nation can achieve alone, exchanging scientific information, and sharing new technologies and facilities. InterRidge plays a dual role. Its primary aim is to favor the emergence of new concepts and to make possible ambitious experiments at the international level. InterRidge also supports community-wide initiatives such as the definition and dissemination of a code of conduct for scientific studies in relation to chemosynthetic hot-spot ecosystems and their vulnerable environments. More recently, with the growing interest of countries and industries for deep-sea mineral resources, including seafloor massive sulfide (SMS) deposits at MOR, InterRidge has become a voice of expert scientists in different fora. Through its observer status at the International Seabed Authority (since 2012), particularly, InterRidge developed formal interactions with this organization created under the United Nations Law of the Sea (UNCLOS).
InterRidge scientific activities are currently led under the frame of the 3rd Decadal Plan 2014- 2023 ‘From Ridge Crest to Deep-Ocean Trench: Formation and Evolution of the Oceanic Crust and Its Interaction with the Ocean, Biosphere, Climate and Human Society’ launched in 2012. Beside its affiliation with SCOR and its GEOTRACES programme, the InterRidge program has links with international research programs such as the International Ocean Discovery Program and the International Lithosphere Project. InterRidge activity includes meetings and workshops where the advancement of scientific knowledge, new issues, methodological improvements, and standardized protocols are discussed. InterRidge also dedicates itself to interact with the public, scientists and governments, and to provide a voice for ocean ridge researchers worldwide. While committed to the level of fundamental science, an increasing role for InterRidge is our involvement in compiling information and advice for policy makers. The multidisciplinary coverage of InterRidge working groups gives the organization a key role in expert discussions concerning the exploration and exploitation of mineral resources associated with ridges, volcanic arcs and back-arcs and associated hydrothermal systems.
InterRidge has a Steering Committee comprising representatives of the member countries and of working group chairs that are scientists nominated for their expertise in a particular field. The Steering Committee meets at least once per year. The 2018 meeting was held on 20-22 June 2018 in Bergen, Norway); the 2019 meeting took place on 13-14 June 2019 in Tokyo, Japan. The Steering committee considers updates to its Science Plan, endorses InterRidge memberships, approves the budget, decides on membership fees, oversees the operation of the InterRidge Office, reviews bids for the InterRidge Office, and nominates the Program’s chair. It also evaluates IR fellowship applications and working group progress, validates cruise bursaries, assesses and admits/rejects working group proposals, and nominates working group leaders.
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The InterRidge contribution is 25,000 US$ for a Principal Member country and 5,000 US$ for a Regular Member country. Considering the present membership (China, France and Norway as Principal members and Canada, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, South Korea and UK as Regular members) and the double contribution for the host country, the resulting annual budget is about 150,000 US$.
II. Achievements and changes during the last year
1. InterRidge Office
The InterRidge Office is hosted at the Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), which is responsible for the budget management and administration of the program. The French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) is the French institution affiliated to InterRidge and is paying the French host contribution. Jérôme Dyment ([email protected]; IPGP - CNRS, marine geophysics) and Nadine Le Bris ([email protected]; Sorbonne Université - CNRS, Marine ecology and marine environmental sciences) are the co-chairs of the program. Kamil Szafrański ([email protected]) has been the InterRidge Coordinator since 1 April 2017. Since the final establishment of an operational office in Paris in early 2017, all the activities of InterRidge have been restarted.
2. Steering Committee The Steering Committee met on 20-22 June 2018 in Bergen (Norway) and discussed the different aspects of the InterRidge activity. The discussions and the decisions related to all matters of importance for the program (scientific strategies, actions to be taken, procedures, budget…). Below the summary of the discussions and the decisions taken:
a) Ten representatives, both co-chairs and two Working Group leaders participated at the meeting. National and Working Group updates were presented by the national representatives. The coordinator summarized the activity of InterRidge Office in its report. Representatives of member countries and working group leaders presented their national updates. b) The InterRidge Steering Committee approved the creation of two new Working Groups on: (1) Mid-Ocean Ridge Islands and Seamounts and (2) Seafloor Massive Sulfides along Mid-Ocean Ridges. Both groups are working on their final organization following the recommendations of the Steering Committee. Their first workshops will be organized in September 2019. c) The applications for InterRidge Student and Postdoctoral Fellowship of Simone Pujatti (University of Calgary, Canada), A. Srinivas Rao (National Center for Antarctica and Ocean Research, India), Loes van Dam (The University of Rhode Island, USA) and Unyime Udoudo Umoh (School of Ocean and Earth Science, Tongji University, China) were accepted for funding. Fellows are going to the laboratories in the Netherlands, France, Norway and UK, respectively. d) The applications for InterRidge Cruise Bursary program (Dominik Zawadzki, Elvira Latypova – Cocos-Nazca Rift Cruise and Thomas Guigère – SO293 cruise) have been endorsed by the Steering Committee. e) The Steering Committee accepted the budget of InterRidge for 2018 and the 7-15
preliminary budget for 2019, pending some minor modifications to the proposed funding plans. f) The Steering Committee discussed the plans for next months (IR-SCOR interaction, IR-ISA interaction, Code of Conduct on responsible behavior at hydrothermal vents, organization of the Theoretical Institute, bid for the next IR Office) and possible improvements of InterRidge (big projects attracting new member countries, communities and scientists; highlighting achievements; encouraging new working groups; deep sea observatories). g) In 2018, InterRidge attended both parts of the 24th session of the ISA Council on 5-9 March 2018 and of the ISA Council and Assembly on 16-26 July 2018. In 2019, the InterRidge representative attended the 25th session of the ISA Council from 25 February to 1 March 2019. The InterRidge observer status gives opportunity to discuss IR – ISA collaboration like the joint fellowships, report on IR activity, and contribute discussions about legal questions concerning research activity in the area of permits. Comments on the revised draft regulations on the exploitation of mineral resources in the Area have been a major point of the program of work of the ISA Council during recent meetings. h) The rotation of InterRidge Office has been officially postponed to the end of 2019. This decision taken at the previous Steering Committee meeting has been endorsed by the French funding agencies. i) An InterRidge Theoretical Institute will be organized in November 2019. The Office collected ideas for this meeting, presented the first draft of the agenda for discussion at the next Steering Committee meeting, and launched its organization in Banyuls-sur- Mer (France). j) Japan invited the Steering Committee meeting to take place in Tokyo on 13-14 June 2019.
3. InterRidge Working Groups InterRidge Working Groups build small task forces to meet, brainstorm on specific topics, and ultimately draft reports and plans. Working Groups convene group meetings and community- wide workshops, and promote and coordinate new cruises, experiments, and related work. They generally expand their interaction with the interested community by organizing an InterRidge Workshop or a session at an international conference. Working Groups should address emerging research themes or bridge communities working on a unique geographic setting along global ridge-crests and spreading centers. New proposals should be innovative in their objectives in regard to existing or former Working Groups. They are coordinated by two co-chairs and gather about ten active members reflecting the national and disciplinary diversity of InterRidge, which work closely with the InterRidge Steering Committee and the InterRidge Office. Working Groups convene group meetings and community-wide workshops, and promote and coordinate new cruises, experiments, and related work.
In 2017, the Steering Committee decided to support the creation of two new Working Groups, on (1) Oceanic Transform Faults and (2) Integrating Multidisciplinary Observations in Vent Environments (IMOVE). Those working groups have organized their first workshops. In 2018, the Steering Committee approved the creation of two new Working Groups, on (1) Mid-Ocean 7-16
Ridge Islands and Seamounts and (2) Seafloor Massive Sulfides along Mid-Ocean Ridges. Both working groups will organize their first workshops in September 2019.
A review paper was published in Frontiers in Marine Science by the "Hydrothermal energy transfer and the ocean carbon cycle" SCOR-IR WG members in early 2019. This review has been initiated from the work of the SCOR-InterRidge working group 135 lead by N. Le Bris and C.R. German, with P. Lokabharathi, S.M. Sievert, and P. Girguis also being members. With this second review, the WG has finalized its activities.
Le Bris N, Yücel M, Das A, Sievert SM, LokaBharathi P and Girguis PR (2019) Hydrothermal Energy Transfer and Organic Carbon Production at the Deep Seafloor. Front. Mar. Sci. 5:531. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2018.00531
4. Report on activities of the InterRidge Working Groups
a. Working group on Oceanic Transform Faults
Co-Chairs: Marcia Maia (France, geophysics, tectonics), Barry Hanan (USA, isotope geochemistry), Daniele Brunelli (Italy, petrology)
This working group, would like to focus on five questions that are likely of large interest to the Earth sciences community:
1) How do large and mega-transform domains react to both far- and near-field stress changes? 2) How do transforms interact with the underlying mantle? What are the effects of temperature, rheology and composition? 3) What is the interplay between transform dynamics and magmatism? 4) Which relationships exist between oceanic transform faults and their counterparts on continental margins? 5) Are oceanic transform faults sites of intense fluid-rock interaction and biogeochemical exchange?
The first workshop of the InterRidge Working Group on Oceanic Transforms took place from 22 to 24 May in Brest/Plouzané (France). The workshop was attended by more than 40 international scientists from 7 specialties (geochemistry, petrology, geophysics, tectonics, structural geology, hydrothermalism, modelling). Participants dedicated the first day and one half to oral presentations and a poster session discussing the state of the art on transform faults (TF) and fracture zones (FZ) concerning all aspects of the mechanics, petrology, structure, morphology, and dynamics of these systems. The acronym Transform Fault System (TFS) has been proposed to identify the whole tectonic system from the active part to its prolongation into the drifting plates. Afterwards, the attendees discussed all aspects necessary to identify the key questions for a comprehensive understanding of TFS. Experiments were proposed on how to answer basic questions on imaging the TF to FZ transition and thermo-mechanical, compositional alteration and stress-strain relationships to constrain physical parameters that control the TFS evolution through time. A major point was to find appropriate target regions at which to apply these 7-17
experimental approaches. Two major needs of the workshop were identified: the need to systematically integrate modelers into the exploratory and experimental actions and the need for high-frequency investigation of TFS over long time periods. To achieve this aim, the participants proposed to launch a call for white papers addressing the different aspects putting together integrated experimental and modeling approaches to the main TFS problem. It also appears necessary to sustain the exchange in the community by dedicated workshops and/or sessions at AGU-EGU. The full text of the final report from the workshop can be found at: http://interridge.org/files/interridge/Final_complete_report_OT_WS_Brest.pdf
The members of the Working Group on Oceanic Transforms also organized a session at the European Geoscience Union (EGU) General Assembly in Vienna (Austria) on 7-12 April 2019: “Oceanic and continental transform faults: towards a multi-disciplinary approach”. João C. Duarte (Portugal) was the session convener, the co-conveners were: Daniele Brunelli, Barry Hanan, Marcia Maia, Mathieu Rodriguez.
This session, promoted by the Oceanic Transform Faults WG, aimed to present recent results on studies of these large features, especially on the rheology, deformation patterns, rupture processes, fluid circulation, and physical properties of transform faults. Scientists working on observational studies on strike-slip and transform faults (both continental and oceanic), on fracture zones and on transform continental margins (structural geology and tectonics, geophysical imaging of the crust and lithosphere, petrology and geochemistry, seismology, fluid circulation and rock alteration, geodesy) as well as on modeling studies (both analogue and numerical) were welcome to submit their abstracts and cross-disciplinary approaches were particularly encouraged.
b. Working Group on Integrating Multidisciplinary Observations in Vent Environments (IMOVE)
Proponents board led by Thibaut Barreyre, University of Bergen (Norway) and Marjolaine Matabos, IFREMER (France)
WG objectives and timeliness – IMOVE will contribute to the InterRidge research community by fostering and coordinating the integration of hydrothermal data from vent fields where observatory-style data have been acquired. A large set of temporally and spatially variable multi- disciplinary data have been collected from deep-sea vent fields at considerable cost to the international community, but to this point the datasets have mostly been analyzed in a piecemeal fashion. Systematic efforts to integrate data from different disciplines and synthesize these products into quantitative, cross-disciplinary models relevant to hydrothermal processes on the global MOR system have the potential to produce transformative scientific results, and are clearly needed at this point in time. This WG will provide an international framework for this effort, and the relatively modest funding required will effectively leverage all of the previous funding allocated (logistical and scientific) to gather and study this data by individual countries and organizations.
The inaugural workshop of the iMOVE working group took place on 6-8 February 2019 in Bergen, Norway. iMOVE aims to bring together ridge crest observatory operators and scientists 7-18 to facilitate data and technology transfer and sharing, and develop new research ideas. The very successful Bergen workshop assembled 24 people from 6 countries, representing disciplines ranging from geophysics to microbiology, and for the first time, brought together representatives from the three ridge-crest seafloor observatories operated by the EMSO, OOI and ONC networks. The group spent two and one half days exchanging ideas, providing updates on observatory status and developing plans for future collaborations.
c. Working Group on Seafloor Massive Sulfides Resource along Mid-Ocean Ridges
Co-Chairs: Chunhui Tao (Second Institute of Oceanography, SOA, China), Georgy Cherkashov (VNIIOkeangeologia, Russia), Maurice Tivey (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, USA)
The working group aims to address the following scientific problems:
1) Understand the geological factors that contribute for the formation, distribution and preservation of seafloor massive sulfide deposits, including geological and tectonic setting; 2) Characterize the geological, geophysical, and geochemical signatures that allow for the detection and documentation of inactive and buried sulfide deposits at Mid-Ocean Ridge- axis or off-axis settings; 3) Identify multi-scale observations that could be used to predict past, present, and possibly future hydrothermal deposit formation; 4) Determine the spatial distribution pattern and resource potential of mid-ocean ridges with various spreading rates; 5) Understand the timing and variations in the geological drivers for hydrothermal activity across mid-ocean ridge segment-scale systems; 6) Determine the dimensional structure and metal inventory for mid-ocean spreading ridges based on long-term heat flow, volcanism, fluid fluxes, and sedimentation rates; 7) Understand the processes of seafloor and sub-seafloor sulfide formation, weathering, and their impact on crust-to-water column exchange in metals.
The first workshop organized by the InterRidge Working Group on Seafloor Massive Sulfides Resource along MOR will be held between 19 and 21 September 2019, in Hangzhou, China. The theme is “Hydrothermal ore-forming processes and the fate of SMS deposits along slow and ultraslow spreading MOR”. This workshop aims to understand several key scientific questions related to hydrothermal circulation mechanisms and the geological factors that contribute to the formation, distribution, and preservation of SMS deposits along different spreading MOR. The Working Group hopes to capture the known/unknown BIG questions and identify future ways to address them through this workshop. This workshop will provide partial financial support to several excellent early-career scientists (international and Chinese) to help cover their flight fares and accommodations.
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d. Working Group on Mid-Ocean Ridge Islands and Seamounts
Leading proponents: Neil Mitchell (Manchester, UK), Rui Quartau (Instituto Hidrográfico, Lisbon, Portugal), Christoph Beier (GeoZentrum Nordbayern, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki)
The working group aims to address the following scientific problems (preliminary set of questions to be addressed, which will be refined with the input of participants of the workshop and other meetings, and online contributions):
1) How frequent is catastrophic failure in submarine slopes? How important are small compared with large movements in terms of net volume? What are the implications of these disturbances for ecosystem functioning on island slopes? Does it lead to significant burial of organic carbon? Can we link faults already mapped on land with signs of recent deformation in shallow-marine geophysical data to improve estimates of earthquake risk to local populations? 2) Can we relate changes in plate tectonic regime with changes in magmatic extrusion in an individual magmatic system? How do mantle plumes affect a mid-ocean ridge where the mantle buoyancy flux is small? To what extent do tectonic processes affect formation and movement of melts? How do magmatic activity and styles of eruption relate to mantle composition, tectonic setting, and local geology? 3) How do fauna and flora vary from deep spreading centres to shallow depths of ocean island shelves and coasts, in response to varying temperature, pressure, substrate geology, currents and ambient light? How do seabed populations change with time after catastrophic events and with other changes, such as associated with climate change? How do topographically controlled fluid dynamics and sediment disturbances affect the distribution of Fe-Mn crusts on island and seamount slopes? How do the depths and distributions of sedimentary deposits on the shelves of volcanic islands relate to ocean physical conditions, in particular, waves? What roles do island shelves and, in particular, rhodolith beds have in carbon cycling and regulating water properties?
The first workshop organized by the InterRidge Working Group on MOR Islands and Seamounts will be held between 19 and 21 September 2019, in Lisbon (Portugal). The workshop aims to identify priority areas for research in all aspects of islands and seamounts located near to ridges, including geological, oceanographic, and biological aspects. Participation in the workshop is open to anybody outside the WG and will involve an extended poster session on the first day. Working Group on MOR Islands and Seamounts received 5,000 US$ generously provided by the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR) for bursaries to support the attendance of a small number of developing-country early-career researchers to the workshop.
Full information on the activity of all Working Groups can be found on the InterRidge website: www.interridge.org
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5. SCOR - InterRidge Meeting on "Mid-Ocean Ridges and Other Geological Features of the Indian Ocean" Both the Ridge community and the Marine Geology and Geophysics community have been only marginally involved in the International Indian Ocean Expedition - 2 (IIOE-2) and therefore one of the major goal was to develop new international collaboration and programs on geology and geophysics of the Indian Ocean, under IIOE-2. The following seven themes cover the main peculiarities of the Indian Ocean ridges and geology:
1) Indian Ocean mid-ocean ridges: hydrothermalism, fragile ecosystem, and deep-sea mining exploration 2) Indian Ocean mid-ocean ridges: tectonics and magmatism in a wide range of spreading rates 3) Evolving lithosphere of the Indian Ocean: from mid-ocean ridges to basins to active or passive margins 4) Complex physical and geochemical aspects of the Indian Ocean mid-ocean ridge system 5) Aseismic ridges, oceanic plateaus, micro-continents and seamounts of the Indian Ocean 6) Implications of the collision and subduction on the complex history of the Indian Ocean 7) Submarine fans and sedimentation history in the Indian Ocean
The Meeting on "Mid-Ocean Ridges and Other Geological Features of the Indian Ocean" organized jointly by Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research and InterRidge, hosted jointly by CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography and ESSO-National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research took place on 14-16 November 2018 in Goa (India). The workshop was attended by 128 scientists. Ten international attendants and 17 young scientists from India were supported with travel awards funded jointly by SCOR and InterRidge. Thirty oral presentations have been organized in 7 thematic sessions and completed with 42 posters presented at a ‘Poster Talk’ session. Both the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research and InterRidge supported the organization of the meeting (10,000 US$ each) and allowed students, young scientists, or other scientists to participate by covering travel costs.
The abstract book and more details about the meeting can be found under the following link: http://interridge.org/files/interridge/ABSTRACT_SCOR-InterRidge_2018-1.pdf.
6. InterRidge Info is a e-newsletter sent to subscribers on the InterRidge-members mailing list, and is published every 2-3 weeks. It contains current and most important information to be disseminated within the InterRidge community. In 2018, 21 newsletters and 2 special issues on "Mid-Ocean Ridges and Other Geological Features of the Indian Ocean" organized jointly by Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research and InterRidge, have been sent to the mailing list of about 1600 e-mail addresses. Past issues can be consulted in the InterRidge Info archive at: http://interridge.org/publications.
7. Cruise Information is a section of the InterRidge website promoting the exchange of information, technologies and facilities among international research groups. All scientists are continuously invited to provide InterRidge with any details on recent or upcoming ridge-related cruises to feed the InterRidge Cruise Database.
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8. InterRidge actions for early-career scientists
a. InterRidge Fellowships promote the involvement of young scientists in international, collaborative, and interdisciplinary studies of oceanic spreading centers. The fellowships are designed to encourage international collaboration on any aspect of InterRidge science by graduate students or postdoctoral researchers, fostering long-standing partnerships for their future careers.
InterRidge announced the next edition of call for proposals for the Student and Postdoctoral Fellowship Program in May 2018. The Fellowships of up to 5,000 US$ each can be used for any field of research identified in the InterRidge 3rd decade plan (http://interridge.org/thirddecade). Applications were submitted to the IR Office by 17 June 2018. Six applications were received, including 1 to the IR/ISA Endowment Fund fellowships. Fellowships have been awarded to 4 young scientists.
In 2019, up to 6 IR Fellowships including can be granted. The Office is currently waiting for evaluations of applications received in April 2019.
b. InterRidge Cruise Bursaries These bursaries are awarded for travel and subsistence costs to encourage new collaborations among InterRidge member nations and to enable early-career scientists to participate to research cruises. Bursaries of up to 2,000 US$ may serve for travel costs to join the cruise. Applicants should have a clear role on the research cruise and not be part of the original research team. Preference is given to applicants from InterRidge member countries and from countries other than those of the cruise leader. The call for IR Cruise Bursaries was launched in May 2017, candidates can apply at all time. Five bursaries were granted in 2018.
c. Support to InterRidge Workshop on Oceanic Transform Faults The Organizing Committee has awarded travel grants (300 - 700€) to encourage the participation of young scientists. Five attendants were supported: 3 from USA, 1 from China and 1 from Germany.
d. Spare berths information is a section of InterRidge website informing about any berth availability for young scientists, that could eventually led to support request by the Cruise Bursary program. All members are asked to notify the IR Coordinator about any berths available.
9. Update of the IR website and Vent Database The InterRidge website (www.interridge.org) and vent database (http://vents-data.interridge.org/) are running at IPGP and are updated regularly since April 2017.
The InterRidge Vents Database (http://vents-data.interridge.org/), upgraded to Version 3.4 and revised by Stace Beaulieu ([email protected]) (supported by the NSF Grant “Metacommunity Dynamics at Hydrothermal Vents”) and in relation with the InterRidge Office, has more than 700 records – confirmed or inferred active vent fields in the database and the corresponding kml file for visualization in Open Ocean Maps. The InterRidge coordinator is responsible for the Database management and updating. Since October 2017, during weekly Skype calls with Stace 7-22
Beaulieu (WHOI, USA), 20 new sites have been added to the database, 41 records have been edited, and 1 site was merged with another one.
III. Bridges between the scientific community and society
1. A scientific voice to international/national agencies, policy makers, etc. InterRidge has built a privileged relationship with the International Seabed Authority (ISA). It is affiliated to the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR) and has developed specific interactions through joint working groups and conferences. Through these specific relationships and new partnerships to be developed, InterRidge should be recognized as one voice of the scientific community, providing expert advice on societal topics such as environmental impacts of seafloor massive sulfides (SMS) exploration or exploitation.
The peculiar ecosystems found at MOR hydrothermal systems are important with respect to biodiversity, and several of such systems have been recognized as Ecologically and Biologically Significant Areas (EBSA) and are or may be later proposed as Marine Protected Areas (MPAs). InterRidge supports innovative interdisciplinary works and collaborations to provide decision- makers with the most accurate and recent knowledge and identify knowledge gaps to help consider the need for conservation and/or management with the necessary scientific exploration and provide relevant scientific information in the design and regulations of such MPAs.
2. 24th and 25th annual sessions of the International Seabed Authority InterRidge co-chairs (Nadine Le Bris and Jérôme Dyment) attended the 24th Session of the ISA in Kingston (Jamaica). This time, the InterRidge observer status allowed these representatives to emphasize the importance of up-to-date knowledge bases, interdisciplinary integration, and international cooperation as proposed by InterRidge in supporting best available evidence and expertise for the assessment of risks, elaboration of norms and management plans in this context. InterRidge reminded the Council of "the crucial need of fundamental knowledge to answer questions on the vulnerability of ecosystems, the scales and intensity of environmental perturbations, the cumulative impacts of climate change and exploitation. This should involve all willing research teams, beyond those associated with the permit holders".
InterRidge was represented by its co-Chair Jérôme Dyment at the first part (25 February – 1 March 2019) of the 25th session of the International Seabed Authority (ISA). The Council of the ISA met to continue its examination of the Draft regulations for exploitation of mineral resources in the Area. Documents prepared by the Secretariat addressed several crucial points such as the financial model, standards, and guidelines, decision making processes, precautionary approach, inspection mechanisms, the Regional Environmental Management Plans (REMPs), and their independent assessment. On the latest point, InterRidge was satisfied to note that the Authority considers the involvement of independent scientific experts and expressed its interest in helping it to access the international scientific community in its diversity. InterRidge hosts and maintains a list of many scientists who may be happy to provide independent expertise on topics related to solid earth sciences, oceanography, ecology, and biology.
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IV. Outreach Although InterRidge does not have the resources to produce its own outreach material – a task that would be hampered by the diversity of languages in which this material should be produced – the office can play a role in facilitating attempts by Working Groups, member countries or any third party to produce media material related to MOR and ABA (e.g., papers for the general press, movies, websites…).
V. Plans for future development of InterRidge maintain and reinforce InterRidge as an efficient scientific forum of experts ensure the transition of the Office to the new host country open new InterRidge Working Groups co-organize workshops with current Working Groups in September 2019 organize an InterRidge Theoretical Institute in November 2019 attract member countries, communities, individual scientists by new big projects
7.3.2 International Ocean Colour Coordinating Group (IOCCG) Yoo (Affiliated in 1997)
IOCCG Annual Report to SCOR Venetia Stuart (IOCCG Project Coordinator) Reporting Period: May 2018 – April 2019
The International Ocean-Colour Co-ordinating Group (IOCCG) was established in 1996 to promote communication and co-operation between the space agencies and the ocean-colour user community. IOCCG is an Affiliated Program of SCOR, and an Associate member of CEOS (Committee on Earth Observation Satellites). The IOCCG has a wide-ranging mandate addressing technological and scientific issues through its scientific working groups and task forces, promoting capacity building through advanced training courses, and helping to ensure continuity and quality of the ocean-colour data stream though the CEOS Ocean Colour Radiometry-Virtual Constellation (OCR-VC) and Ocean Colour Radiometry-Implementation Team (OCR-IT). SCOR has been instrumental in helping the IOCCG secure funding from NASA for the IOCCG program, and also helps to support students from developing countries to attend IOCCG training courses or the International Ocean Colour Science (IOCS) meetings. The group is currently chaired by Cara Wilson (NOAA, USA) and the IOCCG Project Office is located at the Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Canada, staffed by Project Coordinator, Venetia Stuart.
1. IOCCG Scientific Working Groups and Task Forces
IOCCG scientific working groups are relatively short-lived (2-4 years), and generally publish their findings in an IOCCG report upon completion. Currently there are five active IOCCG working groups in various stages of progress, plus one working group which has recently published their findings (see summary below). In addition to the short-lived scientific working groups, the IOCCG also has a semi-permanent Task Force on Satellite Sensor Calibration, to 7-24
help facilitate inter-agency collaboration on an ongoing basis. Calibration experts from various space agencies meet regularly to exchange ideas, information and data under this inter-agency framework. Another Hyperspectral Task Force may be established by IOCCG in the near future. The progress of the IOCCG working groups is summarised below.
1) Working group on Earth Observations in Support of Global Water Quality Monitoring The final report from the IOCCG working group on Earth Observations in Support of Global Water Quality Monitoring (edited by Steven Greb, Wisconsin DNR; Arnold Dekker, CSIRO, Australia; and Caren Binding, ECCC, Canada), was recently published by the IOCCG (September 2018) and is now available for download from the IOCCG website. This report aims to strengthen linkages between data providers and end users by providing detailed information needed to support the development of an EO-based global water quality monitoring service. Current knowledge and gaps regarding coastal and inland water quality, and associated use of remote sensing data are described. Existing space-based and in situ observing capabilities are also assessed. The report identifies user needs and requirements, observing capabilities, data streams and products, mission requirements and best practices. The report was printed by the State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, SIO, China, and hardcopies of the report are available free of charge.
2) Joint GlobalHAB/IOCCG WG on Harmful Algal Blooms (Chair: Stewart Bernard, CSIR, South Africa). This joint working group between the IOCCG and the GlobalHAB programme of IOC-SCOR was established several years ago but the Chair of the group has been over-committed, so a post- doc student has been re-hired to help bring the report to conclusion. Recommendations will form an important part of the report and will include agency focussed sensor aspects (NIR bands, hyperspectral), as well as the importance of atmospheric correction. For intense blooms, Rayleigh-corrected reflectance can be used to determine Chl-a thus circumventing atmospheric correction problems associated with turbid waters and the correction of aerosol absorption. Ocean colour is effective in detecting high biomass blooms, but does not work well for low biomass blooms, so examples of indirect approaches will also be shown. Science validation aspects and user driven aspects will be addressed, and a section on policy and economics will be added. It is anticipated that a full draft report will be completed by the end of the year, with publication in 2020.
3) Uncertainties of Ocean Colour Remote Sensing (Chair: Frédéric Mélin, JRC, Italy). The IOCCG working group on Uncertainties of Ocean Colour Remote Sensing aims at presenting the state of the knowledge in the field, describing the sources of uncertainties affecting ocean colour data, how they propagate through data processing, and the techniques proposed to provide uncertainty estimates. The final report on the topic has a broad authorship and is almost complete (7 chapters in total). The last chapter presents important recommendations in three broad categories:
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Promoting dialogue and transparency between communities - includes adopting an appropriate terminology, providing full documentation and source codes for the whole processing chain, and distribution of non-calibrated TOA data. Distributing complete and clear uncertainty fields, including uncertainty estimates associated with each datum, ensuring a clear description of the uncertainty fields distributed with satellite data, and encouraging dialogue between data providers to promote consistency between distributed uncertainty fields. Strategy and methodological developments to obtain improved uncertainty estimates, including further development of techniques to estimate uncertainties of ocean colour products and comparison between these approaches.
It is anticipated that this report will be published before the end of the year once the last-minute contributions and feedback have been integrated. The EC Joint Research Centre (JRC) will tentatively cover the cost of printing this report.
4) Intercomparison of Atmospheric Correction Algorithms Over Optically-Complex Waters (Cédric Jamet, LOG, Wimereux, France). The goal of the working group is to inter-compare and evaluate existing atmospheric correction algorithms over turbid waters, in order to understand the advantages and limitations of each algorithm and their performance under certain atmospheric and oceanic conditions. The focus is on atmospheric correction algorithms that deal with non-zero NIR water-leaving radiances, and is not sensor specific (MODIS-A is an application). A total of nine atmospheric correction algorithms were taken into consideration and a simulated dataset was used for sensitivity studies.
This report is more technical than a traditional IOCCG report, but the authors would nevertheless like it to be published as an IOCCG document. The IOCCG Committee recommended that another chapter be added to cover research on atmospheric correction using different sensors and approaches, and that results from projects such as the ESA Project on Extreme Case-2 Waters (Case2X) also be included. The report will provide recommendations for improving and selecting the optimal atmospheric correction scheme for various water types, along with the range of validity and limitations of each algorithm. The Committee recommended that the final report be published online as an IOCCG Technical Report since it deals primarily with methodology.
5) Role of Ocean Colour in Biogeochemical, Ecosystem and Climate Modelling (Chaired by Stephanie Dutkiewicz, MIT, USA). Working group members have completed a full draft of the report entitled “Synergy between Ocean Colour and Biogeochemical/Ecosystem Models”. The draft report has been reviewed by external reviewers as well as IOCCG Committee members and contains a total of nine chapters. The overall goal of the WG is to bridge the gap between the ocean colour community and the biogeochemical/climate modelling communities by providing a better understanding of ocean colour products, the different types of models available, and the mismatches to model outputs. Numerical modellers are frequent users of ocean colour products, but many modellers need better information about using satellite data, for example, chlorophyll in a model is not the same as the chlorophyll ocean colour product. Recommendations encourage agencies to examine how 7-26
additional information can be presented alongside satellite products to help modellers make informed choices and interpretations. Important developments in numerical models over the last few years include components that directly link to ocean colour products (e.g., remotely sensed reflectance). As such, numerical models can now be used to explore uncertainties in ocean colour products as well as potentially for algorithm development. Details of these new developments are provided in the report which will be of specific interest to the ocean colour community looking to expand their use of the ocean colour data stream, as well as the numerical modelling community.
6) Long-Term Vicarious Adjustment of Ocean Colour Sensors (Chaired by Christophe Lerebourg, ACRI-ST, France). One of the major challenges in ocean colour radiometry is to ensure that the data obtained from different satellite sensors meets the accuracy requirements for satellite climate quality data. An IOCCG working group was formed to help define the best practices to reach a high standard of precision and accuracy for in situ measurements necessary to fulfill the system vicarious calibration (SVC) requirements. Vicarious calibration i.e., the indirect sensor calibration based on ground targets of known radiometry (such as instrumented buoys or stations) is fundamental to reach the accuracy requirements for ocean colour Level-2 products, for the creation of Climate Data Records. In this context different projects have been established, including the ESA FRM4SOC (Fiducial Reference Measurements for Satellite Ocean Colour), and the EUMETSAT OC-VCAL project, to define detailed requirements for an ocean colour vicarious calibration infrastructure for the European Copernicus Programme. The working group intends to build on these results to define the best practices for all ocean colour missions. Activities have been on hold due to a heavy work load of the chairs, but they have started discussing the content of an IOCCG report. The working group hopes to resume in mid-2019. Membership includes 15 institutions from the EU, USA, Korea, Japan and China.
2.0 IOCCG Protocol Series
The IOCCG recently established the IOCCG Protocol Series to publish peer-reviewed Ocean Optics & Biogeochemistry Protocols online. In situ optical and biogeochemical in- and above- water measurements are critical for calibration and validation of satellite ocean colour radiometry data products, and for refinement of ocean colour algorithms. Over the past few years NASA and IOCCG have sponsored several international workshops with the aim of updating and developing new community consensus protocols for ocean colour sensor validation. These new protocols are posted on the IOCCG webpage for a period of time for testing, public comment and review, before they are accepted as international reference standards. Two protocols were recently published by the IOCCG and are available on the IOCCG website:
Volume 1.0 - Inherent Optical Property Measurements and Protocols: Absorption Coefficient (November 2018)
Volume 2.0 - Beam Transmission and Attenuation Coefficients: Instruments, Characterization, Field Measurements and Data Analysis Protocols (April 2019)
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Two other revised draft protocols are currently under review by the Editorial Review Board: (i) Best Practices for Ship-Based Underway Flow-Through Optical Data and, (ii) In situ Optical Radiometry. Recently, the NASA PACE project and IOCCG co-sponsored an international workshop to establish standard, community-consensus field protocols for carrying out in situ measurements of primary productivity and related parameters in coastal and ocean waters. The resulting protocol document will also be published in the IOCCG Protocol Series.
3.0 2019 International Ocean Colour Science (IOCS) Meeting
The IOCCG recently convened the very successful 4th International Ocean Colour Science (IOCS) meetings in Busan, South Korea (9-12 April 2019) in partnership with, and thanks to sponsorship from KIOST, NASA, EUMETSAT and Airbus. Over 250 researchers from 29 different countries participated in the four-day meeting, including ocean colour research scientists from around the world, as well as representatives from all the major space agencies with an interest in ocean-colour radiometry. The overall goal of IOCS-2019 was to engage and strengthen the Asian remote sensing community and maintain interaction with the broader ocean colour user community by improving communication between research scientists and space agency representatives. Keynote speakers informed participants about cutting edge research while agency members presented their mission plans as well as emerging applications and science. Breakout workshops collectively agreed upon requirements for sustained OC research and operations, focussing on the impact of new research avenues and providing advice for future action. Four poster sessions allowed participants to present their own research and converse with professional colleagues, and a Town Hall enabled participants to directly address space agency representatives. The meeting was preceded by the NASA Ocean Color Research Team (OCRT) meeting as well as three training workshops. There is much community interest in these biennial IOCS meetings, which are gathering momentum since they provide important community feedback to the space agencies. All presentations, poster abstracts and the proceedings of the meeting are available on the IOCS-2019 meeting website at: https://iocs.ioccg.org/.
4.0 Capacity Building
The successful fourth IOCCG Summer Lecture Series took place at the Laboratoire d’Océanographie de Villefranche (LOV, France) from 25 June – 6 July 2018. This training course was dedicated to high-level training in bio-optics and ocean colour, and focussed specifically on current critical issues in ocean colour science. A total of 131 applications were received, of which 22 students from 15 different countries were selected, a very difficult task considering the high standard of all applications. The majority of the trainees were PhD students and post-doctoral students, and came from a broad range of backgrounds. SCOR sponsored three students to attend the training course (from South Africa, India and Nigeria), which is gratefully acknowledged. Thirteen prominent scientists delivered a comprehensive program including lectures, discussions and hands-on tutorials. Because of the high demand for the course, all the lectures were video recorded and are available on the IOCCG website together with the PowerPoint lecture presentations (see http://ioccg.org/what-we-do/training-and- education/ioccg-sls-2018/). This material provides a valuable teaching resource for all the students that were not selected to attend the course, as well as other researchers from around the world. 7-28
In October 2019, the IOCCG, in conjunction with EUMETSAT and the Second Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, China (SIO/SOA), will organize an international ocean colour remote sensing training course in Hangzhou, China. The course will include training on the Sentinel-3 OLCI marine data stream, introducing participants to the latest satellite data available from EUMETSAT, as well as training on the SatCO2 marine satellite data online analysis system. This system can simultaneously fulfill visualization and calculation of multiple sources of data on a three-dimensional virtual Earth for applications such as water quality monitoring, red tide detection, marine carbon cycling and climate change investigations. The course will be open to participants from east and south-east Asia. SCOR support to sponsor a few students from outside China to attend this training course is greatly appreciated.
5.0 IOCCG Committee Meetings
The IOCCG Committee meets once a year to coordinate the activities of the group as a whole, discuss plans for the year ahead and review the progress of the various working groups. The Executive Committee also meets to approve the budget for the coming year. This year the annual IOCCG-24 Committee meeting took place in Hanoi, Vietnam (4-6 April 2019), hosted by the Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST). The full minutes of the meeting are available on the IOCCG website at: http://ioccg.org/what-we-do/committee-meetings/. A mid- year IOCCG Executive meeting took place in conjunction with Ocean Optics, in Dubrovnik, Croatia (9-11 October 2018). The next IOCCG Committee meeting is scheduled to take place from 24-26 March 2020 in Tokyo, Japan, hosted by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA).
6.0 IOCCG Membership (2019)
The IOCCG Committee consists of members drawn from space agencies as well as the scientific ocean-colour community. Rotation of members is being implemented according to a roster: members marked with an asterisk are new members for 2019. The IOCCG Executive Committee consists of all representatives from the sponsoring agencies, plus the IOCCG Chair and past- Chair.
Bernard, Stewart (past Chair) - CSIR, South Africa Bontempi, Paula - NASA HQ, USA Boss, Emmanuel - University of Maine, USA Brando, Vittorio* - CNR-ISMAR, Italy Chauhan, Prakash - ISRO, India Ciotti, Aurea* - Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil Devred, Emmanuel - Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Canada Dogliotti, Ana - IAFE/CONICET, Argentina Franz, Bryan - NASA GSFC, USA Giardino, Claudia* - CNR-IREA, Italy Giugni, Laurent* - CSA, Canada He, Xianqiang - Second Institute of Oceanography, China 7-29
Hu, Chuanmin - University of South Florida, USA Kampel, Milton - INPE, Brazil Kim, Wonkook - Pusan National University, South Korea Kwiatkowska, Ewa - EUMETSAT, EU, Germany Lifermann, Anne - CNES, France Loisel, Hubert - Université du Littoral, France Malthus, Tim - CSIRO, Australia Mélin, Frédéric - EU Joint Research Center, Italy Murakami, Hiroshi - JAXA EORC, Japan Rio, Marie-Hélène* - ESA/ESRIN, Italy Ryu, Joo-Hyung - KIOST, South Korea Wang, Menghua - NOAA/NESDIS/STAR, USA Wilson, Cara (Chair) - NOAA/NMFS, USA
7.0 IOCCG Sponsors
The IOCCG is sponsored and supported by contributions from various national space agencies and other organisations listed below:
Canadian Space Agency (CSA) Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales (CNES, France) Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO, Australia) Department of Fisheries and Oceans (Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Canada) European Space Agency (ESA) European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT) National Institute for Space Research (INPE, Brazil) Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Joint Research Centre (JRC, EC) Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST) National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA, USA) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA, USA) Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR)
The Bedford Institute of Oceanography (Canada) provides in-kind support, providing office space and informatics support, while SCOR provides infrastructure support and manages the NASA funds. SCOR also sponsors students from developing countries to attend IOCCG training courses and/or the IOCS meetings.
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7.3.3 Global Alliance of CPR Surveys (GACS) Burkill
Global Alliance of Continuous Plankton Records Surveys (GACS) – report of activities
Anthony J. Richardson, Chair of the Board of Governance [email protected] [email protected]
The Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Science (SAHFOS), which has previously run the North Atlantic Continuous Plankton Recorder (CPR) Survey, has now merged with the Marine Biological Association of the UK (see https://www.mba.ac.uk/fellows/cpr-survey). The most recent GACS meeting was held in November 2018 at the Marine Biological Association of the UK (Plymouth, UK). The key highlights from the annual meeting and our work since include:
In June 2019, Sonia Batten led a GACS paper on “A global plankton diversity monitoring program” published in Frontiers in Marine Science. This is a contribution to the OceanObs’19 conference coming up soon and outlines what a global plankton survey would look like and how to get there. It builds on the years of the last decade of work by GACS In April 2019, Anthony J. Richardson reported at the 10th Session of the JCOMM Ship Observations Team, 1-4 April 2019, Hong Kong, China. The presentation was about what GACS does, the challenges of working with SOOPs, and the evolution of the data dissemination strategy in GACS Engagement with the POGO continues, with Dr Sophie Seeyave attending the last GACS meeting and POGO sponsoring GACS training workshops in 2019, including a molecular workshop Dr Sanae Chiba is promoting the use of GACS indicators through the Biodiversity Indicators Partnership GACS is included as an operating network for the GOOS Biology and Ecosystems Panel, and two GACS members are on the Panel The Southern African CPR survey, towing since 2011, is now run by Jenny Huggett (Department of Environmental Affairs). The survey continues to collect data in the South African sector of the Southern Ocean and on the Agulhas Bank. The SCAR Southern Ocean CPR survey (SO-CPR), towing since 1991, is run by Kunio T. Takahashi (National Institute of Polar Research, Japan), and in Australia by So Kawiguchi (Australian Antarctic Division, Australia) and Kerrie Swadling (University of Tasmania, Australia). SO-CPR has accessed new funding to regularly count phytoplankton samples. SO-CPR collected 50 CPR tows during the season from research vessels from several countries. There is a training workshop this year to help India initiate Southern Ocean CPR work The Australian CPR survey, initiated in 2009, has secured funding until 2023. Data are being used to underpin model development and inform ecosystem assessments The Brazilian CPR survey, initiated in 2009, continues to collect tows in the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean for GACS 7-31
The North Pacific CPR survey, started in 1997, continues to collect data in the North Pacific six times per year. Sonia Batten (Marine Biological Association of the UK) and Sanae Chiba (Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, JAMSTEC, Japan) have contributed to global efforts to include plankton in ecological indicators France has towed CPRs annually once per year during the Austral in the Indian part of the Southern Ocean between the French Southern Antarctic Territories. CPR surveys continue to monitor the Marine Reserve in the Crozet, Kerguelen and New Amsterdam EEZ region The NZ-CPR survey has been running officially since 2008, as part of the SCAR SO- CPR. We have also carried out CPR runs around NZ, across to Val Paraiso, and the Falkland and Sandwich Islands via the Pacific Ocean. These latter ones are currently still unanalysed. We have recently received new funding for our Southern Ocean work for another 5 years. Included in this, is funding for recording microplastics observed in the CPR samples The MedCPR survey had completed several years of successful tows in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea, but is now faced with funding uncertainty The next annual GACS meeting will be in November 2019 in Hobart, Tasmania. This will include a one-week training program on the CPR for technicians from South Africa and Brazil
7.4 Other Organizations
7.4.1 Partnership for Observation of the Global Oceans (POGO) Halpern Report will be posted on the SCOR meeting Website before the meeting.
8.0 ORGANIZATION AND FINANCE
8.1 Membership Urban 8.1.1 National Committees, p. 8-1 Report on Membership Changes Since 2018 General Meeting, p. 8-1 Member Nations and Nominated Members, p. 8-2
8.2 Publications Arising from SCOR Activities, p. 8-2 Urban
8.3 Finances, p. 8-4 Finance Committee, Urban
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8.0 ORGANIZATION AND FINANCE
8.1 Membership
8.1.1 National Committees
Report on Membership Changes Since 2018 SCOR Annual Meeting
GERMANY Uli Bathmann, Colin Devey, Wolfgang Fennel were replaced by Tatiana Ilyina, Ilka Peeken, and Oliver Wurl
NAMIBIA Chris Bartholomae, Nhlanhla Lupahla, and Samuel Mafwila were appointed.
NETHERLANDS Corina Brussaard was replaced by Caroline Slomp
Member Nations and Nominated Members
Nominated Members Australia Peter Doherty Trevor McDougall Andreas Schiller Belgium J.C.J. Nihoul François Ronday José Maria Landim Brazil Mauricio M. Mata Ilana Wainer Dominguez
Canada David Greenberg Robie Macdonald Paul Myers Chile Patricio Carrasco Carmen Morales Carlos A. Zuniga China - Beijing Hong Huasheng Sun Song China - Taipei Hui-Ling Lin Pao-Kuan Wang Ching-Ling Wei Ecuador Leonor Vera San Martin Mario Hurtado Francisco Medina Finland Riitta Autio Jorma Kuparinen Heidi Pettersson France Catherine Beltran Catherine Goyet Marie-Alexandrine Sicre Germany Tatiana Ilyina Ilka Peeken Oliver Wurl
India M.M. Sarin D. Sengupta K. Somasundar Ireland Peter Croot Eleanor O'Rourke Brian Ward
8-2 Israel Yossi Loya Italy Annalisa Griffa Leonardo Langone Japan Kaoru Kubokawa Toshio Yamagata Jing Zhang Korea Chan Joo Jang Sinjae Yoo Mexico Elva Escobar Mario Martinez Garcia Clara Morán Namibia Chris Bartholomae Nhlanhla Lupahla Samuel Mafwila Netherlands Caroline Slomp Gerald Ganssen Maria van Leeuwe New Zealand Julie Hall Norway Dag Aksnes Peter Haugan Pakistan Asif Inam Samina Kidwai Ali Rashid Tabrez
Poland Janusz Pempkowiak Waldemar Surosz Waldemar Walczowski Russia Sergey Dobrolubov Andrey Kostianoy Sergey Shapovalov South Africa Isabel Ansorge John Compton Coleen Moloney Sweden Helén Andersson Göran Björk Bengt Karlsson
Switzerland Daniel Ariztegui Karl Föllmi Kurt Hanselmann Turkey Bilge Tutak United Kingdom Peter Burkill Gideon Henderson Alessandro Tagliabue
United States Carol Arnosti Kevin Arrigo C. Bradley Moran
8.2 Publications Arising from SCOR Activities The following publications resulted from SCOR-sponsored activities (working groups and other activities) since the 2018 General Meeting.
Please see project reports in Section 3 for more detailed lists. Each project maintains lists of their publications on their Web sites.
Bange, H,W., D.L. Arévalo-Martínez, M. de la Paz, L. Farías, J. Kaiser, A. Kock, C.S. Law, A.P. Rees, G. Rehder, P.D. Tortell, R.C. Upstill-Goddard, and S.T. Wilson. 2019. A Harmonized Nitrous Oxide (N2O) Ocean Observation Network for the 21st Century. Frontiers in Marine Science, 2 April 2019, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00157 - WG 143 Benitez-Nelson, C.R., K. Buesseler, M. Dai, M. Aoyama, N. Casacuberta, S. Charmasson, A. Johnson, J.M. Godoy, V. Maderich, P. Masqué, W. Moore, P.J. Morris, and J.N. Smith. 2018. Radioactivity in the Marine Environment: Understanding the Basics of Radioactivity. L&O eLectures.– WG 146 8-3
Benitez‐Nelson, C.R., K. Buesseler, M. Dai, M. Aoyama, N. Casacuberta, S. Charmasson, A. Johnson, J.M. Godoy, V. Maderich, P. Masqué, W. Moore, P.J. Morris, M.R. van der Loeff, and J.N. Smith. 2018. Radioactivity in the Marine Environment: Uranium‐ Thorium Decay Series. L&O eLectures. – WG 146 Benitez‐Nelson, C.R., S. Charmasson, K. Buesseler, M. Dai, M. Aoyama, N. Casacuberta, J.M. Godoy, A. Johnson, V. Maderich, P. Masqué, M. Metian, W. Moore, P.J. Morris, and J.N. Smith. 2018. Radioactivity in the Marine Environment: Understanding the Basics of Radioecology. L&O eLectures. – WG 146 Bittig, H.C., A. Körtzinger, C. Neill, E. van Ooijen, J.N. Plant, J. Hahn, K.S. Johnson, B. Yang, and S.R. Emerson. 2018. Oxygen Optode Sensors: Principle, Characterization, Calibration and Application in the Ocean. Frontiers in Marine Science 4, 429, doi: 10.3389/fmars.2017.00429. – WG 142 Butterworth, B.J. and Else, B.G.T. 2018. Dried, closed-path eddy covariance method for measuring carbon dioxide flux over sea ice. Atmos. Meas. Tech. 11:6075-6090, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-6075-2018 - WG 152 Campbell, K., Mundy, C. J., Juhl, A. R., Dalman, L. A., Michel, C., Galley, R. J., Else, B. E., Geilfus, N. X., and Rysgaard, S. 2019. Melt Procedure Affects the Photosynthetic Response of Sea Ice Algae. Front. Earth Sci. 7:21. doi: 10.3389/feart.2019.00021, 2019 – WG 152 Feistel, R. 2019. Defining relative humidity in terms of water activity. Part 2: relations to osmotic pressures. Metrologia 56(1) - IAPWS/SCOR/IAPSO Joint Committee on the Properties of Seawater (JCS) Le Bris, N., M. Yucel, A. Das, S.M. Sievert, Lokabharathi Ponnapakkam, and P.R. Girguis. 2019. Hydrothermal energy transfer and organic carbon production at the deep seafloor. Frontiers in Marine Science https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2018.00531/full. – WG 135 Lombard, F., E. Boss, A.M. Waite, M. Vogt, J. Uitz, L. Stemmann, H.M. Sosik, J. Schulz, J.-B. Romagnan, M. Picheral, J. Pearlman, M.D. Ohman, B. Niehoff, K.O. Möller, P. Miloslavich, A. Lara-Lopez, R. Kudela, R.M. Lopes, R. Kiko, L. Karp-Boss, J.S. Jaffe, M.H. Iversen, J.-O. Irisson, K. Fennel, H. Hauss, L. Guidi, G. Gorsky, S.L.C. Giering, P. Gaube, S. Gallager, G. Dubelaar, R.K. Cowen, F. Carlotti, C. Briseño-Aven, L. Berline, K. Benoit-Bird,, N. Bax, S. Batten, S.D. Ayata, L.F. Artigas, and W. Appeltans. 2019 Globally consistent quantitative observations of planktonic ecosystems. Front. Mar. Sci. 6:196. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00196 – WGs 154 and 150 Meiners, K.M., Vancoppenolle M., et al. Chlorophyll-a in Antarctic land-fast sea ice: A first synthesis of historical ice-core data. Geophysical Research: Oceans, 123, 8444-8459, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JC014245 - W152 Palmer, M.D. T. Boyer, R. Cowley, S. Kizu, F. Reseghetti, T. Suzuki, and A. Thresher. 2018. An Algorithm for Classifying Unknown Expendable Bathythermograph (XBT) Instruments Based on Existing Metadata. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 35:429-440. – WG 148
8-4 Roukaerts, A., D. Nomura, F. Deman, H. Hattori, F. Dehairs, and F. Fripiat. 2019. The effect of melting treatments on the assessment of biomass and nutrients in sea ice (Saroma-ko lagoon, Hokkaido, Japan), Polar Biology 42(2):347–356, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300- 018-2426-y - WG 152 Ward, B., N. Ramaiah, V. Edgcomb, and S. Crowe (eds.). 2018. Ecosystem Response to Ocean Deoxygenation. Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 156:1-168. – Special issue from SCOR WG 144 Wilson, S.T., H.W. Bange, D.L. Arévalo-Martínez, J. Barnes, A.V. Borges, I. Brown, J.L. Bullister, M. Burgos, D.W. Capelle, M. Casso, M. de la Paz, L. Farías, L. Fenwick, S. Ferrón, G. Garcia, M. Glockzin, D.M. Karl, A. Kock, S. Laperriere, C.S. Law, C.C. Manning, A. Marriner, J.-P. Myllykangas, J.W. Pohlman, A.P. Rees, A.E. Santoro, M. Torres, P.D. Tortell, R.C. Upstill-Goddard, D.P. Wisegarver, G.L. Zhang, and G. Rehder. 2018. An intercomparison of oceanic methane and nitrous oxide measurements. Biogeosciences, 15, 5891–5907. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-5891-2018 - WG 143
8.3 Finances Reports on SCOR finances will be provided at the meeting.
9.0 SCOR-RELATED MEETINGS
9.1 SCOR Annual Meetings
9.1.1 2019 SCOR Annual Meeting, Toyama, Japan, p. 9-1 Zhang 9.1.2 2020 SCOR Annual Meeting, Guayaquil, Ecuador, p. 9-1 Hidalgo-Vargas, Miloslavich 9.1.4 2021 SCOR Annual Meeting, p. 9-1 Yoo
9.2 Locations of Past SCOR Annual Meetings, p. 9-1
9.3 SCOR-Related Meetings Since the 2017 SCOR General Meeting and Planned for the Future, p. 9-2
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9.0 SCOR-RELATED MEETINGS
9.1 SCOR Annual Meetings
9.1.1 2019 Annual Meeting – 23-25 Sept. 2019 in Toyama, Japan Zhang The SCOR Executive Committee is holding the 2019 SCOR Annual Meeting in Toyama, Japan on 23-25 September 2019.
9.1.2 2020 Annual Meeting Hidalgo-Vargas, Miloslavich The 2020 SCOR annual Meeting will take place in Guayaquil, Ecuador. Discussions are ongoing regarding meeting preparations and dates will be announced later. A small SCOR-CLIVAR workshop will be held in conjunction with the SCOR meeting on some aspect of El Niño of interest to the Ecuadorian SCOR Committee.
9.1.3 2021 Annual Meeting – Busan, Korea Yoo The 2021 SCOR Annual Meeting will be held in Busan, Korea.
9.2 Locations of Past SCOR Annual Meetings (bold = future meetings)
Member Nations Place and Date Argentina Mar del Plata, 2001 Australia Canberra, 1974; Hobart, 1986; Cairns, 2005 Belgium Brazil Rio de Janeiro, 1997; Sao Paulo, 1978 Canada Halifax, 1963, 1982, 2012; Victoria, 1977, 1994 Chile Concepción, 2006 China-Beijing Qingdao, 1993; Beijing, 2009 China-Taipei Denmark Copenhagen, 1960, 1972 Ecuador Guayaquil, 1974 Finland Helsinki, 1960, 2011 France Brest, 1978; Marseille, 1965; Paris, 1958, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1969, 1983; Roscoff, 1984; Toulouse, 2010 Germany Hamburg, 1964; Kiel, 1980; Warnemunde, 1967, 1990; Bremen, 2014 India Goa, 1999; 2015 Israel Jerusalem, 1967 Italy Rome, 1965, 1966; Venice, 2004 Japan Sapporo, 2002; Tokyo, 1970; Toyama, 2019 Korea Busan, 2021 Mexico Acapulco, 1988; Mexico City, 1969 Namibia Netherlands Amsterdam, 1998; Texel, 1973 New Zealand Hamilton, 1991; Wellington, 2013 Norway Bergen, 2007 Pakistan Poland Sopot, 2016 Russia Moscow, 2003 South Africa Stellenbosch, 1975; Cape Town, 1995, 2017 9-2
Spain Madrid, 1971 Sweden Fiskebackskil, 1981; Goteberg, 1969, 1992 Switzerland Zurich, 1987 Turkey UK Edinburgh, 1976; London, 1962, 1970; Oban (Scotland), 1972; Plymouth, 2018; Southampton, 1996 USA La Jolla, 1968; New York, 1959; Seattle, 1965, 1985; Tallahassee, 1989; Washington, D.C., 2000; Woods Hole, 1957, 1980, 2008
9.3 SCOR-Related Meetings Since the 2018 SCOR Annual Meeting and Planned for the Future
28-31 October 2018 OCB Workshop on Oceanic Methane Lake Arrowhead and Nitrous Oxide: The Present California, USA Situation and Future Scenarios
7-9 November 2018 WG 154 (P-Obs) Theme Leader Villefranche-sur-Mer, Meeting France 14-16 November 2018 SCOR-InterRidge Meeting on "Mid- Goa, India Ocean Ridges and Other Geological Features of the Indian Ocean" 28-30 November 2018 IIOE-2 Science WG Meeting Kiel, Germany 29-30 January 2019 IQOE WG on Arctic Acoustic Paris, France Environments 11-15 March 2019 IIOE-2 Steering Committee and Related Cape Elizabeth, South Events Africa 21-25 April 2019 SOLAS Open Science Conference 2019 Sapporo, Japan 26-28 April 2019 SOLAS SSC Meeting Sapporo, Japan 7-9 May 2019 WG 153 on Floating Litter and its Utrecht, Netherlands Oceanic TranSport Analysis and Modelling (FLOTSAM) 15-18 May 2019 SOOS Scientific Steering Committee Korea 3-7 June 2019 WG 156 on Active Chlorophyll Vancouver, B.C., fluorescence for autonomous Canada measurements of global marine primary productivity 14-15 June 2019 WG 149: Changing Ocean Biological Brest, France Systems (COBS) 17-21 June 2019 IMBeR Open Science Conference 2019 Brest, France 22-23 June 2019 IMBeR SSC Meeting Brest, France 16-18 August 2019 WG 152 on Measuring Essential Winnipeg, Canada Climate Variables in Sea Ice (ECV-Ice) 7-8 September 2019 GEOTRACES Data Management Hobart, Tasmania, Committee Australia 9-11 September 2019 GEOTRACES Scientific Steering Hobart, Tasmania, Committee Australia 9-3
13-14 September 2019 WG 157: Toward a new global view of Gothenburg, Sweden marine zooplankton biodiversity based on DNA metabarcoding and reference DNA sequence databases (MetaZooGene) 14 September 2019 WG 154 on Integration of Plankton- Honolulu, Hawaii, USA Observing Sensor Systems to Existing Global Sampling Programs (P-OBS) 23-25 September 2019 2019 SCOR Annual Meeting Toyama, Japan 28 October-1 November WG 148: International Quality Brest, France 2019 Controlled Ocean Database: Subsurface temperature profiles (IQuOD) 16 February 2020 WG 145 on Chemical Speciation San Diego, California, Modelling in Seawater to meet 21st USA Century Needs 16 February 2020 WG 151: Iron Model intercomparison San Diego, California, project (FeMIP) USA 16-20 March 2020 International Indian Ocean Science Goa, India Conference 2020 7-11 June 2021 WG 155 Open Science Conference on Lima, Peru Eastern Boundary Upwelling Systems