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326 Crucifixion.Indd 38 19/03/2015 18:03 the Strange World of Crucifixion Science Photo: © 2005 Frederick Zugibe THE STRANGE WORLD OF CRUCIFIXION SCIENCE Can the medical facts concerning Jesus’s fi nal moments ever be established? MAX HARTSHORN considers the strange world of crucifi xion research, in which bodies both living and dead have been nailed to the cross in the name of science... ost amputated limbs wind up in FACING PAGE: dr frederick zugibe examining one of the hospital incinerator, but Dr his crucifi ed volunteers. Pierre Barbet had other ideas. Having recently lopped off the After six minutes of hanging, the students’ arm of a “vigorous man,” the blood pressure dropped, breathing became MParisian surgeon squared a large nail in the diffi cult, and their skin turned sickly damp. center of its palm and mounted it as one According to Mödder: “What will set in after might the prized head of a slain beast. 1 the end of the sixth minute can be foreseen Barbet then tied a 100lb (45kg) weight by the physician: unconsciousness, intense to the elbow, causing the palm’s fl esh to pallor, sweating. In short: collapse due to buckle and tear under its pull. After about insuffi cient blood supply to the heart and 10 minutes, the initial wound had stretched brain.” 4 into a gaping hole, and Barbet felt it was Evidence shows that the Nazis carried time to give the whole thing a good shake. out the same type of pseudo-crucifi xion as What was left of the cadaverous palm a deadly form of torture. While imprisoned burst open and fell to the fl oor, raising the at Dachau, Father G Delorey was forced to question: was Jesus Christ really crucifi ed watch as his doomed fellow inmates “were with nails driven through the palms of his suspended from a horizontal bar by means hand? of leather straps around their wrists… After their hanging for one hour the victims THE MAN OF THE SHROUD could no longer exhale the air that fi lled To the uninitiated, the research of Pierre their chest.” The only way victims could Barbet (1884-1961) might seem morbid, but breathe normally was if they pulled their he is far from the only scientist to become whole body up, as if performing a chin-up captivated by Jesus Christ’s death. Jesus’s RESEARCHERS at the gym. This agony could go on for up fi nal moments have always been shrouded to six hours. According to Delaney, “only in mystery, but in the past two centuries his BELIEVE THEY CAN at the end of the torture, when the victim’s Passion has increasingly become the subject strength failed, did asphyxiation take place, of dispassionate investigation. By exposing generally within two to four minutes.” 5 the dead and the living to all the torments of REVEAL THE MEDICAL Could Jesus have suffocated on the cross? Christ, researchers believe they can reveal If so, then he too would have raised his body the medical facts behind the scriptures. FACTS BEHIND THE in order to breathe like the Nazi torture Sides have been speared. Scalps have been victims. This is indeed what Pierre Barbet pierced with thorns. Countless bodies, both SCRIPTURES found when he examined the Shroud of living and dead, have been crucifi ed in the Turin, the alleged burial shroud of Jesus. pursuit of knowledge. The Shroud has been mired in controversy Crucifi xion science tries to unravel the In the late 1940s, with the scientifi c ever since its ‘discovery’ in the 14th century. mystery of Christ’s death. The scriptures say atrocities of the war still fresh in people’s It depicts a faint bloodstained image of Jesus died on the cross, but that’s only half minds, German radiologist Hermann a dead man who appears to have been the story. Crucifi xion victims regularly hold Mödder somehow managed to get away with beaten and crucifi ed in the same manner as out for days.2 Yet the Gospels agree that crucifying medical students. Stretching Christ. Radiocarbon tests date the Shroud 3 th 2005 frederick zugibe. all rights reserved Jesus died in a matter of hours. Why did their arms out to mimic the pose of Christ, to around the 14 century, suggesting that © this healthy, fi t, and relatively young man the Cologne-based doctor hung students by it’s a forgery. 6 Yet no one has been able to die so soon? their wrists and monitored their vital signs. demonstrate conclusively how the image photo: 38 ft326 www.forteantimes.com 326 crucifixion.indd 38 19/03/2015 18:03 THE STRANGE WORLD OF CRUCIFIXION SCIENCE 2005 frederick zugibe. all rights reserved © photo: photo: 326 crucifixion.indd 39 19/03/2015 18:03 was formed. This has led to speculation that Passion de N.-S. Jésus-Christ selon le chirurgien, more people in his suburban home of the Shroud could be anything from an ancient were compelling, if a little unnerving to Rockland County, New York, than perhaps X-ray triggered by a radioactive earthquake,7 look at. Not only did the dead body slump as anyone since Roman times. Armed with a to a secret photograph by Leonardo Da Vinci.8 predicted, but it fell at exactly the same angle steady stream of volunteers from his local Despite its controversial status, the Shroud as indicated by the Shroud. Jesus’s body must church and enough medical monitoring is often cited as evidence in crucifi xion have sagged on the cross. The bloodstains on equipment to outfi t a small hospital, Zugibe research. the Shroud suggest that he raised himself has given hundreds the opportunity to feel Barbet noticed that the blood emanating periodically to gasp for air. But when his what it’s like to be Jesus. 10 Granted, Jesus from The Man of the Shroud’s hand wound strength gave out, he would have suffocated. didn’t have a team of attending physicians seemed to fl ow in two separate directions. By the mid-20th century, suffocation had monitoring his every heartbeat. He wondered if the two distinct bleeding become the dominant explanation for Jesus’s Like Mödder, Zugibe used straps instead patterns were evidence of two distinct death. But debate over his death would not of nails to bind his subjects’ hands. Unlike postures.9 If Jesus raised himself in order to die so easily. Mödder, who let his subjects dangle, Zugibe breathe, we would expect his arms to pivot also bound their feet. This seems to have slightly – thus blood would drip from the CRUCIFY THE LIVING made all the difference. While the bodies hand wounds at a different angle than when It might seem strange, but medical examiner did sag, as Barbet predicted, not one subject his body was lowered. What Barbet needed Frederick Zugibe (1928-2013) has crucifi ed in Zugibe’s experiments found it diffi cult to to prove was that Christ’s body sagged on the breathe. 11 What’s more, contrary to Barbet’s cross. He believed that Christ, like the Nazi notion that Christ lifted his body on the torture victims, would have found breathing cross periodically, Zugibe found that it was diffi cult in such a strained position. DOCTOR BARBET literally impossible to pull your torso up while The doctor scoured the hospital grounds you are crucifi ed in that position. He asked for a suitable test subject, settling on a half- SCOURED THE his volunteers to push and pull their body starved, wraithlike cadaver he apologetically upwards as if their life depended on it, but no describes as the “least ugly” he could fi nd. HOSPITAL GROUNDS, one could. So even if Jesus did fi nd breathing Operating swiftly, so as to approximate diffi cult, he would have been unable to raise the brusque, brutish manner of a Roman himself in order to breathe easier, as did the executioner, the surgeon nailed his corpse to SETTLING ON A HALF- Nazi torture victims at Dachau. a homebuilt cross and raised it. The results, Zugibe’s volunteer Christs could stay on photographed in Barbet’s 1950 book La STARVED CADAVER the cross as long as they wanted, and some ABOVE AND TOP RIGHT: two views of a cadaver crucifi ed by dr. pierre barbet to determine the true position of Jesus on the cross (taken from his book La Passion de N.-S. Jésus-Christ selon le chirurgien). BOTTOM RIGHT: barbet’s theory that the bloodstains on the hand seen in the turin shroud are indicative of Jesus’s two positions on the cross. 40 ft326 www.forteantimes.com 326 crucifixion.indd 40 19/03/2015 18:03 gettY iMages ABOVE: restoration work on a 19th-century plaster cast. the fi gure was cast in 1801 from the corpse of convicted murderer James legg as part of an experiment to settle an artistic debate. three royal academicians wanted to prove their theory that most depictions of the crucifi xion were anatomically incorrect. eminent surgeon Joseph constantine carpue nailed the still warm body of legg to a cross immediately after execution. a cast was made of the cadaver when it cooled and afterwards hung in the royal academy. held out for close to an hour. Their biggest scourged to within an inch of his life. As acisodis 15 – Jesus has been posthumously complaint? Arm pain. But sore arms didn’t Zugibe notes, the scourging whips of Roman diagnosed with enough scary sounding kill Jesus, so what did? times were often tipped with metal weights medical conditions to fi ll a Robin Cook novel. One theory that has seen a surprising powerful enough to break bones and cause Zugibe may be the most thorough crucifi xion resurgence in recent years is the idea that signifi cant internal and external bleeding.
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