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Université De Montréal Facteurs Influençant Le Succès De La Université de Montréal Facteurs influençant le succès de la restauration des populations de carex faux-lupulina par Annabelle Langlois Département de Sciences biologiques Faculté des arts et des sciences Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l’obtention du grade de M.Sc. en Sciences biologiques Janvier 2016 © Annabelle Langlois, 2016 Résumé Ce mémoire visait à déterminer les pratiques et les facteurs favorables au succès des réintroductions du carex faux-lupulina (Carex lupuliformis), une espèce vivace menacée poussant dans divers types de milieux humides ouverts du nord-est de l’Amérique du Nord. Pour répondre à cet objectif, des expériences de germination en serres ont été réalisées, et la survie, la vigueur et le microhabitat de chaque plant de carex faux-lupulina connu au Québec (sauvage ou réintroduit) ont été mesurés. Nos résultats montrent que le carex faux-lupulina est une espèce facile à propager ex situ. Une stratification froide (4°C) des semences dans du sable humide pendant un mois induit des taux de germination élevés. Nos résultats montrent également que des pucerons exotiques, ainsi qu’une transplantation dans des habitats inadaptés aux besoins de l’espèce en termes d’humidité du sol et de lumière disponible, ont causé la mort prématurée d’un grand nombre de transplants. Notre programme de réintroduction a permis d’établir une nouvelle population de l’espèce au Québec, et a potentiellement permis de sextupler la taille des populations de la province. Globalement, cette étude a permis de mieux comprendre l’écologie du carex faux-lupulina, et ainsi de faciliter la restauration de ses populations. Mots-clés : Carex lupuliformis, Carex, Germination, Réintroductions, Milieux humides, Espèces menacées, Herbivorie, Humidité du sol, Lumière. ii Abstract This study aimed to determine the practices and factors influencing the success of the reintroductions of false hop sedge, an endangered perennial species growing in North American open wetlands. To do so, germination experiments were performed, and the survival, vigour and microhabitat of each false hop sedge plant known in Québec (wild or reintroduced) were measured. Our results show that false hop sedge is easy to propagate ex situ. A cold stratification (4°C) of seeds in wet sand for one month induced higher germination rates. Our results also show that exotic aphids, as well as a transplantation in habitats that did not meet the false hop sedge requirements in terms of soil moisture and available light, caused the premature death of many transplants. Our reintroduction program allowed the establishment of at least one new false hop sedge population in Québec, and potentially contributed to sextupling the size of the provincial population. Overall, this study allowed us to better understand the ecology of false hop sedge, and thus facilitate the restoration of its populations. Keywords: Carex lupuliformis, Carex, Germination, Reintroductions, Wetlands, Endangered species, Herbivory, Soil moisture, Light. iii Table des matières Résumé ........................................................................................................................................ ii Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... iii Table des matières ...................................................................................................................... iv Liste des tableaux ....................................................................................................................... vi Liste des figures ........................................................................................................................ vii Liste des annexes ..................................................................................................................... viii Remerciements ............................................................................................................................ x Avant-propos .............................................................................................................................. xi Chapitre 1 : Introduction générale .............................................................................................. 1 1.1 Les réintroductions ............................................................................................................ 2 1.2 Le carex faux-lupulina ...................................................................................................... 6 1.3 Objectifs de l’étude ........................................................................................................... 9 1.4 Organisation du mémoire .................................................................................................. 9 Chapitre 2 : Simple germination protocol for the ex situ propagation of the endangered false hop sedge .................................................................................................................................. 11 2.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 11 2.2 Material and methods ...................................................................................................... 13 2.3 Results ............................................................................................................................. 17 2.4 Discussion ....................................................................................................................... 21 Chapitre 3 : Reintroduction of the endangered false hop sedge ............................................... 26 3.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 26 3.2 Material and methods ...................................................................................................... 28 3.3 Results ............................................................................................................................. 34 3.4 Discussion ....................................................................................................................... 39 Chapitre 4 : Conclusion générale .............................................................................................. 45 iv Bibliographie ............................................................................................................................. 49 Annexe A ................................................................................................................................... xi Appendix B-I ........................................................................................................................... xiv Appendix B-II ........................................................................................................................... xv Appendix B-III ......................................................................................................................... xvi Appendix C ............................................................................................................................. xvii Appendix D ............................................................................................................................ xxix Appendix E-I ............................................................................................................................. xli Appendix E-II .......................................................................................................................... xlii Annexe F ................................................................................................................................. xliii v Liste des tableaux Chapitre 2 Table I. Code and description of the 12 cold stratification treatments used to promote false hop sedge germination. ............................................................................................................. 14 Chapitre 3 Table I. List of the wild false hop sedge populations known in 2015. ................................... 29 Table II. Details of the reintroduction trials performed between 2006 and 2010 in Québec, Canada. ..................................................................................................................................... 30 Table III. Summary of offspring recruitment discoveries between 2007 and 2015 by reintroduction site. .................................................................................................................... 36 Table IV. Pearson correlations between environmental and vigour variables for transplants that lived ≥ three years. ............................................................................................................. 39 vi Liste des figures Chapitre 1 Fig. 1. Aire de répartition mondiale du carex faux-lupulina ...................................................... 7 Chapitre 2 Fig. 1. Mean germination rates (%) of false hop sedge seeds over time under 12 different cold (4°C) stratification treatments. ................................................................................................. 18 Fig. 2. Mean germination rates (%) of false hop sedge seeds over time A) after different durations of cold (4 °C) stratification, B) according to different storage medium and C) scarification treatment. ............................................................................................................
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